CN112409025A - 一种具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种具有SiC‑HfB2‑Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,采用料浆浸渍法在碳/碳表面制备树脂碳‑SiC‑HfO2‑B4C‑Si多孔预涂层,随后气相渗硅,气相硅与碳/碳基体反应生成SiC过渡层,有利于提高涂层与基体的结合力。高温烧结使HfO2、B4C与树脂碳发生原位反应生成HfB2,有利于规避直接添加HfB2因其本身烧结性差引起的的颗粒分布不均问题。硅在高温环境下具有良好流动性,最终可协同提高涂层的整体致密性。SiC、HfB2和Si在涂层中形成多相镶嵌界面,HfB2钉扎在复合涂层中,可诱导涂层中裂纹偏转,还可缓解裂纹尖端应力。本发明所制备的SiC‑HfB2‑Si复合抗氧化涂层具有一种新颖的过渡层及致密的镶嵌结构,与基体结合良好,具有优异的长时抗氧化及抗热震性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于碳/碳复合材料表面高温抗氧化涂层的制备方法,涉及一种具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法。
背景技术
碳/碳复合材料是一类拥有优异高温性能的先进工程材料,具有耐高温、密度低、高比强、高比模、低膨胀系数、耐烧蚀和耐热冲击等优点,而且随着温度的逐渐增加,它的强度呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,且可以在2000℃以上的高温下保持,使其成为适于高温环境的优选结构材料之一,在航空航天领域具有广阔的应用前景。
碳/碳复合材料是全碳质材料,尽管其在高温下具有优异的力学性能。但是它却有一个致命的弱点,即在高于673K的空气气氛下就开始氧化,极大地限制了其作为高温结构材料的应用。因而,防氧化成为碳/碳复合材料应用的关键。目前,抗氧化涂层法已经被公认为一种可以有效提高碳/碳复合材料抗氧化能力的方法,即在碳/碳复合材料的表面制备耐高温氧化涂层,从而有效阻止氧气与碳/碳复合材料的直接接触,实现对碳/碳复合材料的热防护。
陶瓷涂层是一种可有效改善碳/碳复合材料抗氧化性能的涂层,以满足长时(主要指100小时以上,允许的最大氧化失重率为1%)[李贺军,齐乐华,张守阳.先进复合材料学[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,2017:p271.]高温氧化服役的实际需要。目前,SiC因具有良好的热稳定性以及与碳/碳复合材料的良好相容性,是最有发展潜力的涂层材料之一。在高温含氧气氛中,SiC基涂层表面形成一层保护性的SiO2层,可有效地防止氧对涂层内部材料的侵蚀。但是,由于SiO2氧化膜在1773K以上易挥发,难以长期稳定存在。即单一的SiC涂层难以实现对碳/碳复合材料的长时间高温氧化防护。
HfB2作为一种具有高熔点(3523K)、高导热系数、高硬度、良好的抗氧化和抗热震性能的超高温陶瓷,可有效改善SiC基涂层在极端氧化环境下的使用寿命。此外,氧化产物HfO2可作为钉扎相,进而提高氧化后形成的SiO2玻璃膜的粘度,并能抑制氧化过程中裂纹的形成及扩展,可以切断外界氧气与碳/碳复合材料基体的接触,从而提高基体高温抗氧化性能[P.Wang,H.Li,S.Jia,R.Yuan,L.Zhang,Y.Zhang,and L.Tao,The effect of HfB2content on the oxidation and thermal shock resistance of SiCcoating.Surf.Coat.Tech.339(2018)124-131.]。当前已发展了多种工艺来制备HfB2改性SiC(即SiC-HfB2)基涂层,如料浆浸渍/涂刷(SD/P)法[M.Pavese,P.Fino,C.Badini,A.Ortona,and G.Marino,HfB2/SiC as a protective coating for 2D Cf/SiCcomposites:Effect of high temperature oxidation on mechanicalproperties.Surf.Coat.Tech.202(2008)2059-2067.]