CN112566640A - 治疗精神分裂症和其他神经精神病症的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本公开涉及恢复受试者的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的方法。此方法涉及选择具有受损的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的受试者以及在有效于恢复神经胶质细胞K+摄取的条件下向所述选择的受试者施用RE1‑沉默转录因子(REST)抑制剂。具有受损的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的受试者包括处于患神经精神疾病或病症的风险下或患有神经精神疾病或病症的受试者。
Description
本申请要求2018年6月18日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号62/686,346的权益,所述专利以引用的方式整体并入本文。
本发明是以美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)授予的R01MH099578在政府支持下完成的。政府对本发明拥有某些权利。
技术领域
本公开涉及用于在具有受损的K+摄取的神经胶质细胞中恢复神经胶质细胞钾(K+)摄取的方法。这些方法适用于治疗患有神经精神病状的受试者。
背景技术
精神分裂症是一种以妄想、幻听和认知损害为特征的精神病症,其影响全世界约1%的人口,但仍知之甚少(Allen等人,“Systematic Meta-Analyses and Field Synopsisof Genetic Association Studies in Schizophrenia:The SzGene Database,”NatureGenetics 40:827-834(2008);Sawa和Snyder,“Schizophrenia:Diverse Approaches to aComplex Disease,”Science 296:692-695(2002))。在过去的十年中,已经清楚的是,许多精神分裂症相关基因参与了神经胶质细胞的发育和生理学过程(Yin等人,“SynapticDysfunction in Schizophrenia,”Adv.Exp.Med.Biol.970:493-516(2012))。因此,星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞功能障碍都牵涉到精神分裂症的病因。星形胶质细胞尤其在神经网络的结构发育以及神经回路活动的协调中都起着至关重要的作用,后者通过释放神经胶质递质、维持突触密度以及调节突触钾和神经递质水平来发挥重要作用(Christopherson等人,“Thrombospondins are Astrocyte-Secreted Proteins That Promote CNSSynaptogenesis,”Cell 120:421-433(2005);Chung等人,“Astrocytes Mediate SynapseElimination Through MEGF10 and MERTK Pathways,”Nature 504:394-400(2013);以及Thrane等人,“Ammonia Triggers Neuronal Disinhibition and Seizures by ImpairingAstrocyte Potassium Buffering,”Nat.Med.19:1643-1648(2013))。但是,星形胶质细胞功能障碍在神经精神病症诸如精神分裂症的发展中所起的作用尚不清楚本公开旨在克服本领域中的这个和其他缺陷。
发明内容
本公开的第一方面涉及一种恢复神经胶质细胞的K+摄取的方法,其中所述神经胶质细胞具有受损的K+摄取。此方法涉及在有效于恢复具有受损的K+摄取的神经胶质细胞的K+摄取的条件下向所述神经胶质细胞施用RE1-沉默转录因子(REST)抑制剂。
本公开的另一方面涉及一种恢复受试者中神经胶质细胞的K+摄取的方法。此方法涉及选择具有受损的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的受试者,并在有效于恢复所述神经胶质细胞的K+摄取的条件下向所选择的受试者施用RE1-沉默转录因子(REST)抑制剂。
本公开的另一方面涉及一种治疗或抑制受试者的神经精神病症的发作的方法。此方法涉及选择患有神经精神病症或处于患有神经精神病症的风险下的受试者,并在有效于治疗或抑制所述受试者的神经精神病症的发作的条件下向所选择的受试者施用REST抑制剂。
为了研究神经胶质病理在神经和神经精神病症如精神分裂症中的作用,建立了用于从诱导性多能细胞(iPSC)产生神经胶质祖细胞(GPC)的方案(Wang等人,“Human iPSC-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Can Myelinate and Rescue a MouseModel of Congenital Hypomyelination,”Cell Stem Cell 12:252-264(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。此模型允许以保留其遗传完整性和功能库的方式从患有精神分裂症的患者中产生GPC及其衍生的星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞。此方案提供了一种方式,通过所述方式在植入免疫缺陷小鼠后在体外和体内评定来源于患有精神分裂症的患者的星形胶质细胞的分化、基因表达和生理功能(Windrem等人,“Human iPSC Glial MouseChimeras Reveal Glial Contributions to Schizophrenia,”Cell Stem Cell 21:195-208.e6(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。注意到,用从精神分裂症患者产生的iPSC衍生的GPC定殖的此种人神经胶质嵌合小鼠在星形胶质细胞分化和成熟结构方面均表现出与明显的生理和行为异常有关的显著异常。重要的是,RNA序列分析揭示,这些精神分裂症GPC中的发育缺陷与一组核心分化相关基因的下调相关,所述基因的转录靶包括在精神分裂症胶质细胞中发现类似缺陷的许多转运蛋白、通道和突触调节剂。
如本文所述,鉴定了可以减轻此种精神分裂症相关的神经胶质病理的可靶向信号传导节点。为此,从患有儿童期发作型精神分裂症的患者或其正常对照(CTR)产生iPSCGPC,并从这些细胞产生星形胶质细胞。比较了精神分裂症和对照来源的GPC的基因表达模式和星形胶质细胞功能分化。由于保持K+稳态是星形胶质细胞功能能力的关键要素,并且RNA-seq数据表明许多钾通道的下调,因此还评定了精神分裂症星形胶质细胞对K+的摄取。已发现精神分裂症细胞确实表现出受损的K+摄取。研究这些精神分裂症胶质细胞的K+通道转录受损的基础,发现REST阻遏物的异常表达是导致这些精神分裂症星形胶质细胞的钾通道基因表达减少和K+摄取受损的原因。通过专注于精神分裂症中神经胶质病理的发展,REST依赖性转录失调已被鉴定为疾病发病机理的关键,并且是治疗这种破坏性病症的可行靶。
附图说明
图1A-1C示出从精神分裂症(SCZ)iPSC有效产生人神经胶质祖细胞(hGPC)。流式细胞术分析揭示,在SCZ(4个SCZ品系,n≥3/每个品系)和对照(CTR)(4个CTR品系,n≥3/每个品系)来源的hiPSC中>90%的未分化hiPSC均表达SSEA4(图1A)。在神经祖细胞(NPC)阶段,NPC标记物CD133的表达在SCZ和CTR来源的品系之间没有差异,如图1B的流式细胞术数据所示。CD140a限定的hGPC同样类似地从SCZ和CTR来源的iPSC产生,并且CD140a+细胞的相对比例在SCZ和CTR hGPC培养物中没有差异,如图1C所示。双尾t检验;NS:不显著;平均值±SEM。
图2A-2C显示在SCZ GPC中星形胶质细胞分化受损。在神经祖细胞(NPC)阶段,SCZ和CTR(4名不同的患者和各自得到的品系,n≥33/每个品系)hNPC均高度表达SOX1和PAX6,如图2A的免疫细胞化学分析所示。类似地,PDGFRα/CD140a限定的hGPC产生的效率在SCZ和CTR品系(4个各自不同的患者特异性品系,n≥3/每个品系)之间没有差异(图2B)。相反,GFAP+星形胶质细胞的比例在CTR品系(4个CTR品系,n≥33/每个品系[70.1±2.4%])中对比在SCZ品系(4个SCZ品系,n3/每个品系,[39.9±2.0])中显著更高,如≥3图2C所示。标尺:50μm;通过双尾t检验,***p<0.001;NS:不显著;平均值±SEM。
图3A-3C显示REST抑制SCZ hGPC中钾通道(KCN)相关基因的表达。图3A是示出SCZ来源的hGPC品系中差异表达的钾通道基因的热图。将每个SCZ来源的hGPC品系分别与三个合并的CTR来源的hGPC品系进行比较(FDR 5%,FC>2.00[如果适用的话])。发现所示基因在四个评定的SCZ来源的hGPC品系中的至少三个品系中差异表达。qPCR证实,相对于CTR细胞(4个CTR品系,3个重复/每个品系),SCZ hGPC(4个SCZ品系,3个重复/每个品系)中包括ATP1A2、SLC12A6和KCNJ9的钾通道相关基因均显著下调(图3B)。Biobase-Transfac揭示,来自RNA-seq数据的SCZ hGPC中大多数下调的钾通道相关基因都是REST阻遏物的靶标,如图3C所示。通过双尾t检验,**p<0.01;平均值±SEM。
图4A-4E示出了SCZ星形胶质细胞中钾摄取的减少。图4A是Na+/K+-ATP酶、Na+/K+/2Cl-协同转运蛋白(NKCC)和内向整流K+通道(Kir)参与调节星形胶质细胞的钾摄取的示意图。qPCR证实,相对于CTR细胞,在SCZ CD44+星形胶质细胞偏向的GPC中几种K+通道相关基因被下调,如图4B所示。将SCZ和CTR CD44+GPC在具有BMP4的FBS中培养,以产生成熟的GFAP+星形胶质细胞,然后评定其K+摄取。图4C示出了归一化至细胞数(左图)和归一化至总蛋白(右图)的SCZ和CTR中的K+摄取。与CTR星形胶质细胞的K+摄取(4个CTR品系,5个重复/每个品系)相比,SCZ星形胶质细胞的K+摄取显著降低(4个SCZ品系,5个重复/每个品系)。用哇巴因、布美他尼和托肽品处理星形胶质细胞,以评定SCZ星形胶质细胞中哪些钾通道类别功能受损(4个SCZ品系,4个重复/每个品系)。哇巴因和布美他尼都有效地降低了CTR星形胶质细胞的K+摄取(4个CTR品系,4个重复/每个品系)(图4D和4E,左图),而两者都不影响SCZ星形胶质细胞的K+摄取(图4D和4E,右图)。通过对于B和C进行双尾t-检验,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001;通过对于D进行单向ANOVA,***P<0.001;NS:不显著;平均值±SEM。
图5A-5C示出从SCZ CD44+星形胶质细胞偏向的祖细胞产生星形胶质细胞。诱导SCZ来源的和CTR来源的CD44+星形胶质细胞前体分化为星形胶质细胞。GFAP的免疫染色表明,星形胶质细胞产生效率在SCZ来源品系(图5A,右图;4个SCZ品系,5个重复/每个品系)和CTR来源品系(图5A,左图;4个CTR品系,5个重复/每个品系)之间没有显著差异(也参见图5B的图)。qPCR揭示,GFAP mRNA表达在SCZ和CTR来源的CD44+星形胶质细胞前体之间没有差异,如图5C所示。标尺:50μm。对于B和C的双尾t检验;NS:不显著;平均值±SEM
图6A-6E显示REST调节SCZ星形胶质细胞的钾摄取。qPCR证实,REST在CD140a分选的SCZ hGPC中相对于其对照(图6A,左图)以及在CD44分选的SCZ星形胶质细胞祖细胞中相对于CTR对照(图6A,右图)均被上调。几种K+通道相关基因(包括ATP1A2(图6B,左图)、SLC12A6(图6B,中图)和KCNJ9(图6B,右图))的表达在REST通过慢病毒REST转导过表达的CTR神经胶质中受到显著抑制(4个CTR品系,3个重复/每个品系)。相反,它们的表达在REST通过慢病毒REST shRNAi被敲低的SCZ品系中强烈上调(4个SCZ品系,3个重复/每个品系)(图6B左图、中图和右图)。REST转导的CTR星形胶质细胞的K+摄取下降,模拟SCZ神经胶质细胞(图6C,右图和左图,比较第1列和第3列),而在进行REST敲低的SCZ品系中K+摄取被拯救(图C,右和左图,比较第2列和第4列)。哇巴因和布美他尼都显著降低了具有REST敲低的SCZ神经胶质的K+摄取(图6D和6E,右图;4个SCZ品系,3个重复/每个品系)。在暴露于相似条件的对照细胞中的K+摄取示出在图6D和6E的左图中。通过对于A进行双尾t检验,**P<0.01;通过对于B、C和D进行单向ANOVA,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001;NS:不显著;平均值±SEM。
图7A-7B示出了对照(图7A)和SCZ星形胶质细胞(图7B)中REST过表达和敲低的验证。PCR证实,相对于未转导的细胞,CTR星形胶质细胞(4个CTR品系,3个重复/每个品系)的慢病毒-REST转导产生REST表达的显著上调(图7A)。相反,CD44限定的SCZ星形胶质细胞(4个SCZ品系,3个重复/每个品系)的慢病毒-REST-shRNAi转导基本上抑制了REST表达(图7B)。通过单向ANOVA,***p<0.001;平均值±SEM。
具体实施方式
本公开的第一方面涉及一种恢复神经胶质细胞的K+摄取的方法,其中所述神经胶质细胞具有受损的K+摄取。此方法涉及在有效于恢复具有受损的K+摄取的神经胶质细胞的K+摄取的条件下向所述神经胶质细胞施用RE1-沉默转录因子(REST)抑制剂。
本公开的另一方面涉及一种恢复受试者中神经胶质细胞的K+摄取的方法。此方法涉及选择具有受损的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的受试者,并在有效于恢复所述神经胶质细胞的K+摄取的条件下向所选择的受试者施用RE1-沉默转录因子(REST)抑制剂。在一些实施方案中,REST抑制剂是如本文所述的靶向神经胶质细胞的REST抑制剂。
如本文所述,“神经胶质细胞”包括神经胶质祖细胞、少突胶质细胞偏向的祖细胞、星形胶质细胞偏向的祖细胞、少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞。神经胶质祖细胞是脑中能够分化为少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的双能祖细胞。神经胶质祖细胞可以通过它们表达某些阶段特异性表面抗原(例如A2B5抗体识别的神经节苷脂和PDGFRα(CD140a))以及阶段特异性转录因子(例如OLIG2、NKX2.2和SOX10)来鉴定。少突胶质细胞偏向的祖细胞和星形胶质细胞偏向的祖细胞通过它们获得性表达阶段选择性表面抗原来鉴定,所述抗原包括例如对于少突胶质细胞偏向的祖细胞由O4抗体识别的CD9和脂质硫苷脂和对于星形胶质细胞偏向的祖细胞的CD44。成熟的少突胶质细胞通过它们表达髓鞘碱性蛋白来鉴定,并且成熟的星形胶质细胞最通常通过它们表达神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)来鉴定。在本文所述的方法的一个实施方案中,在神经胶质祖细胞中恢复K+摄取。在另一个实施方案中,在星形胶质细胞偏向的祖细胞中恢复K+摄取。在另一个实施方案中,在星形胶质细胞中恢复K+摄取。
根据本公开的这些方面,具有受损的K+摄取的细胞是与正常健康的神经胶质细胞相比具有降低的K+摄取的神经胶质细胞,特别是神经胶质祖细胞、星形胶质细胞偏向的祖细胞和星形胶质细胞。在一个实施方案中,具有降低的K+摄取的神经胶质细胞是一个或多个钾通道编码基因被下调,从而导致相应钾通道蛋白表达降低的神经胶质细胞。特别地,一种或多种选自以下的钾通道编码基因的表达下调可导致神经胶质细胞K+摄取降低:KCNJ9、KCNH8、KCNA3、KCNK9、KCNC1、KCNC3、KCNB1、KCNF1、KCNA6、SCN3A、SCN2A、SCNN1D、SCN8A、SCN3B、SLC12A6、SLC6A1、SLC8A3、ATP1A2、ATP1A3、ATP2B2。如本文所述,上述基因的下调是由神经元限制性沉默因子(NRSF)的表达和活性的上调引起,所述神经元限制性沉默因子也称为RE1-沉默转录因子(REST)。REST是通常参与阻遏非神经细胞中的神经基因的有效转录阻遏物。
因此,在一个实施方案中,选择具有受损的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的受试者涉及评定所述受试者的神经胶质细胞的钾摄取、将所述神经胶质细胞的钾摄取水平与对照健康神经胶质细胞群体的钾摄取水平进行比较以及选择神经胶质细胞K+摄取减少的受试者。在另一个实施方案中,选择具有受损的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的受试者涉及评定一个或多个选自由以下组成的组的钾通道编码基因的神经胶质细胞表达水平以及如果一个或多个钾通道编码基因的表达下调,则选择所述受试者:KCNJ9、KCNH8、KCNA3、KCNK9、KCNC1、KCNC3、KCNB1、KCNF1、KCNA6、SCN3A、SCN2A、SCNN1D、SCN8A、SCN3B、SLC12A6、SLC6A1、SLC8A3、ATP1A2、ATP1A3、ATP2B2。在另一个实施方案中,选择具有受损的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的受试者涉及评定一种或多种钾通道的神经胶质细胞蛋白表达,所述钾通道包括GIRK-3(由KCNJ9编码)、钾电压门控通道亚家族H成员8(由KCNH8编码)、钾电压门控通道亚家族A成员3(由KCNA3编码)、钾通道亚家族K成员9(由KCNK9编码)、钾电压门控通道亚家族C成员1(由KCNC1编码)、钾电压门控通道亚家族C成员3(由KCNC3编码)、钾电压门控通道亚家族B成员1(由KCNB1编码)、钾电压门控通道亚家族F成员1(由KCNF1编码)、钾电压门控通道亚家族A成员6(由KCNA6编码)、3型钠通道蛋白亚基α(由SCN3A编码)、2型钠通道蛋白亚基α(由SCN2A编码)、阿米洛利敏感性钠通道亚基δ(由SCNN1D编码)、8型钠通道蛋白亚基α(由SCN8A编码)、钠通道亚基β-3(由SCN3B编码)、溶质载体家族12成员6(即K+/Cl-协同转运蛋白3)(由SLC12A6编码)、钠和氯依赖性GABA转运蛋白1(即GAT-1)(由SLC6A1编码)、Na+/Ca+2交换蛋白3(由SLC8A3编码)、Na+/K+转运ATP酶亚基α-2(由ATP1A2编码)、Na+/K+转运ATP酶亚基α-2(由ATP1A3编码)、质膜钙转运ATP酶2(即PMCA2)(由ATP2B2编码)。如果一种或多种钾通道蛋白的水平降低,则选择所述受试者来使用本文所述的方法进行治疗。在另一个实施方案中,选择具有受损的神经胶质K+摄取的受试者涉及评定神经胶质细胞REST表达,以及如果REST基因和/或蛋白质表达增加,则选择所述受试者。
