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CN1107500C - 口服雷怕霉素制剂 - Google Patents

口服雷怕霉素制剂 Download PDF

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CN1107500C
CN1107500C CN94116591A CN94116591A CN1107500C CN 1107500 C CN1107500 C CN 1107500C CN 94116591 A CN94116591 A CN 94116591A CN 94116591 A CN94116591 A CN 94116591A CN 1107500 C CN1107500 C CN 1107500C
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M·M·哈里逊
C·L·奥夫斯拉格
R·P·瓦兰尼斯
T·W·伦纳德
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Abstract

本发明包括新的口服雷怕霉素制剂,每100ml该配方中含有约0.01至约10.0克雷怕霉素、约0.1至约10ml表面活性剂、约0.1至约25ml N,N-二甲基乙酰胺和约65至约99.8ml卵磷脂或磷脂溶液。

Description

口服雷怕霉素制剂
本发明涉及含雷怕霉素或其可药用盐的制剂,该制剂适于口服给药,用于引起免疫抑制以及治疗移植排斥、宿主对抗移植物疾病、自免疫疾病、炎症、实体瘤、真菌感染、成熟T-细胞白血病/淋巴瘤和过度增生性血管疾病。
雷怕霉素是由吸水链霉菌(Streptomyces hygroscopicus)产生的大环内酯抗菌素,首次发现其活性是作为杀真菌剂。它对于真菌如白色念珠菌和石膏样小孢子菌的生长有不利影响。美国专利3,929,992(1975年12月30目授予Surendra Sehgal等人)描述了雷怕霉素、其制备及其抗菌活性。1977年,Martel,R.R.等人在CanadianJournal of Physiological Pharmacology, 55,48-51(1977)中报道了雷怕霉素对实验过敏性脑炎和辅助关节炎的免疫抑制性质。1989年Calne,R.Y.等人在Lancet(1989,No.2,p.227)中,以及Meiser,B.M.在Medicinal Science Research(1989,No.17,P.609-10)中分别报道了雷怕霉素抑制体内同种移植物移植排斥的效力。其后许多论文描述了雷怕霉素的免疫抑制和排斥抑制性质,并且已经开始了对使用雷怕霉素抑制人体移植排斥的临床研究。
已发现单独使用雷怕霉素(US 4,885,171)或将其与溶链菌(US 4,401,653)结合显示出抗肿瘤活性。R.Martel等人[Can.J.Physiol Pharmacol.55,48(1977)]公开了雷怕霉素在实验过敏性脑脊髓炎模型、多种硬化模型中:在佐剂关节炎模型、类风湿关节炎模型中是有效的:并且雷怕霉素有效地抑制IgE样抗体形成。
在FASEB 3(3411(1989))中已经公开了雷怕霉素的免疫抑制作用。环孢菌素A和FK-506(其他的大环分子)也表明是有效的免疫抑制剂,因而适用于预防移植排斥[FASEB 3,3411(1989);FASEB 3,5256(1989):R.Y.Calne等人,Lancet 1183(1978);和US 5,100,899]。
雷怕霉素还表明适用于预防或治疗全身红斑狼疮[US 5,078,999]、肺炎[US 5,080,899]、胰岛素依赖性糖尿病[Fifth Int.Conf.Inflamm.Res.Assoc.121(摘要)(1990)]、以及平滑肌细胞增殖和血管损伤后内膜增厚[Morris,R.J.Heart Lung Transplant11(pt.2):197(1992)]。
雷怕霉素的一和二酰化衍生物(在28和43位酰化)已表明适于用作抗真菌剂(US 4,316,885),并且可用于制备雷怕霉素的水溶性前药(US 4,650,803)。近来,有关雷怕霉素的位置编码惯例已经改变;因此根据化学文摘的命名法,上述酯应该在31-和42-位。US 5,118,678公开了雷怕霉素的氨基甲酸酯适于用作免疫抑制剂、抗炎药、杀真菌剂和抗肿瘤剂。US 5,100,883公开了雷怕霉素的氟化酯。US 5,118,677公开了雷怕霉素的酰胺酯。US 5,130,307公开了雷怕霉素的氨基酯。US 5,117,203公开了雷怕霉素的磺酸酯和氨基磺酸酯。US 5,194,447公开了雷怕霉素的磺酰氨基甲酸酯。
US 5,100,899(Calne)公开了用雷怕霉素及其衍生物和前药抑制哺乳动物移植排斥的方法。所列出的与雷怕霉素一起使用的其他化疗剂是硫唑嘌呤、皮质类甾醇、环孢烯(cyclosporen)(和环孢菌素A)以及FK-506,或其任意结合。
