CN112266051A - Miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water device and control method thereof - Google Patents
Miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water device and control method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
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- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
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- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
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- G05D21/02—Control of chemical or physico-chemical variables, e.g. pH value characterised by the use of electric means
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/02—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply
- C02F2103/04—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply for obtaining ultra-pure water
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Abstract
The invention relates to a micro deionized EDI ultrapure water device and a control method thereof, belonging to the technical field of ultrapure water machines. The miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water device is provided with a water inlet above one side, a water outlet and a wastewater port below one side, and a display screen, a key and a communication interface are arranged on the front side; the main controller receives the conductivities acquired by the water inlet conductive electrode and the water outlet conductive electrode, and controls the constant current source to adjust the working current between the positive plate and the negative plate to form a closed-loop control system. On the basis of realizing the built-in power supply and electrode, the invention miniaturizes and miniaturizes the EDI module, and provides possibility for placing the EDI module in the ultrapure water machine; when the water quality is good, the electric energy is saved, and the service life is prolonged; when the water quality is poor, the current is dynamically adjusted according to the water quality to improve the water quality, and if the water quality is poor for a long time (15-30 days), the automatic alarm is given and the EDI module is automatically controlled to regenerate, so that the water quality is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a micro deionized EDI ultrapure water device and a control method thereof, belonging to the technical field of ultrapure water machines.
Background
EDI (Electrodeionization) is a pure water production technique that combines an ion exchange technique, an ion exchange membrane technique, and an ion electromigration technique. EDI is mainly applied to water purifiers, and the water purifiers can produce ultrapure water with the resistivity higher than 15M.cm by EDI desalination.
Both domestic and imported EDI modules have strict requirements on water quality. Generally, the quality of inlet water is required to be less than 15 us/cm; in special cases, for example, the EDI module of yi hua usa can be as broad as less than 60 us/cm. The reason is that the EDI module is in an open-loop state, and can not dynamically adjust the working current along with the requirement of the water quality of the inlet water, and when the water quality index of the inlet water is exceeded, the water quality of the outlet water can not reach the standard. Once the EDI module needs to be debugged and regenerated in contact with the field after sale, the working current is doubled for several hours, and then the normal working current is manually regulated. Therefore, the conventional EDI module has the following problems: (1) the manufacturer does not know that the EDI module is invalid, so that the quality of the effluent water does not reach the standard for a long time, and the discovered effluent water is regenerated after being sold; even some careless customers cannot see the water quality for a long time and do not know that the water quality does not reach the standard; (2) the regeneration of the EDI module needs manual current regulation, needs professional equipment, is not easy to master and is easy to make mistakes; (3) non-integrated constant current source: the large-size EDI module is not provided with a built-in power supply, and the subminiature (5-15L) EDI module can not be integrated with a matched power supply, so that the subminiature of the ultrapure water purifier is difficult to realize; (4) non-integrated electrodes: the detection is realized by peripheral matched equipment without integrating an electrode for detecting the quality of the inlet water and an electrode for detecting the quality of the outlet water, and the function of the electrode excessively depends on the peripheral equipment; (5) non-feedback control: the EDI module of open-loop control, working current adopt fixed numerical value, can not be according to the different dynamic adjustment working current's of the quality of water of intaking size, and adopt the working current of high numerical value for a long time, and the life of EDI module is limited.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a micro deionized EDI ultrapure water device and a control method thereof.
The invention relates to a micro deionized EDI ultrapure water device, which comprises an EDI module arranged in an ultrapure water machine, wherein the EDI module comprises a positive plate and a negative plate, and further comprises the following components:
the shell is arranged in a miniature vertical cuboid, a water inlet is formed above one side of the shell, a water outlet and a wastewater outlet are formed below one side of the shell, and a display screen, keys and a communication interface are arranged on the front side of the shell;
the water inlet conductivity electrode is positioned at the water inlet of the outer shell and used for detecting the conductivity of the inlet water;
the water outlet conductivity electrode is positioned at the water outlet of the outer shell and used for detecting the conductivity of the outlet water;
the constant current source is positioned in the outer shell and used for providing constant and adjustable current for the positive plate and the negative plate;
the main controller is positioned in the shell, an input port of the main controller is respectively connected with the acquisition circuits of the water inlet conducting electrode and the water outlet conducting electrode, and an output port of the main controller is connected with a constant current source for adjusting working current;
the main controller receives the conductivities acquired by the water inlet conductive electrode and the water outlet conductive electrode, and controls the constant current source to adjust the working current between the positive plate and the negative plate to form a closed-loop control system.
