CN110194984A - 具有烟尘处理特性的接枝聚合物 - Google Patents
具有烟尘处理特性的接枝聚合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110194984A CN110194984A CN201910141982.9A CN201910141982A CN110194984A CN 110194984 A CN110194984 A CN 110194984A CN 201910141982 A CN201910141982 A CN 201910141982A CN 110194984 A CN110194984 A CN 110194984A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- oxazoline
- olefin copolymer
- alkyl
- amine
- acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 title description 12
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 title description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- IMSODMZESSGVBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Oxazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CO1 IMSODMZESSGVBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- -1 2- ethyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 118
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 74
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 63
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 39
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005917 acylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000010933 acylation Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- ATGUVEKSASEFFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-aminodiphenylamine Chemical group C1=CC(N)=CC=C1NC1=CC=CC=C1 ATGUVEKSASEFFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 9
- ZXTHWIZHGLNEPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole Chemical compound O1CCN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZXTHWIZHGLNEPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 8
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004103 aminoalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002768 hydroxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HZRZMHNRCSIQFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,4-trimethyl-5h-1,3-oxazole Chemical compound CC1=NC(C)(C)CO1 HZRZMHNRCSIQFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- YFSGRMONVCFYTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethyloxazole Chemical compound CC1OC(C)C(C)=N1 YFSGRMONVCFYTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ROAVQVZZFABISD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-5h-1,3-oxazole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(OC)=C1C1=NC(C)(C)CO1 ROAVQVZZFABISD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GUXJXWKCUUWCLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-2-oxazoline Chemical compound CC1=NCCO1 GUXJXWKCUUWCLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- NFCPRRWCTNLGSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-n-phenylbenzene-1,2-diamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1NC1=CC=CC=C1 NFCPRRWCTNLGSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- VJTZHXQAZLGBHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-n-phenylbenzene-1,3-diamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(NC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 VJTZHXQAZLGBHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- KOAMXHRRVFDWRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4-dimethyl-5h-1,3-oxazole Chemical compound CC1(C)COC=N1 KOAMXHRRVFDWRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M .beta-Phenylacrylic acid Natural products [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N Cinnamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical class OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013985 cinnamic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930016911 cinnamic acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl p-hydroxycinnamate Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GPBCTHQIXXYBHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzyl-4,4-dimethyl-5h-1,3-oxazole Chemical compound CC1(C)COC(CC=2C=CC=CC=2)=N1 GPBCTHQIXXYBHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 52
