CN1215057A - 大规模制备2′,3′-二脱氢-2′,3′-二脱氧核苷的方法 - Google Patents
大规模制备2′,3′-二脱氢-2′,3′-二脱氧核苷的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
- C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
- C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
- C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
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Abstract
本发明公开了适合于大规模生产2′,3′-二脱氢3′-脱氧胸苷(d4T)及其类似物的改进方法。本改进方法以高产率和高纯度得到d4T,而无需使用危险的反应或试剂,并且本改进方法结合了几种对大规模生产起着重要作用的改进方法包括新的纯化步骤其中包含d4T·N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂化物的分离。
Description
本申请是美国专利申请号08/152,155,1993年11月15日申请,与美国专利申请号08/152,778,也是1993年11月15日申请,结合的部分继续申请。
本发明涉及制备某些二脱氢-二脱氧核苷如2′,3′-二脱氢-3′-脱氧胸苷(d4T)的改进方法,该方法适合于大规模生产。
现已公开了几种合成2′,3′-二脱氢-2′,3′-二脱氧核苷如d4T的方法。大多数方法是通过脱水核苷中间体进行的。
以前已用几种合成方法制备核苷衍生物,2′,3′-二脱氢-3′-脱氧胸苷(d4T)。Horwitz等人,Synthetic Procedures inNucleic Acid Chemistry(Vol.1),Zorbach等人(eds);Interscience,New York,P.344描述了路线1的方法(如下),该方法使用3′,5-脱水胸苷作为起始原料,并使用可燃和对湿度敏感的叔丁醇钾(KOt-Bu)的二甲亚砜(DMSO)溶液。除了物料难以操作外,由于在产物从DMSO溶液中分离出来过程中需长时间经受所需的高温和强碱条件而使产物分解,因而方法不适合于大规模生产。
Mansuri等人J.med.Chem.1989.461(路线2)所述的改进分离方法,是在进一步处理之前,用甲苯稀释DMSO反应混合物得到油状固体d4T钾盐。然而,就大规模生产而言,所需体积无法控制,并产生难以回收的大量废溶剂。分离出的盐还对湿度和过分干燥非常敏感。在再溶解和中和后,分离出粗的d4T并干燥,为了得到最终产物必须进一步在溶剂中再浆化。
Starrett,Jr.等人US4,904,770公开了Mansuri方法的改进方法,该方法包括在室温下使3′,5′-脱水中间体与强碱在极性有机溶剂如KOt-Bu/DMSO中反应接着将所得的2′,3′-二脱氢-2′,3′-二脱氧核苷的钾盐在有机溶剂如冷甲苯中研制。在再溶解和中和后,用丙酮萃取经中和处理分离出的固体得到粗d4T。
减少产物分解的不同方法包括更换KOt-Bu/DMSO体系。
使用六甲基磷酰三胺(HMPA)和氢氧化钠的改进方法(路线3)可消除上述路线1和2的分解问题,因为HMPA溶剂作为氯仿配合物可从水溶液中除去。然而,使用被认为是致癌物的高毒性试剂如HMPA和氯仿对于大规模生产是危险的并且应该避免。Adachi等人,Carbohydrate Reseatch,1979,113公开了该方法。
Cosford等人,J.Org.Chem.,1991,2161公开了使用三苯甲基化苯基氢硒基胸苷衍生物的大致类似的路线(路线4)。产生高毒性硒废物和需要色谱纯化是不希望的,尤其对于大规模生产。
本发明是以高产率和高纯度大规模地生产2′,3′-二脱氧-2,′3′-二脱氢核苷特别是d4T的改进方法。本发明的方法包括在反应物、中间体和产物的选择、操作、处理和纯化上的各种改进,从而使得该方法特别适用于大规模生产产品如d4T。
