CN112047681A - Corrosion-resistant cement-based protective coating for water-wading concrete structures and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Corrosion-resistant cement-based protective coating for water-wading concrete structures and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910021487 silica fume Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002519 antifouling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00034—Physico-chemical characteristics of the mixtures
- C04B2111/00146—Sprayable or pumpable mixtures
- C04B2111/00155—Sprayable, i.e. concrete-like, materials able to be shaped by spraying instead of by casting, e.g. gunite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Aftertreatments Of Artificial And Natural Stones (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料及其制备方法，该水泥基防护涂料，其原料组成按质量份数包括：水泥40‑50份，粉煤灰10‑15份，硅灰15‑20份，石英砂65‑80份，水12‑18份，减水剂1.5‑2份，膨胀剂0.5‑1份，速凝剂2‑3份，按上述配合比制得的涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料扩展性好、流动度大、粘性小，可与喷涂设备配合使用。对原有的混凝土结构表层进行打磨处理后，采用喷涂的方法，将其应用于混凝土结构表层。该涂层与混凝土相容性较好，可使混凝土结构表面耐钙溶蚀性能增强。
The invention discloses an anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating for wading concrete structures and a preparation method thereof. The cement-based protective coating comprises, in parts by mass, 40-50 parts of cement and 10-15 parts of fly ash. , 15-20 parts of silica fume, 65-80 parts of quartz sand, 12-18 parts of water, 1.5-2 parts of water reducing agent, 0.5-1 part of expansion agent, 2-3 parts of quick-setting agent, prepared according to the above mixing ratio The anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating for wading concrete structures has good expansion, high fluidity and low viscosity, and can be used in conjunction with spraying equipment. After grinding the original concrete structure surface, it is applied to the concrete structure surface by spraying. The coating has good compatibility with concrete and can enhance the calcium corrosion resistance of the surface of the concrete structure.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于水工混凝土钙溶蚀防护领域，具体涉及一种涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料及其制备方法。The invention belongs to the field of calcium corrosion protection of hydraulic concrete, and in particular relates to a corrosion-resistant cement-based protective coating for water-wading concrete structures and a preparation method thereof.
技术背景technical background
我国水资源总量丰富，但在时间和空间上分布都不均匀。为充分开发利用各地的水资源，并且防治水患灾害。我国修建了大量水利工程，出现了众多的涉水混凝土结构，包括跨流域调水的长输水隧洞和防洪蓄水的大型水库、大坝等。这些都是国计民生工程，结构服役寿命长，对耐久性提出了更高的要求。The total amount of water resources in my country is abundant, but its distribution is uneven in time and space. In order to fully develop and utilize the water resources in various places, and prevent flood disasters. A large number of water conservancy projects have been built in my country, and many concrete structures have emerged, including long-distance water conveyance tunnels for cross-basin water transfer and large reservoirs and dams for flood control and storage. These are national economy and people's livelihood projects, and the structure has a long service life and puts forward higher requirements for durability.
涉水混凝土结构长期暴露在大气和水环境中，水会对混凝土产生很多不利的影响。在流水长期作用下，混凝土往往存在钙溶蚀问题。由于水环境中离子浓度低，混凝土内外存在离子浓度差，混凝土中的钙离子会流失到水环境中。流水环境下，如果不做处理，混凝土析钙将会持续进行。Water wading concrete structures are exposed to the atmosphere and water environment for a long time, and water will have many adverse effects on the concrete. Under the long-term action of running water, concrete often has the problem of calcium dissolution. Due to the low ion concentration in the water environment, there is a difference in ion concentration inside and outside the concrete, and calcium ions in the concrete will be lost to the water environment. Under the running water environment, if no treatment is done, the calcium precipitation of concrete will continue.
应对混凝土钙溶蚀的问题，最根本的是提高混凝土本身的密实度，减小孔隙率，但是这一点受到更方面条件的限制难以提高。尤其是对于已经建成的结构来说，在混凝土与水的接触面进行有效地防护才是较为合适的方法。To deal with the problem of calcium corrosion of concrete, the most fundamental thing is to improve the compactness of the concrete itself and reduce the porosity, but this is difficult to improve due to the limitation of more aspects. Especially for the structure that has been built, it is more suitable to effectively protect the contact surface between concrete and water.