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 47
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 27
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 abstract description 19
- 239000003500 flue dust Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 97
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 86
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 51
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 50
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 29
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 29
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 25
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 20
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 20
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 20
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 19
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 16
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 14
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 12
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000005078 molybdenum compound Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000002752 molybdenum compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000005605 benzo group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 125000002619 bicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylamine Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000004415 heterocyclylalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N monobenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 9
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 9
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000003917 carbamoyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 8
- 125000006297 carbonyl amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:2])C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 8
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 7
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 7
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 7
- NYEZZYQZRQDLEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole Chemical compound CCC1=NCCO1 NYEZZYQZRQDLEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000005266 diarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 229920001973 fluoroelastomer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000004646 sulfenyl group Chemical group S(*)* 0.000 description 6
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 208000028659 discharge Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000005493 quinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 5
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dithiophosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(S)=S NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
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- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000475 sulfinyl group Chemical group [*:2]S([*:1])=O 0.000 description 4
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 4
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-pyrrole Natural products C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000004457 alkyl amino carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000003806 alkyl carbonyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000005196 alkyl carbonyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000003435 aroyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NVTPMUHPCAUGCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCOP(O)(O)=O NVTPMUHPCAUGCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCO UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003558 thiocarbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- KKSDGJDHHZEWEP-SNAWJCMRSA-N trans-3-coumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC(O)=C1 KKSDGJDHHZEWEP-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M149/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M149/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M149/10—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a nitrogen-containing hetero ring
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F255/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00
- C08F255/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00 on to polymers of olefins having two or three carbon atoms
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F255/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00
- C08F255/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00 on to polymers of olefins having two or three carbon atoms
- C08F255/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00 on to polymers of olefins having two or three carbon atoms on to ethene-propene copolymers
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- C08F8/12—Hydrolysis
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- C08F8/30—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C08F8/30—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups
- C08F8/32—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups by reaction with amines
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- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/48—Isomerisation; Cyclisation
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- C10M149/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M149/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an amido or imido group
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- C10M161/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
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- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/022—Ethene
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- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/024—Propene
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- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
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- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
- C10M2209/082—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type monocarboxylic
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- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
- C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
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- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- C10M2209/086—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type polycarboxylic, e.g. maleic acid
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
- C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
- C10M2215/223—Five-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
