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CN1234936A - 通过正交频分复用传输数字信号 - Google Patents

通过正交频分复用传输数字信号 Download PDF

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CN1234936A
CN1234936A CN98801028A CN98801028A CN1234936A CN 1234936 A CN1234936 A CN 1234936A CN 98801028 A CN98801028 A CN 98801028A CN 98801028 A CN98801028 A CN 98801028A CN 1234936 A CN1234936 A CN 1234936A
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CN1168271C (zh
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R·维贾扬
J·P·奥登瓦尔德
J·K·沃尔夫
E·策哈维
C·U·李
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Abstract

在运用外部Reed－Slolomon编码器和交错器(24)以及内部卷积编码器(26)的正交频分多路复用(OFDM)系统(10)中,在内部卷积编码之后,由内部交错器(28)交错编码数据位并分组成码元,每个码元具有“m”位。在分组之后,运用正交调幅(QAM)将码元映射在复数平面上。于是,由内部交错器(28)交错位,而不是交错码元。接收机(12)对接收到的每个复数QAM码元中的每个位的值进行软判决。

Description

通过正交频分复用传输数字信号
发明领域
本发明一般涉及通过正交频分复用(OFDM)传输信号。特别是，本发明涉及在传输数字信号时用到的OFDM装置和系统。
相关技术描述
正交频分复用(OFDM)是用于广播高速率数字信号(例如，高清晰度电视)信号的技术。在OFDM系统中，将单个高速率数据流分成几个并行低速率子流，同时每个子流用于调制各个副载波频率。
将在OFDM系统中用到的调制技术称为正交调幅(QAM)，它同时调制载波频率的相位和幅度。在QAM调制中，根据多个数据位生成复数QAM码元，其中每个码元包括实数项和虚数项，而且每个码元表示多个数据位，根据上述数据位生成每个码元。以可用复数平面图解表示的模式，一起发送多个QAM位。一般而言，将该模式称为“星座图”。通过运用QAM调制，OFDM系统可以提高它的效率。
碰巧当广播信号时，它可以通过多条路径传播到接收机。例如，来自单个发射机的信号可以沿着直线到接收机，而且也可被物体发射回以沿着不同路径传播到接收机。此外，碰巧当系统运用所谓“蜂窝状”广播技术以增加频谱效率时，可通过多个发射机来广播要被接收的信号。于是，沿着多个路径把相同信号发送到接收机。无论人为(即，通过从多个接收机广播相同信号所引起的)还是自然的(即，由回波引起)，都将这种信号的并行传播称为“多路径”。容易理解，虽然蜂窝状数字广播在频谱利用方面是有效的，必须作出一些规定以有效地考虑到多路径。
幸运的是，在出现多路径的情况下(如上所述，当运用蜂窝状广播技术时，必然会出现上述情况)，运用QAM调制的OFDM系统比起只用单个载波频率的QAM调制技术更加有效。特别是，在单个载波QAM系统中，必须用到复数均衡器来均衡具有如主路径一样强的回波的信道，而这样的均衡很难执行。相反，在OFDM系统中，通过简单地将适当长度的保护间隔(guard interval)插在每个码元的开始部分，可以不需要复数均衡器。因此，当预期存在多路径条件时，运用QAM调制的OFDM系统是较佳的。
特别参照当前OFDM系统来理解为什么本发明是十分有用的和所需的，在当前系统中，对要广播的数据流编码两次，第一次由Reed-Solomon编码器编码，然后用格型编码方案。应注意，本发明同样可用于只有一次编码的系统。在典型的格型编码方案中，由卷积编码器对数据流进行编码，然后将连续位组合成位组，它将变成QAM码元。几个位在一组中，其中由整数“m”来限定每组中的位数(于是，将每组称为具有“m-元”维)。一般，“m”的值是4、5、6或7，虽然它可以更多或更少。
