CN1183093C - 催化进行多相反应、特别是羧酸乙烯化反应的方法 - Google Patents
催化进行多相反应、特别是羧酸乙烯化反应的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1183093C CN1183093C CNB001317415A CN00131741A CN1183093C CN 1183093 C CN1183093 C CN 1183093C CN B001317415 A CNB001317415 A CN B001317415A CN 00131741 A CN00131741 A CN 00131741A CN 1183093 C CN1183093 C CN 1183093C
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J19/2415—Tubular reactors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J10/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor
- B01J10/007—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
- B01J8/06—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactors; the solid particles being arranged in tubes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/04—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/04—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
- C07C67/05—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds with oxidation
- C07C67/055—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds with oxidation in the presence of platinum group metals or their compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00002—Chemical plants
- B01J2219/00004—Scale aspects
- B01J2219/00006—Large-scale industrial plants
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
- B01J2219/00087—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements outside the reactor
- B01J2219/00103—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements outside the reactor in a heat exchanger separate from the reactor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
- B01J2219/00105—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids part or all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling
- B01J2219/0011—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids part or all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling involving reactant liquids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00243—Mathematical modelling
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Abstract
Description
试验序号 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
温度[℃] | 190 | 210 | 220 | 225 | 231 | 235 | 235 | 235 | 235 |
乙炔[Mol/h] | 22.00 | 22.00 | 22.00 | 22.00 | 22.00 | 22.00 | 16.50 | 19.25 | 24.75 |
乙烯基酯[Mol/h] | 0.22 | 1.10 | 1.69 | 2.27 | 2.71 | 3.30 | 3.01 | 3.28 | 3.45 |
以乙炔的使用量计乙烯基酯的产率% | 1.0 | 5.0 | 7.7 | 10.3 | 12.3 | 15.0 | 18.2 | 17.0 | 13.9 |
RZA[t/m3/h] | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.47 |
试验序号 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
温度[℃] | 190 | 190 | 190 | 190 |
含水量[wt%] | 0.12% | 0.21% | 0.38% | 0.72% |
催化剂循环量[m3/h] | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 |
催化剂循环量[kg/h] | 7.336 | 7.336 | 7.336 | 7.336 |
ρ催化剂[kg/m3] | 917 | 917 | 917 | 917 |
η催化剂[Pa*s] | 1.92E-02 | 1.53E-02 | 9.27E-03 | 2.07E-03 |
ρ乙炔[kg/m3] | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 |
η乙炔[Pa*s] | 1.53E-05 | 1.53E-05 | 1.53E-05 | 1.53E-05 |
乙炔入口量[Mol/h] | 4.50 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 4.50 |
乙炔排出量[Mol/h] | 2.16 | 2.72 | 2.97 | 3.36 |
乙炔入口量[kg/h] | 0.117 | 0.117 | 0.117 | 0.117 |
乙炔排出量[kg/h] | 0.056 | 0.071 | 0.077 | 0.087 |
乙炔入口量[m3/h] | 0.171 | 0.171 | 0.171 | 0.171 |
乙炔排出量[m3/h] | 0.048 | 0.061 | 0.067 | 0.075 |
乙炔转化率 | 52.1% | 39.6% | 34.0% | 25.3% |
PD[巴] | 2.14E-03 | 1.98E-03 | 1.68E-03 | 1.10E-03 |
PS[巴] | 4.09E-03 | 4.09E-03 | 4.09E-03 | 4.09E-03 |
B | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.27 |
乙烯基酯[kg/h] | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.18 |
