CN112781968B - Micro-motion abrasion test sample forming device among open-graded water distribution and stable gravel particles - Google Patents
Micro-motion abrasion test sample forming device among open-graded water distribution and stable gravel particles Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
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- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 title claims description 40
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
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- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007569 slipcasting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/36—Embedding or analogous mounting of samples
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种开级配水稳碎石颗粒间微动磨损测试试样成型装置，涉及材料性能测试研究技术领域。其特征在于，主要由调距装置、成型装置、调平减震装置三部分构成。所述调距装置，包括传动杆，固定所述传动杆的支架，所述传动杆的粗调机构和微调机构，所述传动杆顶端连接的千分表；所述成型装置，包括注浆器和固定器，所述固定器中固定有球试样，所述球试样垂线下方放置模具，所述模具置于养护箱内部；所述调平减震装置，包括所述养护箱下部的支座，所述支座顶面布置有2个轴向垂直的精度为2秒的长水准泡，所述支座底面设有调平底座，所述调平底座下设橡胶垫板。本发明可实现开级配水稳碎石颗粒间微动磨损测试试样成型微米级控制。
The invention discloses a sample forming device for fretting wear test between open-grade water-stabilized crushed stone particles, and relates to the technical field of material performance testing research. It is characterized in that it is mainly composed of three parts: a distance adjusting device, a forming device, and a leveling and damping device. The distance adjustment device includes a transmission rod, a bracket for fixing the transmission rod, a coarse adjustment mechanism and a fine adjustment mechanism of the transmission rod, and a dial indicator connected to the top of the transmission rod; the molding device includes a grouting device and a holder, a ball sample is fixed in the holder, a mold is placed below the vertical line of the ball sample, and the mold is placed inside the curing box; the leveling and damping device includes a lower part of the curing box. A support, the top surface of the support is arranged with two long level bubbles with an axial vertical accuracy of 2 seconds, the bottom surface of the support is provided with a leveling base, and a rubber pad is arranged under the leveling base. The invention can realize the micron-level control of the fretting wear test sample formation between the open-graded water-stabilized crushed stone particles.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of material performance test research, in particular to the technical field of cement concrete performance test research, and specifically relates to a forming device for fretting wear test samples among open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles.
Background
The open graded cement stabilized macadam (for convenience of description, collectively referred to as "open graded water stabilized macadam" in the specification) having a porous internal structure has good mechanical properties and excellent water permeability, and is one of the most commonly used types of permeable base layers for permeable pavements. The permeable pavement usually allows a smaller vehicle axle weight to pass through, and in addition, the surface layer stress diffusion effect, the amplitude of the upper traffic load transmitted from the surface layer acting on the graded water distribution stabilized macadam permeable base layer is relatively smaller, thus actually belonging to the micro-motion load.
Under the repeated action of the micro load, the degradation and cracking problems are easy to occur in the open-grade water distribution stabilized macadam. After the cement binder among the open-graded water distribution stable macadam aggregates cracks, micro-friction wear is easily formed on a micro interface under the action of micro-motion load, so that a stress concentration phenomenon is generated among adjacent aggregate particles, the further cracking and deterioration of the cement binder among the adjacent aggregates are induced, cracks develop to form through cracks up and down, the instability and the damage of the open-graded water distribution stable macadam permeable base layer are caused, the shear fatigue and the damage of a surface layer are also caused in serious cases, and the structural damage of the permeable pavement is induced.
Therefore, the research on the fretting friction wear characteristic test among the open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles is developed indoors, and the research on the source of the service performance degradation of the open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam is facilitated, so that the key technology for improving the durability of the open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam is researched. However, the forming mode of the open-graded water-distribution stabilized macadam test sample is single at present, the control precision of the content of each component of the sample is poor, and no specific measure is seen particularly in the control of the distance between open-graded water-distribution stabilized macadam particles. The poor forming precision of the test sample becomes a main factor influencing the research on the fretting wear characteristics among open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles.
Based on the micro-motion wear test sample forming device, the micro-motion wear test sample forming device among the open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles can realize micron-scale control of the micro-motion wear test sample forming among the open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a forming device of a fretting wear test sample among open-graded water distribution stable broken stone particles, which solves the problems of low forming precision and poor quality of the sample for the research of the microscopic properties among the open-graded water distribution stable broken stone particles at present and realizes the micron-scale precision control of the forming of the fretting wear test sample among the open-graded water distribution stable broken stone particles.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a forming device for a fretting wear test sample among open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles, which mainly comprises three parts, namely a distance adjusting device, a forming device and a leveling damping device, and specifically comprises the following structures.