在将位组成多位码元之后，交错码元。“交错”意味着按顺序重新排列码元流，从而使由信道衰减所引起的可能误差随机化。为了便于说明，假设发送五个字。如果，在发送非交错信号期间，发生临时信道干扰。在这些情况下，在信道干扰减弱之前可以遗失整个字，而且如果说不是不可能的话，知道由遗失的字所传达的信息是很困难的。
相反，如果在发送和信道干扰发生之前，顺序重新排列五个字的字母(即，“交错”)，那么几个字母有可能会遗失，可能是每个字中有一个字母会遗失。一旦对重新排列的字母进行解码，虽然有几个字会遗失字母，但还是会出现所有五个字。应理解，在这些情况下，对于数字解码器而言基本全部恢复数据相对较容易。在交错m-元码元之后，通过运用上述QAM原理将码元映射在复数码元上、多路复用成它们各自副载波信道并发送。
然而，如上所述，运用上述格型编码方案的当前OFDM系统在出现一些OFDM副载波严重衰减的多路径条件的情况下，会呈现性能缺陷，其中在OFDM系统中在交错之前已将数据位组成码元。如进一步所述的那样，在出现由多路径条件所引起的副载波衰减的情况下，可以提高OFDM系统的性能。如下所述，通过在接收机处执行软判决以确定接收到的数据值，可以进一步提高这种OFDM系统的性能。
发明概述
因此本发明的目的在于，提供用于在出现多路径条件下复数高速率数字数据的系统。本发明还旨于提供用于运用OFDM原理的复数高速率数字数据的系统，它在多路径条件下出现副载波衰减的情况下比较有效地执行。本发明还旨于提供用于接收高速率数字数据的系统，它允许对逐个子信道进行软判决以确定数据值。本发明还旨于提供用于复数高速率数字数据的系统，易于使用并在制造和实施方面成本较低。
在一个方面，本发明提供正交频分多路复用(OFDM)信号发射机，其中在将位分组成多位码元之前通过内部交错器处理数据位。
在另一个方面，本发明提供一种用于正交频分多路复用(OFDM)发射机的装置，它处理发送到接收机的数字数据位，装置包括：用于处理数据位的外部交错器；用于对经处理的位进行编码的编码器；用于接收来自编码器的数据位并交错数据位的内部交错器；和用于接收来自内部交错器的经交错数据位并根据内部交错器生成表示“m”连续位的码元的装置，其中“m”是大于1的整数。
在正交频分多路复用(OFDM)发射机中，提供体现本发明的装置以处理要发送到接收机的数字数据位。在实施例中，装置包括用于处理数据位的外部交错器(最好是Reed-solomon代码码元交错器)，和用于接收来自外部交错器的经处理的输出数据位并交错数据位的内部交错器。此外，该装置还包括用于接收来自内部交错器的经交错数据位并生成表示来自内部交错器的“m”连续位的码元，其中“m”是大于1的整数。
最佳的是，卷积编码器处理在内部交错器和外部交错器之间的位。此外，还提供用于将每个码元映射到m-元信号空间的装置。如较佳实施例意图，映射装置运用正交调幅(QAM)来生成复数码元。在“m”是至少等于5的奇数的情况下，映射装置使在信号空间的一个象限中的邻近码元之间的汉明距离之和最小。
如下面进一步所述，串行到并行变换器将复数码元处理成“n”子流，其中“n”是大于1的整数。保护期发生器在信号流中建立保护期。所述装置与OFDM发射机相结合，而且进一步与OFDM系统相结合。
在另一个方面，本发明提供一种用于运用正交频分多路复用(OFDM)来发送数字数据位的方法，包括下列步骤：对位卷积编码；然后交错位；然后并行分组“m”个位以建立各个码元。
用于运用正交频分多路复用(OFDM)发送数字数据位的方法包括卷积编码位，然后交错位。接着，该方法包括并行分组“m”位以建立各个码元。
本发明还提供用于接收机的装置，它用于接收包含复数相位调节码元的正交频分多路复用(OFDM)信号的“n”子流，其中每个码元表示“m”数据位，对于每个子流该装置包括用于确定由在子流中每个码元所表示的每个位的二进制值的软判决量化器。计算机逻辑装置可以执行这部分计算机功能。
本发明还提供用于正交频分多路复用(OFDM)信号接收机的计算机逻辑装置，其中所述接收机用于接收在OFDM信号中的复数码元，每个码元表示“m”数据位，计算机逻辑装置包括：由数字处理系统可读的计算机逻辑存储装置；和逻辑存储装置中所体现的指令，可由用于执行方法步骤的数字处理系统可执行指令，其中所述方法用于对每个码元值执行软判决，它包括下列步骤：确定对于每个码元的第一组可能值，在第一组中的每个值在预定位上都具有二进制值“0”；对于每个码元确定在码元和在第一组可能值中的每个可能值之间的幅值差；和确定最小幅值差并生成表示它的第一信号。