RZA[t/m3/h] | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.12 |
试验 | 序号 | - | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
反应器 | 长度 | m | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
直径 | m | 4.30E-02 | 4.30E-02 | 4.30E-02 | 4.30E-02 | |
填充物 | 型号 | - | T-20-M | T-20-M | T-20-M | SMV8DN40 |
液压直径 | m | 4.71E-03 | 4.71E-03 | 4.71E-03 | 7.20E-03 | |
空管分量 | % | 96.7% | 96.7% | 96.7% | 83.0% | |
运转数据 | 温度 | ℃ | 190 | 190 | 190 | 191 |
预压力 | 巴 | 1.46 | 1.9 | 1.73 | 1.04 | |
回压 | 巴 | 1.04 | 1.7 | 1.35 | 1.04 | |
催化剂 | 循环1) | m3/h | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
锌盐 | w-% | 65+/-5% | 65+/-5% | 65+/-5% | 65+/-5% | |
乙炔 | 加入量 | mol/h | 17.43 | 21.62 | 21.62 | 10.86 |
乙烯基酯 | 产量 | mol/h | 16.50 | 20.82 | 20.11 | 9.33 |
乙炔 | 剩余 | mol/mol | 1.056 | 1.038 | 1.075 | 1.163 |
乙烯基酯 | RZA | t/m3/h | 1.047 | 1.321 | 1.276 | 0.592 |
PS入口 | M/v*g入口 | mbar/m | 63 | 64 | 62 | 69 |
PS出口 | M/v*g出口 | mbar/m | 85 | 89 | 87 | 87 |
PD入口 | Plg/L入口 | mbar/m | 472 | 492 | 492 | 86 |
PD出口 | Plg/L出口 | mbar/m | 143 | 141 | 141 | 67 |
系数B | 反应器入口 | - | 7.45 | 7.66 | 7.87 | 1.24 |
试验 | 序号 | - | 18 | 19 | 20 |
羧酸 | - | 2EHA | 2EHA | 2EHA | |
反应器 | 长度 | m | 2 | 2 | 2 |
直径 | m | 4.30E-02 | 4.30E-02 | 4.30E-02 | |
填充物 | 型号 | - | SMV8DN40 | SMV8DN40 | SMV8DN40 |
液压直径 | m | 7.20E-03 | 7.20E-03 | 7.20E-03 | |
空管分量 | % | 83.0% | 83.0% | 83.0% | |
运转数据 | 温度 | ℃ | 200 | 195 | 190 |
预压力 | 巴 | 1.114 | 1.114 | 1.114 | |
回压 | 巴 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | |
催化剂 | 循环 | m3/h | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.32 |
锌盐 | w-% | 65+/-5% | 65+/-5% | 65+/-5% | |
乙炔 | 加入量 | mol/h | 8.739 | 6.757 | 7.432 |
乙烯基酯 | 产量 | mol/h | 5.65 | 3.70 | 4.90 |
乙炔 | 剩余 | mol/mol | 1.548 | 1.825 | 1.518 |
乙烯基酯 | RZA | t/m3/h | 0.331 | 0.217 | 0.287 |
PS入口 | M/v*g入口 | mbar/m | 73 | 76 | 75 |
PS出口 | M/v*g出口 | mbar/m | 83 | 86 | 85 |
PD入口 | Plg/L入口 | mbar/m | 129 | 134 | 140 |
PD出口 | Plg/L出口 | mbar/m | 106 | 110 | 116 |
系数B | 反应器入口 | - | 1.78 | 1.76 | 1.86 |
试验 | 序号 | - | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
反应器 | 长度 | m | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
直径 | m | 6.40E-02 | 4.30E-02 | 4.30E-02 | 4.30E-02 | |
填充物 | 型号 | - | MDR6*6 | SMV8DN40 | SMV8DN40 | SMV8DN40 |
液压直径 | m | 2.55E-03 | 7.20E-03 | 7.20E-03 | 7.20E-03 | |
空管分量 | % | 91.5% | 83.0% | 83.0% | 83.0% | |
运转数据 | 温度 | ℃ | 180 | 167 | 177 | 177 |
预压力 | 巴 | 1.06 | 2 | 2 | 2.35 | |
回压 | 巴 | 1.04 | 2.00 | 2 | 2.3 | |
催化剂 | 循环1) | m3/h | 1.04 | 1.59 | 1.26 | 1.26 |
锌盐 | w-% | 50.0% | 55.0% | 84.2% | 84.2% | |
乙炔 | 加入量 | mol/h | 5.14 | 6.31 | 10.405 | 11.937 |
乙烯基酯 | 产量 | mol/h | 1.52 | 1.91 | 4.20 | 5.34 |
乙炔 | 剩余 | mol/mol | 3.37 | 3.30 | 2.48 | 2.23 |
乙烯基酯 | RZA | t/m3/h | 0.027 | 0.075 | 0.17 | 0.21 |
PS入口 | M/v*g入口 | mbar/m | 88 | 97 | 90 | 90 |
PS出口 | M/v*g出口 | mbar/m | 99 | 103 | 99 | 100 |
PD入口 | Plg/L入口 | mbar/m | 239 | 146 | 99 | 99 |
PD出口 | Plg/L出口 | mbar/m | 113 | 119 | 78 | 78 |
系数B | 反应器入口 | - | 2.72 | 1.50 | 1.10 | 1.10 |
Claims (12)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19925385A DE19925385A1 (de) | 1999-06-02 | 1999-06-02 | Verfahren zur katalytischen Durchführung von Mehrphasenreaktionen, insbesondere Vinylierungen von Carbonsäuren |
DE19925385.4 | 1999-06-02 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1290684A CN1290684A (zh) | 2001-04-11 |
CN1183093C true CN1183093C (zh) | 2005-01-05 |
Family
ID=7910095
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNB001317415A Expired - Fee Related CN1183093C (zh) | 1999-06-02 | 2000-06-01 | 催化进行多相反应、特别是羧酸乙烯化反应的方法 |