、化学气相沉积(CVD)法[W.J.Lackey,A.W.Smith,D.J.Twait,Chemical vapor deposition of oxidationresistant HfB2+SiC composite coatings,John Wiley&Sons,Inc,Hoboken,NJ,USA,1988,pp.1223-1231.]、包埋(PC)法[P.Wang,H.Li,R.Yuan,H.Wang,Y.Zhang,Z.Zhao,Theoxidation resistance of two-temperature synthetic HfB2-SiC coating for theSiC coated C/C composites,J.Alloy.Compd.747(2018)438-446.]和超音速大气等离子喷涂(SAPS)法[K.Li,G.Liu,and Y.Zhang,Ablation properties of HfB2coatingsprepared by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying for SiC-coated carbon/carbon composites.Surf.Coat.Tech.357(2019)48-56.]。
虽然比较成熟,但这些方法也存在制备工艺复杂(SAPS)、成本高(CVD)、结合强度弱(SD/P)、涂层厚度难以控制(PC)、基体损伤严重(PC)等缺点。此外,传统的PC法制备的涂层由于HfB2本身烧结能力差,涂层中HfB2颗粒分布不均匀,且相对含量较低。因此,传统方法制备的SiC-HfB2基涂层在制备和氧化过程中涂层易产生热应力集中,产生裂纹,最终会导致涂层失效[P.Wang,H.Li,Y.Jia,Y.Zhang,and R.Yuan,Ablation resistance of HfB2-SiC coating prepared by in-situ reaction method for SiC coated C/Ccomposites.Ceram.Int.43(2017)12005-12012.]。为进一步提高热防护能力,有必要寻找一种能够制备HfB2相均匀分布的涂层碳/碳复合材料的方法。Ru等人[Y.Jiang,L.Tianyu,R.Hongqiang,W.Wei,Z.Cuiping,Y.Xinyan,Ultra-high-temperature ceramic TaB2-SiC-Si coating by impregnation and in-situ reaction method to prevent graphitematerials from oxidation and ablation,Ceram.Int.45(2019)6541-6561.]采用料浆浸渍结合气相硅渗透方法在石墨表面制备了致密、陶瓷相均匀分布的富陶瓷相涂层,该类涂层对石墨基体具有有效的长期氧化保护作用。
然而,石墨材料具有均匀的组织和较高的热膨胀系数(约为碳/碳复合材料的两倍),SiC-HfB2基涂层与碳/碳复合材料的相容性较差,这是因为碳/碳复合材料是由碳基体和碳纤维组成的,微观结构比较复杂[Salazar A,Pastor J Y,Llorca J.In situobservation of damage nucleation in graphite and CC composites[J].Carbon,2002,40(4)609-616.]。
综上,提高HfB2在涂层中的含量及其分散均匀性,以及改善涂层的致密度,是进一步提高碳/碳复合材料表面SiC-HfB2基涂层抗氧化性能的关键。
发明内容
要解决的技术问题
为了避免现有技术的不足之处,本发明提出一种具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,以简单的料浆浸渍法制备多孔的树脂碳-SiC-HfO2-B4C-Si预涂层,然后采用气相渗硅法对多孔的树脂碳-SiC-HfO2-B4C-Si层进行致密化,得到SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层。
技术方案
一种具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于步骤如下:
步骤1、制备料浆悬浮液:以热固性酚醛树脂为粘结剂和碳源,以质量分数(wt.%)计,将乙醇、酚醛树脂、HfO2、B4C、SiC和Si粉末混合,经超声、磁力搅拌或行星式球磨,得料浆悬浮溶液;
所述乙醇与酚醛树脂的质量比为10-18:2-7;
所述HfO2、B4C、Si和SiC的质量分数分别为50-70%、5-15%、0-30%和10-20%;
