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CN114041083A - 具有可变调光膜的玻璃 - Google Patents

具有可变调光膜的玻璃 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114041083A
CN114041083A CN202080043563.2A CN202080043563A CN114041083A CN 114041083 A CN114041083 A CN 114041083A CN 202080043563 A CN202080043563 A CN 202080043563A CN 114041083 A CN114041083 A CN 114041083A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
layer
dimming
dimming material
film
glazing
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Withdrawn
Application number
CN202080043563.2A
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English (en)
Inventor
A·M·马利克
W·布朗斯坦
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Central Glass Co Ltd
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Central Glass Co Ltd
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Publication date
Application filed by Central Glass Co Ltd filed Critical Central Glass Co Ltd
Publication of CN114041083A publication Critical patent/CN114041083A/zh
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    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/133371Cells with varying thickness of the liquid crystal layer
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)

Abstract

一种能够梯度不透明的玻璃,其包括第一玻璃基板(110)和第二玻璃基板(110),设置在第一玻璃基板和第二玻璃基板之间的第一中间层(214)和第二中间层(116),以及设置在第一中间层和第二中间层之间的调光膜(130)。调光膜包括具有彼此相对的第一和第二表面(SF1、SF2)的调光材料层(220),其中调光材料层(220)具有不均一的有效厚度。第一导电层(226)和第二导电层(128)夹持调光材料层(220),并且第一聚合物膜(222)和第二聚合物膜(124)夹持调光材料层以及第一导电层和第二导电层。

Description

具有可变调光膜的玻璃
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2019年6月12日提交的标题为“具有可变调光膜的玻璃(GLAZINGHAVING A VARIABLE SWITCHABLE FILM)”的美国临时专利申请系列No.62/860,442的优先权,其全部内容均通过引用以其整体并入本文中。
技术领域
本公开总体上涉及可以具有从不透明至透明的梯度效果的调光膜。
背景技术
玻璃构造中的调光膜可以用于各种目的,包括建筑窗和车窗。调光膜可以包括基于液晶构造的那些调光膜。调光膜可以通过向膜施加电场来选择性地从不透明或暗状态改变至透明或清晰状态。可以在玻璃构造内形成电连接以控制调光材料。当激活电场时,调光材料可以从不透明状态转变为透明状态,反之亦然。