Country Status (18)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6500979B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1057525B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2001019660A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100648848B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1183093C (zh) |
AR (1) | AR024267A1 (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE387955T1 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR0002555A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2310512A1 (zh) |
DE (2) | DE19925385A1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2301459T3 (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1036051A1 (zh) |
MX (1) | MXPA00005432A (zh) |
MY (1) | MY123679A (zh) |
PL (1) | PL200925B1 (zh) |
SG (1) | SG85706A1 (zh) |
TW (1) | TW523423B (zh) |
ZA (1) | ZA200002739B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19957522A1 (de) * | 1999-11-30 | 2001-05-31 | Oxeno Olefinchemie Gmbh | Verfahren zur katalytischen Durchführung von Aldolkondensationen mittels Mehrphasenreaktion |
DE10106186A1 (de) * | 2001-02-10 | 2002-08-14 | Oxeno Olefinchemie Gmbh | Verfahren zur Kondensation von Aldehyden mit Ketonen mittels Mehrphasenreaktion |
US20040000474A1 (en) * | 2002-02-22 | 2004-01-01 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Liquid-continuous column distillation |
DE102004011081A1 (de) * | 2004-03-06 | 2005-09-22 | Oxeno Olefinchemie Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von tertiären Carbonsäuren |
US8173830B2 (en) * | 2009-05-07 | 2012-05-08 | Celanese International Corporation | Vinyl ester production from acetylene and carboxylic acid utilizing homogeneous catalyst |
US7982065B2 (en) * | 2009-05-07 | 2011-07-19 | Celanese International Corporation | Vinyl ester production from acetylene and carboxylic acid utilizing heterogeneous catalyst |
WO2012174729A1 (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2012-12-27 | The Southwest Research & Design Institute Of Chemical Industry | Process for preparing vinyl esters of tertiary carboxylic acids |
DE102012002282A1 (de) | 2012-02-06 | 2013-08-08 | Oxea Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Vinylestern |
DE102012002274A1 (de) | 2012-02-06 | 2013-08-08 | Oxea Gmbh | Verfahren zur Koppelproduktion von Vinylestern und Essigsäurefolgeprodukten oder Propionsäurefolgeprodukten |
CN102617344B (zh) * | 2012-03-09 | 2014-04-16 | 天津市沃克玛特科技有限公司 | 羧酸乙烯酯的制备方法 |
US20140005352A1 (en) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-02 | Invista North America S.A R.L. | Gas scrubber and related processes |
DE102012105874A1 (de) * | 2012-07-02 | 2014-01-02 | Oxea Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Isononansäurevinylestern |
DE102012014396B4 (de) * | 2012-07-13 | 2018-01-11 | Oxea Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Vinylestergemisches aus einem Gemisch stellungsisomerer aliphatischer Isononansäuren ausgehend von 2-Ethylhexanol |
DE102012013969B4 (de) | 2012-07-13 | 2017-09-14 | Oxea Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gemisches stellungsisomerer aliphatischer Isononansäuren ausgehend von 2-Ethylhexanol |
CN102847492A (zh) * | 2012-10-16 | 2013-01-02 | 四川国光农化股份有限公司 | 一种适用于气液反应的制备装置 |
CN118405735B (zh) * | 2024-04-17 | 2024-12-24 | 金沂蒙集团有限公司 | 一种乙醛废水的处理装置 |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1237557B (de) | 1962-07-10 | 1967-03-30 | Shell Int Research | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Vinylestern gesaettigter aliphatischer Monocarbonsaeuren |