钾摄取、钾通道基因表达、钾通道蛋白表达和REST基因表达均可以使用本文所述的方法和本领域技术人员熟知的方法来评定。这些参数可以在取自受试者的神经胶质细胞样品中评定。或者,可以在来源于受试者的诱导性多能干细胞(iPSC)衍生的神经胶质细胞样品中评定这些参数中的一种或多种。iPSC可从受试者的几乎任何体细胞中获得,所述体细胞包括例如但不限于成纤维细胞,例如通过皮肤样品或活检获得的真皮成纤维细胞、来自滑膜组织的滑膜细胞、角质形成细胞、成熟B细胞、成熟T细胞、胰腺β细胞、黑素细胞、肝细胞、包皮细胞、脸颊细胞或肺成纤维细胞、外周血细胞、骨髓细胞等。iPSC可以通过本领域已知的方法得到,所述方法包括使用整合病毒载体(例如慢病毒载体、可诱导的慢病毒载体和逆转录病毒载体)、可切除的载体(例如转座子和被loxP位点标记(floxed)的慢病毒载体)和非整合载体(例如腺病毒和质粒载体),以递送上述促进细胞重编程的基因(参见例如Takahashi和Yamanaka,Cell 126:663-676(2006);Okita.等人,Nature 448:313-317(2007);Nakagawa等人,Nat.Biotechnol.26:101-106(2007);Takahashi等人,Cell 131:1-12(2007);Meissner等人Nat.Biotech.25:1177-1181(2007);Yu等人Science 318:1917-1920(2007);Park等人Nature 451:141-146(2008);和美国专利申请公布号2008/0233610,其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。用于产生IPS细胞的其他方法包括以下文献中公开的那些方法:WO2007/069666、WO2009/006930、WO2009/006997、WO2009/007852、WO2008/118820、Ikeda等人的美国专利申请公布号2011/0200568、Egusa等人的2010/0156778、Musick的2012/0276070和Nakagawa的2012/0276636;Shi等人,Cell Stem Cell 3(5):568-574(2008);Kim等人,Nature 454:646-650(2008);Kim等人,Cell 136(3):411-419(2009);Huangfu等人,Nature Biotechnology 26:1269-1275(2008);Zhao等人,Cell Stem Cell3:475-479(2008);Feng等人,Nature Cell Biology 11:197-203(2009);和Hanna等人,Cell 133(2):250-264(2008),其以引用的方式整体并入本文。将iPSC向神经胶质祖细胞(GPC)命运和星形胶质细胞命运驱动的方法是本文中描述的,并且是本领域中已知的,参见例如Wang等人,“Human iPSC-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells canMyelinate and Rescue a Mouse Model of Congenital Hypomyelination,”Cell StemCell12:252-264(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,具有受损的K+摄取的神经胶质细胞是患有神经精神病症的受试者的神经胶质细胞。如本文所提及的“神经精神病症”包括具有精神病症状的任何脑疾病,所述精神病症状包括但不限于痴呆、易忘综合症和人格行为改变。适用于使用本文所述的方法治疗的涉及神经胶质细胞中受损的K+通道功能和受损的K+摄取的示例性神经精神病症包括但不限于精神分裂症、孤独症谱系病症和双相障碍。
因此,本公开的另一方面涉及一种治疗或抑制受试者的神经精神病症发作的方法。此方法涉及选择患有神经精神病症或处于患有神经精神病症的风险下的受试者,并在有效于治疗或抑制所述受试者的神经精神病症的发作的条件下向所选择的受试者施用抑制剂。在一些实施方案中,REST抑制剂是靶向神经胶质细胞的REST抑制剂。
在一个实施方案中,本文所述的方法用于治疗患有精神分裂症的受试者。精神分裂症是一种慢性和严重的精神病症,其影响个体如何思考、感觉和行为。迄今为止,已经提出了几种病症的分期模型(Agius等人,“The Staging Model in Schizophrenia,and itsClinical Implications,”Psychiatr.Danub.22(2):211-220(2010);McGorry等人,“Clinical Staging:a Heuristic Model and Practical Strategy for New Researchand Better Health and Social Outcomes for Psychotic and Related Disorders,”Can.J.Psychiatry 55(8):486-497(2010);Fava和Kellner,“Staging:a NeglectedDimension in Psychiatric Classification,”Acta Psychiatr.Scand.87:225-230(1993),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。但是,一般而言,精神分裂症发展为至少三个阶段:前驱期、首次发病和慢性期。在病症的所有阶段也存在个体的异质性,其中一些个体被认为是精神病发作的超高风险、临床高风险或处于风险中(Fusar-Poli等人,“ThePsychosis High-Risk State:a Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review,”JAMAPsychiatry 70:107-120(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
本文所述的方法适用于治疗任何阶段的精神分裂症和任何风险水平的精神病的受试者,因为所有阶段都将涉及受损的神经胶质细胞K+摄取。例如,在一个实施方案中,根据本文所述的方法治疗的受试者是处于发展精神分裂症的风险下的受试者。此种受试者可能具有在一个或多个与精神分裂症的发展相关的选自以下的基因中的一个或多个遗传突变并且可能表现或不表现所述疾病的任何症状:ABCA13、ATK1、C4A、COMT、DGCR2、DGCR8、DRD2、MIR137、NOS1AP、NRXN1、OLIG2、RTN4R、SYN2、TOP3B YWHAE、ZDHHC8或染色体22(22q11)。在另一个实施方案中,受试者可以处于疾病的前驱期并且表现出精神分裂症的一种或多种早期症状,例如焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍和/或短暂间歇性精神病综合征。在另一个实施方案中,根据本文所述的方法治疗的受试者正在经历精神分裂症的精神病症状,例如幻觉、妄想。
在另一个实施方案中,本文所述的方法用于治疗患有孤独症或相关病症的受试者。相关病症包括但不限于阿斯伯格疾病(Asperger’s disorder)、未另外指明的广泛性发育障碍、儿童崩解病症和瑞特病症(Rett’s Disorder),其症状的严重程度不同,包括社交互动、交流和异常行为的困难(McPartland等人,“Autism and Related Disorders,”HandbClin Neurol 106:407-418(2012),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。本文所述的方法适用于治疗这些病状中的每一种和所述病状的任何阶段。在一个实施方案中,根据本文所述的方法治疗的受试者没有表现出任何孤独症或相关病状的症状。在另一个实施方案中,所治疗的受试者表现出孤独症或相关病状的一种或多种早期症状。在又另一个实施方案中,根据本文所述的方法治疗的受试者表现出孤独症或相关病状的多种症状。
在另一个实施方案中,本文所述的方法用于治疗患有双相障碍的受试者。双相障碍是一组以情绪长期不稳定、昼夜节律紊乱以及能量水平、情绪、睡眠和自我和他人观点的波动为特征的症状。双相障碍包括但不限于I型双相障碍、II型双相障碍、循环性情绪障碍和未另外指明的双相障碍。
通常,双相障碍是发展为至少三个阶段的进行性病状:前驱期、症状期和残余期(Kapczinski等人,“Clinical Implications of a Staging Model for BipolarDisorders,”Expert Rev Neurother 9:957-966(2009),和McNamara等人,“PreventativeStrategies for Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder:Towards a Clinical StagingModel,”CNS Drugs 24:983-996(2010);其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。本文所述的方法适用于治疗患有任何上述双相障碍的受试者和处于特定双相障碍的任何阶段的受试者。例如,在一个实施方案中,根据本文所述的方法治疗的受试者是处于早期前驱期的受试者,其表现出情绪不稳定/摆动、抑郁、快速思维、愤怒、易怒、身体激动和焦虑的症状。在另一个实施方案中,根据本文所述的方法治疗的受试者是处于症状期或残余期的受试者。
如本文所用,术语“受试者”和“患者”明确包括人和非人哺乳动物受试者。如本文所用,术语“非人哺乳动物”延伸至但不限于家庭宠物和家养动物。此类动物的非限制性实例包括灵长类动物、牛、绵羊、雪貂、小鼠、大鼠、猪、骆驼、马、家禽、鱼、兔、山羊、狗和猫。
根据本公开,向具有受损的K+摄取的神经胶质细胞施用REST抑制剂,所述受损的K+摄取可能是通道表达和/或功能受损的结果。在另一个实施方案中,向具有受损的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的受试者施用REST抑制剂。REST是一种Krüppel型锌指转录因子,其在与位于靶基因中的称为阻遏物元件-1(RE1)的21个核苷酸的DNA序列结合时阻遏靶基因活性。REST是核复合物的关键组分,所述核复合物包含SIN3A、SIN3B和RCOR1的其他核心因子,以及表观遗传调节剂,例如组蛋白脱乙酰基酶(HDAC)、组蛋白甲基转移酶(EHMT2)和组蛋白脱甲基酶(KDM1A)。
作为选择性剪接的结果,存在人REST的至少四种同工型。人REST同工型1的氨基酸序列(UniProt标识符Q13127-1)在下文中以SEQ ID NO:1提供。
编码人REST同工型-1的核苷酸序列在下文中以SEQ ID NO:2(NCBI参考序列标识符NM_005612.4)提供。
在一个实施方案中,合适的REST抑制剂是相对于不存在所述剂时发生的REST表达水平能够降低神经胶质细胞中REST表达水平的任何剂或化合物。在一个实施方案中,适用于抑制或降低神经胶质细胞中的REST表达水平的治疗剂包括但不限于抑制性核酸分子,例如REST反义寡核苷酸、REST shRNA、REST siRNA和REST RNA适体。
使用反义方法抑制基因的体内翻译和随后的蛋白表达是本领域熟知的(例如,Dobie等人的美国专利号7,425,544;Karras等人的美国专利号7,307,069;Bennett等人的美国专利号7,288,530;Cowsert等人的美国专利号7,179,796,其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。根据本公开,合适的反义核酸是与编码REST的特定核酸分子的至少一部分互补或杂交的核酸分子(例如,含有DNA核苷酸、RNA核苷酸或修饰(例如增加分子稳定性的修饰,例如2’-O-烷基(例如,甲基)取代的核苷酸)或其组合的分子)(参见例如Weintraub,H.M.,“Antisense DNA and RNA,”Scientific Am.262:40-46(1990),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。以上SEQ ID NO:2是编码REST的示例性核酸分子。编码REST的变体核酸分子也是本领域中已知的,参见例如NCBI参考序列NM_001363453和NM_001193508.1,其以引用的方式整体并入本文,并且所述变体核酸分子适用于设计抑制性核酸反义分子。用于本文所述方法的合适的反义寡核苷酸的长度为或高达12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29或30个核碱基,并且相对于靶REST核酸或其特定部分包含不超过6个、不超过5个、不超过4个、不超过3个、不超过2个或不超过1个非互补核碱基。反义核酸分子与其相应靶REST核酸分子杂交,以形成双链分子,所述双链分子干扰mRNA的翻译,因为细胞将不会翻译双链mRNA。
REST反义核酸可以作为反义寡核苷酸引入细胞中,或者可以例如使用基因治疗方法在已经引入了编码反义核酸的核酸的细胞中产生。适用于本文所述的方法的抗REST反义寡核苷酸在Sedaghat等人的WO2011031998中公开,所述专利以引用的方式整体并入本文。
REST siRNA是长度为约20-25个核苷酸的双链合成RNA分子,其两端具有短的2-3个核苷酸的3’突出端。双链siRNA分子代表靶mRNA分子的一部分的有义链和反义链,在这种情况下,是REST核苷酸序列的一部分,即编码REST同工型1的SEQ ID NO:2或另一REST同工型的核苷酸序列的一部分(即,NCBI参考序列号NM_001363453和NM_001193508.1,其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。siRNA分子通常被设计为靶向REST mRNA靶的起始密码子下游约50-100个核苷酸的区域。引入细胞后,siRNA复合物触发内源性RNA干扰(RNAi)途径,从而导致靶REST mRNA分子的裂解和降解。靶向REST和可用于本文所述的方法的REST转录复合物的其他成员的siRNA分子在Maes的WO2009027349中公开,所述专利以引用的方式整体并入本文。已经描述了siRNA组合物的各种改进,例如将修饰的核苷或基序掺入siRNA分子的一条或两条链中以增强稳定性、特异性和功效,并且所述改进适用于根据本公开的这一方面使用(参见例如Giese等人的WO2004/015107;McSwiggen等人的WO2003/070918;Imanishi等人的WO1998/39352;Jesper等人的美国专利申请公布号2002/0068708;Kaneko等人的美国专利申请公布号2002/0147332;Bhat等人的美国专利申请公布号2008/0119427,其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
短或小发夹RNA分子在功能上与siRNA分子相似,但是包含产生紧密发夹转角的更长RNA序列。shRNA通过细胞机制裂解为siR NA,并且基因表达通过细胞RNA干扰途径来沉默。如本文所述,已经开发了有效干扰REST表达的shRNA分子,并且其包含以下核酸序列:靶向REST核苷酸序列5’-GCAGTGGCAACATTGGAATGG-3’(SEQ ID NO:4)的5’-CCAUUCCAAUGUUGCCACUGC-3’(SEQ ID NO:3)和靶向REST核苷酸序列5’-CGGCTACAATACTAATCGA-3’(SEQ ID NO:6)的5’-UCGAUUAGUAUUGUAGCCG-3’(SEQ ID NO:5)。
特异性结合至REST的核酸适体也适用于如本文所述的方法。核酸适体是单链的、部分单链的、部分双链的或双链的核苷酸序列,其能够通过Watson-Crick碱基配对或三链体形成以外的机制特异性识别选择的靶分子,即蛋白质或核酸分子。适体包括但不限于确定的序列区段和包含核苷酸、核糖核苷酸、脱氧核糖核苷酸、核苷酸类似物、修饰的核苷酸和包含主链修饰、分支点和非核苷酸残基、基团或桥的核苷酸的序列。适用于根据本文所述的方法使用的已知抑制REST的示例性RNA适体包含如下所示的双链RNA分子,其含有对应于称为神经元限制性沉默子元件(NRSE)或RE1的21个碱基对的DNA元件的序列(Kuwabara等人,“A Small Modulatory dsRNA Specifies the Fate of Adult Neural Stem Cells,”Cell 116:779-793(2004),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
示例性RNA REST适体
5’–UUCAGCACCACGGACAGCGCC-3’(SEQ ID NO:7)
3’–AAGUCGUGGUGCCUGUCGCGG-5’(SEQ ID NO:8)
对本文所述的抑制性核酸分子(即REST反义寡核苷酸、siRNA、shRNA、PNA、适体)的修饰包括对核苷间键、糖部分或核碱基的取代或改变。修饰的抑制性核酸分子通常优于天然形式,因为其具有所需的特性,例如增强的细胞摄取、增强的对核酸靶的亲和力、在核酸酶存在下增加的稳定性或增加的抑制活性。例如,可以使用化学修饰的核苷来增加缩短或截短的反义寡核苷酸对其靶核酸的结合亲和力。因此,通常可以使用具有此类化学修饰的核苷的较短反义化合物获得相当的结果。
靶向REST的抑制性核酸分子可以任选地含有一个或多个其中糖基已被修饰的核苷。此类糖修饰的核苷可以赋予核酸分子增强的核酸酶稳定性、增加的结合亲和力或一些其他有益的生物学特性。在某些实施方案中,核苷包含化学修饰的呋喃核糖环部分。化学修饰的呋喃核糖环的实例包括但不限于添加包括5’和2’取代基的取代基,桥接非孪位环原子以形成双环核酸(BNA),用S、N(R)或C(R1)(R)2(其中R=H、C1-C12烷基或保护基)置换核糖基环氧原子,及其组合。化学修饰的糖的实例包括2’-F-5’-甲基取代的核苷、用S置换核糖基环氧原子且在2’-位置进一步取代。
在某些实施方案中,核苷通过用糖替代物(有时称为DNA类似物)例如吗啉代环、环己烯基环、环己基环或四氢吡喃基环置换核糖基环来修饰。
核碱基(或碱基)修饰或取代在结构上可与天然存在的或合成的未修饰的核碱基区分,但在功能上可互换。天然和修饰的核碱基均能够参与氢键键合。此类核碱基修饰可以赋予REST抑制剂核酸分子核酸酶稳定性、结合亲和力或一些其他有益的生物学特性。修饰的核碱基包括合成的和天然的核碱基,例如5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-me-C)。某些核碱基取代(包括5-甲基胞嘧啶取代)特别可用于增加核酸分子与其靶核酸的结合亲和力。其他修饰的核碱基包括5-羟甲基胞嘧啶、黄嘌呤、次黄嘌呤、2-氨基腺嘌呤、腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤的6-甲基和其他烷基衍生物、腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤的2-丙基和其他烷基衍生物、2-硫尿嘧啶、2-硫代胸腺嘧啶和2-硫代胞嘧啶、5-卤代尿嘧啶和胞嘧啶、5-丙炔基(-C≡C-CH3)尿嘧啶和胞嘧啶以及嘧啶碱基的其他炔基衍生物、6-偶氮尿嘧啶、胞嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶、5-尿嘧啶(假尿嘧啶)、4-硫尿嘧啶、8-卤代、8-氨基、8-硫醇、8-硫代烷基、8-羟基和其他8-取代的腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤、5-卤代(具体地为5-溴)、5-三氟甲基、7-甲基鸟嘌呤和7-甲基腺嘌呤、2-F-腺嘌呤、2-氨基腺嘌呤、8-氮杂鸟嘌呤和8-氮杂腺嘌呤、7-脱氮鸟嘌呤、7-脱氮腺嘌呤、3-脱氮鸟嘌呤和3-脱氮腺嘌呤。
RNA和DNA的天然存在的核苷间键是3’至5’磷酸二酯键。具有修饰的核苷间键的抑制性核酸分子包含保留磷原子的核苷间键以及不具有磷原子的核苷间键。代表性含磷核苷间键包括但不限于磷酸二酯、磷酸三酯、甲基膦酸酯、氨基磷酸酯和硫代磷酸酯。制备含磷键和不含磷键的方法是已熟知的。在某些实施方案中,靶向REST核酸的抑制性核酸分子包含一个或多个修饰的核苷间键。
在此所述的抑制性核酸分子可以共价连接至一个或多个部分或缀合物,所述部分或缀合物增强所得抑制性核酸分子的活性、细胞分布或细胞摄取。典型的缀合物基团包括胆固醇部分和脂质部分。另外的缀合物基团包括碳水化合物、聚合物、肽、无机纳米结构材料、磷脂、生物素、吩嗪、叶酸、菲啶、蒽醌、吖啶、荧光素、罗丹明、香豆素和染料。
本文所述的抑制性核酸分子也可以被修饰为具有一个或多个通常连接至抑制性核酸分子的一个或两个末端以增强特性(例如,核酸酶稳定性)的稳定基团,例如帽结构。这些末端修饰保护抑制性核酸分子使其免于核酸外切酶降解,并有助于细胞内递送和/或定位。帽结构可以存在于5’末端(5’-帽)或3’末端(3’-帽),或者可以存在于两个末端。帽结构是本领域中熟知的,并且包括例如倒置的脱氧脱碱基帽。可用于封端抑制性核酸分子的一个或两个末端以赋予核酸酶稳定性的其他3’和5’-稳定基团包括Manoharan的WO 03/004602中公开的那些,所述专利以引用的方式整体并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,合适的REST抑制剂是能够相对于不存在所述剂下发生的REST核转位水平来降低或防止神经胶质细胞中的REST核转位水平的任何剂或化合物。