调光材料可以包括聚合物分散液晶(PDLC)和聚合物网络液晶(PNLC)构造。PDLC材料由分散遍及液态聚合物基质中的液晶形成。随着聚合物基质固体化,液晶形成液滴。液晶液滴的随机取向导致PDLC在关(OFF)状态下的不透明、乳状外观。当向PDLC施加电流时,液晶会平行于电场的方向排列。平行取向使得光穿过,并且处于开(ON)状态,PDLC相对于关状态是透明的。PNLC还可以提供在不透明和透明状态之间选择性地切换的膜。与PDLC相比,PNLC膜可以具有更高的液晶相对于聚合物的比例,并且需要更低的驱动电压。PDLC和PNLC膜也可以构成为具有反向排列,其中,在默认的关状态下,PDLC或PNLC是透明的,并且在施加电压的开状态下,PDLC或PNLC是不透明的。
本领域已知的调光膜可以在开状态下均匀地从不透明变为透明。然而,在一些情况下可以期望跨整个液晶膜提供从不透明至透明的非均匀转变。例如,各种图案化的外观可以提供美学期望的外观。此外,期望的是提供可以提供梯度不透明的非分段的调光膜。
发明内容
本文中公开了一种玻璃,其包括:第一玻璃基板和第二玻璃基板;第一中间层和第二中间层,其设置在第一玻璃基板和第二玻璃基板之间;和调光膜,其设置在第一中间层和第二中间层之间,调光膜包括:调光材料层,其具有彼此相对的第一表面和第二表面,第一表面和第二表面布置为改变与表面的位置相关的第一表面和第二表面之间的厚度;第一导电层和第二导电层,其夹持调光材料层;以及第一聚合物膜和第二聚合物膜,其夹持调光材料层以及第一导电层和第二导电层。
在某些实施方案中,调光材料层可以包括聚合物分散液晶或聚合物网络液晶,并且最小厚度可以大于或等于5μm,优选大于或等于10μm,并且更优选大于或等于20μm,和/或最大厚度等于或小于60μm,优选小于或等于50μm,并且更优选小于或等于40μm。在本说明书中的调光材料层的厚度通过调光材料层的第一表面和第二表面之间的距离来定义。在某些实施方案中,最小厚度和最大厚度之差为至少10μm,优选至少20μm,并且更优选至少25μm。在一些实施方案中,调光材料层可以包括悬浮颗粒器件(SPD),该器件可以包括光控制微粒的分散。
调光材料层的形状可以根据玻璃的用途和目的而改变。在某些实施方案中,调光材料层可以具有例如,楔形、单面或双面弯曲形状、或截面阶梯形状的形状。
为了激活调光膜,可以向连接至第一导电层和第二导电层的电线提供电源。在某些实施方案中,施加至调光膜的电压可以为20至120伏,优选25至70伏,并且更优选28至50伏。
在本公开的另一个方面中,调光材料层可以包括可以改变调光材料层的第一表面和第二表面之间的有效厚度的液滴。
申请人在本文中提出的方面以及优选和可选方面也在权利要求中陈述。
附图说明
并入本说明书中并构成本说明书的一部分的附图示出了本公开的一个或多个示例方面,并且与详细描述一起用于解释它们的原理和实施方式。
图1示出根据本公开的一个示例性方面的、具有楔形形状的调光膜的玻璃构造;
图2示出根据本公开的另一个示例性方面的、具有包括液晶液滴的调光膜的玻璃构造;
图3示出根据本公开的又一个示例性方面的、具有调光膜的玻璃构造,该调光膜具有调光材料层,该调光材料层具有平坦部分和楔形部分的组合;
图4示出根据本公开的又一个示例性方面的、具有调光膜的玻璃构造,该调光膜具有弯曲形状的调光材料层;
图5示出根据本公开的又一个示例性方面的、具有调光膜的玻璃构造,该调光膜具有另一种弯曲形状的调光材料层;
图6示出根据本公开的一个示例性方面的、具有调光膜的玻璃构造,该调光膜具有截面阶梯形状的调光材料层;和
图7示出根据本公开的一个示例性方面的、具有调光膜的玻璃构造,该调光膜具有另一种截面阶梯形状的调光材料层。
具体实施方式
在以下描述中,为了解释的目的,阐述了具体细节以便促进对本公开的一个或多个方面的透彻理解。然而,在一些或所有情况下明显的是,以下描述的任意方面都可以在不采用下述的特定设计细节的情况下实施。本公开总体上涉及在施加电压下具有不均匀不透明度的调光膜。本文中的描述可以指特定的实施方式,然而,用途也可以不限于特定的调光材料。
图1示出具有楔形形状的调光膜的玻璃。玻璃可以包括位于调光膜130的相对侧上的第一和第二基板110、112。调光膜130可以包括调光材料层220,第一和第二导电层226、128,和外聚合物膜222、124。在本文中公开的一些实施方案中,调光材料层220可以具有楔形形状,如图1中所示;此处厚度在跨层的一个方向上逐渐增加。
第一和第二基板110、112可以为玻璃基板或玻璃板(glass pane),通常由例如,通过本领域已知的浮法制造的钠钙玻璃基板/板制成,其可以制备并切割为用于生产的期望的尺寸和形状。玻璃基板110、112可以使用任意适合的玻璃弯曲工艺来弯曲至期望的形状。玻璃基板110、120的厚度可以为例如约0.05mm至10.0mm,优选约0.5mm至3.0mm,更优选约1.0mm至2.6mm。为了组装车辆用玻璃,可以使用一对玻璃基板,即第一玻璃基板和第二玻璃基板。