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- C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
- C10M2215/225—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
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Abstract
本公开涉及具有分散剂特性的噁唑啉改性的润滑添加剂和包含所述分散剂润滑添加剂的润滑油组合物。本公开还涉及包含本公开的所述添加剂的润滑剂组合物的用途,其用于改善发动机润滑剂组合物的烟尘或污泥处理特征,同时使发动机密封件的劣化降到最低。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及噁唑啉改性的润滑添加剂,例如分散剂和分散剂粘度指数改性剂,以及包含这类添加剂的润滑油组合物。本公开还涉及包含本文添加剂的润滑剂组合物的用途,其用于改善发动机润滑剂组合物的烟尘或污泥处理特征并且同时使发动机的弹性体相容性的劣化降到最低。
背景技术
发动机润滑剂提供增强的发动机保护,这往往会改善燃料经济性并且减少排放。然而,通常不希望牺牲发动机保护和润滑特性以实现改进的燃料经济性和减少排放的益处,并且大多数润滑剂经常在这类特性背后找到平衡。举例来说,润滑剂中摩擦改性剂量的增加可能有利于燃料经济性目的,但可能导致润滑剂处理由外部发动机污染物(例如水)施加的磨损应力的能力降低。同样地,润滑剂中抗磨损剂量的增加可能提供改进的针对磨损的发动机保护,但也可以通过各种机制减少排放,例如对催化剂性能有害。
同样地,润滑剂的烟尘和污泥处理组分必须达到类似的平衡。举例来说,分散剂或分散剂粘度改性剂(DVM)可以在发动机油中,特别是在重型柴油中提供优异的烟尘/污泥处理特性,同时仍有助于成品油的总体粘度性能。可将DVM调适成在成品油配制物中实现多种作用,所述配制物包括抗氧化剂、防摩擦剂/抗磨损剂以及在一些情况下清洁剂。这种充足的多功能性使配制者能够在更大的窗口内降低或提高成品配制物中某些成分的处理率,并且优化整体发动机油性能。DVM通常包括芳胺和/或其它胺部分,其可以提供改善的抗磨损剂和分散剂特性。然而,在一些例子中,芳胺以及其它伯和/或仲胺对发动机的弹性体相容性有负面影响。过去,已经使用各种硼酸盐、酸酐和羧酸来减弱未受保护的胺的作用。在一些例子中,芳胺受益于具有空间位阻胺部分,并且因此对含氟弹性体密封件的寿命具有降低的负面影响,但是仍可影响密封质量和寿命,这取决于这类胺官能化的DVM的处理率。
发明内容
在一个方面或实施例中,多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂包含以下的反应产物:(i)胺官能化的酰基化烯烃共聚物,所述烯烃共聚物包括一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺、一种或多种伯和/或仲烷基胺或其混合物,和(ii)噁唑啉或其衍生物;并且其中噁唑啉或其衍生物是伯和/或仲胺的氮的封端剂。在一种方法中,胺是一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺。
前一段的多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂可以单独或组合地与一种或多种任选特点组合。这些额外的任选特点可包括其中一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺包括空间位阻氮;和/或其中噁唑啉或其衍生物选自2-苯基-2-噁唑啉;2-乙基-2-噁唑啉;2-甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-苯甲基-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-乙基-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2,4,4-三甲基-2-噁唑啉;4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2,4,5-三甲基-3-噁唑啉;2-(2,6-二甲氧基苯基)-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-[1-(羟甲基)乙基]噁唑啉;其混合物以及其衍生物;和/或其中噁唑啉或其衍生物包括2、4和5位的侧基或其组合,并且其中侧基选自杂环、芳香族物、C1到C32的烃基和其混合物;和/或其中反应产物的伯和/或仲胺的封端比为约5%到约50%;和/或其中胺官能化的酰基化烯烃共聚物每约1000个烯烃共聚物的数均分子量单元具有约0.1到约0.8个羧基,并且其中烯烃共聚物的数均分子量为约5,000到约150,000;和/或其中烯烃共聚物是乙烯与一种或多种C3到C18α-烯烃的共聚物;和/或其中胺官能化由下式的N-芳基苯二胺获得
R4为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的--NH-芳基、--NH-芳烷基、--NH-烷基或支链或直链基团,其可为烷基、烯基、烷氧基芳烷基、烷芳基、羟烷基或氨基烷基;R5为--NH2、CH2--(CH2)n--NH2、CH2-芳基-NH2,其中n是1到10的整数;并且R6为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳烷基、烷芳基;和/或其中N-芳基苯二胺选自N-苯基-1,4-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,3-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,2-苯二胺;和其混合物;和/或其中酰基化烯烃共聚物衍生自乙烯和一种或多种C3到C18α-烯烃和接枝烯系不饱和羧酸材料的共聚物,所述接枝烯系不饱和羧酸材料具有至少一个烯键和至少一个羧基或其酸酐基团或可转化为与烯烃共聚物反应的羧基的极性基团;和/或其中烯系不饱和羧酸材料选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、肉桂酸、丁烯酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸或其酸酐衍生物。
在另一个方面或实施例中,本发明还提供了包含多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂的添加剂浓缩物,其包括前两段的任何特征。
在另一个方面或实施例中,本公开提供前三段中所述的多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂或其添加剂浓缩物的用途,其用于改善发动机润滑剂的烟尘或污泥处理特征,同时使弹性体相容性的劣化降到最低。
在又一方面或实施例中,本公开还提供一种润滑剂,其包括大量具有润滑粘度的基础油和少量多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂。多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂包括以下的反应产物:(i)胺官能化的酰基化烯烃共聚物,所述烯烃共聚物包括一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺、一种或多种伯和/或仲烷基胺或其混合物,和(ii)噁唑啉或其衍生物;并且其中噁唑啉或其衍生物是伯和/或仲胺的氮的封端剂。在一种方法中,胺是一种或多种伯或仲烷基胺。