目前用于抑制人同种移植物器官移植排斥的主要免疫抑制剂是环孢菌素(Sandimmune)。环孢菌素是由11个氨基酸组成的环多肽Sandimmune的静脉注射制剂(IV)是无菌安瓿,其中每ml含有50mg环孢菌素、650mg CremophorEL和乙醇Ph.Helv.(32.9%体积)(在氮气氛下)。使用前将该混合物用0.9%NaCl注射液或5%葡萄糖注射液进一步稀释,以便用药。(Physicians′Desk Reference,45th ed.,1991,pp.1962-64,Medical Economics Company,Inc.)目前还在对大环内酯分子FK506进行抑制人体同种移植物器官移植排斥的临床研究,FK506与雷怕霉素具有某些结构相似性。FK506是从津岛链霉菌(Streptomyces tsuskubaensis)分离的,并且已经描述于1990年1月16目授于Okuhara等人的US 4,894,366中。R.Venkataramanan等人在Transplantation Proceedings,22,No.1,Suppl.,1 PP 52-56(1990年2月)中报道,以FK506在聚氧乙基化蓖麻油(HCO-60,表面活性剂)和乙醇中的溶液10mg/ml形式提供了FK506的静脉注射制剂。该静脉制剂必需用盐水或葡萄糖稀释,并以输注液的形式用药1-2小时。
Physiciarns′Desk Reference(45th ed.,1991,p.2119,Medical Economics Company,Inc.)列出了以Sandimmune商品名出售的25mg和100mg装量胶囊以及于50ml瓶中的口服溶液形式的环孢菌素。25mg胶囊含有25mg环孢菌素(USP)和最多12.7%(体积)的无水乙醇(USP)。100mg胶囊含有100mg环孢菌素(USP)和最多12.7%(体积)的无水乙醇(USP)。口服胶囊中的非活性成分是玉米油、明胶、甘油、Labrafil M2125 CS(聚氧乙基化糖解甘油酯)、红色氧化铁、山梨醇、二氧化钛和其他成分。口服溶液是于50ml瓶中的市售产品,其中含有100mg环孢菌素(USP)和溶于橄榄油、Ph.Helv./kabrafil M 1944 CS(聚氧乙基化油酸甘油酯)赋形制中的12.5%(体积)的Ph.Helv.乙醇,口服前必需用牛奶、巧克力奶或桔汁将其进一步稀释。
硫唑嘌呤(由Burroughs Wellcome Co.以商品名Imuran出售,Research Triangle Park,N.C.)是另一种口服免疫抑制剂,它可以单独处方或与其他免疫抑制剂结合使用。Physicians′DeskReference(45th ed.,1991,pp.785-787.Medical EconomicsCompany,Ine.)列出了硫唑嘌呤(为6-[1-甲基-(4-硝基咪唑-5-基)硫基]嘌呤),它以刻痕片剂的形式口服,其中含有50mg硫唑嘌呤以及非活性成分乳糖、硬脂酸镁、土豆淀粉、聚乙烯吡咯酮和硬脂酸。
设计药物释放方法以给患者施用可接受剂量的药物。对于口服制剂,极为需要提供符合此标准的剂型,并且它可以在临床或非临床状况下被有效在服用,优选自己服用。本发明涉及适用于口服雷怕霉素的制剂。已表明雷怕霉素具有体内免疫抑制。杀真菌和抗炎活性,以及抑制胸腺细胞增殖。因此,这些制剂适用于治疗白色念珠菌感染、炎症和移植排斥自体免疫疾病,包括狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、糖尿病和多种硬化等。
由于本发明公开的制剂含有雷怕霉素、其可药用盐或其结合,因此认为它们具有抗肿瘤、杀真菌和抗增殖活性。与此相同,本发明的制剂适用于治疗移植排斥,例如心、肾、肝、骨髓和皮肤移植:自免疫疾病如狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、糖尿病、重症肌无力和各种硬化:炎症如牛皮癣、皮炎、湿疹、皮脂溢、炎性肠疾病和眼色素层炎:实体瘤:真菌感染;和过度增生性血管疾病如再狭窄。因此本发明还提供了适用于需要免疫抑制的哺乳动物引发免疫抑制的制剂。所述引发包括给所述哺乳动物施用免疫抑制量的-种或多种本文所讨论的制剂。
已发现雷怕霉素具有极差的水溶性和油溶性,本发明制剂由含有有机溶剂和卵磷脂的雷怕霉素溶液组成。
通常,本发明制剂包括a)雷怕霉素、b)表面活性剂、c)N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)和d)卵磷脂或磷脂的结合,每100ml制剂中各成分的含量如下:
a)每100ml中含约0.01至约10.0克的雷怕霉素;
b)每100ml中含约0.1至约10.0ml的表面活性剂:
c)每100ml中含约0.1至约25ml的DMA:和
d)每100ml中含约65至约99.8ml的卵磷脂或磷脂溶液,所述溶液含有40%~60%卵磷脂或磷脂及适宜的溶剂。
本发明更优选的制剂包括具有下列范围物质的那些组合:
a)每100ml组合物中含约0.05至约5.0克的雷怕霉素;
b)每100ml组合物中含约0.5至约8.0ml的表面活性剂;
c)每100ml组合物中含约0.5至约20ml的DMA;和
d)每100ml组合物中含约72至约99.0ml在合适溶剂中的含40-60%卵磷脂或磷脂的卵磷脂或磷脂溶液。
本发明最优选的制剂包括具有下列范围浓度的那些制剂:
a)每100ml组合物中含约0.10至约1.0克的雷怕霉素;
b)每100ml组合物中含约1.0至约5.0ml的表面活性剂;
c)每100ml组合物中含约1.0至约10ml的DMA;和
d)每100ml组合物中含约85至约98ml在合适溶剂中的含40~60%卵磷脂或磷脂的卵磷脂或磷脂溶液。
在本发明药物组合物的一个优选实例中,每100ml该组合物中含有:a)2500mg雷帕霉素在N,N-二甲基乙酰胺中的20ml第一部分;b)在卵磷脂中的0.05g/ml至0.07g/ml表面活性剂的第二部分,所述第二部分加到20ml的第一部分中得到100ml体积的组合物。
下面给出的实施例列出了许多适用于本发明制剂的溶剂。可替代使用的溶剂包括(但不限于)二甲基乙酰胺、乙醇、二甲基甲酰胺、叔丁醇和丙二醇。根据药物浓度,可以增加溶剂的量。或者可以根据药物浓度减少溶剂的量,并且如果药物溶解性允许,可以仅用卵磷脂作溶剂。
适用于本发明制剂的表面活性剂包括、但不限于:吐温20(聚氧乙烯20脱水山梨醇一月桂酸酯),吐温60,司盘80脱水山梨醇油酸酯(ICI Americas的产物,Wilmington,DE),Cremophor表面活性剂(由BASF Corporation生产,Parsippany,NJ)和吐温80[它在默克索引第11版(IIthEdition,由Merck & Co.,Inc.出版,Copyright 1989)第1254页中定义为脱水山梨醇单9-十八烯酸酯聚(氧-1,2-乙二基)衍生物、聚氧乙烯(20)脱水山梨醇一油酸酯,脱水山梨醇一油酸酯聚氧乙烯、Sorlate、Tween 80及其他名称,以及表明为每摩尔山梨醇及山梨醇酐与大约20摩尔环氧乙烷共聚的山梨醇和其酐的油酸酯]。吐温80是本发明优选使用的表面活性剂。
许多卵磷脂和磷脂溶液可以用于本发明。卵磷脂是磷脂酰胆碱或与磷酸胆碱酯连接的各种硬脂酸、棕榈酸和油酸二甘油酯的混合物的通称。各种类型卵磷脂或卵磷脂来源的产物(如分离的磷脂)本身或其与各种溶剂的混合物均可用作上述制剂的最终成分。这些卵磷脂成分可以包括如Alcolec卵磷脂(由American Lecithin Company生产,Danbury,CT)、Phosal 50 PG丙二醇和卵磷脂、Phosal 50 MCT磷脂酰胆碱和介质键连的三甘油酯(medium chained triglycerides)以及Phospholipan 90卵磷脂(这些均由Nattermann PhospholipidGMBH生产,Colone,Germany)、Centrophil和Centrophase卵磷脂(由Central Soya生产,Fort Wayne,IN.)。优选用于本发明制剂的磷脂溶液至少为50%磷脂浓度。更优选用于本发明制剂的卵磷脂产物或溶液具有至少50%磷脂酰胆碱。还优选磷脂溶液包括磷脂的丙二醇溶液。
制剂所需的雷怕霉素剂量可以根据所表现的症状严重程度和具体接受治疗的患者而改变。本发明化合物计划的日口服剂量为0.005~75mg/kg,优选0.01~50mg/kg更优选0.05~10mg/kg。
一般用低于化合物最佳剂量的小剂量开始治疗。其后增加剂量至在所达到环境下最佳效果。准确剂量要由给药医生根据对各个患者治疗的经验来确定。通常,最希望以达到有效结果而不导致伤害或有害副作用的浓度施用本发明制剂。
本发明制剂也可以采取通常使用的口服液体药物的方法施用。可以直接服用,或将其分散于液体如水或汁中服用。该制剂还可以装入胶囊,例如淀粉胶囊或软弹性明胶胶囊。还可以将雷怕霉素口服制剂以约1份制剂约9份水至约1份制剂约499份水的范围、通过混合至少约60秒钟将其分散至水中后服用。该分散可以采用在服药前混合约1小时。
当本发明制剂用作免疫抑制剂或抗炎剂时,可以将其与一种或多种其他免疫调节剂联用。其他抗排斥化疗剂包括(但不限于):硫唑嘌呤,皮质类甾醇如强地松和甲强龙,环磷酰胺,环孢菌素A,FK-506,OKT-3和ATG。通过将一种或多种本发明制剂与其他引发免疫抑制或治疗炎性疾病的药物或药剂结合,以达到所需效果,可以需要较少量的各种药剂;这种结合治疗的基础是由Stepkowski建立的,其结果表明亚治疗剂量的雷怕霉素和环孢菌素A的结合液用明显延长了心脏同种移植物的存活时间。[Transplantation Proc.23:507(1991)]。
还应理解,本发明配方可以与其他常规口服制剂使用的成分一起使用,这些成分的实例是(但不限于):增味剂、着色剂、辅剂、杀真菌剂、抗菌药等。
下列非限制性实施例和比较例用于说明本发明更优选实施方案的效果。
                     实施例
                     实施例1
下列实施例1表明了具有50mg/kg雷怕霉素浓度的口服雷怕霉素制剂。
A.配方
  成分                          量
  雷怕霉素@100%                最多5g
  吐温80,NF                    5.0ml或5.4g
  N,N-二甲基乙酰胺             20.0ml或18.7g
  Phosal 50 PG*                加至100ml或99.6g