第一中间层214可以位于第一玻璃基板110和调光膜130之间,而第二中间层116可以位于第二玻璃基板112和调光膜130之间。中间层214、116可以为聚合物粘结剂,例如聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)、或离聚物。
调光膜130可以包括各种层,其包括外聚合物膜222、124,调光材料层220,和设置在外聚合物膜222、124和调光材料层220之间的透明第一和第二导电层226、128。传统的透明导电层彼此平行,使得调光材料层具有两个相对的、平行的表面。在本公开的某些实施方案中,第一和第二导电层226、128,和外聚合物膜222、124可以是非平行的。聚合物膜222和导电层226可以相对于外玻璃表面成角度,因为聚合物膜222和导电层226可以相对于楔形形状的调光层130定位。在某些实施方案中,聚合物膜124和导电层128可以与外玻璃表面成角度。即,本文中调光材料层的厚度变化可以伴随其表面距第一基板的表面、或距第二基板的表面、或距两个基板的表面的间距而变化。
外聚合物膜222、124可以由例如,如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜、或丙烯酸系树脂膜等任意适合的聚烯烃膜形成。外聚合物膜222、124可以用作用于形成导电材料的薄涂层的基材膜和用于保护调光膜内部的导电和调光材料的保护膜。它们的厚度可以是均匀的。第一和第二导电层226、128可以由例如,如氧化铟锡、二氧化钛、和氧化锌等任意适合的透明金属氧化物膜形成。第一和第二导电层226、128可以用作用于打开和关闭调光材料层220的电极。它们的厚度可以是均匀的。
调光膜130可以用作器件,以根据由电源140供给的电源电压来控制玻璃的透明度。调光膜130可以优选包括但不限于,聚合物分散液晶(PDLC)、聚合物网络液晶(PNLC)、或悬浮颗粒器件(SPD)膜。PDLC或PNLC膜在关状态下可以优选提供乳状、不透明表面。
电源140可以通过连接至导电层226、128的布线142提供交流电压。施加的电压可以为任意适合的波形。例如,波形可以包括具有例如有效电压、VRMS、和频率等任意适合的操作参数的正弦、方形、三角形、梯形或其组合。通过该电源连接,调光材料层220可以在开和关状态之间切换。特别地,PDLC膜可以在关状态下不透明并且在开状态下透明。如本文中所讨论的,一些光可以在“不透明”状态下穿透膜,而“透明”膜比“不透明”膜具有更高的可见光透射率。在一些实施方案中,调光膜可以在开状态下不透明并且在关状态下透明。
在开状态下,穿过调光膜的光量可以部分取决于施加至其的电压,因为越高的电压可以提供越透明的开状态。在可以包括平行的导电层的典型的调光膜中,开和关状态可以是跨膜均匀的。可以期望的是,提供可以受给出的电压可变地影响的调光膜。特别地,具有楔形形状的调光材料层的调光膜可以在稳定的施加电压下提供膜的不透明至透明的梯度。如此,在单个电源下可以实现梯度或可变的透明度。此外,调光膜可以在关状态下具有可变的外观。
可变调光膜可以用在任意适合的玻璃中,包括建筑和汽车应用。汽车用玻璃可以包括挡风玻璃、天窗、后窗、侧窗、和隔板。特别地,本玻璃可以用作挡风玻璃中的遮阳带(shade band)。
如本文中所公开的,可以通过适合的方式在调光膜中形成渐变的光学外观,使得调光膜可以通过具有单个电连接(其可以包括两个母线)的单个电源140供电,以在开和/或关状态下提供调光膜130的可变的透明度和/或雾度。
在调光材料层220形成在导电层226、128之间的情况下,可以将调光材料层220的厚度定义为有效厚度。在一些实施方案中,实际厚度可以与有效厚度相关联。例如,在液晶液滴均一地分散在调光材料层220中的情况下,调光材料层220的实际厚度可以与调光材料层220的有效厚度相关联。与具有相似的液晶液滴密集度的厚度较小的区域相比,增加的厚度可以包括相对更多的液晶。因此,在有效厚度高的情况下,调光膜可以比低有效厚度相对更不透明。例如SPD等非液晶材料也可以具有对应于有效厚度的实际厚度。调光材料层的有效厚度可以进一步受调光材料层中液晶液滴数或微粒数影响。即使在调光材料层具有均匀的实际厚度的情况下,调光材料层220的有效厚度也可以变化。例如,液晶液滴的密集度可以在具有均一的实际厚度的调光材料层220内变化,提供变化的有效厚度。在具有均匀的厚度的调光材料层中,与调光材料层具有相同的厚度和相对更少的液晶液滴的区域相比,具有相对更多液晶液滴的区域会更不透明。如本文中所述,关于具有均匀厚度的调光材料层,液晶液滴的高密集度区域是指比调光材料层的低密集度部分具有更多液晶液滴的均一层厚度的区域。