在另一个实施方案中,合适的REST抑制剂是能够相对于不存在所述剂下发生的REST阻遏物活性水平来拮抗或降低神经胶质细胞中的REST阻遏物活性的任何剂或化合物。适用于以这种方式实现REST抑制的剂包括编码REST的DNA结合结构域但缺少蛋白质的两个阻遏物结构域的核酸分子。这些剂用作显性负性REST剂,阻断REST与其靶基因中的RE1序列的相互作用。可在本文所述的方法中使用的合适REST显性负性核酸分子在Chen等人,“NRSF/REST is Required in vivo for Repression of Multiple Neuronal TargetGenes During Embryogenesis,”Nat.Genet.20:136-42(1998)以及Roopra等人,“Transcriptional Repression by Neuron-restrictive Silencer Factor is Mediatedvia the Sin3-histone Deacetylase Complex,”Mol Cell Biol 20:2147-57(2000)中公开,其以引用的方式整体并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,能够降低神经胶质细胞中REST阻遏物活性的剂是苯并咪唑-5-甲酰胺衍生物(Charbord等人,High Throughput Screening for Inhibitors ofREST in Neural Derivatives of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals a ChemicalCompound that Promotes Expression of Neuronal Genes,”Stem Cells 31:1816-1828(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。特别合适的苯并咪唑-5-甲酰胺衍生物包括但不限于2-(2-羟基-苯基)-1H-苯并咪唑-5-羧酸烯丙氧基酰胺(X5050)和2-噻吩-2-基-1H-苯并咪唑-5-羧酸(2-乙基-己基)-酰胺(X5917)。
在另一个实施方案中,能够降低神经胶质细胞中REST阻遏物活性的剂是吡唑丙酰胺衍生物(Charbord等人,High Throughput Screening for Inhibitors of REST inNeural Derivatives of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals a Chemical Compoundthat Promotes Expression of Neuronal Genes,”Stem Cells 31:1816-1828(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。特别合适的吡唑丙酰胺衍生物包括但不限于3-[1-(3-溴-苯基)-3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-基]-1-{4-[5-(吗啉-4-羰基)-吡啶-2-基]-2-苯基-哌嗪-1-基}-丙-1-酮(X38210)和3-[1-(2,5-二氟-苯基)-3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-基]-1-{4-[5-(吗啉-4-羰基)-吡啶-2-基]-2-苯基-哌嗪-1-基}-丙-1-酮(X38207)。
在另一个实施方案中,能够降低神经胶质细胞中REST阻遏物活性的剂是直接结合REST并阻断其活性或结合转录阻遏物复合物的任何蛋白质并抑制神经胶质细胞中REST转录复合物形成的抗体或抗体片段。能够结合REST的抗体及其制备方法在Anders和Schoenherr的美国专利号6,824,774中公开,所述专利以引用的方式整体并入本文。适用于抑制REST转录复合物形成,从而抑制REST阻遏活性的单克隆抗体包括针对BRG-1相关因子(BAF)57、BRG1和BAF170的抗体(Battaglioli等人,“REST Repression of Neuronal GeneRequires Components of the hSWI.SNF Complex,”J.Biol.Chem.277(43):41038-45(2002),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。可以通过抗体结合来抑制的其他REST复合物组分包括但不限于MeCP2、mSin3a、AOF2、RCOR1和JARID1C。
在另一个实施方案中,合适的REST抑制剂是抑制神经胶质细胞中REST转录复合物形成的任何剂或化合物。REST介导的基因阻遏通过募集两个单独的共阻遏物复合物(即N末端和C末端共阻遏物复合物)来实现(参见Ooi等人,“Chromatin Crosstalk inDevelopment and Disease:Lessons from REST,”Nat Rev Genet 8:544-54(2007),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。因此,抑制这些共阻遏物复合物的组分的活性的剂或化合物适用于抑制REST的活性。例如,N末端和C末端共阻遏物复合物需要组蛋白脱乙酰基酶HDAC1和HDAC2。因此,抑制这些HDAC的活性以抑制REST活性的剂适用于本文所述的方法。合适的HDAC抑制剂包括但不限于丙戊酸(VPA)、曲古抑菌素A(TSA)、辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸(SAHA)、N-羟基-4-(甲基{[5-(2-吡啶基)-2-噻吩基]磺酰基}氨基)苯甲酰胺、4-二甲基氨基-N-(6羟基氨基甲酰基乙基)苯甲酰胺-N-羟基-7-(4-二甲基氨基苯甲酰基)氨基庚酰胺、7-[4-(二甲基氨基)苯基]-N-羟基-4,6-二甲基-7-氧代-2,4-庚二烯酰胺、二十二烷醇、(5)-[5-乙酰氨基-1-(2-氧代-4-三氟甲基-2H-色烯-7-基氨基甲酰基)戊基氨基甲酸叔丁酯(BATCP)、((S)-[1-(4-甲基-2-氧代-2H-色烯-7-基氨基甲酰基)-5-丙酰基氨基戊基氨基甲酸苄酯(MOCPAC)和4-(二甲基氨基)-N-[7-(羟基氨基)-7-氧代庚基]-苯甲酰胺(M344)。可用于本文所述的方法中以抑制REST活性的其他合适的HDAC抑制剂在Maes等人的WO2009/027349中公开,所述专利以引用的方式整体并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,使用抑制阻遏复合物的其他成员的功能的剂来抑制REST复合物,所述其他成员包括MeCP2、mSin3a、AOF2、RCOR1、JARID1C、BAF57、BAF170和BRG1。此类剂通过阻止转录阻遏复合物与基因启动子结合而起作用,或者通过阻止复合物的成员彼此相互作用而起作用。合适的剂包括抑制性核酸分子,例如反义寡核苷酸、siRNA、shRNA、如上所述的适体、抗体和小分子抑制剂。
在一个实施方案中,将根据本文所述的方法使用的REST抑制剂包装到纳米颗粒递送载体(delivery vehicle)中以实现抑制剂向受试者的神经胶质细胞的递送,即靶向神经胶质细胞的REST抑制剂。用于穿过血脑屏障和/或向神经胶质细胞递送REST抑制剂的合适纳米颗粒递送载体包括但不限于脂质体、蛋白质纳米颗粒、聚合物纳米颗粒、金属纳米颗粒和树枝状聚合物。
脂质体是尺寸约80-300nm的由磷脂和类固醇(例如,胆固醇)双层构成的球形囊泡。脂质体是生物可降解的,具有低免疫原性。可以使用包封方法将如本文所述的REST抑制剂掺入脂质体中。脂质体通过吸附、融合、内吞或脂质转移被靶细胞吸收。REST抑制剂从脂质体中的释放取决于脂质体组成、pH、渗透梯度和周围环境。脂质体可以被设计成以细胞器特异性方式释放REST抑制剂,以实现例如REST抑制剂的核递送。
可用于将本文所述的REST抑制剂递送至神经胶质细胞的方法和脂质体的类型是本领域已知的,参见例如,Liu等人,“Paclitaxel loaded liposomes decorated with amultifunctional tandem peptide for glioma targeting,”Biomaterials 35:4835–4847(2014);Gao等人“Glioma targeting and blood-brain barrier penetration bydual-targeting doxorubincin liposomes,”Biomaterials 34:5628–5639(2013);Zong等人,“Synergistic dual-ligand doxorubicin liposomes improve targeting andtherapeutic efficacy of brain glioma in animals,”Mol Pharm.11:2346–2357(2014);Yemisci等人,“Systemically administered brain-targeted nanoparticlestransport peptides across the blood-brain barrier and provideneuroprotection,”J Cerebr Blood F Met.35:469–475(2015),其以引用的方式整体并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,将本文所述的REST抑制剂包装在聚合物递送载体中。聚合物递送载体是直径通常为约10至100nm的结构。用于包封如本文所述的REST抑制剂的合适聚合物纳米颗粒可以由合成聚合物(例如聚-ε-己内酯、聚丙烯酰胺和聚丙烯酸酯)或天然聚合物(例如白蛋白、明胶或壳聚糖)制成。本文所用的聚合物纳米颗粒可以是生物可降解的,例如聚(L-丙交酯)(PLA)、聚乙交酯(PGA)、聚(乳酸-共-乙醇酸)(PLGA),或者是生物不可降解的,例如聚氨酯。本文所用的聚合物纳米颗粒还可以含有一种或多种增强递送的表面修饰。例如,在一个实施方案中,将聚合物纳米颗粒用非离子表面活性剂包衣以减少免疫学相互作用以及分子间相互作用。聚合物纳米颗粒的表面还可以被官能化以连接或固定如下文所述的一个或多个靶向部分,例如指导纳米颗粒穿过血脑屏障和/或到达神经胶质细胞以进行神经胶质细胞摄取(即神经胶质祖细胞或星形胶质细胞摄取)的抗体或其他结合多肽或配体。
可用于将如本文所述的REST抑制剂递送至神经胶质细胞的方法和聚合物纳米颗粒的类型是本领域已知的,参见例如Koffie等人“Nanoparticles enhance braindelivery of blood-brain barrier-impermeable probes for in vivo optical andmagnetic resonance imaging,”Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.108:18837–18842(2011);Zhao等人,“The permeability of puerarin loaded poly(butylcyanoacrylate)nanoparticles coated with polysorbate 80on the blood-brain barrier and itsprotective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,”Biol PharmBull.36:1263–1270(2013);Yemisci等人,“Systemically administered brain-targetednanoparticles transport peptides across the blood-brain barrier and provideneuroprotection,”J Cerebr Blood F Met.35:469–475(2015),其以引用的方式整体并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,将本公开的组合物包装在树枝状聚合物纳米载体递送载体中。树枝状聚合物是具有明确限定的尺寸和结构的独特聚合物。适合用作如本文所述的REST抑制剂的递送载体的具有树枝状结构的示例性纳米分子包括但不限于糖原、支链淀粉和蛋白聚糖。在树枝状聚合物的内部结构中包封治疗性组合物(例如本文所述的组合物)的方法是本领域中已知的,参见例如D’Emanuele等人,“Dendrimer-drug interactions,”AdvDrug Deliv Rev 57:2147–2162(2005),其以引用的方式整体并入本文。树枝状聚合物的表面适用于连接一个或多个靶向部分,例如如本文所述的能够将树枝状聚合物靶向穿过血脑屏障和/或到达神经胶质细胞的抗体或其他结合蛋白和/或配体。
用于包封REST抑制剂以向有此需要的受试者施用和递送的示例性树枝状聚合物是聚(酰氨基酰胺)(PAMAM)。PAMAM已被用于将蛋白质和核酸治疗剂递送至目标靶细胞。将治疗剂包封在PAMAM中的方法和利用PAMAM将治疗剂递送至中枢神经系统的方法也是本领域中已知的,并且可以在本文中使用,参见例如Cerqueira等人,“MultifunctionalizedCMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles modulate the cellular uptake byastrocytes and oligodendrocytes in primary cultures of glial cells,”MacromolBiosci.12:591–597(2012);Nance等人,“Systemic dendrimer-drug treatment ofischemia-induced neonatal white matter injury,”J Control Release 214:112–120(2015);Natali等人,“Dendrimers as drug carriers:dynamics of PEGylated andmethotrexate-loaded dendrimers in aqueous solution,”Macromolecules43:3011–3017(2010);Han等人,“Peptide conjugated PAMAM for targeted doxorubicindelivery to transferrin receptor overexpressed tumors,”Mol Pharm 7:2156–2165(2010);Kannan等人,“Dendrimer-based Postnatal Therapy for Neuroinflammationand Cerebral Palsy in a Rabbit Model,”Sci.Transl.Med.4:130(2012);以及Singh等人,“Folate and Folate-PEG-PAMAM dendrimers:synthesis,characterization,andtargeted anticancer drug delivery potential in tumor bearing mice,”Bioconjugate Chem 19,2239–2252(2008),其以引用的方式整体并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,将如本文所公开的REST抑制剂包装在银纳米颗粒或氧化铁纳米颗粒中。可用于将本文所述的REST抑制剂递送至神经胶质细胞的方法和银和氧化铁纳米颗粒的制备是本领域已知的,参见例如Hohnholt等人,“Handling of iron oxide andsilver nanoparticles by astrocytes,”Neurochem Res.38:227–239(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,将本文所述的REST抑制剂包装在金纳米颗粒中。金纳米颗粒是通过内吞途径进入细胞的小颗粒(<50nm)。在一个实施方案中,将金纳米颗粒用葡萄糖包衣,以促进纳米颗粒穿过血脑屏障转移和星形胶质细胞通过GLUT-1受体对纳米颗粒进行摄取,如Gromnicova等人,“Glucose-coated Gold Nanoparticles Transfer acrossHuman Brain Endothelium and Enter Astrocytes In vitro,”PLoS ONE 8(12):e81043(2013)所述,所述文献以引用的方式整体并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,将本公开的组合物包装在二氧化硅纳米颗粒中。二氧化硅纳米颗粒具有生物相容性、高多孔性且易于官能化。二氧化硅纳米颗粒为无定形形状,尺寸范围为10-300nm。适合于将治疗性组合物例如REST抑制剂递送至CNS以进行神经胶质细胞摄取的二氧化硅纳米颗粒是本领域中已知的,参见例如Song等人,“In vitro Study ofReceptor-mediated Silica Nanoparticles Delivery Across Blood Brain Barrier,”ACS Appl.Mater.Interfaces 9(24):20410-20416(2017);Tamba等人,“Tailored SurfaceSilica Nanoparticles for Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration:Preparation and Invivo Investigation,”Arabian J.Chem.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.03.019(2018),其以引用的方式整体并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,将REST抑制剂包装到蛋白质纳米颗粒递送载体中。蛋白质纳米颗粒是可生物降解的、可代谢的且易于修饰以允许根据需要捕获治疗性分子或组合物并连接靶向分子。本领域已知并已用于将治疗组合物递送至中枢神经系统的合适蛋白质纳米颗粒递送载体包括但不限于白蛋白颗粒(参见例如,Lin等人,“Blood-brain BarrierPenetrating Albumin Nanoparticles for Biomimetic Drug Delivery via Albumin-Binding Protein Pathway for Antiglioma Therapy,”ACS Nano 10(11):9999-10012(2016),以及Ruan等人,“Substance P-modified Human Serum Albumin NanoparticlesLoaded with Paclitaxel for Targeted Therapy of Glioma,”Acta PharmaceuticaSinica B 8(1):85-96(2018),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)、明胶纳米颗粒(参见例如Zhao等人,“Using Gelatin Nanoparticle Mediated Intranasal Delivery ofNeuropeptide Substance P to Enhance Neuro-Recovery in HemiparkinsoninanRats,”PLoS One 11(2):e0148848(2016),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)和乳铁蛋白纳米颗粒(参见例如Kumari等人,“Overcoming Blood Brain Barrier with Dual PurposeTemozolomide Loaded Lactoferrin Nanoparticles for Combating Glioma(SERP-17-12433),”Scientific Reports 7:6602(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