  *Nattermann牌卵磷脂和丙二醇
  制造方法:
1.称取雷怕霉素至合适的容器中;
2.向第1步的容器中加入N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,混合至溶解;
3.向第2步的容器中加入吐温80,混合至均匀;
4.用Phosal 50 PG卵磷脂和丙二醇调至最终体积;
5.混合至均匀。
以50mg/kg雷怕霉素的剂量给下列A和B两只Cynomolgus猴服用上述制剂,然后在用药后指定的时间测量血清药物浓度,结果如下:
            口服50mg/kg的雷怕霉素猴血清中雷怕霉素浓度
     时间                     A                        B
     0                        BDL                      BDL
     1小时                    0.017                    0.035
     2小时                    0.037                    0.166
     3小时                    0.062                    0.078
     4小时                    0.215                    0.115
     6小时                    0.262                    0.050
     9小时                    0.103                    0.010
     12小时                   0.018                    BDL
BDL=低于检测限(检测限~或等于0.006μg/ml)。
                     实施例2
下列实施例2提供了具有125mg/ml雷怕霉素浓度的口服制剂及其制备方法。所给出的第一组成分和方法表明了口服雷怕霉素浓缩物的制备。所给出的第二组成分和方法表明了雷怕霉素浓缩物可以使用的稀释剂。
在DMA中的125mg/ml口服雷怕霉素浓缩物
配方:
成分                              量
雷怕霉素@100%                    12.5g
二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)                 加至100ml
方法:
1.称取12.5g雷怕霉素至一合适的标定容器中;
2.加适量DMA至100ml;
3.混合至形成澄清溶液;
4.将雷怕霉素浓缩物贮存于全玻璃容器中或用表面包有特氟隆的盖子塞住的石英玻璃瓶中。
下列1号稀释剂用于上述口服雷怕霉素配方(25mg/ml雷怕霉素),该稀释剂如下:
口服雷怕霉素1号稀释剂
配方:
成分                         量
吐温80                       6.69g
Centrophil W1               加至100ml1Central Soya版卵磷脂
方法:
1.向合适容器中加入6.69g吐温80;
2.用适量Centrophil W卵磷脂加至100ml;
3.混合至均化;
4.口服雷怕霉素稀释剂可以在室温贮存于全玻璃容器中或用表面包有特氟隆的盖子塞住的石英玻璃瓶中。
25mg/ml的口服雷怕霉素
配方:
成分                                 量
雷怕霉素口服浓缩物
@125mg/ml                            20ml
口服雷怕霉素稀释剂                   加到100ml
方法:
1.将20ml雷怕霉素口服浓缩物置于一容器中;
2.加适量口服雷怕霉素的稀释剂至100ml;
3.混合至均匀;
4.将上述雷怕霉素制剂贮存于全玻璃容器中或表面包有特氟隆的盖子塞住的石英玻璃瓶中。
以50mg/kg的雷怕霉素剂量给下列A-D四只Cynomolgus猴服用上述制剂,然后在给药后指定的时间测量血清药物浓度,结果如下:
               口服50mg/kg的猴子的血清雷怕霉素浓度
                    雷怕霉素浓度(μg/ml)
                         猴子编号
   时间        A            B           C               D
   0           BDL          BDL         BDL             BDL
   1小时       0.008        0.786       0.078           0.053
   2小时       0.020        0.129       0.066           0.013
   3小时       0.026        0.077       0.101           0.022