The distance adjusting device mainly comprises: the transmission rod is made of aluminum alloy materials and is a main moving and guiding component of the distance adjusting device; the coarse adjustment mechanism and the fine adjustment mechanism are used for driving the transmission rod to vertically move; the dial indicator is used for accurately measuring the moving distance of the transmission rod; the support plays a role in supporting and fixing.
Furthermore, the upper end of the transmission rod is connected with the dial indicator through a clamp, the lower end of the transmission rod is processed into a screw rod structure, the vertical movement of the transmission rod is transmitted to the dial indicator through the clamp, the vertical movement distance of the transmission rod is conveniently and accurately measured, and the screw rod structure at the lower end of the transmission rod is used for installing the fixator.
Furthermore, the dial indicator measuring rod is arranged on the top surface of the bracket, the measuring reference surface of the dial indicator is selected as the top surface of the bracket, the precision of the dial indicator is 0.001mm, and the position of the top surface of the bracket is kept fixed relative to the ground, so that the reading of the dial indicator is the high-precision vertical displacement of the dial indicator and the transmission rod.
Further, the distance adjusting device drives the transmission rod to realize vertical movement by adjusting the coarse adjusting mechanism and the fine adjusting mechanism; the specific implementation mode is that hand wheels of the coarse adjustment mechanism and the fine adjustment mechanism are rotated, and the transmission rod is driven by a multi-stage transmission mechanism in the coarse adjustment mechanism and the fine adjustment mechanism to realize the ascending or descending of the transmission rod; the coarse adjustment mechanism is high in adjustment speed and relatively low in accuracy, and the fine adjustment mechanism is low in adjustment speed and relatively high in accuracy, so that in actual use, the coarse adjustment mechanism is adjusted to perform coarse positioning, and then the fine adjustment mechanism is adjusted to achieve high-accuracy positioning.
Furthermore, the transmission rod vertically moves for 2mm when the coarse adjustment mechanism rotates for each circle, the total adjustment distance of the coarse adjustment mechanism is 50mm, and the transmission rod rapidly ascends or descends by rotating the coarse adjustment mechanism.
Furthermore, the transmission rod vertically moves 0.1mm when the fine adjustment mechanism rotates for each circle, and the total adjustment distance of the fine adjustment mechanism is 3 mm; when the transmission rod vertically moves for 0.001mm, the fine adjustment mechanism needs to rotate for 3.6 degrees, and the micron-sized movement adjustment of the transmission rod can be realized within the range of the operation capability of experimenters.
Furthermore, the support is made of high-rigidity alloy materials, the support is fixedly connected to the base, and the leveling base is arranged at the bottom of the support.
The molding device mainly comprises: the ball sample is a part of a fretting wear test sample among open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles; the fixer is used for fixing the ball sample at the bottom end of the transmission rod; the mould is used for forming a fretting wear test sample among open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles; the maintenance box is used for maintaining the fretting wear test sample among the open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles; the grouter is used for adding cement paste to the mould.
Furthermore, the fixer is a sleeve divided into two parts along the longitudinal direction, and the fixer is a hollow sleeve which is bound by a binding belt and is provided with threads on the inner side of the upper end and a round hole on the bottom surface; the thread on the inner side of the upper end of the fixer is matched with the screw rod at the lower end of the transmission rod, so that the fixer can be rotationally fixed at the lower end of the transmission rod; the sleeve type structure of the divided fixer is used for conveniently placing the ball sample in the fixer and conveniently detaching the fixer to take out the test sample, so that the test sample is prevented from being damaged by excessive force during mould removal.
Further, the upper end of the fixer is fixed on a screw structure at the lower end of the transmission rod, and the ball sample is placed inside the lower end of the fixer; when the fixer is installed, the screw structure at the lower end of the transmission rod touches the ball sample and tightly clamps the ball sample, so that the ball sample is stably and non-slidably arranged in the fixer, and adverse influence on the forming precision of the test sample due to buoyancy floating of cement slurry is avoided.
Furthermore, the sizes of the ball sample and the fixer are different according to the requirement of the test sample, and the size of the round hole formed in the bottom surface of the fixer is smaller than the diameter of the corresponding ball sample.