就其最广泛的意义而言,本发明是适合于大规模生产的改进方法,以制备下式表示的2′,3′-二脱氧-2′,3′-二脱氢核苷:其中碱部分选自由嘧啶、氮杂嘧啶和脱氮杂嘧啶组成的未取代的和取代的碱,特别是,X选自N和C-H;Y选自C-R2和N;Z选自C-H和N;R1选自OH和NH2;R2选自H,具有式CnH2nA的未取代的和卤代烷基,具有式-(CH2)m-CH=CHA的烯基,其中m选自0、1、2和3的整数,n选自1、2和3的整数,A选自H、F、Cl、Br和I。该方法包括下列步骤:
(b)在强碱存在下,将上面步骤(a)的反应性(氧杂环丁烷中间体)3′,5′-脱水-2′-脱氧核苷转化为2′,3′-二脱氧-2′,3′-二脱氢核苷。该方法的改进包括:
.在步骤(a)的2′-脱氧核苷的甲磺酰基化反应中使用极性溶剂如丙酮制备3′,5′-二-0-甲磺酰基胸苷;
.在步骤(a)的甲磺酰基化反应中使用PKa值为5.5至8.0的有机碱;
.在步骤(b)中使用醇性氢氧化物;
.为了易于分离和纯化,使用N-甲基吡咯烷酮生成二脱氧二脱氢核苷的溶剂化物。
在较窄的意义上,本发明涉及通过适合于大规模生产d4T的方法以高产率制备d4T。
d4T制备方法包括:
(a)由胸苷和甲磺酰氯制备3′,5-二-0-甲磺酰基胸苷,该步骤的改进包括使用极性溶剂优选丙酮和大约2至4当量碱性强于吡啶而弱于三乙胺的有机碱,优选N-甲基吗啉:
(b)用氢氧化物水溶液处理3′,5-二-0-甲磺酰基胸苷制备3′,5′-脱水胸苷:
(c)由3′,5′-脱水胸苷制备d4T,其中按大规模生产的改进包括加热3′,5′-脱水胸苷和氢氧化物优选氢氧化钾在醇优选异丙醇中的混合物;
(d)改进的分离/纯化方法,包括分离产物的N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMPO)溶剂化物,然后通过在异丙醇中加热分解溶剂化物以高产率和高纯度得到d4T。
按有效比例放大的d4T的改进合成方法概述于流程A中。本发明还涉及由3′,5-脱水胸苷(Ⅲ)制备d4T,并且在其方法本身中以分别及单独的方法通过d4T-NMPO溶剂化物(Ⅱ)分离和纯化产物。
称为a)的流程A的起始反应包括胸苷(Ⅴ)的3′和5′-羟基的甲磺酰基化。此步骤的改进包括溶剂和有机碱的选择。步骤a)的有用溶剂是乙腈、DMF并且优选丙酮。有用的有机碱是诸如甲基吡啶、二甲基吡啶且优选N-甲基吗啉(NMM)的有机碱,所有这些有机碱的pKa值为5.5至8.0,即碱性强于吡啶而弱于三乙胺。反应在温度大约20°至50℃优选大约30°至40℃下进行。反应时间为大约0.5小时至2小时且优选大约1小时。双甲磺酸酯(Ⅳ)的以前的合成是使用吡啶作为碱性溶剂。这些合成产生大量吡啶废流。需要较长的反应时间以及在进一步使用前需要重结晶(Ⅳ)。
将双甲磺酸酯(Ⅳ)与氢氧化物水溶液优选氢氧化钠在大约50°至100℃下加热大约2至8小时(步骤b)。优选的条件是在大约75°至85℃下加热大约3至5小时。用无机酸如HCl进行中和得到3′,5′-脱水胸苷(氧杂环丁烷,Ⅲ)。
步骤(c)和(d)对于改进的d4T制备方法起着主要作用。在步骤(c)中使用醇性KOH并生成溶剂化物(Ⅱ)产生大的改进。正如步骤(c)所示,将3′,5′-脱水胸苷(Ⅲ)在醇性氢氧化钾优选异丙醇的氢氧化钾溶液中加热制得粗d4T。令人惊奇的是d4T在此方法步骤的热、苛性醇环境中的稳定性。用无机酸如盐酸中和后,蒸馏除去醇,过滤所得混合物除去不溶物。然后用N-甲基吡咯烷酮和非质子传递的酯、酰胺或酮溶剂优选丙酮和乙酸丁酯在大约30°至60℃优选大约50℃下处理滤液。将混合物冷却到-10℃至10℃,过滤分离出固体d4T·NMPO溶剂化物,在滤液中留有难以除去的杂质。将溶剂化物的醇溶液小心回流0.5至2小时,以高产率和高纯度得到d4T。