4小时      0.104      0.036       >0.200      0.057
6小时      QNS        0.029       >0.200      0.117
9小时      0.113      0.01 2      >0.200      0.031
12小时     0.022      0.005       0.050        0.005
QNS=不足量
BDL=低于检测限(检测限~或等于0.006μg/ml)。
                      比较例
                      比较例1
提供用于雷怕霉素的下列常规制剂方法,以便于与本发明比较。使用下列成分和2号稀释剂制备方法制备比较口服制剂(50mg/ml雷怕霉素口服悬浮液)的稀释剂,如下:
雷怕霉素悬浮液的稀释剂
        成分                         量
        吐温80,NF                   5.0ml
        0.5M柠檬酸(pH4)              加至100ml
制备方法:
1.制备0.5M柠檬酸溶液;
2.用50%(w/w)NaOH调节第1步所得溶液的pH;
3.将吐温80置于合适的容器中;
4.加适量的第2步溶液至100ml;
5.混合至均匀。
50mg/ml雷怕霉素的口服悬浮液
成分                                     量
微粒化雷怕霉素@100%                     最多5.0g
口服雷怕霉素悬浮液的稀释剂               加至100ml
制备方法:
1.称取雷怕霉素至合适的容器中:
2.加适量雷怕霉素稀释剂:
3.混合至均匀。
以50mg/kg的雷怕霉素剂量给下列A~C三只Cynomolgus猴服用上述制剂,然后在给药后指定的时间测量血清药物浓度,结果如下:
                          口服50mg/ml的雷怕霉素悬
                          浮液猴血清中雷怕霉素的浓度
                              雷怕霉素浓度(μg/ml)
                                    猴子编号
     时间           A                  B                  C
     0              BDL                BDL                BDL
     1小时          BDL                BDL                BDL
     2小时          BDL                BDL                BDL
     3小时          BDL                BDL                BDL
     4小时          BDL                BDL                BDL
     6小时          BDL                BDL                BDL
     9小时          BDL                BDL                BDL
     12小时         BDL                BDL                BDL
BDL=低于检测限(检测限~或等于0.006μg/ml)。
                      比较例2
下列成分和方法步骤表明了形成口服雷怕霉素溶液所用的另一种常规制备方法,它用于与本发明比较。
50mg/ml雷怕霉素口服溶液
配方:
成分                                     量
雷怕霉素@100%                           5.0g
二甲基乙酰胺                             10.0g
无水乙醇                                 10.0g
Miglyol 812                              加至100ml
方法:
1.将雷怕霉素置于合适容器中;
2.将二甲基乙酰胺和乙醇加至第1步的容器中,并混合至形成溶液;
3.加入适量Miglycol 812,并混合至均匀;
4.(可替代步骤)用0.2微米特氟隆滤膜过滤样品。
以50mg/kg的雷怕霉素剂量给下列A~C三只Cynomolgus猴服用上述制剂,然后在给药后指定的时间测量血清药物浓度,结果如下:
                          口服50mg/ml雷怕霉素口服溶
                          液的猴血清中雷怕霉素的浓度
                              雷怕霉素浓度(μg/ml)
                                     猴子编号