DE1210810B (de) * | 1963-08-05 | 1966-02-17 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Vinylestern |
DE1238010B (de) * | 1964-03-09 | 1967-04-06 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Vinylestern |
GB1125055A (en) * | 1967-04-27 | 1968-08-28 | Shell Int Research | Improvements in or relating to the preparation of vinyl esters |
DE4313922A1 (de) | 1993-04-28 | 1994-11-03 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Carbonsäurevinylestern |
US5430179A (en) * | 1994-07-28 | 1995-07-04 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology | Homogeneous process for the ruthenium catalyzed addition of carboxylic acids to alkynes |
JPH11512123A (ja) * | 1995-08-11 | 1999-10-19 | ミネソタ マイニング アンド マニュファクチャリング カンパニー | 開始剤系および該開始剤を使用して製造された接着組成物 |
ZA979132B (en) * | 1996-10-15 | 1998-07-17 | Shell Int Research | A process for the preparation of vinylesters |
DE19925384A1 (de) * | 1999-06-02 | 2000-12-07 | Oxeno Olefinchemie Gmbh | Verfahren zur katalytischen Durchführung von Mehrphasenreaktionen, insbesondere Hydroformylierungen |
-
1999
- 1999-06-02 DE DE19925385A patent/DE19925385A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2000
- 2000-05-09 EP EP00109784A patent/EP1057525B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-05-09 AT AT00109784T patent/ATE387955T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-05-09 ES ES00109784T patent/ES2301459T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-05-09 DE DE50015006T patent/DE50015006D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-05-30 JP JP2000160521A patent/JP2001019660A/ja active Pending
- 2000-05-31 SG SG200002944A patent/SG85706A1/en unknown
- 2000-05-31 CA CA002310512A patent/CA2310512A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-05-31 US US09/583,776 patent/US6500979B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-06-01 ZA ZA200002739A patent/ZA200002739B/xx unknown
- 2000-06-01 BR BR0002555-0A patent/BR0002555A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-06-01 KR KR1020000029966A patent/KR100648848B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-06-01 TW TW089110686A patent/TW523423B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-06-01 MY MYPI20002475A patent/MY123679A/en unknown
- 2000-06-01 PL PL340447A patent/PL200925B1/pl unknown
- 2000-06-01 MX MXPA00005432A patent/MXPA00005432A/es unknown
- 2000-06-01 CN CNB001317415A patent/CN1183093C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-06-02 AR ARP000102743A patent/AR024267A1/es active IP Right Grant
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2001
- 2001-09-25 HK HK01106774A patent/HK1036051A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TW523423B (en) | 2003-03-11 |
HK1036051A1 (en) | 2001-12-21 |
BR0002555A (pt) | 2001-01-02 |
EP1057525A3 (de) | 2002-04-17 |
EP1057525A2 (de) | 2000-12-06 |
MY123679A (en) | 2006-05-31 |
CA2310512A1 (en) | 2000-12-02 |
ZA200002739B (en) | 2000-12-11 |
ATE387955T1 (de) | 2008-03-15 |
EP1057525B1 (de) | 2008-03-05 |
US6500979B1 (en) | 2002-12-31 |
JP2001019660A (ja) | 2001-01-23 |
CN1290684A (zh) | 2001-04-11 |
KR100648848B1 (ko) | 2006-11-24 |
AR024267A1 (es) | 2002-09-25 |
SG85706A1 (en) | 2002-01-15 |
ES2301459T3 (es) | 2008-07-01 |
DE19925385A1 (de) | 2000-12-07 |
PL340447A1 (en) | 2000-12-04 |
KR20010049468A (ko) | 2001-06-15 |
PL200925B1 (pl) | 2009-02-27 |
DE50015006D1 (de) | 2008-04-17 |
MXPA00005432A (es) | 2002-06-04 |
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