在本公开中,具有可变光学外观的调光膜130可以由具有可变厚度的调光材料层220形成。如图1中所示,调光材料层220可以具有不同的厚度T1、T2。在关和开状态下,厚液晶层会比相对较薄的液晶层呈现更不透明。例如,液晶材料的相对厚的区域会比液晶材料的较薄区域具有更多液晶液滴,并且大量液晶液滴会使更多光偏转,提供相对更不透明的区域。梯度跨调光膜的变化在开和关状态之间可以相同或不同。即使在施加至调光层的电压稳定,使得给出的电压施加至整个膜的情况下,不均一的、即具有跨层变化的厚度的调光层,可以提供跨调光层的不均一电场。
调光材料层220可以在导电层226、128之间形成,其中导电层之间的距离为调光材料层220的厚度。调光材料层220具有第一和第二表面SF1、SF2,调光材料层220限定第一和第二表面SF1、SF2之间的厚度。在一些优选的实施方案中,调光材料层220的第一和第二表面SF1、SF2可以是不平行的。非平行表面SF1、SF2可以提供不均一的厚度的调光材料层220。例如,调光膜可以形成为具有楔形形状的调光材料层220。在调光材料层较厚的情况下,可以形成较高的电阻,并且施加的电压对膜的开关效应会较小。在调光材料层提供导电层之间相对较小的距离的情况下,电阻会较低,并且相同的电压可以提供相对较高的开关效应。因此,导电层之间的距离可以对其间的液晶调光层220的开关功能具有局部影响。
调光膜可以具有任意可变图案。例如,膜可以具有跨膜的梯度,或者从膜的一个或多个边缘朝向膜中央的梯度。此外,厚度变化可以是膜不透明度和/或透明度的阶跃变化或者逐渐或连续变化。尽管本文中的实施方案可以描述为具有梯度,但是应当理解,调光膜可以具有任意适合的图案。具有此类调光膜的玻璃可以具有图案化的、美学期望的外观。一些特定的实施方案可以提供由可以具有平滑的梯度不透明度的非分段的调光膜构造的玻璃。
在本公开中,具有非均匀的厚度的调光膜、特别是液晶调光膜可以具有最小实际厚度为至少5μm,优选至少10μm,并且更优选至少20μm的调光材料层。调光膜可以具有最大实际厚度等于或小于60μm,优选等于或小于50μm,并且更优选等于或小于40μm的调光材料层。调光材料层的最小实际厚度和最大实际厚度之差可以为至少10μm,优选至少20μm,并且更优选至少25μm。SPD调光材料层的最小实际厚度可以大于或等于40μm,优选大于或等于60μm,并且更优选大于或等于80μm。SPD调光材料层的最大实际厚度可以小于或等于180μm,优选小于或等于160μm,并且更优选小于或等于140μm。SPD调光材料层的最小实际厚度和最大实际厚度之差可以为至少20μm,优选至少40μm,并且更优选至少60μm。
在调光膜的最小实际厚度和最大实际厚度之差小于或等于100μm的情况下,包含调光膜的层叠体不一定需要层叠材料来补偿调光膜厚度的变化。例如,调光材料层厚度变化为25μm的调光膜可以层叠在两个各自具有均匀的厚度的中间层,和两个各自具有均匀的厚度的玻璃基板之间。在调光膜具有最小实际厚度和最大实际厚度之差大于100μm的调光材料层的情况下,通常此类调光膜的层叠体可以包括具有变化的厚度的中间层来补偿或补充膜厚度的此类变化。中间层可以具有变化的厚度来补偿或补充调光材料层厚度的变化。例如,在调光材料层具有楔形厚度变化的情况下,中间层可以具有与调光材料层的厚度变化相反的楔形厚度变化。
开关效应可以包括透光率和/或雾度的变化。例如,可以在与峰值雾度不同的电压下达到峰值透明度。如本文中所描述的,峰值透明度定义为调光膜的可见光透明度,在该处额外的电压增加不会增加调光膜的可见光透明度。峰值雾度定义为调光膜的雾度值,在该处额外的电压增加不会降低调光膜的雾度。可见光透明度可以根据ISO 13837:2006来测量。雾度可以通过包括可从BYK–Gardner获得的“Haze-Gard I”的任意适合的机械,并且通过ASTM D1003:2000来测量。在调光层具有非均匀的厚度的情况下,可以在跨调光层不同的点处达到峰值透射率和峰值雾度。例如,调光层的较薄部分可以在调光层的较厚部分之前达到峰值透明度和峰值雾度。用户可以施加足够高的电压使得大部分或整个调光膜处于峰值透明度和/或峰值雾度。