用于发送正交频分多路复用(OFDM)信号的装置包括正交调幅(QAM)装置用于生成多个QAM码元。此外，该装置包括用于将码元映射到m-元空间的映射装置，从而使在空间中邻近码元之间的汉明距离之和最小，其中m是至少等于5的奇数。
附图描述
从下列结合附图的详细说明中所述的实施例中，可以显见本发明的特性、目的和优点，其中相同标号做相应表示：
图1是体现本发明的数字信号发送系统的示意图；
图2是体现本发明的发射机的相关部分的示意图；
图3是体现本发明的接收机的相关部分的示意图；和
图4是示出接收机的软判决逻辑的流程图。
较佳实施例的详细描述
最初参照图1，示出一般标为10的系统，它通过多个空间接口路径18,20从一个或多个基本一致的发射机14、16向接收机12广播高速率数字数据。例如，高速率数字信号可以是高清晰度电视(HDTV)信号。系统10是正交频分复用(OFDM)系统。因此，发射机14,16把相同信号发送到接收机12，同时将每个信号多路复用成多个“n”子信道，其中“n”是大于1的整数。按照OFDM原理，每个子信道表示一系列复数正交调幅(QAM)码元的各个子流。据此，每个QAM码元表示“m”数据位，其中“m”是大于1的整数。在一个当前较佳实施例中，“m”的值是7。应注意，虽然按照正交调幅，描述本发明，但是它同样可用于相移键控(phase shift keyed)调制系统。
图2示出本实施例的发射机14的相关细节。诸如Reed-Solomon编码器22一类的外部码元误差校正编码器接收到要发送的数字数据位流，并根据现有技术中已知的原理对那些位进行编码。同样，外部交错器24(最好是Reed-Solomon码元交错器)根据现有技术中已知的原理交错来自外部编码器22的数据。在G.C.Clark,Jr和J.B.Cain等人所著的“用于数字通信的误差校正编码”(PlenumPress,New York,1981)和S.Lin和D.J.Costello,Jr所著的“误差控制编码：基本原理和应用”(Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,N.J.1983)中描述了Reed-Solomon编码系统。
把信号从外部交错器24送到卷积编码器26，它根据已知原理对数据位进行卷积编码。然后，把数据位送到内部交错器28，它交错位。于是，把经交错的位送到信号空间分组器(space grouper)30。
根据本发明，信号空间分组器30并行分组来自内部交错器28的一系列“m”位。于是，信号空间分组器建立从内部交错器28接收到的表示每“m”连续位的各个码元。
因此，现在可理解，发射机14(不同于格型编码OFDM发射机)在将位分成多位码元之前处理通过内部交错器的数据位。我们已发现根据这种结构和下述接收机12的结构，与首先将数据位分组成码元的传统格型编码的发射机相比，在多路径情况下改善系统10的分集和性能，而且处理通过内部交错器的码元。
如图2所示，把来自信号空间分组器30的码元送到信号空间映射元件32。根据本发明，信号空间映射元件32把每个码元映射到m-元信号空间。较佳的是，映射元件与运用正交调幅(QAM)来根据每个码元产生对幅度和相位的调制以生成复数码元。
把这些复数码元映射到复数平面时，有时将它称为QAM星座图。因此，可根据它在复数平面中的x-y位置将每个复数码元表示为“x+jy”，其中j是负1的平方根 ( j = - 1 ) 。
对于“m”的偶数值，运用对于x坐标的m/2 Gray编码二进制数字和表示y坐标的其余m/2进制数字(经Gray编码)，来进行到复数平面的映射。在这种映射中，在复数平面的一个象限内的邻近位的值最好互不相同，之间只相差单个二进制值。换句话说，在一个象限内的邻近位之间的所谓汉明距离精确地等于1。
相反，对于“m”的奇数值，由于QAM星座图不再是矩形的，所以不再可能把QAM码元独立地用Gray码编码成两维。因此，对于“m”的奇数值，运用可被认为是准Gray码的代码(如下表1所示)映射QAM码元，以有利地使在一个象限内的每对不同的邻近元(将m位分配给它们)之间的汉明距离总数最小(即，在表中将相同象限元物理表示为相邻，没有任何插入元)。表1