    时间                A               B                  C
    0                  BDL              BDL                BDL
   1小时         BDL         BDL         BDL
   2小时         BDL         BDL         BDL
   3小时         BDL         BDL         BDL
   4小时         BDL         BDL         BDL
   6小时         BDL         BDL         BDL
   9小时         BDL         BDL         BDL
   12小时        BDL         BDL         BDL
BDL=低于检测限(检测限~或等于0.006μg/ml)。
                      比较例350mg/ml雷怕霉素口服乳液
配方:
    成分                                量
    雷怕霉素@100%                      5.0g
    二甲基乙酰胺                        10ml
    橄榄油                              加至100ml
方法:
1.将雷怕霉素置于合适的容器中;
2.向步骤1的容器中加入二甲基乙酰胺,并混合至澄清;
3.加适量橄榄油,并混合至均匀。
以50mg/kg的雷怕霉素剂量给下列三只Cynomolgus猴服用上述制剂,然后在给药后的指定时间测量血清药物浓度,结果如下:
                          口服50mg/ml雷怕霉素口服乳
                          液的猴血清中雷怕霉素的浓度
                              雷怕霉素浓度(μg/ml)
    时间              A                  B                C
    0                 BDL                BDL              BDL
    20分钟            BDL                BDL              BDL
    40分钟            BDL                BDL              BDL
    80分钟            BDL                BDL              BDL
    3小时             BDL                BDL              BDL
    6小时             BDL                0.110*          BDL
    12小时            BDL                BDL              BDL
    24小时            BDL                BDL              BDL
BDL=低于检测限(检测限~或等于0.006μg/ml)。
*从实验室得到的测定结果呈现异常。

Claims (4)

1.一种药物组合物,每100ml该组合物中含有0.01至10.0克雷怕霉素、0.1至10ml表面活性剂、0.1至25ml N,N-二甲基乙酰胺和65至99.8ml 40-60%卵磷脂或磷脂溶液。
2.权利要求1的药物组合物,其中每100ml该组合物含有0.05至5.0克雷怕霉素、0.5至8.0ml表面活性剂、0.5至20mlN,N-二甲基乙酰胺和72至99.0ml 40-60%卵磷脂或磷脂溶液。
3.权利要求1的药物组合物,其中每100ml该组合物含有0.10至1.0克雷怕霉素、1.0至5.0ml表面活性剂、1.0至10mlN,N-二甲基乙酰胺和85至98.0ml 40-60%卵磷脂或磷脂溶液。
4.权利要求1的药物组合物,每100ml该组合物中含有:
a)2500mg雷怕霉素在N,N-二甲基乙酰胺中的20ml第一部分;和
b)在卵磷脂中的0.05g/ml至0.07g/ml表面活性剂的第二部分,所述第二部分加到20ml的第一部分中得到100ml体积的组合物。
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KR950007856A (ko) 1995-04-15
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JPH07196518A (ja) 1995-08-01
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CA2133175A1 (en) 1995-03-31
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