目前较为经济且有效地方法是，在混凝土表面涂刷沥青、环氧类憎水材料。但这类涂料对混凝土基体要求比较高，需要其密实、干净和干燥，因此需要对较差的混凝土基体先进行修复，风干。同时涂刷到混凝土表面的化学材料也存在斑驳，剥落等问题，并且对于水质要求比较高的情况下，使用这类化学类涂料并不安全。At present, a more economical and effective method is to paint asphalt and epoxy hydrophobic materials on the concrete surface. However, this type of coating has relatively high requirements on the concrete substrate, which needs to be dense, clean and dry. Therefore, the poor concrete substrate needs to be repaired and air-dried. At the same time, the chemical materials painted on the concrete surface also have mottled, peeling and other problems, and it is not safe to use such chemical coatings when the water quality requirements are relatively high.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
为解决上述问题，本发明提出一种涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料及其制备方法，该水泥基防护涂料可用于混凝土结构与水接触面的防护钙溶蚀，并且施工更加方便，耐久性更好，环境友好，且实现对涉水混凝土结构的长期有效地防护。In order to solve the above problems, the present invention proposes an anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating for water-wading concrete structures and a preparation method thereof. The cement-based protective coating can be used for the protection of calcium corrosion on the contact surface between concrete structures and water, and is more convenient for construction and durable. It has better performance, is environmentally friendly, and realizes long-term and effective protection of water-wading concrete structures.
本发明提供了一种涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料，所述抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料的原料组成按质量份数包括：水泥40-50份，粉煤灰10-15份，硅灰15-20份，细骨料65-80份，水12-18份，减水剂1.5-2份，膨胀剂0.5-1份，速凝剂2-3份。The invention provides an anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating for water-wading concrete structures. The raw material composition of the anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating includes, in parts by mass: cement 40-50 parts, fly ash 10-15 parts, silicon 15-20 parts of ash, 65-80 parts of fine aggregate, 12-18 parts of water, 1.5-2 parts of water reducing agent, 0.5-1 part of swelling agent, and 2-3 parts of quick-setting agent.
进一步，所述水泥为52.5级普通硅酸盐水泥。Further, the cement is 52.5 grade ordinary Portland cement.
进一步，所述粉煤灰为超细粉煤灰。Further, the fly ash is ultrafine fly ash.
进一步，所述硅灰为超细硅灰，粒径≤1μm。Further, the silica fume is ultrafine silica fume, and the particle size is less than or equal to 1 μm.
进一步，所述胶凝材料的级配为0.1μm-1mm。Further, the gradation of the cementitious material is 0.1 μm-1 mm.
进一步，所述细骨料是粒径为0.1mm-0.5mm的石英砂。Further, the fine aggregate is quartz sand with a particle size of 0.1 mm-0.5 mm.
进一步，所述减水剂为高效聚羧酸减水剂。Further, the water reducing agent is a high-efficiency polycarboxylate water reducing agent.
进一步，所述膨胀剂为塑性膨胀剂。Further, the expansion agent is a plastic expansion agent.
进一步，所述速凝剂为无碱速凝剂。Further, the setting accelerator is an alkali-free setting accelerator.
本发明还提供了上述的涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料制备方法，包括如下步骤：按配合比确定各原材料用量，分别称重后，按细骨料、水泥、粉煤灰、硅灰的顺序投入搅拌机中，搅拌均匀后，将减水剂、膨胀剂和速凝剂溶于一半的水后加入到搅拌机中，搅拌均匀，最后加入另一半水，充分搅拌之后得到所述涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料。The present invention also provides the above-mentioned preparation method of the anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating for wading concrete structures, which includes the following steps: determining the dosage of each raw material according to the mixing ratio, and after weighing them respectively, according to the fine aggregate, cement, fly ash, silicon The ash is put into the mixer in order, and after stirring evenly, the water reducing agent, expansion agent and accelerator are dissolved in half of the water and added to the mixer, stirred evenly, and finally the other half of water is added, and the water wading agent is obtained after thorough stirring. Corrosion-resistant cement-based protective coatings for concrete structures.