     f        e        e        fg        d        c        c        d        gh        b        a        a        b        hh        b        a        a        b        hg        d        c        c        d        g
     f        e        e        f
正如熟悉本技术领域的人员能容易认识到的那样，认为在表1中所示的星座图包括四个象限，其中星座图的原点在第三行和第四行以及第三列和第四列之间。根据本发明，由在码元象限中的每个QAM码元代码表示两个“m”位。于是，在第一象限中QAM码元的两个位是00、在第二象限中每个码元的两个位是01、在第三象限中每个码元的两个位是11和在第四象限中每个码元的两个位是10。
因此，在表1中，由八个字母a-h中的一个字母表示每个码元的其余三个位。下面讨论第一象限码元分配，但是应理解，如在表1中所示，在其它三个象限中反映相同的位分配。可以任意地将值“000”分配给任一字母，例如，字母“a”可以表示二进制值“000”。为了使与在它的象限中的它的邻居之间的汉明距离保持为一，本发明分配b=001和c=010。这反过来导致d=011、e=110和f=111。
在使象限中的码元-码元汉明距离总和最小过程中，存在剩余分配的两种可能性。第一种是分配g=100和h=101，在这种情况下，除了d和g之间汉明距离为3外，在象限内的邻居之间的汉明距离是1。或者g=101和h=100，在这种情况下除了在d和g之间的汉明距离是2，而在b和h之间的汉明距离也是2外，在象限内的邻居之间的汉明距离是1。然而，这两种情况都使在象限中的邻居与邻居之间的汉明距离总数最小。
表1是在m=5的情况下的映射。然而，应理解，这里所提出的原理应用于更大的“m”奇数值。例如，对于“m”＞5和奇数，在上述表1中的每个点都由2(m-5)个点的平方阵列来代替，诸如将每个码元的五位用于识别特定平方阵列，而将剩余m-5位用作两维Gray代码以列举在平方阵列中的点。
在映射之后，由串行到并行转换器34将复数码元流多路复用成子流。当转换器34多路复用码元时，它把导频码元插入“n”子流d0…dn-l(如在所示的接收机14中的导频码元插入器(inserter)33表示)。如熟练的技术人员可知，导频信号建立对接收机(诸如，接收机12)的幅度和相位参量以用于确定接收到的复数码元的比例和相位。
在多路复用之后，由快速傅里叶变换器(FFT)36把子流转换成频率域。于是，保护期发生器(guard period generator)38接收FFT36的输出信号并建立在输出信号中的保护期。在较佳实施例中，通过把信息承载码元的循环扩展(cyclic extension)插入信号，来建立保护期。
现参照图3，可见本发明的接收机12的相关部分。把接收到的信号送到保护期删除器40，它通过只处理在有用的信号周期内接收到的能量来删除由发射机14插入的保护期。将信号从删除器40送到逆FFT42以将信号转换回时间域。如图3所示，逆FFT42输出接收到的复数数据码元流 d0… dn-1 。在各个乘法器44中，将每个码元与各个相位旋转校正矢量e-jφ相结合，其中φ是根据在发射机14处插入的导频信号估计的码元的相位旋转。
接着，由各个软判决量化器46确定由在各个子流中的每个复数码元所表示的位值。于是，量化器46将复数码元解码回到它们各个表示的数据位。下面，参照图4，描述确定每个码元的位值的方法。然而，如图3所示，为了利于给出软判决，量化器46根据导频信号接收各个接收到的码元幅度的估计“ρ”。
把数据位子流从量化器46送到并行到串行变换器48，以将子流组合成单个数据位序列。于是，把数据位序列送到去交错器50以按照它们在被发射机的内部交错器28交错之前的序列重新排列这些位。接着，把去交错位送到解码器52以根据现有技术中已知的卷积编码方案解码这些位。卷积编码器52的一个可行实施例是Viterbi解码器，在现有技术中已知它的结构设计。向重新排列经卷积解码的码元的外部去交错器51提供编码器52的输出。于是，向Reed Solomon解码器53提供重新排列的码元，其中Reed Solomon解码器53如现有技术中已知的那样解码经重新排列的码元。