纳米颗粒介导的治疗组合物的递送可以被动地实现(即,基于脂质体或纳米颗粒在体内的正常分布模式)或通过主动靶向递送来实现。主动靶向递送涉及通过将靶向部分连接到脂质体的外表面来改变递送载体的自然分布模式。在一个实施方案中,修饰如本文所述的递送载体以包含一个或多个靶向部分,即促进脂质体或纳米颗粒穿过血脑屏障递送的靶向部分和/或促进神经胶质细胞摄取(即神经胶质祖细胞摄取和/或星形胶质细胞摄取)的靶向部分。在一个实施方案中,对如本文所述的递送载体进行表面修饰以表达适用于实现血脑屏障渗透的靶向部分。在另一个实施方案中,对如本文所述的递送载体进行表面修饰以表达适用于神经胶质细胞摄取的靶向部分。在另一个实施方案中,对本文所述的递送载体进行表面修饰以表达双重靶向部分。
促进脂质体或纳米颗粒递送穿过血脑屏障的靶向部分利用受体介导的、转运蛋白介导的或吸附介导的穿过屏障的转运。用于实现血脑屏障通过的合适靶向部分包括与内皮细胞表面蛋白和受体结合的抗体和配体。示例性靶向部分包括但不限于环状RGD肽(Liu等人,“Paclitaxel loaded liposomes decorated with a multifunctional tandempeptide for glioma targeting,”Biomaterials 35:4835–4847(2014),其以引用的方式整体并入本文);结合VEGFR2和神经纤毛蛋白-1的环状A7R肽(Ying等人,“A StabilizedPeptide Ligand for Multifunctional Glioma Targeted Drug Delivery,”J.Contr.Rel.243:86-98(2016),其以引用的方式整体并入本文);能够结合转铁蛋白受体的转铁蛋白、肽或抗体(Zong等人,“Synergistic dual-ligand doxorubicin liposomesimprove targeting and therapeutic efficacy of brain glioma in animals,”MolPharm.11:2346–235773(2014);Yemisci等人,“Systemically administered brain-targeted nanoparticles transport peptides across the blood-brain barrier andprovide neuroprotection,”J Cerebr Blood F Met.35:469–475(2015);以及Wei等人,“Brain Tumor-targeted Therapy by Systemic Delivery of siRNA with TransferrinReceptor-Mediated Core-Shell Nanoparticles,”Inter.J.Pharm 510(1):394-405),Niewoehner等人,“Increased Brain Penetration and Potency of a TherapeuticAntibody Using a Monovalent Molecular Shuttle,”Neuron 81:49-60(2014),其以引用的方式整体并入本文);结合叶酸受体的叶酸蛋白或肽(Gao等人“Glioma targeting andblood-brain barrier penetration by dual-targeting doxorubincin liposomes,”Biomaterials 34:5628–5639(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文);结合乳铁蛋白受体的乳铁蛋白蛋白或肽(Song等人,“In vitro Study of Receptor-mediated SilicaNanoparticles Delivery Across Blood Brain Barrier,”ACS Appl.Mater.Interfaces9(24):20410-20416(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文);低密度脂蛋白受体配体,例如ApoB和ApoE(Wagner等人,“Uptake Mechanisms of ApoE-modified Nanoparticles onBrain Capillary Endothelial Cells as a Blood-brain Barrier Model,”PLoS One 7:e32568(2012),其以引用的方式整体并入本文);物质P肽(Ruan等人,“Substance P-modified Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Loaded with Paclitaxel forTargeted Therapy of Glioma,”Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 8(1):85-96(2018),其以引用的方式整体并入本文);以及angiopep-2(An2)肽(Demeule等人,“Conjugation of abrain-penetrant peptide with neurotensin provides antinociceptiveproperties,”J.Clin.Invest.124:1199–1213(2014),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。其他合适的靶向部分包括氨基酸转运蛋白的配体,例如用于通过谷胱甘肽转运蛋白转运的谷胱甘肽(Rip等人,“Glutathione PEGylated Liposomes:Pharmacokinetics and Deliveryof Cargo Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Rats,”J.Drug Target 22:460-67(2014),其以引用的方式整体并入本文),以及用于通过胆碱转运蛋白递送的胆碱衍生物(Li等人,“Choline-derivative-modified Nanoparticles for Brain-targeting GeneDelivery,”Adv.Mater.23:4516-20(2011),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
第二靶向部分是促进神经胶质细胞递送和摄取的部分。用于实现星形胶质细胞摄取的合适靶向部分包括但不限于能够结合星形胶质细胞上的LDL受体和氧化LDL受体的低密度脂蛋白(LDL)受体配体或其肽(Lucarelli等人,“The Expression of Native andOxidized LDL Receptors in Brain Microvessels is Specifically Enhanced byAstrocyte-derived Soluble Factor(s),”FEBS Letters 522(1-3):19-23(2002),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)、能够结合星形胶质细胞上的GLUT-1受体的葡萄糖或其他聚糖(Gromnicova等人,“Glucose-coated Gold Nanoparticles Transfer across HumanBrain Endothelium and Enter Astrocytes In vitro,”PLoS ONE 8(12):e81043(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)以及能够结合神经胶质祖细胞的PDGFRα的血小板衍生生长因子或其肽。
本文所述的抑制性核酸分子(例如REST反义寡核苷酸、REST siRNA、REST shRNA)的神经胶质细胞递送也可以通过将此类核酸分子包装在病毒载体中来实现。已知几种病毒载体在体内固有地靶向星形胶质细胞,所述病毒载体例如慢病毒载体(Colin等人,“Engineered Lentiviral Vector Targeting Astrocytes In vivo,”Glia 57:667-679(2009),以及Cannon等人,“Pseudotype-dependent Lentiviral Transduction ofAstrocytes or Neurons in the Rat Substantia Nigra,”Exp.Neurol.228:41-52(2011),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)以及腺相关病毒载体(Furman等人,“TargetingAstrocytes Ameliorates Neurologic Changes in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’sDisease,”J.Neurosci.32:16129-40(2012),其以引用的方式整体并入本文),并且因此所述病毒载体适用于根据本文所述的方法来实现核酸REST抑制分子的递送。
如本文所用,“治疗(treating)”或“治疗(treatment)”包括施用REST抑制剂以部分或完全恢复或去阻遏神经胶质细胞中的钾通道基因表达、部分或完全恢复神经胶质细胞中的钾通道摄取活性并部分或完全恢复神经胶质细胞和周围组织中的钾稳态。关于治疗患有神经精神病状的受试者,“治疗”包括成功改善所述病状的任何指征,包括任何客观或主观参数,例如症状的减轻、缓解、减少(例如,降低神经元兴奋性)或使患者更耐受所述病状(例如,癫痫事件);减慢病状的进展;使病状不恶化;或改善受试者身心健康。症状的治疗或改善可以基于客观或主观参数;包括身体检查、神经学检查和/或精神病学评估的结果。
如本文所指,“在有效的条件下”是指在实现受试者的所需治疗益处中起作用的有效剂量、施用途径、施用频率、REST抑制剂的制剂等。在受试者中恢复神经胶质细胞的K+摄取和/或在受试者中治疗或抑制神经精神病症发作的REST抑制剂的有效剂量是有效于部分或完全地去阻遏钾通道基因表达,从而恢复钾通道摄取功能(部分或完全)以允许恢复脑钾稳态的REST抑制剂的剂量。在将REST抑制剂施用于患有神经精神病症例如精神分裂症的受试者的情况下,有效剂量是将脑钾稳态恢复到足以降低钾的细胞外水平、降低神经元兴奋性和/或减少癫痫事件的水平的剂量。有效于治疗患有神经精神病症的受试者的剂量是有效于改善受试者的认知紊乱的剂量。用于特定受试者的有效剂量例如根据待治疗的个体的健康和身体状况、个体的精神和情绪能力、病症的阶段、REST抑制剂的类型、施用途径、制剂、主治医师对医疗状况的评定以及其他相关因素而变化。
在一个实施方案中,具有受损的K+摄取的神经胶质细胞是神经胶质祖细胞。如本文实施例中所示,神经胶质祖细胞中的REST上调抑制了K+通道基因表达,并随后抑制了神经胶质祖细胞的K+摄取。K+摄取的减少抑制了终末神经胶质祖细胞分化。因此,在一个实施方案中,REST抑制剂的有效剂量是增强神经胶质祖细胞的星形胶质细胞成熟,从而减少、消除或抑制神经精神疾病的发作、神经精神疾病的症状或疾病的副作用的发作的剂量。
在另一个实施方案中,具有受损的K+摄取的神经胶质细胞是星形胶质细胞。星形胶质细胞中的REST抑制恢复了受影响的星形胶质细胞中的K+摄取和随后的K+稳态。患有神经精神疾病的受试者的星形胶质细胞(其中钾通道表达和功能发生改变)中的REST抑制降低神经元兴奋性、减少癫痫发生率(seizure incidence)并改善认知紊乱。因此,用有效剂量的REST抑制剂进行的治疗减少、减轻、阻止或抑制与精神分裂症、孤独症谱系病症、双相障碍或任何其他神经精神病症相关的症状或病状的发展。治疗可以是预防性的,以预防或延迟疾病、病状或病症的发作或恶化,或预防其临床或亚临床症状的表现。或者,治疗可以是治疗性的,以在疾病、病状或病症表现之后抑制和/或减轻症状。
可用于恢复受试者(例如患有神经精神病状的受试者)中的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的REST抑制剂可以通过脑内递送、鞘内递送、鼻内递送或通过直接输注到脑室中来进行肠胃外施用。
在一个实施方案中,肠胃外施用通过输注进行。输注的REST抑制剂可以用泵递送。在某些实施方案中,输注的REST抑制剂的广泛分布通过颅内施用、鞘内施用或脑室内施用递送至脑脊液来实现。
在某些实施方案中,将输注的REST抑制剂直接递送至组织。此类组织的实例包括纹状体组织、脑室内组织和尾状核组织。REST抑制剂的特异性定位可以通过直接输注到靶组织来实现。
在一些实施方案中,肠胃外施用通过注射进行。注射可以用注射器或泵递送。在某些实施方案中,注射是直接施用于组织的推注。此类组织的实例包括纹状体组织、脑室内组织和尾状核组织。包括反义寡核苷酸的药剂的特异性定位可以通过注射到靶组织来实现。
在一些实施方案中,与REST抑制剂的广泛扩散相比,REST抑制剂诸如REST反义寡核苷酸对靶组织的特异性定位改善了所述抑制剂的药代动力学特性。与抑制剂的广泛扩散相比,REST抑制剂的特异性定位提高了效力,因此实现相似药理学需要施用的抑制剂更少。“相似药理学”是指靶REST mRNA和/或靶REST蛋白受到下调/抑制的时间量(例如作用的持续时间)。在某些实施方案中,特异性定位REST抑制剂的方法(例如通过推注)使抑制剂的中值有效浓度(EC50)降低约20倍。
在另一个实施方案中,如本文所述的REST抑制剂与一种或多种其他药剂共同施用。根据本公开的此实施方案,此类一种或多种其他药剂被设计为治疗与本文所述的REST抑制剂相同的疾病、病症或病状或与其相关的一种或多种症状。在一个实施方案中,一种或多种其他药剂被设计为治疗本公开的一种或多种药物组合物的不期望的副作用。在一个实施方案中,将如本文所述的REST抑制剂与另一种药剂共同施用以治疗不期望的作用。在另一个实施方案中,将如本文所述的REST抑制剂与另一种药剂共同施用以产生组合效应。在另一个实施方案中,将如本文所述的REST抑制剂与另一种药剂共同施用以产生协同效应。
在一个实施方案中,同时施用如本文所述的REST抑制剂和另一种药剂。在另一个实施方案中,将如本文所述的REST抑制剂和另一种药剂在不同时间施用。在另一个实施方案中,将如本文所述的REST抑制剂和另一种药剂一起制备成单一制剂。在另一个实施方案中,单独制备如本文所述的REST抑制剂和另一种药剂。
在一些实施方案中,可以与如本文所述的REST抑制剂共同施用的药剂包括抗精神病药,例如氟哌啶醇、氯丙嗪、氯氮平、喹硫平(quetapine)和奥氮平;抗抑郁药,例如氟西汀、盐酸舍曲林、文拉法辛和去甲替林;镇定剂,例如苯并二氮氯硝西泮、帕罗西汀、文拉法辛和β-阻断剂;以及情绪稳定剂,例如锂、丙戊酸盐、拉莫三嗪和卡马西平。
除非上下文另有指示,否则应将本发明的给定方面、特征、实施方案或参数的优选项和选项视为已结合本发明的所有其他方面、特征、实施方案和参数的任何和所有优选项和选项而公开。
实施例
材料和方法
患者鉴定、保护和采样。从中得到诱导性多能干细胞(iPSC)衍生的神经胶质祖细胞(GPC)的患者被诊断患有残疾程度的在青少年早期发作的精神分裂症。所有患者及他们的监护人均已获得儿童和青少年精神病医生的同意/赞同,并且根据大学医院病例医学中心机构审查委员会的批准规程,对后续的线路指定不知情。没有研究调查人员访问患者标识符。
细胞来源和品系 精神分裂症来源的iPSC品系从儿童发作型精神分裂症的受试者产生,并且对照品系从年龄和性别适当的对照受试者产生。所有iPSC品系均按先前报道而得到(Windrem等人,“Human iPSC Glial Mouse Chimeras Reveal Glial Contributionsto Schizophrenia,”Cell Stem Cell 21:195-208.e6(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。Lorenz Studer博士(Memorial Sloan-Kettering)慷慨地提供了另一个对照品系(C27)。对照来源的品系包括:CWRU-22、CWRU-17、CWRU-37、CWRU-208和C27;SCZ来源的品系包括CWRU-8、CWRU-51、CWRU-52、CWRU-193、CWRU-164、CWRU-29、CWRU-30和CWRU-31(表1)。CWRU-51/52和CWRU-29/30/31包括来自同一患者的不同品系,并经过评定以估计来自单个患者的品系间变异性。通过逆转录病毒表达Cre-可切割的山中因子(Yamanaka factor)(Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc)由成纤维细胞产生所有iPSC(Takahashi等人,“Induction ofPluripotent Stem Cells From Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors,”Cell131:861-872(2007),其以引用的方式整体并入本文),并如所述验证多能性和核型稳定性(Windrem等人,“Human iPSC Glial Mouse Chimeras Reveal Glial Contributions toSchizophrenia,”Cell Stem Cell 21:195-208.e6(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
表1.用于本研究的患者来源的iPSC品系
本研究中使用的品系先前已描述并公布在Windrem等人,“Human iPSC GlialMouse Chimeras Reveal Glial Contributions to Schizophrenia,”Cell Stem Cell21:195-208.e6(2017)中,所述文献以引用方式整体并入本文2017。在本研究中添加的其他操作(星形胶质细胞分化和所得的分化的星形胶质细胞对K+的摄取的评定)在最右边的两列中标出。
hiPSC培养和传代。将hiPSC在补充有10ng/ml bFGF(Invitrogen,13256-029)的hES培养基(参见下文)中在具有1-120万个细胞/孔的0.1%明胶涂覆的6-孔板中在辐照过的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEF)上培养。每天进行培养基更换,并且在培养4-7天后,细胞以80%汇合传代。对于hiPSC传代,首先将细胞与1ml胶原酶(Invitrogen,17104-019)在37℃下孵育3-5分钟,并且然后将细胞转移到15ml试管中离心3分钟。将沉淀用含bFGF的ES培养基重新悬浮,并以1:3-1:4铺板到新的辐射过的MEF上。
从hiPSC产生GPC和星形胶质细胞。当hiPSC达到80%汇合时,将它们与1ml分散酶(Invitrogen,17105-041)一起孵育,以产生胚状体(EB);将它们在不含bFGF的ES培养基中培养5天。在DIV6时,将EB铺板到聚鸟氨酸(Sigma,P4957)和层粘连蛋白(VWR,47743)涂覆的培养皿上,并在补充有20ng/ml bFGF、2μg/ml肝素和10μg/ml层粘连蛋白的神经诱导培养基(NIM;参见下文)中培养10天(Wang等人,“Human iPSC-Derived OligodendrocyteProgenitor Cells Can Myelinate and Rescue a Mouse Model of CongenitalHypomyelination,”Cell Stem Cell 12:252-264(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
在DIV25时,用2ml玻璃移液管轻轻刮擦EB,然后在NIM加1μM紫吗啡胺(Calbiochem,80603-730)和0.1μM RA(Sigma,R2625)中培养。在DIV33时,出现NPC,并连续转换到具有1μM紫吗啡胺和10ng/ml bFGF的NIM持续7天,然后再转换到具有1μM紫吗啡胺的神经胶质诱导培养基(GIM)(Wang等人,“Human iPSC-Derived OligodendrocyteProgenitor Cells Can Myelinate and Rescue a Mouse Model of CongenitalHypomyelination,”Cell Stem Cell 12:252-264(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)持续15天。在DIV56时,在解剖显微镜下用显微外科刀片机械切割所得的神经胶质球,并转换到具有10ng/ml PDGF、10ng/ml IGF和10ng/ml NT3的GIM,每2天更换培养基。在DIV150-180时,将GPC与小鼠抗CD44微珠(1:50)一起孵育,并且然后与兔抗小鼠IgG2a+b微珠(1:100)一起孵育,并通过磁性细胞分选(MACS)用磁性立柱进一步分选。然后将CD44+细胞导入补充有10%FBS和20ng/mL BMP4的M41中的星形胶质细胞中持续3周。