Preferably, the outer shell has a size range of: the length is 8-12cm, the width is 5-8cm, and the height is 30-40 cm; the size of the outer shell is far smaller than that of the ultrapure water machine, so that the outer shell can be placed inside the tabletop ultrapure water machine.
Preferably, a communication interface on the outer shell is connected with an external device, and the communication interface transmits the conductivity detected by the main controller and the adjusted working current information to the external device for storage and display.
Preferably, the constant current source supplies power in a constant current mode, and the working current range is as follows: 0-500mA, the highest voltage can reach direct current 110V, and the magnitude of the working current is dynamically adjusted by the main controller according to the effluent quality.
Preferably, the constant current source is connected with an external 30-90V transformer and is connected in series with a loop of the EDI module.
Preferably, the master controller is provided with an electrode acquisition circuit, the master controller transmits the PWM pulse signal to the electrode acquisition circuit, the electrode acquisition circuit triggers the water inlet conductance electrode and the water outlet conductance electrode to acquire the conductivity of the water quality, and the electrode acquisition circuit converts the analog signal into a digital signal through A/D (analog/digital) for processing by the master controller.
Preferably, the method for controlling the miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water device comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: intelligent detection: the water inlet conductivity of the water inlet is detected by the water inlet conductivity electrode, and the water inlet conductivity of the water outlet is detected by the water outlet conductivity electrode;
step two: and (3) water quality judgment: the main controller judges whether the working current needs to be adjusted according to the instantaneous water outlet conductivity, and the method comprises the following two conditions:
the first condition is as follows: if the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is higher than the set value, indicating that the ion content in the effluent quality is too high, entering a third step;
case two: if the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is lower than the set value, the ion content in the effluent quality is normal, and entering the fourth step;
step three: instantaneous regulation: the main controller instantaneously adjusts the working current of the constant current source, and the current supplied by the constant current source to the water inlet conductance electrode changes, including the following two conditions:
the first condition is as follows: if the main controller detects that the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is higher than the set value, the working current is continuously increased, and the effluent quality is improved;
case two: if the main controller detects that the numerical value of the water conductivity is lower than a set value, adjusting the working current to a normal numerical value or reducing the current value to prolong the service life of the EDI module;
step four: and (3) regeneration judgment: the main controller records the accumulated time of unqualified effluent conductivity, and if the accumulated time exceeds a specified upper limit, the EDI module is judged to be invalid;
step four: regeneration regulation: the main controller automatically carries out EDI module regeneration by doubling the constant current source.
Preferably, the main controller compares the numerical value of the effluent conductivity with a set value, and adjusts the digital signal value in time through a PID digital algorithm, so as to adjust the working current value of the constant current source, and finally the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is the same as the set value.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: (1) a water inlet conductive electrode and a water outlet conductive electrode are added, and an alarm instruction is sent to a user by monitoring water outlet indexes in real time and if the water quality does not reach the standard; (2) a main controller and a constant current source are newly added, when the EDI module fails, the regeneration of the EDI module is automatically completed through the inside of the module, and a user only needs to operate one key; (3) a built-in power supply: the EDI component is compact and is internally provided with an integrated constant current source, and the self configuration of a power supply is not required to be purchased; (4) an integrated electrode: in order to accurately control the water quality of the EDI component, a water inlet conductive electrode and a water outlet conductive electrode are added, and the detection position is changed from all external detection to partial internal detection, so that indirect water quality detection is changed into direct water quality detection, and the EDI component is more reliable; (5) the volume is small: on the basis of realizing the built-in power supply and electrode, the EDI module is miniaturized and miniaturized, thereby providing possibility for placing the EDI module in the ultrapure water machine; (6) closed-loop control: when the water quality is good, the electric energy is saved, and the service life is prolonged; when the water quality is poor, the current is dynamically adjusted according to the water quality to improve the water quality, and if the water quality is poor for a long time (15-30 days), the automatic alarm is given and the EDI module is automatically controlled to regenerate, so that the water quality is improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an EDI module.
Fig. 2 is a side view of the EDI module.
Fig. 3 is a back view of the EDI module.
Fig. 4 is an exploded view of the ultrapure water machine.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of the EDI module.
Figure 6 is a circuit diagram of the master.
Fig. 7 is a circuit diagram of a constant current source.
Fig. 8 is a circuit diagram of the water inlet conductance electrode acquisition circuit.