Furthermore, the curing box is fixed on the support, the glass door of the curing box is arranged on the top surface, a hole for penetrating the transmission rod is formed in the glass door of the curing box, the temperature of the curing box is controlled to be 20 +/-1 ℃, and the humidity of the curing box is controlled to be more than or equal to 95%; the maintenance box glass door is arranged on the top surface in an open mode, so that a test is convenient to carry out, and meanwhile, the transparent glass door structure is beneficial to observing the real-time state inside the maintenance box; and the temperature and the humidity of the curing box are controlled to be the temperature and the humidity required by standard curing of the cement concrete.
Further, the volume of the grouting device is 5ml, and the minimum scale is 0.1 ml.
The leveling damping device mainly comprises: the support plays a role in bearing the quality of the upper structure and stabilizing the device; the leveling base and the long level bubble are used for leveling the device; the rubber base plate is used for damping vibration.
Furthermore, the support is made of cast iron materials and is processed into a lotus-shaped platform, four leveling bases are arranged at the bottom end of the support and are symmetrically arranged at intervals of 90 degrees, one leveling base is arranged at the bottom end of the support, and the rubber base plate is arranged below the leveling base; the support adopts lotus-shaped structure, and stability is stronger and the transport of being convenient for, high damping vibration reduction rubber is selected to the rubber backing plate, can effectively reduce the outside vibration of laboratory bench to experimental interference.
Furthermore, the leveling base is connected with the bottom surface of the support through threads, and the height of the corresponding position of the support can be lifted or lowered by rotating the leveling base; the upper surface of the support is provided with 2 long level bubbles, the arrangement form of the 2 long level bubbles is axially symmetrical, the precision of the long level bubbles is 2 seconds, namely when the bubbles in the long level bubbles axially move for 2 millimeters, the axial inclination angle of the long level bubbles is 2 seconds; the 2 long level bubbles are axially and symmetrically arranged to reflect the inclination condition of each direction of the upper surface of the support, and the leveling base is used for accurately leveling the upper surface of the support.
Further, the thickness of the rubber cushion plate is 5-8 mm.
The embodiment of the invention brings the following beneficial effects.
The method is simple to operate and high in control precision, and can realize the micro-motion abrasion test sample among open-graded water distribution stable gravel particles, the micron-scale control of the distance between the particles and the millimeter-scale control of the thickness of the cement paste film.
The invention has simple structure, each structural part does not influence each other, and a certain component is easy to replace when damaged.
According to the invention, a cast iron support with large mass is selected to be matched with the vibration reduction rubber base plate, so that the interference of external vibration of a laboratory on the forming precision of the sample is effectively reduced.
The whole process of molding and curing the sample is carried out in the curing box, so that the interference of environmental and human factors is effectively avoided.
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and detailed description. Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description. Or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and the detailed description.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the main components of a fretting wear test sample forming device between open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a pitch adjustment device;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a molding apparatus;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a ball sample installation;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a leveling cushioning device;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a long level bubble;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a fretting wear test sample between open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles.
In the figure: 1-transmission rod, 2-bracket, 3-coarse adjustment mechanism, 4-fine adjustment mechanism, 5-dial indicator, 6-fixer, 7-ball sample, 8-mould, 9-curing box, 10-slip casting device, 11-support, 12-long water bubble, 13-leveling base, 14-rubber cushion plate, 15-connector, 16-screw, 17-ribbon, 18-aggregate and 19-cement paste film.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. Those skilled in the art will be able to implement the invention based on these teachings. Before the present invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that: the technical solutions and features provided in the present invention in the respective sections including the following description may be combined with each other without conflict.
Moreover, the embodiments of the invention described in the following description are generally only some embodiments of the invention, rather than all embodiments. Therefore, all other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without any creative effort shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
With respect to terms and units in the present invention. The term "comprises" and any variations thereof in the description and claims of this invention and the related sections are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions.
As shown in fig. 1, the micro-motion wear test sample forming device between the open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles mainly comprises a distance adjusting device, a forming device and a leveling damping device, and specifically comprises: 1-transmission rod, 2-bracket, 3-coarse adjustment mechanism, 4-fine adjustment mechanism, 5-dial indicator, 6-fixer, 7-ball sample, 8-mould, 9-curing box, 10-slip casting device, 11-support, 12-long water bubble, 13-leveling base, 14-rubber cushion plate, 15-connector, 16-screw, 17-ribbon, 18-aggregate and 19-cement paste film.