前一段的润滑剂可以单独或组合地与一个或多个任选特点组合。这些额外的任选特点可包括其中一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺包括空间位阻氮;和/或其中噁唑啉或其衍生物选自2-苯基-2-噁唑啉;2-乙基-2噁唑啉;2-甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-苯甲基-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-乙基-4,4-二甲基-2噁唑啉;2,4,4-三甲基-2-噁唑啉;4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2,4,5-三甲基-3-噁唑啉;2-(2,6-二甲氧基苯基)-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-[1-(羟甲基)乙基]噁唑啉;其混合物以及其衍生物;和/或其中噁唑啉或其衍生物包括2、4和5位的侧基或其组合,并且其中侧基选自杂环、芳香族物、烃基C1到C32和其混合物;和/或其中反应产物的伯和/或仲胺的封端比为约5%到约50%;和/或其中胺官能化的酰基化烯烃共聚物每约1000个烯烃共聚物的数均分子量单元具有约0.1到约0.8个羧基,并且其中烯烃共聚物的数均分子量为约5,000到约150,000;和/或其中烯烃共聚物是乙烯与一种或多种C3到C18α-烯烃的共聚物;和/或其中胺官能化由下式的N-芳基苯二胺获得
R4为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的--NH-芳基、--NH-芳烷基、--NH-烷基或支链或直链基团,其可为烷基、烯基、烷氧基芳烷基、烷芳基、羟烷基或氨基烷基;R5为--NH2、CH2--(CH2)n--NH2、CH2-芳基-NH2,其中n是1到10的整数;并且R6为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳烷基、烷芳基;和/或其中N-芳基苯二胺选自N-苯基-1,4-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,3-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,2-苯二胺;和其混合物;和/或其中酰基化烯烃共聚物衍生自乙烯和一种或多种C3到C18α-烯烃和接枝烯系不饱和羧酸材料的共聚物,所述接枝烯系不饱和羧酸材料具有至少一个烯键和至少一个羧基或其酸酐基团或可转化为与烯烃共聚物反应的羧基的极性基团;和/或其中烯系不饱和羧酸材料选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、肉桂酸、丁烯酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸或其酸酐衍生物。
附图说明
图1是显示实例聚合物在润滑油中的分散剂性能的图。
具体实施方式
发动机或曲轴箱润滑剂组合物用于含有火花点火和压缩点火发动机的车辆中。这类发动机可以用于汽车、卡车和/或火车应用,仅提供一些实例,并且可以在燃料上操作,所述燃料包括但不限于汽油、柴油、醇、压缩天然气和其类似物。本文的润滑剂或润滑剂组合物可适用作发动机或曲轴箱润滑剂,例如汽车曲轴箱润滑剂,其在一些情况下满足或超过ILSAC GF-5和/或API CJ-4润滑剂标准。
如背景技术中所指出,发动机油通常包括许多添加剂。分散剂和分散剂粘度指数改性剂是发动机油中的常见添加剂,以帮助分散污泥、碳、烟尘、氧化产物和其它沉积物前体。这类添加剂有助于保持发动机部件干净、延长发动机寿命并且有助于保持适当的排放和良好的燃料经济性。结果是沉积物形成减少、油氧化减少、粘度增加较少。在一些方法中,分散剂或分散剂粘度改性剂通过抑制颗粒与颗粒的聚集来实现这一点。因此,随着润滑剂组合物中分散剂或分散剂粘度改性剂的量增加,润滑剂的烟尘和污泥处理特性通常得到改善,但在一些例子中,增加这些添加剂的量会对弹性体相容性产生不利影响。另一方面,本文描述的是具有分散剂特性的润滑添加剂,以及包括这类添加剂的润滑油,所述添加剂具有良好的烟尘处理特性和/或粘度改性特性,并且与现有润滑添加剂相比,同时与氟弹性体相容。
转向更多特殊性,本文描述润滑添加剂,例如多官能粘度改性剂或分散剂,其提供分散剂和/或粘度改性,同时仍对发动机弹性体友好。在一个方面,润滑添加剂是多官能粘度改性剂,例如多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂,其包括以下的反应产物:(i)胺官能化的酰基化烯烃共聚物,所述烯烃共聚物包括一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺和任选的一种或多种伯和/或仲烷基胺,和(ii)噁唑啉或其衍生物;其中噁唑啉或其衍生物是伯和/或仲胺的氮的封端剂。
本文的噁唑啉封端的分散剂粘度指数改性剂或分散剂通过将添加剂的伯胺和仲胺(烷基胺和/或芳胺)转化为叔胺来减少含胺添加剂对弹性体和其它发动机密封件的负面影响。在一些例子中,胺的化学保护可以将空间位阻的伯和/或仲胺转化为叔胺(本文中称为“封端”氮原子)。如下面更多的讨论,噁唑啉可以与空间位阻的芳香族氮(例如在二苯胺中发现的氮)反应以减少芳胺对密封件的负面影响,同时不显著影响添加剂的分散剂和/或粘度指数特性。在其它方法中,噁唑啉还可以与伯和/或仲烷基胺反应以进一步减少这类烷基胺对发动机弹性体相容性的负面影响。因此,噁唑啉提供了解决这一难题的理想途径,因为发现其在润滑添加剂的情况下具有高化学反应性和特异性。
本文公开了噁唑啉作为对润滑添加剂的化学改性的用途,所述润滑添加剂往往会赋予额外的氟弹性体密封保护和出乎意料地改善的分散剂性能,例如分散剂烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂或烃基取代的二羧酸酐或其衍生物。本公开提供了通过与噁唑啉的简单并且快速的一锅反应来封端空间位阻和/或暴露的伯和/或仲胺的方法。还已经证实,虽然用某些噁唑胺封端芳胺,但是在低处理率性能下可能出现意想不到的分散性增强。如下文所述,多种噁唑啉衍生物与本公开相容。下面将进一步描述每个组分。
噁唑啉封端剂:
在一个方面,本文的润滑添加剂包括噁唑啉衍生的封端剂,例如式I的噁唑啉或其衍生物
其中R1和R3各自独立地选自由以下组成的群组:氢、卤基、硝基、氰基、C1到C32脂肪族基、苯基、萘基、3-7元杂环基、5-6元杂芳基,并且其中所述C1到C32脂肪族基的至多5个碳独立地并且任选地被选自以下的二价基团置换:-O-、-NH-、-N(C1-4烷基)-、-C(O)-、-C(O)O-、-C(O)NH-、-C(O)N(C14烷基)-,并且其中每个R1和R3独立地并且任选地被至多三个选自以下的取代基取代:C1到C6烷基、苯基、萘基、3-7元杂环基、5-6元杂芳基、卤基、硝基和氰基;并且R2为氢、卤基、或C1-4烷基。
在另一个实施例中,R1选自由以下组成的群组:卤基、硝基、氰基、甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、正庚基、2-乙基己基、苯基、呋喃基、噻吩基、2H-吡咯基、吡咯基、噁唑基、噻唑基、咪唑基、吡唑基、异噁唑基、异噻唑基、1,3,4-噻二唑基、2H-吡喃基、4-H-吡喃基、吡啶基、哒嗪基、嘧啶基、吡唑基、吡嗪基和1,3,5-三嗪基,其任选地被至多三个选自C1到C6烷基、苯基、卤基、硝基和氰基的取代基取代。
在一些方法中,R1是乙基或苯基,或R1可能是氢。在一些方法中,R2是氢。在一些其它实施例中,R3是氢。在一些另外的实施例中,R3和R2都是氢。在一个另外的实施例中,R1是乙基或苯基,并且R3和R2都是氢。
在其它方法中,适用于本文封端剂的噁唑啉或其衍生物可选自2-苯基-2-噁唑啉;2-乙基-2-噁唑啉;2-甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-苯甲基-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-乙基-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2,4,4-三甲基-2-噁唑啉;4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2,4,5-三甲基-3-噁唑啉;2-(2,6-二甲氧基苯基)-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-[1-(羟甲基)乙基]噁唑啉;其混合物以及其衍生物。在又其它方法中,噁唑啉或其衍生物包括2、4和5位的侧基或其组合,其中侧基选自杂环、芳香族物、C1到C32的烃基和其混合物。