图4示出本发明在确定由接收到的复数码元所表示的位的值的过程中软判决量化器46的逻辑。如参照图3可理解的那样，每个量化器46可以是最好包括数据存储装置53的微处理器，其中所述数据存储装置53包括量化器46用来执行本发明步骤的指令。因此，熟悉本技术领域的人员可认识到，量化器46可以包括可编程中央处理单元(CPU)，或者可编程门阵列芯片，或者专用集成电路(ASIC)。
图4示出如由存储装置53(图3)的计算机可读逻辑结构体现的本发明的逻辑的各种实施例的结构。熟悉本技术领域的人员可理解，图4示出根据本发明起作用的逻辑元件的结构。显然，由机械元件在一个实质性实施例中实践本发明，其中所述机器元件以指令数字处理装置(即，计算机或微处理器)执行与如图4所示的那些相对应的操作步骤序列的形式提供逻辑元件。
这些指令将常驻在数据存储装置的逻辑结构/电路中(即，由它来体现)，其中所示数据存储装置包括诸如图3所示的存储装置53一类的数据存储媒体。机器元件可以是由存储装置53体现的逻辑元件的组合，它可以有利地是电子只读存储器(ROM)或者电子随机存取存储器(RAM)或者其它适当的数据存储装置。作为替代，可以在半导体装置上、磁带上、光盘上、DASD阵列上、传统硬盘驱动器上、电子只读存储器上或电子随机存取存储器上或其它适当的数据存储装置上的计算机程序代码组成的形式来体现命令。
以框54开始，由本发明的量化器46从上述乘法器44接收到对于每个接收到的复数码元的相位调节信号
Figure A9880102800121
(表示第i个码元的i的值)。然后，在框56中，确定接收到的复数码元可具有的第一组可能值ρjα。预先已知α的值，这是因为每个值都与在预定几何星座图中的几何位置相对应。这第一组包括2m-1个元素ρjα，每个元素在第k位(k=1至m)都为二进制“0”。换句话说，在框56中，对于每个码元都确定第一组的可能值，其中在第一组中的每个值在预定位上都有二进制值“0”。
同样，在框58中，确定接收到的复数码元可具有的第二组的可能值ρjα。这第二组包括2m-1个元素ρjα，每个元素在第k位(k=1至m)都为二进制“1”。换句话说，在框58中，对于每个码元都确定第二组的可能值，其中在第二组中的每个值在预定位上都有二进制值“1”。于是，在表中如上所示的32值星座图中，在框56处输出16个可能值，并在框58处输出另外16个可能值。接着，在框60中，确定在相位调节信号
Figure A9880102800131
和在第一组中每个预期的信号ρjα之差的绝对值，而且选择最小绝对值作为第一信号。此外，在框60中，确定在相位调节信号
Figure A9880102800132
和在第二组中每个预期的信号ρjα之差的绝对值，而且选择最小绝对值作为第二信号。框60的输出可表示为：
Figure A9880102800133
虽然这里所示并详细描述的在发送数字信号过程中正交频分多路复用的特定位交错器完全能够获得本发明的上述目的，但是应理解它是本发明的当前较佳实施例，而且代表了本发明广泛考虑到的主题、本发明的范围完全包括了对于熟悉本技术领域的其它人员而言是显而易见的其它实施例、和本发明的范围与所附权利要求书所相对的范围相一致。

Claims (23)

1．一种用于正交频分多路复用(OFDM)发射机的装置，它处理发送到接收机的数字数据位，其特征在于，所述装置包括：
用于处理所述数据位的外部交错器；
用于对所述经处理位进行编码的编码器；
用于接收来自所述编码器的所述数据位并交错所述数据位的内部交错器；和
用于接收来自所述内部交错器的所述经交错数据位并把来自所述内部交错器的位生成代表“m”连续位的码元的装置，其中“m”是大于1的整数。
2．如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述外部交错器是Reed-Solomon交错器。
3．如权利要求1或2所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括发射机。
4．如权利要求1、2或3所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括用于将每个码元映射到m-元信号空间的装置。