调光膜在不同的电压下可以不同地响应。例如,在低电压下,调光膜可能无法达到峰值透明度和/或雾度。随着向膜施加更高的电压,透明度和/或雾度可以朝向峰值改善。在一些实施方案中,施加至膜的电压可以变化,然而,一次仅可以施加给定的电压。对于期望的效果,用户可以能够选择向膜施加特定电压。例如,用户可以从例如低、中、高等会向调光膜施加不同电压的设定中选择。可能的电压设定可以包括至少一个电压,在该电压下调光膜具有不均匀的透明度和/或雾度。此外,设定可以包括膜跨大部分膜处于峰值透明度和/或峰值雾度的电压。在实施方案中,施加至调光膜的有效电压为20至120伏,优选25至70伏,并且更优选28至50伏。优选地,在一些施加电压下,调光膜的可见光透明度可以为至少10%的范围,更优选至少20%,其中可见光透明度范围作为在施加的电压下调光膜的最大透明度百分比和最小透明度百分比之差来计算。
可以将具有非均匀的调光层的调光膜层叠在玻璃中。调光膜可以包括被导电层包围并且进一步被聚合物膜层包围的调光层核。特别地,可以将导电层覆盖在聚合物膜层上。调光膜可以位于两个中间层之间,中间层可以包括PVB。中间层和膜可以进一步位于两个基板之间,基板可以包括玻璃片。玻璃的层叠可以包括常规工艺,包括高压法。
在一些实施方案中,调光材料可以为悬浮颗粒器件(SPD)。作为例如以楔形形状等非均一层提供的SPD层可以提供非均一的颜色外观。SPD的薄区域可以比SPD的更厚的区域具有更浅的颜色外观。如此,在关状态下,SPD可以提供可变的颜色外观。此外,在开状态下也可以存在可变的颜色外观。当向SPD膜施加电压时,向开状态的转变可以是逐渐的,因为SPD层的薄区域可以比SPD的厚区域更快速地变透明。在SPD为调光材料的情况下,在关状态下的颜色的变化可以比在开状态下更明显。
楔形形状的调光材料层可以通过包括辊对辊(roll-to-roll)制造的任意适合的方式形成。例如,在辊对辊层叠中,两个外膜可以与位于其间的调光材料轧制在一起。具有覆盖有导电层的外聚合物膜的两个辊可以与填充膜之间的空间的调光材料轧制在一起。在调光层中可以使用间隔物以维持膜厚度。可以利用具有变化的尺寸的间隔物,以形成调光材料厚度的可变或渐变的变化。然后,可以使调光材料固化。
在进一步的实施方案中,可变的调光效果可以通过调光层420中液晶液滴430的可变分布来形成,如图2中所示。具有液晶的调光膜可以包括PDLC或PNLC。例如,在PDLC膜中,液晶液滴430可以设置在聚合物基质中。液晶液滴在调光膜中的分布会影响膜的不透明度或雾度。例如,在将相对较低密集度的液晶液滴设置在调光层中的情况下,在开和关状态下,该层都可以具有较少的不透明外观和较少的雾度,因为由液晶液滴散射的光较少。可以使用单个电连接,以向膜供电;然而,液晶液滴的可变密集度可以提供可变的开状态,使得在开和/或关状态下,具有相对更多液晶液滴的区域可以是相对不透明并且较模糊的。如本文中所描述的,与具有相对较低密集度液晶液滴的调光膜区域相比,具有更大密集度液晶液滴的膜区域可以具有更大的有效厚度。
PDLC调光材料可以包括分散在形成复合材料的透明固体的基质中的液晶液滴。液晶可以以液体形态分散在基质材料中,并且然后在材料的固化期间,液晶可以在基质内形成液滴。可以选择液晶材料和基质,以具有匹配的折射率。液晶的液滴的尺寸可以为例如约0.2微米(μm)以上。它们也可以是不规则的尺寸和形状分布,并且可以以有些不规则的分布分散遍及固体。
液晶液滴可以跨调光膜具有非均匀的密集度。第一和第二表面之间的有效厚度可以取决于具有均一的厚度的调光材料层中液晶液滴的密集度。在液晶液滴分散在高密集度的液晶基质中的情况下,材料可以具有相对低的透明度,并且在液晶液滴分散在低密集度的液晶基质中的情况下,与液晶液滴高密集度区域相比,该材料会具有高透明度。
图3至图7示出根据本公开的调光膜的其它可能形状。图3示出具有调光材料层250的玻璃,该调光材料层250具有厚度均匀的平坦部分252和厚度变化的楔形部分254。如所示的,楔形部分254在平坦部分252与楔形部分254相遇处可以具有与平坦部分252相同的厚度。在一些实施方案中,如图3中所示,楔形部分254的尺寸可以随着远离平坦部分252而减小,而在一些其它实施方案中,楔形部分的尺寸可以随着远离平坦部分而增大。调光材料层250可以形成有第一和第二导电层326、128以及用于覆盖调光材料层250的第一和第二外聚合物层322、124。该部分楔形形状的调光膜可以由第一和第二玻璃基板110、112夹持并且由第一中间层314和第二中间层116夹持。具有该调光膜的玻璃可以提供非均匀的、美学期望的外观。