步骤2、料浆浸渍-固化制备预涂层:将预处理过的碳/碳复合材料在料浆悬浮液中循环多次浸渍,然后烘干、固化,最后裂解,形成酚醛树脂碳-SiC-HfO2-B4C-Si预涂层;
所述固化温度为423-453K,时间为1-6h;
所述裂解温度为973-1573K,时间为2-5h;
所述保护气为Ar气;
在此阶段,通过改变浸渍固化时间及次数来控制预涂层厚度;
步骤3、气相渗硅最终制得涂层:将预涂后的材料放入底部含硅源的石墨坩埚中,然后在ZGS-350真空炉中进行高温气相渗硅,升温速率为5-10K/min,温度为2173-2473K,保温时间为0.5-3h;所述保护气为Ar气;
气相渗硅结束后,从石墨坩埚内取出、清洗、干燥即得具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料。
所述碳/碳复合材料预处理是:将碳/碳复合材料用砂纸打磨,无水乙醇超声清洗,然后在烘箱中干燥。
所述热固性酚醛树脂的产碳量为50wt%。
所述硅源为硅粉或硅块。
所述步骤3的高温气相渗硅冷却方式为随炉冷却。
所述步骤1的超声处理具体为:将悬浮液放入超声波发生器中震荡30-60min。
所述步骤1的磁力搅拌或行星式球磨时间为6-15h。
所述步骤2的料浆悬浮液的颗粒固含量为50-75%。
所述超声清洗时间为15-60min。
所述烘干温度为353-393K,时间1-5h。
有益效果
本发明提出的一种具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,采用料浆浸渍法在碳/碳表面制备树脂碳-SiC-HfO2-B4C-Si多孔预涂层,从而保证涂层中各相含量及分散均匀性。随后气相渗硅,气相硅与碳/碳基体反应生成SiC过渡层,有利于提高涂层与基体的结合力。另一方面硅蒸汽与树脂碳反应生成SiC,SiC对树脂碳-SiC-HfO2-B4C-Si多孔预涂层的填充以及高温烧结作用使HfO2、B4C与树脂碳发生原位反应生成HfB2,有利于规避直接添加HfB2因其本身烧结性差引起的的HfB2颗粒分布不均匀,且相对含量较低的问题。再加上硅在高温环境下的良好流动性,最终可以协同提高涂层的整体致密性。
此外,SiC、HfB2和Si在涂层中形成多相镶嵌界面,HfB2钉扎在复合涂层中,这些多相镶嵌界面以及HfB2钉扎相可诱导涂层中裂纹偏转,还可缓解裂纹尖端应力,使裂纹尖端应力重新分配,裂纹在扩展过程中遇到HfB2钉扎相会发生偏转或终止,进而减小裂纹的尺寸,抑制裂纹扩展,从而提高SiC-HfB2-Si涂层的韧性。本发明所制备的SiC-HfB2-Si复合抗氧化涂层具有一种新颖的过渡层及致密的镶嵌结构,与基体结合良好,具有优异的长时抗氧化及抗热震性能。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中料浆浸渍+气相渗硅复合方法制备,SiC-HfB2-Si复合抗氧化涂层的示意图,顶部插图为气相渗硅工艺的具体示意图。
图2为本发明实施例1中所制备预涂层碳/碳复合材料的微观结构及相组成:
(a)表面形貌,(b)XRD图谱,(c)背散射截面形貌。
图3为本发明实施例1中SiC-HfB2-Si涂层样品的相组成及微观结构:
(a)XRD图谱,(b)表面背散射形貌照片(左下角插图为图(b)中点1,2,3的EDS分析结果),(c)背散射截面形貌,(d)元素面扫描图。
图4为本发明实施例2中SiC-HfB2-Si涂层样品的相组成及微观结构:
(a)表面背散射形貌照片,(b)背散射截面形貌,(c)图(b)局部放大照片。
具体实施方式
现结合实施例、附图对本发明作进一步描述:
实施例一:
步骤1:碳/碳复合材料预处理:
将碳/碳复合材料用砂纸打磨,无水乙醇超声清洗30min,然后放在烘箱中于353K干燥3h;
步骤2:制备料浆悬浮液:
以产碳量为50wt%的热固性酚醛树脂为粘结剂和碳源。以质量分数(wt.%)计,将乙醇、酚醛树脂、HfO2、B4C、SiC和Si粉末混合,磁力搅拌或行星式球磨,制备得到均匀的料浆悬浮溶液。
所述的料浆悬浮液的颗粒固含量为65%。所述乙醇与酚醛树脂的质量比为15:3。所述HfO2、B4C、Si和SiC的质量分数分别为60%、10%、15%和15%。所述超声处理具体为:将悬浮液放入超声波发生器中震荡30min;搅拌处理具体为:采用磁力搅拌10h。
步骤3:料浆浸渍-固化制备预涂层试样:
将预处理过的碳/碳复合材料样品在上述料浆悬浮液浸渍8次、333K烘干,然后于453K固化2h,并在流动Ar气氛中于1173K下裂解2h,形成酚醛树脂碳-SiC-HfO2-B4C-Si预涂层(图2所示)。