在一些方法中,本文的润滑添加剂的伯和/或仲胺(烷基和/或芳基)的封端比可以为约5%到约70%,在其它方法中为约5%到约50%,并且在又另外的方法中为约7%到约35%的封端。如本文所用,封端比是已经封端或与至少噁唑啉或其衍生物反应的伯或仲胺(烷基和/或芳基)的百分比。在一些方法中,噁唑啉或其衍生物与活性胺(即伯和/或仲烷基胺或芳胺)的摩尔比为约5:1到约3:1,在其它方法中为约2:1到约1.5:1;在又另外的方法中为约1:2到约1:4。在另外的方法中,噁唑啉与活性胺的摩尔比为约1:1。通过使用已知的氮测量技术测量封端反应之前和之后的聚合物的氮浓度来测定封端百分比。在一些方法中,胺也可以用例如顺丁烯二酸酐和其类似物的其它化合物封端。
胺官能化:
本公开的润滑添加剂也被胺官能化。在一种方法中,润滑添加剂可以是分散剂粘度改性剂,例如下文所述的胺官能化的酰基化烯烃共聚物。胺官能化可包括一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺和任选的一种或多种伯和/或仲烷基胺。
在这种方法的一个方面,本公开的润滑添加剂用式II的含胺部分官能化
其中A是二价苯基,其任选地被至多四个C1-6烷基取代基取代;R'是氢、C1-6烷基或苯基,其中烷基和苯基各自任选地并且独立地被至多三个独立地选自由以下组成的群组的化学部分的例子取代:卤基、硝基、氰基、-C(O)(C1-4烷基)、苯甲基、苯甲酰基和C1-4烷基;并且m是1到10的整数。
在以上方面的一个实施例中,A可以是选自以下的部分
其每一个任选地被至多四个C1-6烷基取代基取代。在一另外的实施例中,A是A3,其任选地被至多四个C1-6烷基取代基取代。在再一另外的实施例中,A是未取代的。
在另一个实施例中,R'是甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基或叔丁基。在另一个实施例中,R'是苯基,其任选被至多三个独立地选自由以下组成的群组的化学部分的例子取代:卤基、硝基、氰基、-C(O)(C1-4烷基)、苯甲基、苯甲酰基和C1-4烷基。在一另外的实施例中,R'是苯基,其任选地被卤基、C1-4烷基或苯基取代。在再一另外的实施例中,R'是未取代的苯基。
在一些实施例中,m是1到5的整数。在一些其它实施例中,m是1到3的整数。在一另外的实施例中,m是1。在一个实施例中,m为1;A是A3,并且R'是未取代的苯基。
在又其它方法或实施例中,本文的任何润滑添加剂包括由式III的N-芳基苯二胺获得的胺官能化。
其中R4为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的--NH-芳基、--NH-芳烷基、--NH-烷基或支链或直链基团,其可为烷基、烯基、烷氧基芳烷基、烷芳基、羟烷基或氨基烷基;R5为--NH2、CH2--(CH2)n--NH2、CH2-芳基-NH2,其中n是1到10的整数;并且R6为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳烷基、烷芳基。在其它方法中,本文的多官能粘度改性剂包括由选自以下的N-芳基苯二胺提供的胺官能化:N-苯基-1,4-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,3-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,2-苯二胺;和其混合物。
在其它方法中,在制备官能化分散剂粘度改性剂或分散剂中,用任何多种多胺官能化本公开的添加剂。举例来说并且在一些方法中,非限制性例示性多胺可包括氨基胍碳酸氢盐(AGBC)、二亚乙基三胺(DETA)、三亚乙基四胺(TETA)、四亚乙基五胺(TEPA)、五亚乙基六胺(PEHA)和重质多胺。重质多胺可包含具有少量低级多胺低聚物(例如TEPA和PEHA)的聚亚烷基多胺的混合物,但主要的低聚物每分子具有七个或更多个氮原子、两个或更多个伯胺以及比常规多胺混合物更广泛的支化。可用于制备烃基取代的丁二酰亚胺分散剂的额外非限制性多胺公开于美国专利第6,548,458号中,其公开内容通过全文引用的方式并入本文中。在本公开的一实施例中,多胺可能选自四亚乙基五胺(TEPA)。
酰基化烯烃共聚物:
如上所指出,在一种方法中,润滑添加剂可以是酰基化烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂。在这类方法中,烯烃共聚物可具有具有3到18个碳原子,例如3到5、3到10、3到15、5到10、8到12、10到15或10到18个碳原子的亚乙基和亚烷基的共聚物主链。在一些方法中,亚烷基可以是亚丙基、异亚丙基、亚丁基、异亚丁基、正亚戊基、异亚戊基和/或新亚戊基以及其混合物。
在其它方法中,聚合物是乙烯和一种或多种C3到C18α-烯烃的共聚物。乙烯和丙烯的共聚物为最优选的。适用于代替丙烯形成共聚物或与乙烯和丙烯组合使用以形成三元共聚物的其它α-烯烃包括1-丁烯、1-戊烯、1-己烯、1-辛烯和苯乙烯;αω-二烯烃,例如1,5-己二烯、1,6-庚二烯、1,7-辛二烯;支链α-烯烃,例如4-甲基丁烯-1,5-甲基戊烯-1和6-甲基庚烯-1;和其混合物。
通常称为互聚物的更复杂的聚合物基质可使用第三组分制备。通常用于制备互聚物基质的第三组分为选自非共轭二烯和三烯的多烯单体。非共轭二烯组分为在链中具有5到14个碳原子的组分。优选地,二烯单体的特征在于在其结构中存在乙烯基,并且可包括环状和双环化合物。代表性的二烯包括1,4-己二烯、1,4-环己二烯、二环戊二烯、5-亚乙基-2-降冰片烯、5-亚甲基-2-降冰片烯、1,5-庚二烯和1,6-辛二烯。超过一种二烯的混合物可用于制备互聚物。用于制备三元共聚物或互聚物基质的优选的非共轭二烯为1,4-己二烯。
三烯组分在链中会具有至少两个非共轭双键和至多约30个碳原子。可用于制备本公开的互聚物的典型三烯是1-异亚丙基-3a,4,7,7a-四氢茚、1-异亚丙基二环戊二烯、二氢-异二环戊二烯和2-(2-亚甲基-4-甲基-3-戊烯基)[2.2.1]双环-5-庚烯。
乙烯-丙烯或更高级α-烯烃共聚物可由以下组成:约15到80摩尔%的乙烯和约85到20摩尔%的C3到C18α-烯烃,其中优选的摩尔比为约35到75摩尔%的乙烯和约65到25摩尔%的C3到C18α-烯烃,其中更优选的比例为约50到70摩尔%的乙烯和50到30摩尔%的C3到C18α-烯烃,并且最优选的比例为55到65摩尔%的乙烯和45到35摩尔%的C3到C18α-烯烃。
前述聚合物的三元共聚物变体可含有约0.1到10摩尔%的非共轭二烯或三烯。
术语聚合物和共聚物一般用于涵盖乙烯共聚物、三元共聚物或互聚物。只要乙烯共聚物的基本特征不发生实质性改变,这些材料可含有少量其它烯烃单体。
用于形成乙烯-烯烃共聚物基质的聚合反应通常可在存在常规的齐格勒-纳塔(Ziegler-Natta)或茂金属催化剂系统的情况下进行。如所属领域技术人员已知,聚合介质不具有特殊性,并且可包括溶液、浆液或气相过程。当使用溶液聚合时,溶剂可为在α-烯烃聚合的反应条件下为液体的任何合适的惰性烃溶剂;令人满意的烃溶剂的实例包括具有5到8个碳原子的直链烷烃,其中己烷为优选的。芳香族烃,优选地具有单个苯核的芳香族烃,例如苯、甲苯和其类似物;和沸点范围接近上文所述的直链烷烃和芳香族烃的饱和环为特别合适的。所选溶剂可为一种或多种前述烃的混合物。当采用浆液聚合时,用于聚合的液相优选为液态丙烯。期望聚合介质不含会干扰催化剂组分的物质。
在一个实施例中,烯烃共聚物基质是乙烯共聚物或三元共聚物,例如油溶性直链或支链聚合物,其数均分子量为约5,000到约150,000,例如约5,000到约100,000、约5,000到约50,000、约20,000到约150,000、约20,000到约100,000、约50,000到约150,000或约50,000到约100,000。