图4和图5示出根据本公开的其它实施方案的具有弯曲形状的调光膜的进一步结构。图4中所示的玻璃包括位于第一和第二导电层424、228和外聚合物层422、224之间的双侧弯曲的调光材料层320。调光材料层320的表面可以相对于调光材料层320弯曲为凸形,以便改变调光材料层320的厚度,其中调光材料层320的最厚部分位于层320的中间部分。在一些实施方案中,调光材料层320的表面可以相对于调光材料层320具有凹形。导电层424、228和外聚合物层422、224可以跨调光膜具有均匀的厚度,并且可以沿着调光材料层的弯曲形状定位。调光膜可以层叠在第一和第二中间层414、216和第一和第二玻璃基板110、112之间。图5中所示的玻璃包括具有在第一和第二导电层424、228和外聚合物层422、224之间的弯曲形状的调光材料层320。调光材料层320的表面相对于调光材料层320弯曲为凸形和凹形,以改变调光材料层320的厚度。导电层424、228和外聚合物层422、224可以跨调光膜具有均匀的厚度并且可以沿着调光材料层320表面成形。调光膜可以层叠在第一和第二中间层414、216与第一和第二玻璃基板110、112之间。具有弯曲调光膜的玻璃可以提供非均匀的、美学期望的外观。
图6中所示的进一步的玻璃可以具有位于第一和第二导电层526、128与外聚合物层522、124之间的具有截面阶梯形状的调光材料层520。导电层526、128和外聚合物层522、124可以跨调光膜具有均匀的厚度并且可以具有与调光材料层520的表面相同的形状。此类调光膜可以层叠在第一和第二中间层514、116与第一和第二玻璃基板110、112之间。具有调光材料层520的此类厚度差,第一和第二导电层之间的电压变化可以提供不透明度的梯度效果。
图7中所示的玻璃具有从图6中所示的结构改造的结构。玻璃具有由第一和第二导电层626、128和外聚合物层622、124夹持的具有截面阶梯形状的调光材料层620。调光材料层620可以具有示出具有倾斜斜面的部分的截面。导电层626、128和外聚合物层622、124可以跨调光膜各自具有均匀的厚度并且可以形成为具有与调光材料层620表面相同的形状。调光膜可以层叠在第一和第二中间层614、116与第一和第二玻璃基板110、112之间。具有该阶梯形状的调光膜的玻璃可以在层叠的玻璃中提供期望的透明度变化。
提供本公开的以上描述以使本领域技术人员能够制造或使用本公开。对本公开的各种修改对于本领域技术人员将是显而易见的,并且在不脱离本公开的精神或范围的情况下,本文中定义的一般原理可以应用于其它变型。例如,在以上描述中描述了PDLC、PNLC、和SPD,然而,本公开不限于那些调光材料。进一步,以上结合附图的记载描述了实例,并且不代表可以实现的或在权利要求的范围内的仅有的实例。
此外,尽管可以以单数形式描述或要求保护所描述的方面和/或实施方案的要素,但是除非明确声明了对单数形式的限制,否则复数形式也被考虑。另外,除非另有说明,否则任何方面和/或实施方案的全部或一部分可以与任何其它方面和/或实施方案的全部或一部分一起使用。因此,本公开不限于本文所述的实例和设计,而是应符合与本文公开的原理和新颖特征一致的最宽的范围。

Claims (27)

1.一种玻璃,其包括:
第一玻璃基板和第二玻璃基板;
第一中间层和第二中间层,其中所述第一中间层和所述第二中间层位于所述第一玻璃基板和所述第二玻璃基板之间;和
调光膜,其设置在所述第一中间层和所述第二中间层之间,所述调光膜包括:
调光材料层,其具有彼此相对的第一表面和第二表面,其中所述调光材料层的有效厚度是变化的;
第一导电层和第二导电层,其中所述调光材料层位于所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层之间;和
第一聚合物膜和第二聚合物膜,其中所述调光材料层以及所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层位于所述第一聚合物膜和所述第二聚合物膜之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层的实际厚度是变化的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层包括聚合物分散液晶。
4.根据权利要求1所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层包括聚合物网络液晶。
5.根据权利要求1所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层包括悬浮颗粒器件。