The distance adjusting device mainly comprises: the lower end of the transmission rod 1 is processed into the screw rod 16, the transmission rod 1 is connected with the dial indicator 5 through the connector 15, a measuring rod of the dial indicator 5 is arranged on the top surface of the support 2, a measuring reference surface of the dial indicator 5 is selected as the top surface of the support, the support 2 is fixedly connected onto the support 11, the leveling base 13 is arranged at the bottom of the support 2, and the coarse adjustment mechanism 3 and the fine adjustment mechanism 4 control the vertical movement of the transmission rod 1 through an internal multi-stage transmission mechanism.
The molding device mainly comprises: the fixer 6 is a circular sleeve divided into two parts, the fixer 6 is bound by the binding belt 17, the upper end of the fixer 6 is connected with the screw 16, the ball sample 7 is placed in the fixer 6, the mould 8 is placed below the vertical line of the ball sample 7, the mould 8 is placed in the curing box 9, and the grouting device 10 adds cement slurry to the mould 8.
The leveling damping device mainly comprises: the support 11 is arranged below the curing box 9, the top surface of the support 11 is provided with the long level bubble 12, the bottom surface of the support is provided with four leveling bases 13 and four leveling bases 13 which are symmetrically arranged at intervals of 90 degrees, and the leveling bases 13 are arranged below the rubber base plate 14.
The specific implementation is as follows.
The micro-dynamic wear test sample among the open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles is shown in figure 7, the aggregate 18, the cement paste film 19 and the ball sample 7 are sequentially arranged from bottom to top, and the ball sample 7 is partially immersed in the cement paste film 19.
The method comprises the following steps of: firstly, cleaning an experimental platform, and keeping a table top flat and free of foreign matters; then, the rubber pad 14 is laid on an experiment platform, an experimenter holds the lotus-shaped stem of the support 11, and the device is stably placed on the rubber pad 14, as shown in fig. 5; then, leveling the device, and adjusting five leveling bases 13 until the bubble of the long quasi bubble 12 is located at the center position, as shown in fig. 6, and the bracket 2 is stable and has no jitter; and finally, connecting the dial indicator 5 to the upper end of the transmission rod 1 through the connector 15, and adjusting the measuring rod of the dial indicator 5 to be vertically placed on the top surface of the bracket 2.
The molding steps of the fretting wear test sample among open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles are as follows.
The ball sample 7 is installed, as shown in fig. 4, the ball sample 7 is placed in the middle of the holder 6, the two parts of the holder 6 are aligned and combined, then the holder 6 is tightly bound by the binding belt 17, and whether the ball sample 7 is clamped in the round hole on the bottom surface of the holder 6 is checked.
The fixer 6 is installed, the fixer 6 and the ball sample 7 are installed on the screw rod 16, and the screw rod 16 is meshed by using the thread inside the upper end of the fixer 6 until the bottom of the screw rod 16 touches the ball sample 7 and locks the ball sample 7, so that the ball sample 7 cannot move vertically.
And the mold 8 is installed, the aggregate 18 is installed in the mold 8, and then the mold 8 is accurately installed below the vertical line of the ball test sample 7 by utilizing the positioning of a vertical line method.
The distance adjustment device is used for adjusting the distance, as shown in fig. 2, firstly, the dial indicator 5 is vertically corrected, then the coarse adjustment mechanism 3 is rotated until the ball test sample 7 contacts the upper surface of the aggregate 18, and the reading of the dial indicator 5 is stable; and then, zeroing the dial indicator 5, reversely rotating the coarse adjustment mechanism 3 until the distance design parameters between the open-grade water distribution stabilized macadam particles are approached, and then rotating the fine adjustment mechanism 4 until the reading of the dial indicator 5 is completely consistent with the distance design parameters between the open-grade water distribution stabilized macadam particles.
As shown in fig. 3, the grouting device 10 performs grouting, firstly calculates the amount of the required cement slurry according to design parameters, then extracts the stirred cement slurry by using the grouting device 10, and ensures that the amount of the cement slurry is about 1ml more than the calculated amount, and finally injects the cement slurry with the calculated amount into the mold 8 by using the grouting device 10, because the minimum scale of the grouting device 10 is 0.1ml, the millimeter-scale control of the thickness of the cement slurry film of the molded sample can be ensured.
The curing box 9 is cured, as shown in fig. 3, the glass door of the curing box 9 is closed, the temperature control precision is 20 +/-1 ℃, and the humidity control is more than or equal to 95%.