接枝到烯烃共聚物上的酰基由烯系不饱和羧酸或酸酐反应物获得,所述反应物包括至少一个碳-碳双键并且进一步包含至少一个羧酸和/或二羧酸酐基团。在一种方法中,形成接枝到烯烃共聚物上的酰基的反应物选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸(ferulic acid)、邻香豆酸(coumaric acid)、间香豆酸、对香豆酸、巴豆酸、顺丁烯二酸、顺丁烯二酸酐、反丁烯二酸、衣康酸和衣康酸酐或其组合。在另一种方法中,形成接枝到烯烃共聚物上的酰基的反应物选自顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、顺丁烯二酸酐或其组合。在又另一种方法中,形成接枝到烯烃共聚物上的酰基的反应物包括顺丁烯二酸酐部分。
在一个实施例中,烯烃共聚物在其上接枝每1000个烯烃共聚物的数均分子量单元约0.1到约0.8个顺丁烯二酸基团,例如每1000个烯烃共聚物的数均分子量单元约0.2到约0.75、约0.5到约0.75、约0.4到约0.5、或约0.4到约0.8、或约0.1到约0.4个酰基。在一些另外的实施例中,烯烃共聚物在其上接枝每1000个烯烃共聚物的数均分子量单元约0.2、约0.3、约0.4、约0.5、约0.6或约0.75个顺丁烯二酸酐基团。本文的实例提供关于如何计算接枝值的进一步讨论。
将羧酸反应物以提供每1000个聚合物主链的数均分子量单元约0.1到约0.8个羧基、优选地每1000个数均分子量约0.3到约0.75个羧基的量接枝到指定的聚合物主链上。举例来说并且在一种方法中,Mn为20,000的共聚物基质以每个聚合物链6到15个羧基或每摩尔的聚合物3到7.5摩尔的顺丁烯二酸酐接枝。Mn为100,000的共聚物以每个聚合物链30到75个羧基或每个聚合物链15到37.5摩尔的顺丁烯二酸酐接枝。最小官能水平为达到最低满意分散性能所需的水平。高于最大官能水平(如果有的话),注意额外的分散性,并且可不利地影响添加剂的其它特性。
形成酰基化烯烃共聚物的接枝反应通常在溶液或本体中,如在挤出机或强力混合装置中借助于自由基引发剂进行。当聚合在己烷溶液中进行时,如在通过引用的方式并入本文中的US 4,340,689;US 4,670,515;和US 4,948,842中所述,在己烷中进行接枝反应是经济方便的。所得聚合物中间物的特征在于具有在其结构内随机的羧酸酰基化官能团。
在用于形成酰基化烯烃共聚物的本体方法中,将烯烃共聚物进料到加热到约150℃到约400℃的温度的橡胶或塑料加工设备(例如挤出机、强力混合器或捏炼机)中,并且将烯系不饱和羧酸试剂和自由基引发剂单独地共同进料到熔融聚合物中以实现接枝。反应任选地在混合条件下进行,以实现根据通过引用对方式并入本文中的US 5,075,383的乙烯共聚物的剪切和接枝。通常用氮气吹扫加工设备以防止聚合物氧化并且有助于排出未反应的试剂和接枝反应的副产物。在加工设备中的停留时间足以提供所需的酰基化程度并且允许经由排出来纯化酰基化的共聚物。在排出阶段之后,可任选地将矿物或合成润滑油添加到加工设备中以溶解酰基化的共聚物。
可用于将烯系不饱和羧酸材料接枝到聚合物主链上的自由基引发剂包括过氧化物、氢过氧化物、过酸酯以及偶氮化合物,并且优选为沸点高于约100℃并且在接枝温度范围内热分解以提供自由基的化合物。这些自由基引发剂的代表是偶氮丁腈、过氧化二异丙苯、2,5-二甲基己烷-2,5-双叔丁基过氧化物和2,5-二甲基己-3-炔-2,5-双叔丁基过氧化物。按反应混合物的重量计,引发剂以约0.005重量%与约1重量%的量使用。
可以使用所属领域已知用于实现乙烯-烯烃共聚物与烯系不饱和羧酸试剂的反应(例如卤化反应、热或“烯”反应或其混合反应)的其它方法代替自由基接枝方法。通过在惰性氛围下在约250℃到约400℃的温度下加热反应物,可在矿物油或本体中方便地进行这类反应,以避免产生自由基和氧化副产物。当乙烯-烯烃共聚物含有不饱和度时,“烯”反应是优选的接枝方法。为了实现本公开所需的高接枝水平:每1000Mn 0.3到0.5个羧基,可能需要遵循或进行自由基接枝反应的“烯”或热接枝反应。
烃基取代的二羧酸酐衍生物:
在其它方法中,本文的润滑添加剂可以是分散剂,例如式V的烃基取代的二羧酸酐衍生物
其中R8为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的--NH-芳基、--NH-芳烷基、--NH-烷基或支链或直链基团,其可为烷基、烯基、烷氧基芳烷基、烷芳基、羟烷基或氨基烷基;R9为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳烷基、烷芳基。R10为氢、苯基、烷氧基取代的苯基或C1到C18烷基或烷氧基;R11和R12独立地为氢或C1到C18烃基;并且Q为丁二酰胺或丁二酰亚胺衍生的结构,其来自选自以下的烃基取代的二羧酸酐:二酰胺、酸/酰胺、酸/酯、二酸、酰胺/酯、二酯和酰亚胺,其中组分Q的烃基取代基的数均分子量为约750到约5,000。
在这个方面的一些方法中,组分Q的二羧酸酐衍生物的烃基取代基是数均分子量为约750到约2500并且包括C2到C10单体单元的直链或支链脂肪族基。烃基取代基可以衍生自丁烯聚合物,例如异丁烯的聚合物。适用于本文中的聚异丁烯包括由聚异丁烯或具有至少约60%,例如约70%到约90%和更高的末端亚乙烯基含量的反应性高的聚异丁烯形成的聚异丁烯。合适的聚异丁烯可包括使用BF3催化剂制备的聚异丁烯。如通过GPC使用聚苯乙烯作为如上所述的校准参考测定,聚烯基取代基的平均数分子量可以在宽的范围内变化,例如为约100到约5000,例如约500到约5000。
Q的二酯、丁二酰胺或酰亚胺部分可选自顺丁烯二酸酐或顺丁烯二酸酐以外的羧酸反应物,例如顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、衣康酸、衣康酸酐、柠康酸(citraconic acid)、柠康酸酐、中康酸(mesaconic acid)、乙基顺丁烯二酸酐、二甲基顺丁烯二酸酐、乙基顺丁烯二酸、二甲基顺丁烯二酸、己基顺丁烯二酸和其类似物,包括相应的酰卤和低碳数脂肪族酯。合适的二羧酸酐是顺丁烯二酸酐。用于制备上述Q基团的反应混合物中顺丁烯二酸酐与烃基部分的摩尔比可以广泛变化。因此,摩尔比可以在约5:1到约1:5、例如约3:1到约1:3之间变化,并且作为另一个实例,顺丁烯二酸酐可以化学计量过量使用以迫使反应完成。可以通过真空蒸馏除去未反应的顺丁烯二酸酐。
定义
如本文所用,术语“有效浓度”是指用于展示牛顿行为的烟尘基础油所必需的粘度改性剂的浓度,其表明基础油中的烟尘颗粒足够分散。
如本文所用,术语“烯烃共聚物”是指由两种或更多种不同类型的单体组成的无规和/或嵌段聚合物,其中所有单体含有至少一种烯烃(碳-碳双键)。
出于本公开的目的,化学元素根据《元素周期表(the Periodic Table of theElements)》,CAS版,《化学和物理手册(Handbook of Chemistry and Physics)》,第75版鉴别。此外,有机化学的通用原理描述于“有机化学(Organic Chemistry)”,Thomas Sorrell,《大学科学丛书(University Science Books)》,Sausolito:1999和“March的高等有机化学(March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry)”,第5版,Smith,M.B.和March,J.编,约翰·威利父子公司(John Wiley&Sons),纽约(NewYork):2001中,其全部内容通过引用的方式并入本文中。
如本文所述,化合物可任选地被一个或多个取代基取代,例如上文所一般性说明,或如本公开的特定类别、亚类和物种所例示。
如本文所用,术语“烃基或烃基”是具有直接连接到分子的其余部分的碳原子的基团,并且每个烃基独立地选自烃取代基和含有以下中一个或多个的被取代的烃取代基:卤基、羟基、烷氧基、巯基、硝基、亚硝基、氨基、硫氧基、吡啶基、呋喃基、噻吩基、咪唑基、硫、氧和氮,并且其中烃基中的每十个碳原子存在不超过两个非烃取代基。