Fig. 9 is a circuit diagram of the water-out conductance electrode acquisition circuit.
Fig. 10 is a circuit diagram of a communication interface.
Fig. 11 is a display screen interface circuit diagram.
Fig. 12 is a key input circuit diagram.
In the figure: 1. an outer housing; 2. a display screen; 3. pressing a key; 4. a communication interface; 5. a water inlet conductive electrode; 6. a water outlet conductance electrode; 7. a positive plate; 8. a negative plate; 9. a water inlet; 10. a water outlet; 11. a waste water port; 12. an ultra-pure water machine.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
as shown in fig. 1 to 3, the miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water apparatus of the present invention has a small volume, and the size range of the outer casing 1 is as follows, compared with the commercially available EDI apparatus: the length is 8-12cm, the width is 5-8cm, and the height is 30-40 cm; the size of the outer shell 1 is far smaller than that of the ultra-pure water machine 12, and the EDI module can be completely built in.
The housing 1 of the EDI module is a miniature vertical cuboid, a water inlet 9 is arranged above one side of the housing, a water outlet 10 and a waste water port 11 are arranged below one side of the housing, and a display screen 2, a key 3 and a communication interface 4 are arranged on the front side of the housing, as shown in fig. 10 to 12. And the communication interface 4 on the outer shell 1 is connected with external equipment, and the communication interface 4 transmits the conductivity detected by the main controller and the adjusted working current information to the external equipment for storage and display.
Referring to fig. 4 and 5, the ultra-pure water machine 12 has an built-in EDI module, which includes a positive plate 7 and a negative plate 8, and a water inlet conductive electrode 5, a water outlet conductive electrode 6, a constant current source, and a main controller. The positive plate 7 and the negative plate 8 are positioned at two sides of the outer shell 1, and a plurality of high polymer diaphragms are arranged in the middle.
As shown in fig. 6, the main controller is an STM32F103VC type single chip microcomputer and is located inside the outer shell 1, an input port of the main controller is connected with the acquisition circuits of the water inlet conductive electrode 5 and the water outlet conductive electrode 6 respectively, and an output port of the main controller is connected with a constant current source for adjusting the working current. The main controller receives the conductivities collected by the water inlet conductive electrode 5 and the water outlet conductive electrode 6, controls the constant current source to adjust the working current between the positive plate 7 and the negative plate 8, and forms a closed-loop control system. The main controller is provided with an electrode acquisition circuit, the main controller transmits PWM pulse signals to the electrode acquisition circuit, the electrode acquisition circuit triggers the water inlet conductive electrode 5 and the water outlet conductive electrode 6 to acquire the conductivity of water quality, and analog signals are converted into digital signals through the electrode acquisition circuit and are processed by the main controller.
The main controller dynamically adjusts the working voltage of the built-in power supply according to the water inlet conductivity and the water outlet conductivity measured by the water inlet conductivity electrode 5 and the water outlet conductivity electrode 6 which are arranged in the shell body 1, so that the working current of the EDI module is adjusted. The quality of water produced by the EDI module is related to the quality of inlet water and the working current, the quality of outlet water can be improved by increasing the working current due to poor inlet water quality, the inlet water quality is good, and the working current can be reduced to maintain the quality of outlet water. Working at high working current for a long time can affect the service life of the EDI, and if the quality of inlet water is better, the service life of the EDI can be prolonged by reducing the working current.
As shown in fig. 7, a constant current source, located inside the outer case 1, for supplying a constant and adjustable current to the positive electrode plate 7 and the negative electrode plate 8; the constant current output end of the amplifier is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode, an LM358 constant current source circuit is adopted, two independent high-gain double operational amplifiers with internal frequency compensation are arranged inside the amplifier, and the amplifier is suitable for a single power supply with a wide power supply voltage range. The constant current source is connected with an external 30-90V transformer and is connected in series in a loop of the EDI module. The constant current source supplies power in a constant current mode, and the working current range is as follows: 0-500mA, the magnitude of the working current is dynamically adjusted through the main controller.
The power supply of the module built-in constant current source inputs 30-90v of alternating current to generate 30-100v of direct current voltage to the EDI module, but the voltage is changed because the EDI module is driven by constant current, and if EDI internal resistance is changed under the condition of keeping constant current, the voltage value of the power supply is regulated to keep constant current.
As shown in fig. 8, in the water inlet electrode collecting circuit, the water inlet conductive electrode 5 is located at the water inlet 9 of the outer shell 1 for detecting the conductivity of the inlet water.