改进方法的优点不仅在于产品的产率和纯度,而且由于所用的方法步骤和所用的试剂和反应条件从而适合于大规模生产。大规模有机化学生产的熟练人员非常了解许多方法,步骤和/或反应不适合大规模地在试验工厂或生产厂进行。一般地按比例放大问题包括在方法中使用危险的或有毒的试剂和溶剂,大量放热或吸热的反应,高压或高真空处理如某些高压反应或高真空蒸馏所需要的处理。需要大量溶剂的纯化步骤和分级结晶或色谱分离对大规模操作来说也是问题。另外,由于各种原因,许多方法进行按比例放大时减少了产率和/或增加了副产物。最近强调防止有毒废物和安全处理废化学物质以及规定限定辐射和流出,因此当大规模方法产生必须安全操作和处理的辐射和废物时,必须增加额外的费用。
由于上面所列的许多原因以及使用特殊的试剂和反应条件造成的其他处理问题,以前生产d4T的方法不特别适合于大规模生产。相反,本发明以高产率和高纯度得到所需产品而无需使用或产生有毒物。缩短了反应时间,在合成流程中的中间体产物无需进一步处理。特别地,我们发现与以前方法的结果不同,d4T产品在醇的氢氧化钾溶液中加热令人惊奇地稳定。使用新的d4T·NMPO溶剂化物进行纯化,无需有毒物质或产生危险废物,也因此对本发明方法的按比例扩大的适应性起着重要作用。在以前d4T制备方法中存在的低效率已被已公开的并且结合在本发明改进方法中的改进方法所克服。
总之,生产d4T及其有关类似物的新的改进方法由于试剂、反应条件和分离/纯化特点的选择,从而使其适合于大规模使用,而且有效地减少了杂质和产物分解,并且得到高产率和高纯度的产品,而没有产生有毒的或大量的废物。
通过下列有关上述方法步骤的优选实施方案的实施例来较详细地说明本发明的改进方法。这些实施例并不构成对本发明范围的任何限制。A.化合物Ⅳ实施例1:3′,5′-二-0-甲磺酰基胸苷
在5升三颈园底烧瓶上安装顶部搅拌器和搅拌棒,500ml滴液漏斗、有热电偶探针的Claisen接管和回流冷凝器。将胸苷(363.3g,1.5mol)和N-甲基吗啉(508.3g,5.02mol)与丙酮(2.00升)一起加到烧瓶中,搅拌混合物同时在大约1小时内缓慢加入甲磺酰氯(498.3g,4.35mol),在加入过程中冷却保持30-35℃。将另外的1.50L丙酮加到混合物中保持合适的搅拌。加完后,混合物在30-35℃搅拌1小时,然后在搅拌下分批用水(9.66L)将反应混合物转入20L聚乙烯罐中。用12N HCl调节含水浆状液的PH至PH2.5,并在室温下再搅拌2小时。过滤浆状液并用水(2.9L)和异丙醇(1.45L)洗涤固体。将固体空气干燥过夜得到564.6g(94.5%)标题化合物,测试纯度为97.1%(重量)。实施例2:3′,5′-二-0-甲磺酰基胸苷
向用氮气吹洗过的干燥的园底烧瓶中加入胸苷(10.0g,0.0412mol)和丙酮(30ml)。搅拌浆状液并加入3,5-二甲基吡啶(17.7g,0.165mol)。然后在10分钟内加入甲磺酰氯(13.8g,0.124mol),并且升温至40℃。45分钟后,反应完成,用150ml水稀释稠的浆状液。将浆状液在25℃下搅拌30分钟,然后在0-5℃下冷却30分钟。收集固体,用水(80ml)和异丙醇(40ml)洗涤,然后干燥得到16.1g(98.2%)标题化合物。B化合物Ⅲ实施例3:3′,5′-脱水胸苷
在2升四颈烧瓶上安装顶部搅拌器和搅拌棒,连接自动滴定仪的PH探测器以及连接温度控制器和加热罩的热电偶探针,将水(350ml)加到烧瓶中,并在搅拌下分批加入大约20-25%3′,5′-二-0-甲磺酰基胸苷(总计500g,1.255mol)。用30%氢氧化钠水溶液调节PH至10.5,并升温于50℃。在保持温度为50-55℃且PH为10.5-11.0下,缓慢加入剩余的3′,5′-二-0-甲磺酰胸苷,以使物料溶解并保持可搅动的浆状。加入总计502g(3.765mol)30%NaOH水溶液。然后将反应混合物在70℃下加热1小时,接着冷却至10-15℃。用12NHCl调节PH于9.7-9.8,冷却保持温度为10-15℃,同时发生结晶。最后用12NHCl调节浆状液的PH为6.0-6.5,并冷却至0-5℃,然后过滤。用冷(0-5℃)水(200ml)洗涤收集的固体,并空气干燥得到211.6g(75.2%)标题化合物,测试纯度为99.8%(重量)。C.化合物Ⅱ实施例4:2′,3′-二脱氢-3′-脱氧胸苷N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂化物(d4T·NMPO)