Finally, the mould is removed, the glass door of the curing box 9 is opened, the ribbon 17 is cut off and separated by a nicking tool, the fixer 6 is removed, and the mould 8 is removed to obtain the fretting wear test sample between the open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particles as shown in figure 7.
The foregoing is illustrative of the preferred embodiments of this invention, and it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise form disclosed herein and that various other combinations, modifications, and environments may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the concept as disclosed herein, either as described above or as apparent to those skilled in the relevant art. And that modifications and variations may be effected by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. The open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam inter-particle fretting wear test sample forming device is characterized by mainly comprising a distance adjusting device, a forming device and a leveling damping device; the distance adjusting device comprises a transmission rod, a bracket for fixing the transmission rod, a coarse adjusting mechanism and a fine adjusting mechanism of the transmission rod, and a dial indicator connected with the top end of the transmission rod; the forming device comprises a grouting device and a fixer, the fixer is installed at the lower end of the transmission rod, a ball sample is fixed on the fixer, a mold is placed below a vertical line of the ball sample, and the mold is placed inside the curing box; leveling damping device includes the support of curing box lower part, 2 axial vertically's precision is 2 seconds's long level bubble has been arranged to the support top surface, the support bottom surface is equipped with the leveling base, set up the rubber tie plate under the leveling base.
2. The open-grade water distribution stabilized macadam particle fretting wear test sample forming device is characterized in that the upper end of the transmission rod is connected with the dial indicator through a clamp, the lower end of the transmission rod is processed into a screw structure, the measuring rod of the dial indicator is arranged on the top surface of the bracket, and the measuring reference surface of the dial indicator is selected as the top surface of the bracket.
3. The open-graded water distribution stabilized macadam particle fretting wear test sample forming device is characterized in that the distance adjusting device drives the transmission rod to vertically move by adjusting the coarse adjusting mechanism and the fine adjusting mechanism, the micrometer-scale precision moving distance is displayed through the dial indicator, and the precision of the dial indicator is 0.001 mm.
4. The open-graded water-distribution stabilized macadam particle fretting wear test specimen molding device is characterized in that the transmission rod vertically moves for 2mm when the rough adjusting mechanism rotates for one circle, and the total adjusting distance of the rough adjusting mechanism is 50 mm.
5. The open-graded water-distribution stabilized macadam particle fretting wear test sample forming device is characterized in that the transmission rod vertically moves 0.1mm every time the fine adjustment mechanism rotates one circle, and the total adjustment distance of the fine adjustment mechanism is 3 mm.
6. The open-grade water distribution stabilized macadam particle fretting wear test sample forming device is characterized in that the fixator is a sleeve which is divided into two parts in the longitudinal direction, after being bound by a binding belt, the fixator is a hollow sleeve which is provided with threads on the inner side of the upper end and a round hole on the bottom surface, the upper end of the fixator is fixed on a screw rod at the lower end of the transmission rod through the inner threads, and the ball sample is placed inside the lower end of the fixator.
7. The open-grade water distribution stabilized macadam particle fretting wear test sample forming device is characterized in that the curing box is fixed on the support, the glass door of the curing box is arranged on the top surface in an open mode, a hole for penetrating the transmission rod is formed in the glass door of the curing box, the temperature control precision of the curing box is 20 +/-1 ℃, and the humidity control is larger than or equal to 95%.
8. The open-grade water distribution stabilized macadam inter-particle fretting wear test sample forming device is characterized in that the support is made of cast iron materials and is processed into a lotus-frustum shape, four leveling bases are arranged at the bottom end of the support and are symmetrically arranged at intervals of 90 degrees; the bottom end of the bracket is provided with the leveling base; the rubber base plate is arranged below the leveling base.
9. The opening-grade water distribution stabilized macadam particle fretting wear test sample forming device according to claim 1, characterized in that the leveling base with the support bottom surface relies on threaded connection, rotates the leveling base can be lifted or reduced the support corresponds the position height, 2 precision be 2 seconds the long level bubble sets up the upper surface of support, and 2 the long level bubble is axial vertical arrangement.
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| CN202110390456.3A CN112781968B (en) | 2021-04-12 | 2021-04-12 | Micro-motion abrasion test sample forming device among open-graded water distribution and stable gravel particles |
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| CN114324076B (en) * | 2022-03-10 | 2022-05-31 | 西南交通大学 | A particle migration measurement device for graded crushed stone permeable base |
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