As shown in fig. 9, in the water outlet electrode acquisition circuit, the water outlet conductance electrode 6 is located at the water outlet 10 of the outer shell 1, and is used for detecting the water conductivity.
Example 2:
the control method of the miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water device comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: intelligent detection: the water inlet conductivity electrode 5 detects the water inlet conductivity of the water inlet 9, and the water outlet conductivity electrode 6 detects the water inlet conductivity of the water outlet 10;
step two: and (3) water quality judgment: the main controller judges whether the working current needs to be adjusted according to the instantaneous water outlet conductivity, and the method comprises the following two conditions:
the first condition is as follows: if the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is higher than the set value, indicating that the ion content in the effluent quality is too high, entering a third step;
case two: if the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is lower than the set value, the ion content in the effluent quality is normal, and entering the fourth step;
step three: the main controller adjusts the working current of the constant current source, and the current supplied by the constant current source to the water inlet conductive electrode 5 changes, which comprises the following two conditions:
the first condition is as follows: if the main controller detects that the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is higher than the set value, the working current is continuously increased to improve the effluent quality;
case two: and if the main controller detects that the value of the water conductivity is lower than the set value, adjusting the working current to a normal value or reducing the current value to prolong the service life of the EDI module.
Step four: and (3) regeneration judgment: the main controller records the accumulated time of unqualified effluent conductivity, and if the accumulated time exceeds a specified upper limit, the EDI module is judged to be invalid;
step four: regeneration regulation: the main controller automatically carries out EDI module regeneration by doubling the constant current source.
The main controller compares the numerical value of the effluent conductivity with a set value, and adjusts the integer in time through a PID digital algorithm so as to adjust the working current value of the constant current source, so that the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is finally the same as the set value.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: (1) a water inlet conductive electrode and a water outlet conductive electrode are added, and an alarm instruction is sent to a user by monitoring water outlet indexes in real time and if the water quality does not reach the standard; (2) a main controller and a constant current source are newly added, when the EDI module fails, the regeneration of the EDI module is automatically completed through the inside of the module, and a user only needs to operate one key; (3) a built-in power supply: the EDI component is compact and is internally provided with an integrated constant current source, and the self configuration of a power supply is not required to be purchased; (4) an integrated electrode: in order to accurately control the water quality of the EDI component, a water inlet conductive electrode 5 and a water outlet conductive electrode 6 are added, and the detection position is changed from all external detection to partial internal detection, so that indirect water quality detection is changed into direct water quality detection, and the detection is more reliable; (5) the volume is small: on the basis of realizing the built-in power supply and electrode, the EDI module is miniaturized and miniaturized, thereby providing possibility for placing the EDI module in the ultrapure water machine 12; (6) closed-loop control: when the water quality is good, the electric energy is saved, and the service life is prolonged; when the water quality is poor, the current is dynamically adjusted according to the water quality to improve the water quality, and if the water quality is poor for a long time (15-30 days), the automatic alarm is given and the EDI module is automatically controlled to regenerate, so that the water quality is improved.
The invention can be widely applied to the occasions of ultrapure water machines.
It is noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (8)
1. The utility model provides a miniature deionization EDI ultrapure water device, includes the built-in EDI module of ultrapure water machine (12), and the EDI module includes positive plate (7) and negative plate (8), and its characterized in that, the EDI module still includes following parts:
the shell (1) is arranged in a miniature vertical cuboid, a water inlet (9) is arranged above one side of the shell, a water outlet (10) and a wastewater outlet (11) are arranged below one side of the shell, and a display screen (2), a key (3) and a communication interface (4) are arranged on the front side of the shell;
the water inlet conductivity electrode (5) is positioned at the water inlet (9) of the outer shell (1) and is used for detecting the conductivity of the inlet water;
the water outlet conductivity electrode (6) is positioned at the water outlet (10) of the outer shell (1) and is used for detecting the conductivity of the outlet water;
the constant current source is positioned inside the outer shell (1) and used for providing constant and adjustable current for the positive plate (7) and the negative plate (8);
the main controller is positioned inside the outer shell (1), an input port of the main controller is respectively connected with the acquisition circuits of the water inlet conductive electrode (5) and the water outlet conductive electrode (6), and an output port of the main controller is connected with a constant current source for adjusting working current;
the main controller receives the conductivities collected by the water inlet conductive electrode (5) and the water outlet conductive electrode (6), controls the constant current source to adjust the working current between the positive plate (7) and the negative plate (8), and forms a closed-loop control system.