在5升三颈烧瓶上安装顶部搅拌器和搅拌棒,回流冷凝器,温度探针和加热罩。将异丙醇(1.25L)和氢氧化钾(198g,3.0mol)加到烧瓶中并搅拌加热至50℃。然后分批加入3′,5′-脱水胸苷(168.2g,0.75mol)。接着将所得溶液在78-80℃下加热3.5小时。溶液冷却至20-25℃,用异丙醇(1.75L)稀释,然后用浓HCl酸化至PH4-6,并冷却至0℃。过滤沉淀的KCl,用异丙醇(200ml)洗涤,将合并的滤液和洗液分为三等份。每一份与N-甲基吡咯烷酮(54ml)混合并在50℃/15-20mmHg下浓缩得到稠油状物,然后用丙酮(120ml)稀释,并在50℃下加热15分钟。然后混合物冷却至15℃形成稠浆状液。过滤收集固体,得到总计65,96g(81.6%)标题化合物,测试纯度为68.5%(重量)d4T。实施例5:2′,3′-二脱氢-3′-脱氧胸苷N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂化物(d4T·NMPO)
使用实施例4的同样装置,在搅拌下将异丙醇(1,235L)和氢氧化钾(211.97g,3.211mol)加到烧瓶中并加热至50℃。然后分批加入3′,5′-脱水胸苷(180.0g,0.803mol)。接着所得溶液在78-80℃下加热4小时。将溶液冷却至20-25℃,用异丙醇(1.976L)稀释,然后用浓HCl酸化至PH5.6,并冷却至10℃。过滤沉淀的KCl并用异丙醇(200ml)洗涤。将合并的滤液和洗液分成两等份。一部分与N-甲基吡咯烷酮(90ml)混合并在50℃/15-20mmHg下浓缩得到稠油状物,然后用丙酮(100ml)稀释并加热至50℃15分钟。接着将混合物冷却至<0℃,生成稠浆状液。过滤收集固体得到104.47g(80.5%)标题化合物,测试纯度为69.1%(重量)d4T。
用第一部分的母液和新的NMPO(31ml)处理第二部分的合并的滤液和洗液。按照上述方法,收集固体,得到107.93g(83%)标题化合物,测试纯度为70.0%。D.化合物Ⅰ(d4T)实施例6:2′,3′-二脱氢-3′-脱氧胸苷(d4T)
在带有搅拌器的1L园底烧瓶上安装回流冷凝器和加热罩。加入d4T·NMPO(55,25,0.27mol)和异丙醇(550ml),Dicalite(助滤剂,5.5g)和Darco KB(活性炭,5.5g)。搅拌混合物并加热回流,趁热过滤,然后用热异丙醇(165ml)洗涤炭饼。将合并的滤液和洗液通过蒸馏浓缩至200ml,在缓慢冷却至室温使产物结晶。冷却至0℃后,收集固体,用冷(0℃)异丙醇(50ml)洗涤并空气干燥得到34.6g(90.4%)标题化合物,测试纯度为98%(重量)。
本发明可以进行不超过本发明范围的合理的变化如本领域技术人员所能想到的。E.按比例放大
本发明方法可按比例放大。就大约350kg化合物Ⅴ的规模而言,步骤(a)得到大约88,5%产率(基于活性),步骤(b)同样得到氧杂环丁烷中间体(Ⅲ)大约75%产率。NMPO溶剂化合物(Ⅱ)的分离得到大约76-89%产率,并且以90%产率转化为d4T产品。
Claims (3)
1.下式的d4T·NMPO溶剂化物(Ⅱ):
2.分离和纯化d4T的方法,它包括从反应混合物中分离出权利要求1的d4T·NMPO溶剂化合物(Ⅱ),接着将其转化为d4T。
3.制备d4T(Ⅰ)的方法,包括在醇中加热权利要求1的分离出的d4T·NMPO溶剂化物(Ⅱ)。
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US6635753B1 (en) | 1998-09-30 | 2003-10-21 | Brantford Chemicals Inc. | Process for the preparation of substantially pure stavudine and related intermediates useful in the preparation thereof |
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