培养基配方列出于表2(基础培养基、hESC培养基和神经培养基)和表3(神经胶质细胞培养基和星形胶质细胞诱导培养基)中。
表2.培养基配方:基础培养基、hESC培养基和神经培养基
表3.培养基配方:神经胶质细胞培养基和星形胶质细胞诱导培养基
FACS/MACS分选。将细胞与Accutase在37℃下孵育5分钟,以获得单细胞悬液,并且然后在200RCF下离心10分钟。将这些GPC重悬浮在具有一级抗体(对于FACS为藻红蛋白(PE)缀合的小鼠抗CD140a,1:50;对于MACS为小鼠抗CD140a,1:100)的冷的Miltenyi洗涤缓冲液中,并在冰上孵育30分钟,每10分钟轻轻旋转。在一级抗体孵育后,然后将这些细胞洗涤,并与二级抗体(兔抗小鼠IgG2a+b微珠,1:100)一起孵育,然后在磁性立柱上进行MACS来分选,或在FACSAria IIIu(Becton-Dickinson)上直接通过FACS分选。对分选的细胞进行计数,并铺板在聚鸟氨酸和层粘连蛋白涂覆的24孔板上,以进行进一步实验。一级抗体和二级抗体列出于表4中。
表4.用于FACS/MACS分选的抗体
RT-PCR用miRNeasy微型试剂盒(Qiagen,217004)从细胞系中提取总RNA,并且然后用Taqman逆转录试剂盒(N808-0234)逆转录成cDNA。通过Bio-RAD S6048测量mRNA的相对表达,将其进一步归一化为18S mRNA的表达。引物序列列出于表5中。
表5.RT-PCR引物
体外免疫细胞化学 首先在室温下将细胞用4%多聚甲醛固定5分钟。用含有硫柳汞的PBS洗涤3次后,在室温下用0.1%皂苷加1%山羊或驴血清渗透细胞15分钟。在室温下将细胞用5%山羊或驴血清加0.05%皂苷进一步封闭15分钟。在4℃下与一级抗体一起孵育过夜后,在室温下将这些细胞与二级抗体一起孵育30分钟。一级抗体和二级抗体列出于表6中。
表6.用于免疫细胞化学的抗体
分子克隆 将人REST的shRNA(靶序列:GCAGTGGCAACATT GGAATGG(SEQ ID NO:4)或CGGCTACAATACTAATCGA(SEQ ID NO:6))克隆到紧邻嘌呤霉素下游的载体pTANK-EF1a-CoGFP-Puro-WPRE中。将REST的人cDNA(Stephen Elledge赠品,Addgene质粒41903)(Westbrook等人,“SCFbeta-TRCP Controls Oncogenic Transfo rmation and NeuralDifferentiation Through REST Degradation,”Na ture 452:370-374(2008),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)克隆到载体pTANK-EF1a-IRES-mCherry-WPRE中的紧邻EF1a启动子之后(Benra iss等人,“Human Glia Can Both Induce and Rescue Aspects of Dis easePhenotype in Huntington Disease,”Nat.Commun.7:11758(2016),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。慢病毒载体允许REST与报告基因mCherry串联表达。
通过测序来验证最终构建体中的正确插入。通过X-tremeGENE(Roche,06366236001)将质粒与pLP-VSV(Invitrogen,K497500)和psPAX2(Didier Trono赠品,Addgene质粒12260)共转染到293FT细胞(Fisher Scientific,R70007)中以进行慢病毒生成。收集293T细胞的上清液并以76000RCF离心3小时以浓缩病毒(Beckman,L8-70,Ultracentrifuge)。制备病毒的10倍连续稀释液,并将其转导至293T细胞,并计数荧光菌落以确定病毒滴定度。用慢病毒-REST或对照病毒转导MACS分选的CD44+细胞,每种病毒均以1MOI(感染复数)转导4小时。
钾摄取 将星形胶质细胞以30,000个细胞/孔铺板在聚鸟氨酸和层粘连蛋白涂覆的24孔板上。对于钾摄取测定,将星形胶质细胞与86Rb(1.0-3.3uCi/孔)一起孵育15分钟,并且然后将其用冰冷的人工脑脊液(aCSF,500uL/孔)洗涤三次。对于细胞裂解,将0.5N NaOH(200uL/孔)装入每个孔中,将所述孔装入5ml混合液(Ultima Gold,Fisher Scientific,509050575)中,并通过闪烁计数器(Beckman Coulter,LS6500)进行测量,并将结果归一化至总蛋白(BCA蛋白测定试剂盒,Fisher Scientific,23227)和细胞数(血细胞计数器,Fisher Scientific,02-671-54)。aCSF溶液包含(以mM为单位)124NaCl、2.5KCl、1.75NaH2PO4、2MgCl2、2CaCl2、0.04Vit.C、10葡萄糖和26NaHCO3,pH 7.4。
实施例1-SCZ GPC中星形胶质细胞分化受损
iPSC由从患有儿童期发作型精神分裂症的患者以及没有已知精神疾病的健康年轻成人对照获得的皮肤样品产生,如先前所述(Windrem等人,“Human iPSC Glial MouseChimeras Reveal Glial Contributions to Schizophrenia,”Cell Stem Cell 21:195-208.e6(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。尽管年龄、性别、种族、诊断和用药史伴随着细胞系标识符,但除主治精神病医生外,研究人员无法获得患者标识符。简言之,从每个样品中分离出成纤维细胞。由此,从患者样品和正常对照(5位青少年发作型精神分裂症患者和3位健康的性别匹配和年龄相似的对照)(表1)得到8个hiPSC品系。使用编码Oct4、Sox2、Klf4和c-Myc(Takahashi等人,“Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells FromAdult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors,”Cell131:861-872(2007);Welstead等人,“Generating iPS Cells From MEFS Through Forced Expression of Sox-2,Oct-4,c-Myc,and Klf4,”J.Vis.Exp.(14):734(2008),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)的可切除的被loxP位点标记的多顺反子hSTEMCCA慢病毒(Somers等人,“Generation of Transgene-Free Lung Disease-Specific Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using aSingle Excisable Lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette,”Stem Cells 28:1728-1740(2010);Zou等人,“Establishment of Transgene-Free Induced Pluripotent StemCells Reprogrammed From Human Stem Cells of Apical Papilla for NeuralDifferentiation,”Stem Cell Res.Ther.3:43(2012),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)产生iPSC。使用RNA测序和免疫标记评定多能基因表达来证实所有品系是多能的。使用基于短串联重复序列(STR)的DNA指纹图谱,确认每个iPSC品系的身份与亲本供体成纤维细胞相匹配,并对每个品系进行核型分析以确认基因组完整性。还使用第四hiPSC对照品系C27(Chambers等人,“Highly Efficient Neural Conversion of Human ES and iPS Cellsby Dual Inhibition of SMAD Signaling,”Nature Biotechnology27:275-280(2009),其以引用的方式整体并入本文),以确保所有基因组和表型数据与先前的工作(Wang等人,“Human iPSC-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Can Myelinate and Rescuea Mouse Model of Congenital Hypomyelination,”Cell Stem Cell12:252-264(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)一致。
通过如前所述指导这些iPSC细胞朝向GPC命运(Wang等人,“Human iPSC-DerivedOligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Can Myelinate and Rescue a Mouse Model ofCongenital Hypomyelination,”Cell Stem Cell 12:252-264(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)并评定成熟的阶段特异性标记物随着时间的表达来比较从SCZ患者和对照受试者(n=4个品系,来自4个不同患者,每个具有≥3个重复/患者,每个品系对比配对的对照)得到的细胞的神经胶质分化效率。通过流式细胞术,发现所有测试的iPSC均表现出典型的集落并表达多能性标记物,包括SSEA4(图1A)。在神经祖细胞(NPC)阶段,ICC和流式细胞术都揭示阶段选择性标记物、成对盒蛋白pax-6(PAX6)、性别决定区Y-box1(SOX1)和细胞表面标记物prominin-1/CD133的表达水平在CTR和SCZ来源品系之间没有差异(图1B和图2A)。在GPC阶段,类似地评定了细胞中GPC选择性血小板衍生生长因子受体α(PDGFRa/CD140a)的表达(Sim等人,“CD140a Identifies a Population of Highly Myelinogenic,Migration-Competent and Efficiently Engrafting Human OligodendrocyteProgenitor Cells,”Nature Biotechnology 29:934-941(2011),其以引用的方式整体并入本文),其揭示了GPC产生效率在SCZ和CTR来源的NPC之间没有显著差异(图1C和图2B)。因此,贯穿GPC阶段,未发现SCZ和CTR iPSC分化的差异。
此时,这些SCZ和CTR来源的GPC在含有20ng/ml BMP4的M41培养基中孵育3周后进一步分化为星形胶质细胞。免疫标记揭示,对照品系(4个CTR品系,n≥3/每个品系,4个CTR品系的平均值/70.1%±2.4%)中GFAP+星形胶质细胞的比例显著高于SCZ品系(4个SCZ品系,n≥3/每个品系,4个SCZ品系的平均值/39.9%±2.0%;通过双尾t检验,P<0.001)(图2C)。相对于CTR GPC,在所有SCZ GPC中都始终观察到这种星形胶质细胞分化的缺陷,并且此缺陷与先前描述的体内星形胶质细胞分化缺陷具有体外相关性(Windrem等人,“HumaniPSC Glial Mouse Chimeras Reveal Glial Contributions to Schizophrenia,”CellStem Cell 21:195-208.e6(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
实施例2-SCZ星形胶质细胞表现出降低的钾摄取
为了鉴定SCZ GPC的缺陷性星形胶质细胞分化的分子伴随物,在体外154至242天的时间点对来自3个不同的CTR-来源品系和4个SCZ-来源品系的FACS分选的CD140a+GPC进行RNA-seq(Windrem等人,“Human iPSC Glial Mouse Chimeras Reveal GlialContributions to Schizophrenia,”Cell Stem Cell 21:195-208.e6(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。使用polyA-选择从这些细胞中分离出mRNA,用于在Illumina HiSeq2500平台上进行RNA测序,每个样品有约4500万个1x100 bp读数。分析原始计数以在5%FDR和log2倍数变化>1下确定疾病-失调基因。通过这种方法,已鉴定出CD140a分选的SCZ hGPC相对于其对照iPSC hGPC一致且显著差异地表达的118个mRNA(Windrem等人,“Human iPSCGlial Mouse Chimeras Reveal Glial Contributions to Schizophrenia,”Cell StemCell 21:195-208.e6(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。在这些中,相对于它们的正常对照,SCZ hGPC中涉及神经胶质谱系进展的许多基因被下调,这表明由于SCZ来源的神经胶质祖细胞的固有缺陷,SCZ中星形胶质细胞分化以细胞自主方式受到损害。
连同SCZ GPC的受损的星形胶质细胞分化,RNA-seq数据表明,那些成功分化的星形胶质细胞可能仍然功能受损。特别地,RNA-seq揭示了SCZ GPC中大量钾通道(KCN)编码基因的转录下调,这些基因包括Na+-K+酶、Na+-K+/2Cl-协同转运蛋白(NKCC)和Kir家族内向整流钾通道(图3A)(Windrem等人,“Human iPSC Glial Mouse Chimeras Reveal GlialContributions to Schizophrenia,”Cell Stem Cell 21:195-208.e6(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文),所有这些基因都在星形胶质细胞对钾的摄取中起重要作用(Larsen等人,“Contributions of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase,NKCC1,and Kir4.1 to Hippocampal K(+)Clearance and Volume Responses,”Glia 62:608-622(2014);Macaulay和Zeuthen,“Glial K(+)Clearance and Cell Swelling:Key Roles for Cotransporters andPumps,”Neurochem.Res.37:2299-2309(2012),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)(图4A)。在这些失调的KCN基因中,与4个对照品系相比,在所有评定的4个SCZ品系中分别编码Na+/K+-ATP酶、Na+/K+/2Cl-协同转运蛋白和Kir3.3电压门控K+通道的ATP1A2、SLC12A6和KCNJ9(Bottger等人,“Glutamate-System Defects Behind Psychiatric Manifestations in aFamilial Hemiplegic Migraine Type 2Disease-Mutation Mouse Model,”Sci.Rep.6:22047(2016);Gamba和Friedman,“Thick Ascending Limb:The Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-)Cotransporter,NKCC2,and the Calcium-Sensing Receptor,CaSR,”Pflugers Arch.458:61-76(2009);Lesage等人,“Molecular Properties of Neuronal G-Protein-ActivatedInwardly Rectifying K+Channels,”J.Biol.Chem.270:28660-28667(1995),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)被一致且实质地下调。这些发现表明SCZ神经胶质细胞对K+的摄取受到广泛损害。
基于这些基因组数据,评定SCZ星形胶质细胞中K+摄取是否确实受到损害。为了解决这个假设,使用qPCR证实这些K+通道相关基因在SCZ神经胶质细胞中是否失调。它们确实被显著下调,因此验证了RNA-seq分析(图3B和图4B)。接下来,在培养的SCZ和CTR来源的星形胶质细胞中直接评定功能性K+摄取。为了获得成熟的SCZ和CTR星形胶质细胞培养物,将CD44分选的星形胶质细胞偏向的祖细胞在补充有10%胎牛血清(FBS)和20ng/ml BMP4的基础培养基中培养3周,以增强成熟的表达神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的含纤维的星形胶质细胞的分化(图5A-5C)。在这些高度星形胶质细胞发生的培养条件下并使用已经针对早期星形胶质细胞标记物CD44进行分选的细胞,通过SCZ-来源的以及CTR来源的星形胶质细胞祖细胞来实现星形胶质细胞成熟(图5A-5C)。然后将来自4个不同SCZ和4个不同CTR品系的星形胶质细胞与用于K+摄取的替代性单价阳离子86Rb一起孵育(Larsen等人,“Contributions of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase,NKCC1,and Kir4.1 to Hippocampal K(+)Clearance and Volume Responses,”Glia 62:608-622(2014),其以引用的方式整体并入本文),并作为细胞数和总蛋白的函数测量铷摄取。SCZ神经胶质细胞(4个SCZ细胞系,5个重复/每个细胞系)中的K+摄取相对于CTR神经胶质细胞(4个CTR细胞系,5个重复/每个细胞系)急剧降低,通过细胞数和总蛋白进行归一化(图4C;通过双尾t检验,P<0.001)。
由于SCZ神经胶质细胞中Na+/K+-ATP酶、Na+/K+/2Cl-协同转运蛋白和内向整流K+通道所涉及的几个基因失调,因此使用药物哇巴因、布美他尼和托肽品分别阻断这三种钾摄取机制。这些药物对星形胶质细胞的作用以前尚未评定,因此首先测试每种药物的不同浓度,以确定用于调节星形胶质细胞K+摄取的最佳剂量范围。分别靶向Na+/K+-ATP酶和Na+/K+/2Cl-协同转运蛋白的哇巴因和布美他尼显著抑制了CTR神经胶质细胞中的K+摄取,而靶向Kir通道的托肽品则没有(图4D-4E,左图)。形成鲜明对比的是,哇巴因和布美他尼均不影响SCZ星形胶质细胞对K+的摄取(图4D-4E,右图)。这表明SCZ来源的星形胶质细胞的K+摄取的功能下降可能主要归因于Na+/K+-ATP酶和Na+/K+/2Cl-协同转运蛋白功能下调,使这些细胞对哇巴因和布美他尼治疗无效。
实施例3-REST调节SCZ星形胶质细胞对钾的摄取