有益效果：Beneficial effects:
本发明的涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料，具有良好的扩展度，流动性好，粘性小，适用于现有的喷涂技术。水泥基防护涂料其本质依旧是混凝土，对环境更为友好。与化学材料相比，更为安全可靠。对已有混凝土基体进行简单处理之后，将其喷涂于其上，一方面修护已经损伤的部位，另一方面形成防护外层。与现有的混凝土材料相容性好，且强度高、韧性好，不易发生剥落，斑驳等问题，可实现长期且有效地防护。The anti-corrosion cement-based protective paint for wading concrete structures of the invention has good expansion, good fluidity and low viscosity, and is suitable for the existing spraying technology. The essence of cement-based protective coatings is still concrete, which is more environmentally friendly. Compared with chemical materials, it is safer and more reliable. After a simple treatment of the existing concrete substrate, it is sprayed on it, on the one hand to repair the damaged part, on the other hand to form a protective outer layer. It has good compatibility with existing concrete materials, and has high strength and good toughness, and is not prone to problems such as peeling and mottled, and can achieve long-term and effective protection.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料喷涂涉水混凝土上的示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of spraying the anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating for water-wading concrete structure on water-wading concrete according to the present invention.
图中，1为涉水混凝土；2为由涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料喷涂形成的防护涂层。In the figure, 1 is the water-wading concrete; 2 is the protective coating formed by spraying the corrosion-resistant cement-based protective coating for the water-wading concrete structure.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面对本发明实行进一步说明。The present invention will be further described below.
以下实施例中所用的水泥为52.5级普通硅酸盐水泥，粉煤灰为超细粉煤灰，硅灰为超细硅灰，粒径≤1μm，胶凝材料的级配为0.1μm-1mm，细骨料是粒径为0.1mm-0.5mm的石英砂，The cement used in the following examples is 52.5 grade ordinary Portland cement, the fly ash is ultra-fine fly ash, the silica fume is ultra-fine silica fume, the particle size is less than or equal to 1 μm, and the gradation of the cementitious material is 0.1 μm-1 mm , the fine aggregate is quartz sand with a particle size of 0.1mm-0.5mm,
减水剂为高效聚羧酸减水剂，膨胀剂为塑性膨胀剂，速凝剂为无碱速凝剂。上述原料均可从市面上购买得到。The water reducing agent is a high-efficiency polycarboxylate water reducing agent, the expansion agent is a plastic expansion agent, and the setting accelerator is an alkali-free setting accelerator. The above-mentioned raw materials can be purchased from the market.
实施例1Example 1
一种涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料，其组成及配比为：水泥40份，粉煤灰10份，硅灰15份，石英砂65份，水12份，减水剂1.5份，膨胀剂0.5份，速凝剂2份。按上述配合比确定各原材料用量，分别称重后，按细骨料，水泥、粉煤灰、硅灰的顺序投入搅拌机中，强制搅拌4min后，将减水剂、膨胀剂和速凝剂溶于一半的水后加入到搅拌机中，继续搅拌3min，最后加入另一半水，充分搅拌之后得到所述涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料。An anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating for water-wading concrete structures, the composition and the proportion of which are: 40 parts of cement, 10 parts of fly ash, 15 parts of silica fume, 65 parts of quartz sand, 12 parts of water, and 1.5 parts of water reducing agent , 0.5 parts of expansion agent, 2 parts of accelerator. Determine the amount of each raw material according to the above mixing ratio. After weighing respectively, put into the mixer in the order of fine aggregate, cement, fly ash and silica fume. After forced stirring for 4 minutes, dissolve the water reducing agent, expansion agent and accelerator After half of the water is added to the mixer, stirring is continued for 3 minutes, and the other half of the water is finally added, and the corrosion-resistant cement-based protective coating for wading concrete structures is obtained after full stirring.
实施例2Example 2
一种涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料，其组成及配比为：水泥45份，粉煤灰12份，硅灰18份，石英砂70份，水15份，减水剂1.8份，膨胀剂0.8份，速凝剂2.5份。按上述配合比确定各原材料用量，分别称重后，按细骨料，水泥、粉煤灰、硅灰的顺序投入搅拌机中，强制搅拌4min后，将减水剂、膨胀剂和速凝剂溶于一半的水后加入到搅拌机中，继续搅拌3min，最后加入另一半水，充分搅拌之后得到所述涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料。An anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating for water-wading concrete structures, the composition and proportion of which are: 45 parts of cement, 12 parts of fly ash, 18 parts of silica fume, 70 parts of quartz sand, 15 parts of water, and 1.8 parts of water reducing agent , 0.8 parts of expansion agent, 2.5 parts of accelerator. Determine the amount of each raw material according to the above mixing ratio. After weighing respectively, put into the mixer in the order of fine aggregate, cement, fly ash and silica fume. After forced stirring for 4 minutes, dissolve the water reducing agent, expansion agent and accelerator After half of the water is added to the mixer, stirring is continued for 3 minutes, and the other half of the water is finally added, and the corrosion-resistant cement-based protective coating for wading concrete structures is obtained after full stirring.