步骤4:气相渗硅最终制得涂层试样:
将预涂样品放入底部含硅粉的石墨坩埚中(图1顶部插图所示),然后在ZGS-350真空炉中以10K/min的速率在流动氩气氛中加热至2273K,保温1h后自然冷却至室温。从石墨坩埚内取出、清洗、干燥即得具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层碳/碳复合材料。
上述的SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层碳/碳复合材料的微观组织及相组成如图3所示,涂层厚度约为450μm,在1773K空气条件下氧化638小时后(对应62次1773K到室温热震),试样仅失重0.69%。
实施例二:
步骤1:碳/碳复合材料预处理:
将碳/碳复合材料用砂纸打磨,无水乙醇超声清洗20min,然后放在烘箱中于353K干燥5h;
步骤2:制备料浆悬浮液:
以产碳量为50wt%的热固性酚醛树脂为粘结剂和碳源。以质量分数(wt.%)计,将乙醇、酚醛树脂、HfO2、B4C、SiC和Si粉末混合,磁力搅拌或行星式球磨,制备得到均匀的料浆悬浮溶液。
所述的料浆悬浮液的颗粒固含量为75%。所述乙醇与酚醛树脂的质量比为16:5。所述HfO2、B4C、Si和SiC的质量分数分别为70%、15%、0%和15%。所述超声处理具体为:将悬浮液放入超声波发生器中震荡60min;搅拌处理具体为:采用磁力搅拌8h。
步骤3:料浆浸渍-固化制备预涂层试样:
将预处理过的碳/碳复合材料样品在上述料浆悬浮液中循环浸渍7次、343K烘干,然后于433K固化3h,并在流动Ar气氛中于1373K下裂解3h,形成酚醛树脂碳-SiC-HfO2-B4C预涂层。在此阶段,通过改变浸渍固化时间及次数来控制预涂层厚度。
步骤4:气相渗硅最终制得涂层试样:
将预涂样品放入底部含硅块的石墨坩埚中(图1顶部插图所示),然后在ZGS-350真空炉中以8K/min的速率在流动氩气氛中加热至2373K,保温1h后自然冷却至室温。从石墨坩埚内取出、清洗、干燥即得具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层碳/碳复合材料。
上述的SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层碳/碳复合材料的微观组织及相组成如图4所示,涂层厚度约为500μm,在1773K空气条件下氧化832小时后(对应80次1773K到室温热震),未失重。
实施例三:
步骤1:碳/碳复合材料预处理:
将碳/碳复合材料用砂纸打磨,无水乙醇超声清洗60min,然后放在烘箱中于353-393K干燥1-5h;
步骤2:制备料浆悬浮液:
以产碳量为50wt%的热固性酚醛树脂为粘结剂和碳源。以质量分数(wt.%)计,将乙醇、酚醛树脂、HfO2、B4C、SiC和Si粉末混合,磁力搅拌或行星式球磨,制备得到均匀的料浆悬浮溶液。
所述的料浆悬浮液的颗粒固含量为60%。所述乙醇与酚醛树脂的质量比为17:4。所述HfO2、B4C、Si和SiC的质量分数分别为55%、12%、20%和13%。所述超声处理具体为:将悬浮液放入超声波发生器中震荡30min;搅拌处理具体为:采用磁力搅拌15h。
步骤3:料浆浸渍-固化制备预涂层试样:
将预处理过的碳/碳复合材料样品在上述料浆悬浮液中循环浸渍、烘干,然后于463K固化2h,并在流动Ar气氛中于1073K下裂解5h,形成酚醛树脂碳-SiC-HfO2-B4C-Si预涂层。在此阶段,通过改变浸渍固化时间及次数来控制预涂层厚度。
步骤4:气相渗硅最终制得涂层试样:
将预涂样品放入底部含硅粉或硅块的石墨坩埚中(图1顶部插图所示),然后在ZGS-350真空炉中以10K/min的速率在流动氩气氛中加热至2473K,保温1h后自然冷却至室温。从石墨坩埚内取出、清洗、干燥即得具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层碳/碳复合材料。
上述的SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层碳/碳复合材料的微观组织及相组成如图4所示,涂层厚度约为300μm,在1773K空气条件下氧化602小时后(对应60次1773K到室温热震),失重仅为0.79%。
对比例一:
步骤1:碳/碳复合材料预处理:
将碳/碳复合材料用砂纸打磨,无水乙醇超声清洗20min,然后放在烘箱中于353K干燥4h;
步骤2:制备料浆悬浮液:
以产碳量为50wt%的热固性酚醛树脂为粘结剂和碳源。以质量分数(wt.%)计,将乙醇、酚醛树脂、SiC和Si粉末混合,磁力搅拌或行星式球磨,制备得到均匀的料浆悬浮溶液。
所述的料浆悬浮液的颗粒固含量为70%。所述乙醇与酚醛树脂的质量比为16:3。所述Si和SiC的质量分数分别为10%和90%。所述超声处理具体为:将悬浮液放入超声波发生器中震荡60min;搅拌处理具体为:采用磁力搅拌9h。
步骤3:料浆浸渍-固化制备预涂层试样:
将预处理过的碳/碳复合材料样品在上述料浆悬浮液中循环浸渍5次、烘干,然后于423K固化5h,并在流动Ar气氛中于1173K下裂解3h,形成酚醛树脂碳-SiC-Si预涂层。在此阶段,通过改变浸渍固化时间及次数来控制预涂层厚度。
步骤4:气相渗硅最终制得涂层试样:
将预涂样品放入底部含硅粉或硅块的石墨坩埚中(图1顶部插图所示),然后在ZGS-350真空炉中以8K/min的速率在流动氩气氛中加热至2373K,保温3h后自然冷却至室温。从石墨坩埚内取出、清洗、干燥即得具有SiC-Si复合涂层碳/碳复合材料。
上述的SiC-Si复合涂层厚度约为300μm,SiC-Si复合涂层碳/碳复合材料在1773K空气条件下氧化163小时后(对应15次1773K到室温热震),失重达3.75%。
Claims (10)
1.一种具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于步骤如下:
步骤1、制备料浆悬浮液:以热固性酚醛树脂为粘结剂和碳源,以质量分数(wt.%)计,将乙醇、酚醛树脂、HfO2、B4C、SiC和Si粉末混合,经超声、磁力搅拌或行星式球磨,得料浆悬浮溶液;
所述乙醇与酚醛树脂的质量比为10-18:2-7;
所述HfO2、B4C、Si和SiC的质量分数分别为50-70%、5-15%、0-30%和10-20%;
步骤2、料浆浸渍-固化制备预涂层:将预处理过的碳/碳复合材料在料浆悬浮液中循环多次浸渍,然后烘干、固化,最后裂解,形成酚醛树脂碳-SiC-HfO2-B4C-Si预涂层;
所述固化温度为423-453K,时间为1-6h;
所述裂解温度为973-1573K,时间为2-5h;
所述保护气为Ar气;
在此阶段,通过改变浸渍固化时间及次数来控制预涂层厚度;
步骤3、气相渗硅最终制得涂层:将预涂后的材料放入底部含硅源的石墨坩埚中,然后在ZGS-350真空炉中进行高温气相渗硅,升温速率为5-10K/min,温度为2173-2473K,保温时间为0.5-3h;所述保护气为Ar气;
气相渗硅结束后,从石墨坩埚内取出、清洗、干燥即得具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述碳/碳复合材料预处理是:将碳/碳复合材料用砂纸打磨,无水乙醇超声清洗,然后在烘箱中干燥。
3.根据权利要求1所述具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述热固性酚醛树脂的产碳量为50wt%。
4.根据权利要求1所述具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述硅源为硅粉或硅块。
5.根据权利要求1所述具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤3的高温气相渗硅冷却方式为随炉冷却。
6.根据权利要求1所述具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1的超声处理具体为:将悬浮液放入超声波发生器中震荡30-60min。
7.根据权利要求1所述具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1的磁力搅拌或行星式球磨时间为6-15h。
8.根据权利要求1所述具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1的料浆悬浮液的颗粒固含量为50-75%。
9.根据权利要求2所述具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述超声清洗时间为15-60min。
10.根据权利要求2所述具有SiC-HfB2-Si单层复合涂层的碳/碳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述烘干温度为353-393K,时间1-5h。
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