由于SCZ神经胶质细胞中大量钾通道编码基因失调,因此难以通过仅靶向单个钾通道的遗传方法来调节神经胶质细胞的K+摄取。为了解决此问题,使用Biobase-Transfac分析。开发这种分析以鉴定不同基因共有的调节区域,作为确定其共有上游调节因子的方法(Hu等人,“Genome-Wide Identification of Transcription Factors andTranscription-Factor Binding Sites in Oleaginous Microalgae Nannochloropsis,”Sci.Rep.4:5454(2014),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。通过这种方法,在数据集中鉴定了SCZ相关神经胶质细胞基因的转录起始位点(TSS)的1kb内的共有调节元件。目的是将能够调节这些基因的上游转录因子鉴定为一组。使用13个核苷酸的共有序列(CCNNGGTGCTGAA;SEQ ID NO:21),确定所有下调的钾通道基因中的大多数是神经元限制性沉默因子(NRSF)REST(图3C)的靶标,所述REST是可以在非神经细胞中起作用以阻遏神经基因表达的有效转录阻遏物(Hirabayashi和Gotoh,“Epigenetic Control of NeuralPrecursor Cell Fate During Development,”Nat.Rev.Neurosci.11:377-388(2010),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。在此基础上,查询了RNAseq数据,这揭示REST确实在SCZ GPC中相对于CTR GPC一致且显著地被上调(Windrem等人,“Human iPSC Glial MouseChimeras Reveal Glial Contributions to Schizophrenia,”Cell Stem Cell 21:195-208.e6(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。使用qPCR证实在所述系列的所有患者中SCZ神经胶质细胞的REST表达的上调是一致的(图6A)。在此基础上,假定精神分裂症来源的神经胶质细胞中REST的上调及其伴随的表观遗传修饰可能足以抑制钾通道相关基因表达。
为了测试此假设,使用慢病毒在CTR神经胶质细胞中过表达REST,并且评定转导细胞对K+的摄取。平行地,通过慢病毒shRNAi转导来敲低SCZ神经胶质细胞中的REST表达,并且类似地评定这些细胞中的K+摄取。qPCR验证证实REST分别在CTR和SCZ神经胶质细胞中如预期得到显著调节(图7)。通过这种方法,发现在经历REST过表达的CTR神经胶质细胞中,几种K+通道相关基因(包括SLC12A6,KCNJ9和ATP1A2)的表达受到显著阻遏(图6B)。相反,这些钾通道基因的表达在经历REST敲除的SCZ品系中强烈上调(图6B)。
重要的是,过表达REST的CTR星形胶质细胞模仿SCZ神经胶质细胞的功能性钾失调,因为与非转导的CTR神经胶质细胞相比,其K+摄取显著降低(图6C)。哇巴因和布美他尼都没有进一步降低这些细胞对K+的摄取,这表明它们的靶向通道被下调至功能无关的点(图6D-6E)。相反,经历REST敲低的SCZ星形胶质细胞对K+的摄取被强烈增强至与CTR星形胶质细胞无差异的水平(图6C)。然后,哇巴因和布美他尼都能够显著降低这些REST shRNAi转导的SCZ星形胶质细胞对K+的摄取(图6D-6E)。总之,这些数据表明,SCZ神经胶质细胞中的REST敲低通过挽救它们对Na+/K+-ATP酶和Na+/K+/2Cl-协同转运蛋白的转录并且从而恢复星形胶质细胞钾稳态的显著特征来促进这些细胞的正常K+摄取的恢复。
本文的数据表明,来源于儿童期发作型精神分裂症的GPC中星形胶质细胞分化受到损害,并且这种成熟缺陷可以通过REST敲低对神经胶质细胞分化相关转录的去阻遏来挽救。重要的是,最近在患有精神分裂症的患者的皮层和皮层下区域中都注意到了星形胶质细胞消耗,并且这在白质中可能特别显著(Rajkowska等人,“Layer-Specific Reductionsin GFAP-Reactive Astroglia in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex inSchizophrenia,”Schizophr.Res.57:127-138(2002);Steffek等人,“CorticalExpression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Glutamine Synthetase isDecreased in Schizophrenia,”Schizophr.Res.103:71-82(2008);Williams等人,“Astrocyte Decrease in the Subgenual Cingulate and Callosal Genu inSchizophrenia,”Eur.Arch.Psychiatry Clin.Neurosci.263:41-52(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。星形胶质细胞对神经回路形成和稳定性起关键作用(Christopherson等人,“Thrombospondins are Astrocyte-Secreted Proteins That Promote CNSSynaptogenesis,”Cell 120:421-433(2005);Clarke和Barres,“Emerging Roles ofAstrocytes in Neural Circuit Development,”Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14:311-321(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。因此,SCZ GPC中星形胶质细胞分化的任何此类发育缺陷都可能导致神经回路的初始形成或稳定性的严重缺陷,这种缺陷是精神分裂症的标志之一(Penzes等人,“Dendritic Spine Pathology in NeuropsychiatricDisorders,”Nat.Neurosci.14:285-293(2011),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
神经胶质细胞成熟在人脑发育中得到精确调节(Goldman和Kuypers,“How toMake an Oligodendrocyte,”Development 142:3983-3995(2015);Molofsky等人,“Astrocytes and Disease:A Neurodevelopmental Perspective,”Genes&Development26:891-907(2012),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。星形胶质细胞在CNS中具有多种作用,包括对神经元和少突胶质细胞的能量支持、钾缓冲、神经递质循环以及突触形成和成熟(Blanco-Suarez等人,“Role of Astrocyte-Synapse Interactions in CNS Disorders,”J.Physiol.595:1903-1916(2017);Clarke和Barres,“Emerging Roles of Astrocytes inNeural Circuit Development,”Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14:311-321(2013);Verkhratsky等人,“Why are Astrocytes Important?”Neurochemical Research 40:389-401(2015),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。这样,星形胶质细胞在神经回路形成和维持中起关键作用。星形胶质细胞还通过调节脑脊髓液流量而有助于淋巴系统(Xie等人,“SleepDrives Metabolite Clearance From the Adult Brain,”Science 342:373-377(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。因此,SCZ星形胶质细胞的延迟分化可能对神经网络形成、组织和成熟功能等都具有重要影响。
在SCZ神经胶质细胞中许多钾通道被下调。有趣的是,先前的全基因组关联性研究已经鉴定了钾通道基因与精神分裂症的关联性。例如,含有KCNN3的染色体1q21-q22基因座与家族性精神分裂症具有显著联系(Brzustowicz等人,“Location of a MajorSusceptibility Locus for Familial Schizophrenia on Chromosome 1q21-q22,”Science 288:678-682(2000),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。KCNN3在人脑中广泛表达,并选择性地调节神经元兴奋性和单胺能神经元中的神经递质释放(O’Donovan和Owen,“Candidate-Gene Association Studies of Schizophrenia,”Am.J.Hum.Genet.65:587-592(1999),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。除KCNN3外,许多其他钾通道基因也与精神分裂症相关,包括KCNQ2和KCNAB1(Lee等人,“Pathway Analysis of a Genome-WideAssociation Study in Schizophrenia,”Gene 525:107-115(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。最近,ATP1A3(钠钾泵的一个亚基)中的新的从头突变与儿童期发作型精神分裂症特别相关(Smedemark-Margulies等人,“A Novel De Novo Mutation in ATP1A3andChildhood-Onset Schizophrenia,”Cold Spring Harb.Mol.Case Stud 2:a001008(2016),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
在GPC及其衍生的星形胶质细胞中这些钾通道基因的下调或功能障碍可能显著促成精神分裂症的疾病表型。钾通道基因在GPC(Coppi等人,“UDP-Glucose EnhancesOutward K(+)Currents Necessary for Cell Differentiation and Stimulates CellMigration by Activating the GPR17 Receptor in Oligodendrocyte Precursors,”Glia 61:1155-1171(2013);Maldonado等人,“Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells areAccurate Sensors of Local K+in Mature Gray Matter,”J.Neurosci.33:2432-2442(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)和星形胶质细胞(Larsen等人,“Contributions ofthe Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase,NKCC1,and Kir4.1 to Hippocampal K(+)Clearance andVolume Responses,”Glia 62:608-622(2014);Zhang和Barres,“AstrocyteHeterogeneity:An Underappreciated Topic in Neurobiology,”Current Opinion inNeurobiology 20:588-594(2010),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)中广泛表达,其中它们不仅调节增殖、迁移和分化,而且调节神经胶质细胞与神经元的关系(Coppi等人,“UDP-Glucose Enhances Outward K(+)Currents Necessary for Cell Differentiation andStimulates Cell Migration by Activating the GPR17 Receptor in OligodendrocytePrecursors,”Glia 61:1155-1171(2013);Maldonado等人,“Oligodendrocyte PrecursorCells are Accurate Sensors of Local K+in Mature Gray Matter,”J.Neurosci.33:2432-2442(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。关于后者,星形胶质细胞还通过Na+/K+-ATP酶、NKCC和向内整流的Kir通道调节突触K+摄取(Larsen等人,“Contributions of theNa(+)/K(+)-ATPase,NKCC1,and Kir4.1 to Hippocampal K(+)Clearance and VolumeResponses,”Glia 62:608-622(2014);Zhang和Barres,“Astrocyte Heterogeneity:AnUnderappreciated Topic in Neurobiology,”Current Opinion in Neurobiology 20:588-594(2010),其以引用的方式整体并入本文),从而在广泛区域范围内建立神经元放电阈值。另外,失调的钾通道基因与多种神经和精神疾病相关。几个Kir基因(包括Kir4.1)参与星形胶质细胞钾缓冲和谷氨酸摄取,并且在亨廷顿氏病和多发性硬化中都注意到这些基因的缺失(Seifert等人,“Astrocyte Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders:AMolecular Perspective,”Nat.Rev.Neurosci.7:194-206(2006);Tong等人,“AstrocyteKir4.1 Ion Channel Deficits Contribute to Neuronal Dysfunction in Huntington’s Disease Model Mice,”Nat.Neurosci.17:694-703(2014),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。另外,星形胶质细胞ATP1A2(钠钾泵的α2同种型)的突变可能与家族性偏瘫性偏头痛有因果关系(Bottger等人,“Glutamate-System Defects Behind PsychiatricManifestations in a Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Type 2Disease-Mutation MouseModel,”Sci.Rep.6:22047(2016);Swarts等人,“Familial Hemiplegic MigraineMutations Affect Na,K-ATPase Domain Interactions,”Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1832:2173-2179(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。在所有这些实施例中,神经胶质细胞K+摄取都受到损害,就像在SCZ神经胶质细胞中一样,并且所有这些损害都与表型过度兴奋相关。实际上,在精神分裂症的小鼠模型中,细胞外K+升高已显示改变神经元兴奋性和神经回路稳定性(Crabtree等人,“Alteration of Neuronal Excitability and Short-TermSynaptic Plasticity in the Prefrontal Cortex of a Mouse Model of MentalIllness,”J.Neurosci.37(15):4158-4180(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。因此,SCZ神经胶质细胞对K+摄取的减少可能是精神分裂症发病机理的重要贡献因素,特别是关于与过度兴奋和癫痫症相关的那些精神分裂症表型,其在破坏的钾稳态的环境中受到加强。
SCZ神经胶质细胞中REST上调似乎对于抑制钾通道基因表达和钾摄取都是必要且充分的。REST作为转录阻遏物调节神经元和神经胶质细胞中的神经基因表达(Bruce等人,“Genome-Wide Analysis of Repressor Element 1Silencing Transcription Factor/Neuron-Restrictive Silencing Factor(REST/NRSF)Target Genes,”Proc.Nat’l.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.101:10458-10463(2004);Dewald等人,“The RE1 Binding ProteinREST Regulates Oligodendrocyte Differentiation,”J.Neurosci.31:3470-3483(2011),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。广义地说,REST通过其募集CoREST和mSIN3a来阻遏神经基因,所述CoREST和mSIN3a的复合物进一步募集HDAC1/2和甲基转移酶G9a以促进同时发生的组蛋白脱乙酰化和甲基化,从而一起阻断转录(Hirabayashi和Gotoh,“Epigenetic Control of Neural Precursor Cell Fate During Development,”Nat.Rev.Neurosci.11:377-388(2010),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。这样,REST的误导性上调会抑制钾通道基因表达,并且从而导致与钾稳态失调及其伴随的神经元过度兴奋相关的那些病症的疾病表型。例如,外周感觉神经元中REST上调会诱导KCNQ2下调,进而增强感觉神经元的过度兴奋,并因此维持神经性疼痛(Rose等人,“TranscriptionalRepression of the M Channel Subunit Kv7.2 in Chronic Nerve Injury,”Pain 152:742-754(2011),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。REST同样会阻遏KCNQ3基因表达,并且REST对KCNQ3的下调在特定新生儿癫痫中引起神经元过度兴奋(Mucha等人,“Transcriptional Control of KCNQ Channel Genes and the Regulation of NeuronalExcitability,”J.Neurosci.30:13235-13245(2010),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