2. The miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water device according to claim 1, wherein the outer housing (1) has the size range: the length is 8-12cm, the width is 5-8cm, and the height is 30-40 cm; the size of the outer shell (1) is much smaller than that of the ultrapure water machine (12).
3. The miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the communication interface (4) on said outer housing (1) is connected to an external device, and the communication interface (4) transmits the conductivity detected by the main controller and the regulated operating current information to the external device for storage and display.
4. The miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein said constant current source is operated in a constant current mode over the operating current range of: 0-500mA, the highest voltage can reach direct current 110V, and the magnitude of the working current is dynamically adjusted by the main controller according to the effluent quality.
5. The miniature deionization EDI ultrapure water device according to claim 1 wherein said constant current source is connected to an external 30-90V transformer, said constant current source being connected in series in the loop of the EDI module.
6. The miniature deionization EDI ultrapure water device according to claim 1, wherein the master controller is provided with an electrode acquisition circuit, the master controller transmits PWM pulse signals to the electrode acquisition circuit, the electrode acquisition circuit triggers the water inlet conductance electrode (5) and the water outlet conductance electrode (6) to acquire the conductivity of the water quality, and analog signals are converted into digital signals through the electrode acquisition circuit and are processed by the master controller.
7. A control method of the micro deionized EDI ultrapure water device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by comprising the steps of:
the method comprises the following steps: intelligent detection: the water inlet conductivity of the water inlet (9) is detected by the water inlet conductivity electrode (5), and the water inlet conductivity of the water outlet (10) is detected by the water outlet conductivity electrode (6);
step two: and (3) water quality judgment: the main controller judges whether the working current needs to be adjusted according to the instantaneous water outlet conductivity, and the method comprises the following two conditions:
the first condition is as follows: if the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is higher than the set value, indicating that the ion content in the effluent quality is too high, entering a third step;
case two: if the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is lower than the set value, the ion content in the effluent quality is normal, and entering the fourth step;
step three: instantaneous regulation: the main controller instantaneously adjusts the working current of the constant current source, and the current supplied by the constant current source to the water inlet conductance electrode (5) changes, including the following two conditions:
the first condition is as follows: if the main controller detects that the numerical value of the effluent conductivity is higher than the set value, the working current is continuously increased, and the effluent quality is improved;
case two: if the main controller detects that the numerical value of the water conductivity is lower than a set value, adjusting the working current to a normal numerical value or reducing the current value to prolong the service life of the EDI module;
step four: and (3) regeneration judgment: the main controller records the accumulated time of unqualified effluent conductivity, and if the accumulated time exceeds a specified upper limit, the EDI module is judged to be invalid;
step four: regeneration regulation: the main controller automatically carries out EDI module regeneration by doubling the constant current source.
8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the main controller compares the conductivity of the effluent with a predetermined value, and adjusts the digital signal value in time by a PID digital algorithm to adjust the operating current value of the constant current source, so that the conductivity of the effluent is the same as the predetermined value.
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Cited By (1)
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CN115849506A (en) * | 2022-11-10 | 2023-03-28 | 上海金铎禹辰水环境工程有限公司 | Polluted water body sediment organic carbon reduction method based on voltage dynamic adjustment |
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CN103796520A (en) * | 2011-07-01 | 2014-05-14 | 伊沃夸水技术私人有限公司 | Electrodesalination system and method |
CN209481368U (en) * | 2019-01-05 | 2019-10-11 | 广州市晋丰轻工机械设备有限公司 | A kind of EDI ultrapure water machine |
CN213924133U (en) * | 2020-11-25 | 2021-08-10 | 青岛普洛斯科技有限公司 | Miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water device |
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2020
- 2020-11-25 CN CN202011338235.3A patent/CN112266051A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103796520A (en) * | 2011-07-01 | 2014-05-14 | 伊沃夸水技术私人有限公司 | Electrodesalination system and method |
CN209481368U (en) * | 2019-01-05 | 2019-10-11 | 广州市晋丰轻工机械设备有限公司 | A kind of EDI ultrapure water machine |
CN213924133U (en) * | 2020-11-25 | 2021-08-10 | 青岛普洛斯科技有限公司 | Miniature deionized EDI ultrapure water device |
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CN115849506A (en) * | 2022-11-10 | 2023-03-28 | 上海金铎禹辰水环境工程有限公司 | Polluted water body sediment organic carbon reduction method based on voltage dynamic adjustment |
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