实施例3Example 3
一种涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料，其组成及配比为：水泥50份，粉煤灰15份，硅灰20份，石英砂80份，水18份，减水剂2份，膨胀剂1份，速凝剂3份。按上述配合比确定各原材料用量，分别称重后，按细骨料，水泥、粉煤灰、硅灰的顺序投入搅拌机中，强制搅拌4min后，将减水剂、膨胀剂和速凝剂溶于一半的水后加入到搅拌机中，继续搅拌3min，最后加入另一半水，充分搅拌之后得到所述涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料。An anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating for wading concrete structure, the composition and the proportion of which are: 50 parts of cement, 15 parts of fly ash, 20 parts of silica fume, 80 parts of quartz sand, 18 parts of water, and 2 parts of water reducing agent , 1 part of expansion agent, 3 parts of accelerator. Determine the amount of each raw material according to the above mixing ratio. After weighing respectively, put into the mixer in the order of fine aggregate, cement, fly ash and silica fume. After forced stirring for 4 minutes, dissolve the water reducing agent, expansion agent and accelerator After half of the water is added to the mixer, stirring is continued for 3 minutes, and the other half of the water is finally added, and the corrosion-resistant cement-based protective coating for wading concrete structures is obtained after full stirring.
实施例4Example 4
对现有的混凝土与水接触的面进行打磨，除去表面被破坏的疏松，斑驳的部分，使原有的混凝土表面基本平整。The surface of the existing concrete in contact with water is polished to remove the damaged loose and mottled parts, so that the original concrete surface is basically flat.
按上述实施例制得的涉水混凝土结构用抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料。用喷射设备将其均匀、完整的喷涂在经过打磨处理的混凝土（涉水混凝土结构）表面。施工后，进行养护，获得致密，防护性能良好的防护层，涂层的厚度在2~5mm之间，如图1所示。Corrosion-resistant cement-based protective coatings for water-wading concrete structures prepared according to the above examples. Use spray equipment to spray it evenly and completely on the surface of the sanded concrete (wading concrete structure). After construction, maintenance is carried out to obtain a dense protective layer with good protective performance. The thickness of the coating is between 2 and 5 mm, as shown in Figure 1.
本发明对现有的水泥基材料组分配比做了改进，使其均匀致密，孔隙率小，又流动性大，延展性好，粘聚性小，具有良好的抗钙溶蚀性能的同时，适用于喷射设备，可应用于喷涂。相比现有的混凝土钙溶蚀防护（化学涂料）存在斑驳，剥落等问题，本发明的抗溶蚀水泥基防护涂料涂覆于涉水混凝土表面时，不光能防护钙溶蚀，同时还可以兼顾修补涉水混凝土已有的损坏的表面。与现有的混凝土材料相容性好，且强度高、韧性好，不易发生剥落，斑驳等问题，可实现长期且有效地防护。The invention improves the composition ratio of the existing cement-based materials, makes it uniform and dense, has a small porosity, has high fluidity, good ductility, low cohesion, and has good calcium corrosion resistance. At the same time, it is suitable for For spray equipment, it can be used for spraying. Compared with the existing concrete calcium corrosion protection (chemical coating), there are problems such as mottled, peeling, etc., when the anti-corrosion cement-based protective coating of the present invention is coated on the surface of water-wading concrete, it can not only protect the calcium corrosion, but also can take into account the repairing involved. An existing damaged surface of water-concrete. It has good compatibility with existing concrete materials, and has high strength and good toughness, and is not prone to problems such as peeling and mottled, and can achieve long-term and effective protection.
本发明不局限于上述实施方式，可以有更改和变化，凡是在本发明精神下做出的改进和更替，都在本发明保护范围内。The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and can be modified and changed, and all improvements and replacements made under the spirit of the present invention are within the protection scope of the present invention.
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