此外,REST通过其对miR137的调节来参与精神分裂症(Warburton等人,“Characterization of a REST-Regulated Internal Promoter in the SchizophreniaGenome-Wide Associated Gene MIR137,”Schizophr.Bull.41:698-707(2015),其以引用的方式整体并入本文),所述miR137调节多个精神分裂症相关基因,包括CACNA1C、TCF4和ANK3(Kwon等人,“Validation of Schizophrenia-Associated Genes CSMD1,C10orf26,CACNA1C and TCF4 as miR-137Targets,”Mol.Psychiatry 18:11-12(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文;精神分裂症精神病学全基因组关联研究(Schizophrenia PsychiatricGenome-Wide Association Study,GWAS)联盟,“Genome-Wide Association StudyIdentifies Five New Schizophrenia Loci,”Nat.Genet.43:969-976(2011),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。其他研究者已经报告,REST可以阻遏钾通道相关基因的表达(Bruce等人,“Genome-Wide Analysis of Repressor Element 1Silencing TranscriptionFactor/Neuron-Restrictive Silencing Factor(REST/NRSF)Target Genes,”Proc.Nat’l.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.101:10458-10463(2004),其以引用的方式整体并入本文),并且可以抑制神经胶质谱系内的少突胶质细胞分化(Dewald等人,“The RE1 Binding Protein RESTRegulates Oligodendrocyte Differentiation,”J.Neurosci.31:3470-3483(2011),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。因此,假设在精神分裂症来源的神经胶质细胞中,病理上高水平的REST可阻遏K+通道相关基因表达,并且从而降低K+摄取。预期这将导致间质K+高,并因此导致相对的神经元过度兴奋和网络去同步化。也就是说,REST在紊乱的神经胶质细胞钾稳态中的作用从未有过报告。本文中的数据表明,作为神经胶质细胞钾摄取减少的函数,一部分精神分裂症患者可能遭受高间质K+水平。预期这将产生神经元过度兴奋,如已报告的亨廷顿病,它是另一种以神经胶质细胞钾通道功能障碍为特征的病症(Benraiss等人,“Human Glia Can Both Induce and Rescue Aspects of Disease Phenotype inHuntington Disease,”Nat.Commun.7:11758(2016),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。因此,观察到SCZ来源的神经胶质细胞对K+摄取发生REST依赖性受损,表明REST是用于治疗精神分裂症的有效靶标。
在这方面,已经开发了几种REST靶向药物用于癫痫和亨廷顿病,包括丙戊酸和X5050(Charbord等人,“High Throughput Screening for Inhibitors of REST inNeural Derivatives of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals a Chemical CompoundThat Promotes Expression of Neuronal Genes,”Stem Cells 31:1816-1828(2013);Graff和Tsai,“The Potential of HDAC Inhibitors as Cognitive Enhancers,”Annu.Rev.Pharmacol.Toxicol.53:311-330(2013),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。本文的数据表明这些药剂也可在治疗精神分裂症中具有治疗效用。在这方面,应注意到,哇巴因和布美他尼在REST敲低后显著抑制CTR星形胶质细胞和SCZ星形胶质细胞对K+的摄取,但都不影响被转导以过表达REST的星形胶质细胞对K+的摄取。这些数据表明,REST对SCZ神经胶质细胞中K+摄取的抑制是通过抑制钾通道基因表达进行的。该观察结果的推论是,K+摄取的调节剂可能具有治疗精神分裂症的的实际价值(Calcaterra等人,“Schizophrenia-Associated hERG Channel Kv11.1-3.1Exhibits a Unique Trafficking Deficit thatis Rescued Through Proteasome Inhibition for High Throughput Screening,”Sci.Rep.6:19976(2016);He等人,“Current Pharmacogenomic Studies on hERGPotassium Channels,”Trends Mol.Med.19:227-238(2013);Rahmanzadeh等人,“Lack ofthe Effect of Bumetanide,a Selective NKCC1 Inhibitor,in Patients WithSchizophrenia:A Double-Blind Randomized Trial,”Psychiatry Clin.Neurosci.71:72-73(2017),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。因此,本文的数据揭示了SCZ GPC对星形胶质细胞的缺陷性分化、钾通道基因的REST依赖性抑制以及随后SCZ星形胶质细胞对K+的缺陷性摄取。所产生的突触钾稳态的缺陷可能预期显著降低神经元放电阈值,同时加强网络去同步化(Benraiss等人,“Human Glia Can Both Induce and Rescue Aspects ofDisease Phenotype in Huntington Disease,”Nat.Commun.7:11758(2016),其以引用的方式整体并入本文)。因此,这些发现鉴定了星形胶质细胞病理学对SCZ的神经元功能障碍的因果作用,并且通过这样做表明了用于其治疗的一组易处理的分子靶标。
尽管本文已经详细描绘并描述了优选实施方案,但是对于相关领域的技术人员而言将清楚的是,在不脱离本公开的精神的情况下,可以作出各种修改、添加、取代等并且因此这些被视为处于以下权利要求所限定的本公开的范围内。
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<110> 美国罗切斯特大学
哥本哈根大学
<120> 治疗精神分裂症和其他神经精神病症的方法
<130> 147400.03751 (6-18124)
<160> 21
<170> PatentIn version 3.5
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gcagccccac tcctgggcct tcttggtcca cgacggcccc agcacccaac tttaccaccc 240
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actcagggtc gcccgcccct cctcaccgag gaaggccgaa tacagttatg gccacccagg 360
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acctggtcgg tgaagaaaga cagatggcag aactgatgcc ggttggggat aacaactttt 600
cagatagtga agaaggagaa ggacttgaag agtctgctga tataaaaggt gaacctcatg 660
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ttgaggcatc aggtgctcca gatatttaca gttcaaataa agatcttccc cctgaaacac 780
ctggagcgga ggacaaaggc aagagctcga agaccaaacc ctttcgctgt aagccatgcc 840
aatatgaagc agaatctgaa gaacagtttg tgcatcacat cagagttcac agtgctaaga 900
aattttttgt ggaagagagt gcagagaagc aggcaaaagc cagggaatct ggctcttcca 960
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ctcattcagg tgagaagcca tttaaatgtg atcagtgcag ttatgtggcc tctaatcaac 1380
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ccgttcaggt ggagccgcca cctcccatgg agcatgctca gatggagggt gcccagatac 2280
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ccatggaacc tgctcagatg gaggttgccc aggtagaatc tgctcccatg caggtggtcc 2520
agaaggagcc tgttcagatg gagctgtctc ctcccatgga ggtggtccag aaggagcctg 2580
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tgtctcctcc catagaggtg gtccagaagg agcctgttca gatggagttg tctcctccca 2700
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ttcacatgga gccaatttcc aaaaagcctc ctctccgaaa agataaaaag gaaaagtcta 2820
acatgcagag tgaaagggca cggaaggagc aagtccttat tgaagttggc ttagtgcctg 2880
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cagttgaaga accagtttca ccaatgcttc ccccttcagc agtagaagaa cgtgaagcag 3300
tgtccaaaac tgcactggca tcacctcctg ctacaatggc agcaaatgag tctcaggaaa 3360
ttgatgaaga tgaaggcatc cacagccatg aaggaagtga cctaagtgac aacatgtcag 3420
agggtagtga tgattctgga ttgcatgggg ctcggccagt tccacaagaa tctagcagaa 3480
aaaatgcaaa ggaagccttg gcagtcaaag cggctaaggg agattttgtt tgtatcttct 3540
gtgatcgttc tttcagaaag ggaaaagatt acagcaaaca cctcaatcgc catttggtta 3600
atgtgtacta tcttgaagaa gcagctcaag ggcaggagta atgaaacttt gaacaaggtt 3660
tcagttctta gtttgtaagg tatattacat tttatattca tttatgatag cagacaacct 3720
tttaagattg ctttaattag tatctgatgt tgatttttaa gtggcattct tttccttagg 3780
actttttatg tatacctgtt gattgttgtg taaattttag taaatctaag agagtgtact 3840
aaaccagcag gtatctgtta gcttatgtgt ttaattgaaa ttagaaggct aagatggtat 3900
aacagcattt tattgctttg tccagctaca acttgtcatt tttttctcca tgtcttatct 3960
tcctgtttca ctttagttta ttcttcgttt tttattgaga tctataaaaa attggcttac 4020
ttaatagcaa attacttgaa gaatttgcct gctttatata aagttagcac tttaagattt 4080
ttttttttag agatgagaag acatttaaat tgaagaaaaa ttcccccagc aatagacagt 4140
ctatcagtcc aagtatttac ttcctgagtt ttgatcaata ttttttattt gtgtatgtta 4200
atcgtcataa aaacagtgat tttggtgtgt tttttatttt ggtgctttaa tggcttaaga 4260
tgttgcacat tttttttttc ttttggtttc tgtttatgtt tttttgccta tgcagttaaa 4320
tttttcctag aaatagcatt tgtgttgaac agtaacactt tatacatata tatatgcatg 4380
tttattttgt ttggcgtctt tggagggatg cttttagact tgtttgcaaa agggcagttt 4440
tctttttctt tgctgcagtt gtctattttg cagaataata gtgtgtgcaa gtttgtgagc 4500
aaatgaaata tgcaggttca atctattgat tttgattttt acatcttata tctatgccag 4560
aatctgtatt tcatataact tatttatttc gaatggatgt agtaaattca cagctatcag 4620
ttttgatttt gcaataaata aaccactagg ttgcatgtcg aacaaatttt tatctcaaat 4680
accaaccatc agtttttttt ttcatgtgtt ttggtacagc taattcctaa ttgtagagtg 4740
ttaaatgttt gaggagaacc ttttctcata gatggttggt gttcatatgg ctactttaca 4800
ataaagagaa ctgtaagtga tatttggaaa ctacaaacct ggaattagga gatataatta 4860
ttccttcaag ttttatagaa tatcacttgg gagattccaa agccatagct attacgcggc 4920
aaacctagga taagaaaggt agtatgagtg ctggtagacc agctgcaact ttcctataca 4980
gtgaaaaagg ctggtgaaac aagtacagtc cagatttttt aaaatcatac tttctcaggg 5040
atctccacaa actggtgggt gtcctggctg tctgtgtgat agcctctttc tataggtgag 5100
gcctcaaatg aattgcagct atcctggtgt tcctatgagg gcactttgta tgaaaaaggg 5160
catgtactcc aaaacatttt tgtaggttct ttggccagtt gccaaagagt gtgaaagaat 5220
ccaatagagg atttttctta ctgatagcag tcattcattg cagtaaaata aaatatgatc 5280
ccattaggga atcttgaatt ctgacctccc atactccgtt ttgaaataac cactttatat 5340
ttcatttttt aaaaatctga tgatctcttt gaggcaggtt tcagatttgg cagtacaaca 5400
tgaaagatta ggaaaagcat taataacgtg tgggtggaaa gcttgttaaa aatctgagag 5460
tgaagtttga gttaaaagtt gtttgaacat ggcattgact gggaggccaa agatttaaag 5520
aagcggaaga ttcttctctt aagacatgag gagtaagttg tgtgataatg gtatgtgttt 5580
tgtgtgcatg aatggacatt gtaaatgttg aattctaggc tccgacaatc attgtcaaca 5640
gaagatcaag ctgcaaatat ttatgtttta aaacttaaat tataaagcta gttaagtctt 5700
tctaatgact agttttaatg ttcatgggta cattttacct aagttaccgt ttacattgta 5760
tagaaaaaga tacatcttaa gcacagattg gttattagga attagtttgg ggaagaggtt 5820
tttttgtgga ttctttcata ctgcaaagaa aaaccatttg ccttttgggg aattgagcta 5880
acttctaatc tagtcttaag actagaatgc taaaaacaaa aacatgaagg aaattaaaac 5940
cccttattat taaattgatt tgtaaaaaca ttgttactgg aaatttattg gacttgaggc 6000
cttcctccag aaaataagga cttgattgtc aggcctatat taggttctga accttaatgc 6060
catgtatttg tacttactaa aaattgtttc aatgaaaagt acattagcag tatgaacttc 6120
tggtccagtt ggaagttttt ccatttgaaa aatgtgatgt ttgcatggaa ctgtttgaaa 6180
cttttttatt ttctagtccc cctcccccac actggataga atttagccta gaattttccc 6240
tttggataaa agaacaaaaa ttgaacatgt tatttgtaaa ttgatgttta gtaattagtg 6300
ataaacttga aatactagca tatattataa gccttaatct taggtagtct tatgaaaatg 6360
aatctcttaa ctatcttttg aacctgtatt cacattggtt ttcaagatat tttaagttat 6420
attttttcct cttttcagag ctgcttctta ttctggggct actttttttt ttagttgtgt 6480
aattcacaaa gggctgcatt tttttttttt tttaataagg cttataacta tggctggatc 6540
ttttgctcta gtcttctaag aagggccatt ttatttttta gagtcacttc taaagtcatg 6600
tggtaattaa ctttggagac tgttttgcgt atgagtgctg atacaaatta aaacccaagt 6660
agacctcatt gcatgtcacc ctatgaatgt tgacaatgga aggaatacct tgcctgtagt 6720
atactgtcac ttctggattg ataagctgag gaagaaagtt aagtttcttt tttacataag 6780
tcagaaaaac ttacagctgg tgttcctagt ttcctggttg acctcagcag atgaagtgaa 6840
cagatagtgt taattcagat tgaagaaatt atctgaatct tggtttgtgt agatttacaa 6900
tctacatgca atattaacta aatcagatag cttttacagt ttcacatgtg tacataggtt 6960
ccctcccggt cccttccata tccattagtt attgaacttt ctaaactggc attgaaacat 7020
tacaacaatg ttttgttgca ccaattttat aaacttaagc agtgcaatac gtgttacttt 7080