6.根据权利要求2或从属于权利要求2的任意权利要求所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层的最小实际厚度大于或等于5μm。
7.根据权利要求2或从属于权利要求2的任意权利要求所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层的最小实际厚度大于或等于10μm。
8.根据权利要求7所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层的最小实际厚度大于或等于20μm。
9.根据权利要求2或从属于权利要求2的任意权利要求所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层的最大实际厚度小于或等于60μm。
10.根据权利要求9所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层的最大实际厚度小于或等于50μm。
11.根据权利要求10所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层的最大实际厚度小于或等于40μm。
12.根据权利要求2或从属于权利要求2的任意权利要求所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层是楔形的。
13.根据权利要求2或从属于权利要求2的任意权利要求所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层包括平坦部分和楔形部分。
14.根据权利要求2或从属于权利要求2的任意权利要求所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层的至少一部分具有弯曲表面。
15.根据权利要求2或从属于权利要求2的任意权利要求所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层具有截面阶梯形状。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃,其进一步包括与电源的电连接,其中所述电源向所述调光膜提供电压。
17.根据权利要求16所述的玻璃,其中所述电源向所述调光膜提供20至120伏的有效电压。
18.根据权利要求17所述的玻璃,其中所述电源向所述调光膜提供25至70伏的有效电压。
19.根据权利要求18所述的玻璃,其中所述电源向所述调光膜提供28至50伏的有效电压。
20.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃,其中所述玻璃为汽车用玻璃。
21.根据权利要求2或从属于权利要求2的任意权利要求所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层具有最小实际厚度和最大实际厚度,其中所述最小实际厚度和所述最大实际厚度之差大于10μm。
22.根据权利要求21所述的玻璃,其中所述最小实际厚度和所述最大实际厚度之差大于20μm。
23.根据权利要求22所述的玻璃,其中所述最小实际厚度和所述最大实际厚度之差大于25μm。
24.根据权利要求1所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层包括液晶材料,其中所述液晶材料包括液晶液滴,其中所述液晶液滴具有非均匀的密集度,并且其中所述调光材料层的有效厚度取决于所述液晶液滴的密集度。
25.根据权利要求24所述的玻璃,其中所述液晶液滴分布在所述调光材料层中,以提供所述调光材料层内的密集度的梯度变化。
26.根据权利要求1所述的玻璃,其中所述调光材料层包括用于悬浮颗粒器件的悬浮颗粒,其中所述悬浮颗粒具有非均匀的密集度,并且其中所述调光材料层的有效厚度取决于所述悬浮颗粒的密集度。
27.一种调光膜,其包括:
调光材料层,其具有彼此相对的第一表面和第二表面,其中所述调光材料层具有不均一的有效厚度;
第一导电层和第二导电层,其中所述调光材料层位于所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层之间;和
第一聚合物膜和第二聚合物膜,其中所述调光材料层与所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层位于所述第一聚合物膜和所述第二聚合物膜之间。
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