5．如权利要求4所述的装置，其特征在于，所述映射装置运用正交调幅(QAM)来生成复数码元。
6．如权利要求5所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括用于把所述复数码元处理成“n”子流的串行到并行变换器，其中“n”是大于1的整数。
7．如权利要求4、5或6所述的装置，其特征在于，“m”是至少等于五(5)的奇数，而且所述映射装置使在所述信号空间的一个象限中的相邻码元之间的汉明距离之和最小。
8．如权利要求6或7所述的装置，其特征在于，还包括用于在所述信号流中建立保护期的保护期发生器。
9．如权利要求8所述的装置，其特征在于，与OFDM发射机相结合。
10．如权利要求9所述的装置，其特征在于，还与OFDM系统相结合。
11．一种用于运用正交频分多路复用(OFDM)来发送数字数据位的方法，其特征在于，包括下列步骤：
卷积编码所述位；然后
交错所述位；然后
并行分组“m”个位以建立各个码元。
12．如权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括运用正交调幅来将所述码元映射到m-元空间以生成复数码元的步骤。
13．如权利要求12所述的方法，其特征在于，“m”等于七(7)。
14．如权利要求12或13所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
在所述卷积编码步骤之前，运用外部编码器编码所述数据位并交错所述数据位。
15．如权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括下列步骤：
将所述复数码元分成“n”子流；
对于所述子流执行快速傅里叶变换以生成经变换的输出；和
在所述经变换输出中生成多个保护期。
16．一种用于接收机的装置，它接收包括复数相位调节码元的正交频分多路复用(OFDM)信号的“n”子流，每个码元表示“m”数据位，其特征在于，所述装置包括：
对于每个子流，用于确定由在所述子流中的每个码元所表示的每个位的二进制值的软判决量化器。
17．如权利要求16所述的装置，其特征在于，所述软判决量化器包括；
用于确定对于每个码元的第一组可能值的装置，在所述第一组中的每个值在预定位上具有一个二进制“0”；
用于对于每个码元确定在所述码元和在第一组可能值中每个可能值之间的幅值差的装置；和
用于确定最小幅值差以生成代表它的第一信号的装置。
18．如权利要求17所述的装置，其特征在于，所述软判决量化器还包括：
用于确定对于每个码元的第二组可能值的装置，在所述第二组中的每个值在预定位上具有一个二进制“1”；
用于对于每个码元确定在所述码元和在第二组可能值中每个可能值之间的幅值差的装置；和
用于确定最小幅值差以生成代表它的第二信号的装置。
19．如权利要求18所述的装置，其特征在于，所述软判决量化器还包括用于当所述第一信号大于所述第二信号时返回二进制“1”，否则返回二进制“0”的装置。
20．如权利要求19所述的装置，其特征在于，所述软判决量化器还包括用于返回与所述第一和第二信号之差的所述幅值成正比的置信度值的装置。
21．如权利要求19或20所述的装置，其特征在于，结合接收机，它包括用于在将所述OFDM信号输入到所述软判决量化器之前，删除在所述OFDM信号中的保护期的保护期删除器。
22．一种用于正交频分多路复用(OFDM)信号接收机的计算机逻辑装置，其中接收机接收在所述OFDM信号中的复数码元，每个码元表示“m”数据位，其特征在于，所述计算机逻辑装置包括：
由数字处理系统可读的计算机逻辑存储装置；和
在所述逻辑存储装置中所体现的命令，由用于执行方法步骤的所述数字处理系统执行所述命令，其中所述方法步骤对每个码元值进行软判决，它包括：
确定对于每个码元的第一组可能值，在所述第一组中的每个值在预定位上具有一个二进制值“0”；和
对每个码元，确定每个码元和第一组可能值中每个可能值之间的幅度差值，以及
确定所述最小幅值差并生成表示它的第一信号。
23．一种正交频分多路复用(OFDM)信号发射机，其特征在于，其中在将位分组成多位码元之前通过内部交错器处理数据位。
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