tctgaggcaa accaaaggta aatttctcaa ggttcttgct gccttcttta gcagcatttg 7140
atggaagatc ttttatacat ttgtaataga taaaaataaa ccagattgca aatccttttt 7200
taaaatccta aaccatgtac caagtttttg gtccaaatta tgtaggataa gttaaactta 7260
aattgcattc tattaaccaa tatgagtgta tttctgtaag catagttatg ttgaaataaa 7320
gttttaaaaa cca 7333
<210> 3
<211> 21
<212> RNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> REST siRNA
<400> 3
ccauuccaau guugccacug c 21
<210> 4
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 智人(Homosapien)
<400> 4
gcagtggcaa cattggaatg g 21
<210> 5
<211> 19
<212> RNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> REST siRNA
<400> 5
ucgauuagua uuguagccg 19
<210> 6
<211> 19
<212> DNA
<213> 智人(Homosapien)
<400> 6
cggctacaat actaatcga 19
<210> 7
<211> 21
<212> RNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> REST RNA适体
<400> 7
uucagcacca cggacagcgc c 21
<210> 8
<211> 21
<212> RNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> REST RNA适体
<400> 8
aagucguggu gccugucgcg g 21
<210> 9
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 9
ctggataccg cagctaggaa 20
<210> 10
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 10
ccctcttaat catggcctca 20
<210> 11
<211> 17
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 11
tgcggccgat tgtgaac 17
<210> 12
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 12
cctcttttct ctgcggaacg t 21
<210> 13
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 13
gttatcctcg agggcatggt 20
<210> 14
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 14
cgtcctccag agtcagcact 20
<210> 15
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 15
aactgttaga cgacggacat ag 22
<210> 16
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 16
cttcggtctg gtgtccattt 20
<210> 17
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 17
tgaaccatcc aacgacaatc ta 22
<210> 18
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 18
cttgctgagg taccatgttc t 21
<210> 19
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 19
atgcgtactc attcaggtga ga 22
<210> 20
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<400> 20
tgtgaacctg tcttgcatgg 20
<210> 21
<211> 13
<212> DNA
<213> 人工(Artificial)
<220>
<223> 引物
<220>
<221> misc_feature
<222> (3)..(4)
<223> n为a、c、g或t
<400> 21
ccnnggtgct gaa 13
Claims (58)
1.一种恢复具有受损的K+摄取的神经胶质细胞中的K+摄取的方法,所述方法包括
在有效于恢复具有受损的K+摄取的所述神经胶质细胞的K+摄取的条件下,向所述神经胶质细胞施用RE1-沉默转录因子(REST)抑制剂。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述神经胶质细胞是神经胶质祖细胞。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述施用恢复了神经胶质祖细胞星形胶质细胞分化。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述神经胶质细胞是星形胶质细胞。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂是丙戊酸。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂是苯并咪唑-5-甲酰胺衍生物。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述苯并咪唑-5-甲酰胺衍生物是2-(2-羟基-苯基)-1H-苯并咪唑-5-羧酸烯丙氧基酰胺(X5050)或2-噻吩-2-基-1H-苯并咪唑-5-羧酸(2-乙基己基)-酰胺(X5917)。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂是吡唑丙酰胺衍生物。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述吡唑丙酰胺衍生物是3-[1-(3-溴-苯基)-3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-基]-1-{4-[5-(吗啉-4-羰基)-吡啶-2-基]-2-苯基-哌嗪-1-基}-丙-1-酮(X38210)或3-[1-(2,5-二氟-苯基)-3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-基]-1-{4-[5-(吗啉-4-羰基)-吡啶-2-基]-2-苯基-哌嗪-1-基}-丙-1-酮(X38207)。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂是选自由REST反义寡核苷酸、RESTshRNA、REST siRNA和REST RNA适体组成的组的抑制性核酸分子。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂是抗REST抗体或其抗原结合片段。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中具有受损的K+摄取的所述神经胶质细胞是患有神经精神病症的受试者的神经胶质细胞。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述神经精神病症是精神分裂症。
14.一种恢复受试者中的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的方法,所述方法包括:
选择具有受损的神经胶质细胞K+摄取的受试者,以及
在有效于恢复神经胶质细胞K+摄取的条件下,向所述选择的受试者施用RE1-沉默转录因子(REST)抑制剂。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述神经胶质细胞是神经胶质祖细胞。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述施用在有效于恢复所述受试者的神经胶质祖细胞星形胶质细胞分化的条件下进行。
17.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述神经胶质细胞是星形胶质细胞。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述施用在有效于恢复星形胶质细胞K+稳态的条件下进行。
19.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂包括丙戊酸。
20.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂包括苯并咪唑-5-甲酰胺衍生物。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述苯并咪唑-5-甲酰胺衍生物是2-(2-羟基-苯基)-1H-苯并咪唑-5-羧酸烯丙氧基酰胺(X5050)或2-噻吩-2-基-1H-苯并咪唑-5-羧酸(2-乙基己基)-酰胺(X5917)。
22.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂包括吡唑丙酰胺衍生物。
23.如权利要求22所述的方法,其中所述吡唑丙酰胺衍生物是3-[1-(3-溴-苯基)-3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-基]-1-{4-[5-(吗啉-4-羰基)-吡啶-2-基]-2-苯基-哌嗪-1-基}-丙-1-酮(X38210)或3-[1-(2,5-二氟-苯基)-3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-基]-1-{4-[5-(吗啉-4-羰基)-吡啶-2-基]-2-苯基-哌嗪-1-基}-丙-1-酮(X38207)。
24.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂包括选自由REST反义寡核苷酸、REST shRNA、REST siRNA和REST RNA适体组成的组的抑制性核酸分子。
25.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂包括抗REST抗体或其抗原结合片段。
26.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂被包装在递送载体中。
27.如权利要求26所述的方法,其中所述递送载体是纳米颗粒。
28.如权利要求26所述的方法,其中所述递送载体包含神经胶质细胞靶向部分。
29.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述选择的受试者患有神经精神病症或处于患有神经精神病症的风险下。
30.如权利要求29所述的方法,其中所述神经精神病症选自由精神分裂症、孤独症谱系病症和双相障碍组成的组。
31.如权利要求30所述的方法,其中所述神经精神病症是精神分裂症。
32.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述施用在有效于降低所述受试者的神经元兴奋性的条件下进行。
33.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述施用在有效于降低所述受试者的癫痫发生率的条件下进行。
34.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述施用在有效于改善所述受试者的认知紊乱的条件下进行。
35.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述施用使用脑内递送、鞘内递送、鼻内递送或通过直接输注到脑室中进行。
36.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述受试者是人类。
37.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂是靶向神经胶质细胞的REST抑制剂。
38.一种治疗或抑制受试者的神经精神病症的发作的方法,所述方法包括:
选择患有神经精神病症或处于患有神经精神病症的风险下的受试者,以及
在有效于治疗或抑制所述受试者的所述神经精神病症的发作的条件下,向所述选择的受试者施用REST抑制剂。
39.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述神经胶质细胞是神经胶质祖细胞。
40.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述神经胶质细胞是星形胶质细胞。
41.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂包括丙戊酸。
42.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂包括苯并咪唑-5-甲酰胺衍生物。
43.如权利要求42所述的方法,其中所述苯并咪唑-5-甲酰胺衍生物是2-(2-羟基-苯基)-1H-苯并咪唑-5-羧酸烯丙氧基酰胺(X5050)或2-噻吩-2-基-1H-苯并咪唑-5-羧酸(2-乙基己基)-酰胺(X5917)。
44.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂包括吡唑丙酰胺衍生物。
45.如权利要求44所述的方法,其中所述吡唑丙酰胺衍生物是3-[1-(3-溴-苯基)-3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-基]-1-{4-[5-(吗啉-4-羰基)-吡啶-2-基]-2-苯基-哌嗪-1-基}-丙-1-酮(X38210)或3-[1-(2,5-二氟-苯基)-3,5-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-基]-1-{4-[5-(吗啉-4-羰基)-吡啶-2-基]-2-苯基-哌嗪-1-基}-丙-1-酮(X38207)。
46.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂包括选自由REST反义寡核苷酸、REST shRNA、REST siRNA和REST RNA适体组成的组的抑制性核酸分子。
47.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂包括抗REST抗体或其抗原结合片段。
48.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂被包装在递送载体中。
49.如权利要求48所述的方法,其中所述递送载体是纳米颗粒。
50.如权利要求48所述的方法,其中所述递送载体包含神经胶质细胞靶向部分。
51.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述神经精神病症选自由精神分裂症、孤独症谱系病症和双相障碍组成的组。
52.如权利要求51所述的方法,其中所述神经精神病症是精神分裂症。
53.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述施用在有效于降低所述受试者的神经元兴奋性的条件下进行。
54.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述施用在有效于降低所述受试者的癫痫发生率的条件下进行。
55.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述施用在有效于改善所述受试者的认知紊乱的条件下进行。
56.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述施用使用脑内递送、鞘内递送、鼻内递送或通过直接输注到脑室中进行。
57.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述受试者是人类。
58.如权利要求38所述的方法,其中所述REST抑制剂是靶向神经胶质细胞的REST抑制剂。
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US62/686,346 | 2018-06-18 | ||
PCT/US2019/037754 WO2019246112A1 (en) | 2018-06-18 | 2019-06-18 | Methods of treating schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders |
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CN112566640A true CN112566640A (zh) | 2021-03-26 |
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CN201980053363.2A Pending CN112566640A (zh) | 2018-06-18 | 2019-06-18 | 治疗精神分裂症和其他神经精神病症的方法 |
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US (1) | US20210260002A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP3806861A1 (zh) |
JP (2) | JP7555542B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20210056324A (zh) |
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CN115887655A (zh) * | 2021-09-30 | 2023-04-04 | 中国科学院脑科学与智能技术卓越创新中心 | 直接转分化治疗神经系统疾病 |
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US9724432B2 (en) | 2015-04-30 | 2017-08-08 | University Of Rochester | Non-human mammal model of human degenerative disorder, uses thereof, and method of treating human degenerative disorder |
US11690876B2 (en) | 2017-05-10 | 2023-07-04 | University Of Rochester | Methods of treating neuropsychiatric disorders |
KR20210054502A (ko) | 2018-06-21 | 2021-05-13 | 유니버시티 오브 로체스터 | 헌팅턴병을 치료하거나 이의 발병을 저해하는 방법 |
WO2024181416A1 (ja) * | 2023-02-28 | 2024-09-06 | 国立大学法人大阪大学 | オリゴヌクレオチド、ならびにそれを用いるrest発現抑制剤および医薬組成物 |
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EP3806861A1 (en) | 2021-04-21 |
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