如本文所用,术语“脂肪族”涵盖术语烷基、烯基、炔基,其中的每一个如下所阐述任选被取代。
如本文所用,“烷基”是指含有1-12(例如,1-8、1-6或1-4)个碳原子的饱和脂肪族烃基。烷基可以是直链或支链的。烷基的实例包括但不限于甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、正庚基或2-乙基己基。烷基可以被一个或多个例如以下的取代基取代(即,任选地取代):卤基、磷酸基、环脂肪族基[例如环烷基或环烯基]、杂环脂肪族基[例如杂环烷基或杂环烯基]、芳基、杂芳基、烷氧基、芳酰基、杂芳酰基、酰基[例如(脂肪族基)羰基、(环脂肪族基)羰基或(杂环脂肪族基)羰基]、硝基、氰基、酰氨基[例如(环烷基烷基)羰氨基、芳基羰基氨基、芳烷基羰基氨基、(杂环烷基)羰氨基、(杂环烷基烷基)羰基氨基、杂芳基羰基氨基、杂芳烷基羰基氨基、烷基氨基羰基、环烷基氨基羰基、杂环烷基氨基羰基、芳基氨基羰基或杂芳基氨基羰基]、氨基[例如脂肪族氨基、环脂肪族氨基或杂环脂肪族氨基]、磺酰基[例如脂肪族基-SO2-]、亚磺酰基、硫基、硫氧基、脲、硫脲、氨磺酰基、磺酰胺、侧氧基、羧基、氨甲酰基、环脂肪族氧基、杂环脂肪族氧基、芳氧基、杂芳氧基、芳烷氧基、杂芳烷氧基、烷氧基羰基、烷基羰氧基或羟基。非限制性地,取代的烷基的一些实例包括羧基烷基(例如HOOC-烷基、烷氧基羰基烷基和烷基羰基氧基烷基)、氰基烷基、羟烷基、烷氧基烷基、酰基烷基、芳烷基、(烷氧基芳基)烷基、(磺酰基氨基)烷基(例如(烷基-SO2-氨基)烷基)、氨基烷基、酰氨基烷基、(环脂肪族基)烷基或卤烷基。
如本文所用,“烯基”是指含有2-8(例如2-12、2-6或2-4)个碳原子和至少一个双键的脂肪族碳基团。和烷基一样,烯基可以是直链或支链的。烯基的实例包括但不限于烯丙基、异戊二烯基、2-丁烯基和2-己烯基。烯基可以任选地被一个或多个例如以下的取代基取代:卤基、磷酸基、环脂肪族基[例如环烷基或环烯基]、杂环脂肪族基[例如杂环烷基或杂环烯基]、芳基、杂芳基、烷氧基、芳酰基、杂芳酰基、酰基[例如(脂肪族基)羰基、(环脂肪族基)羰基或(杂环脂肪族基)羰基]、硝基、氰基、酰氨基[例如(环烷基烷基)羰基氨基、芳基羰基氨基、芳烷基羰基氨基、(杂环烷基)羰基氨基、(杂环烷基烷基)羰基氨基、杂芳基羰基氨基、杂芳烷基羰基氨基、烷基氨基羰基、环烷基氨基羰基、杂环烷基氨基羰基、芳基氨基羰基或杂芳基氨基羰基]、氨基[例如脂肪族氨基、环脂肪族氨基、杂环脂肪族氨基或脂肪族磺酰基氨基]、磺酰基[例如烷基-SO2-、环脂肪族基-SO2-或芳基-SO2-]、亚磺酰基、硫基、硫氧基、脲、硫脲、氨磺酰基、磺酰胺、侧氧基、羧基、氨甲酰基、环脂肪族氧基、杂环脂肪族氧基、芳氧基、杂芳氧基、芳烷氧基、杂芳烷氧基、烷氧基羰基、烷基羰氧基或羟基。非限制性地,取代的烯基的一些实例包括氰基烯基、烷氧基烯基、酰基烯基、羟基烯基、芳烯基、(烷氧基芳基)烯基、(磺酰基氨基)烯基(例如(烷基-SO2-氨基)烯基)、氨基烯基、酰氨基烯基、(环脂肪族基)烯基或卤烯基。
如本文所用,“炔基”是指脂肪族碳基团,其含有2-8(例如,2-12、2-6或2-4)个碳原子并且具有至少一个三键。炔基可以是直链或支链的。炔基的实例包括但不限于炔丙基和丁炔基。炔基可以任选地被一个或多个例如以下的取代基取代:芳酰基、杂芳酰基、烷氧基、环烷基氧基、杂环烷氧基、芳氧基、杂芳氧基、芳烷氧基、硝基、羧基、氰基、卤基、羟基、磺酸基、巯基、硫基[例如脂肪族硫基或环脂肪族硫基]、亚磺酰基[例如脂肪族亚磺酰基或环脂肪族亚磺酰基]、磺酰基[例如脂肪族基-SO2-、脂肪族氨基-SO2-或环脂肪族基-SO2-]、酰氨基[例如氨基羰基、烷基氨基羰基、烷基羰基氨基、环烷基氨基羰基、杂环烷基氨基羰基、环烷基羰基氨基、芳基氨基羰基、芳基羰基氨基、芳烷基羰基氨基、(杂环烷基)羰基氨基、(环烷基烷基)羰基氨基、杂芳烷基羰基氨基、杂芳基羰基氨基或杂芳基氨基羰基]、脲、硫脲、氨磺酰基、磺酰胺、烷氧基羰基、烷基羰氧基、环脂肪族基、杂环脂肪族基、芳基、杂芳基、酰基[例如(环脂肪族基)羰基或(杂环脂肪族基)羰基]、氨基[例如脂肪族氨基]、硫氧基、侧氧基、羧基、氨甲酰基、(环脂肪族基)氧基、(杂环基脂肪族基)氧基或(杂芳基)烷氧基。
如本文所用,“氨基”是指-NRXRY,其中RX和RY中的每一个独立地为氢、烷基、环烷基、(环烷基)烷基、芳基、芳烷基、杂环烷基、(杂环烷基)烷基、杂芳基、羧基、硫基、亚磺酰基、磺酰基、(烷基)羰基、(环烷基)羰基、((环烷基)烷基)羰基、芳基羰基、(芳烷基)羰基、(杂环烷基)羰基、((杂环烷基)烷基)羰基、(杂芳基)羰基或(杂芳烷基)羰基,其中的每一个在本文中定义并且任选地被取代。氨基的实例包括烷基氨基、二烷基氨基或芳基氨基。当术语“氨基”不是端基(例如,烷基羰基氨基)时,它由-NRX-表示。RX具有与上述定义相同的含义。
如本文所用,“环烷基”是指具有3-10(例如,5-10)个碳原子的饱和碳环单环或双环(稠合或桥接)环。环烷基的实例包括环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基、金刚烷基、降冰片基、环庚基、八氢茚基、十氢萘基、双环[3.2.1]辛基、双环[2.2.2]辛基、双环[3.3.1]壬基、双环[3.3.2.]癸基、双环[2.2.2]辛基、金刚烷基或((氨基羰基)环烷基)环烷基。
如本文所用,“杂环烷基”是指3-10元单环或双环(稠合或桥接)(例如,5到10元单环或双环)饱和环结构,其中环原子中的一个或多个是杂原子(例如,N、O、S或其组合)。杂环烷基的实例包括哌啶基、哌嗪基、四氢吡喃基、四氢呋喃基、1,4-二氧戊环基、1,4-二噻烷基、1,3-二氧戊环基、噁唑烷基、异噁唑烷基、吗啉基、硫代吗啉基、八氢苯并呋喃基、八氢色烯基、八氢硫代色烯基、八氢吲哚基、八氢吡啶基、十氢喹啉基、八氢苯并[b]噻吩基、2-氧杂-双环[2.2.2]辛基、1-氮杂-双环[2.2.2]辛基、3-氮杂-双环[3.2.1]辛基和2,6-二氧杂-三环[3.3.1.0]壬基。单环杂环烷基可以与苯基部分稠合以形成结构,例如四氢异喹啉,其将被归类为杂芳基。
如本文所用,“杂芳基”是指具有4到15个环原子的单环、双环或三环系统,其中环原子中的一个或多个是杂原子(例如,N、O、S或其组合),并且其中单环系统是芳香族的,或双环或三环系统中的至少一个环是芳香族的。杂芳基包括具有2到3个环的苯并稠合的环系统。举例来说,苯并稠合基团包括与一个或两个4到8元杂环脂肪族部分(例如,吲嗪基(indolizyl)、吲哚基、异吲哚基、3H-吲哚基、二氢吲哚基、苯并[b]呋喃基、苯并[b]噻吩基、喹啉基或异喹啉基)稠合的苯并。杂芳基的一些实例是吡啶基、1H-吲唑基、呋喃基、吡咯基、噻吩基、噻唑基、噁唑基、咪唑基、四唑基、苯并呋喃基、异喹啉基、苯并噻唑基、呫吨、噻吨、吩噻嗪、二氢吲哚、苯并[1,3]间二氧杂环戊烯、苯并[b]呋喃基、苯并[b]噻吩基、吲唑基、苯并咪唑基、苯并噻唑基、呋喃基、噌啉基(cinnolyl)、喹啉基、喹唑啉基、噌啉基、酞酰基(phthalazyl)、喹唑啉基、喹喔啉基、异喹啉基、4H-喹嗪基(4H-quinolizyl)、苯并-1,2,5-噻二唑基、或1,8-萘啶基(1,8-naphthyridyl)。
非限制性地,单环杂芳基包括呋喃基、噻吩基、2H-吡咯基、吡咯基、噁唑基、噻唑基、咪唑基、吡唑基、异噁唑基、异噻唑基、1,3,4-噻二唑基、2H-吡喃基、4-H-吡喃基、吡啶基、哒嗪基、嘧啶基、吡唑基、吡嗪基或1,3,5-三嗪基。单环杂芳基根据标准化学命名法编号。
非限制性地,双环杂芳基包括吲嗪基、吲哚基、异吲哚基、3H-吲哚基、二氢吲哚基、苯并[b]呋喃基、苯并[b]噻吩基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、吲哚嗪基、异吲哚基、吲哚基、苯并[b]呋喃基、苯并[b]噻吩基、吲唑基、苯并咪唑基、苯并噻唑基、嘌呤基、4H-喹嗪基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、噌啉基、酞嗪基、喹唑啉基、喹喔啉基、1,8-萘啶基或喋啶基(pteridyl)。双环杂芳基根据标准化学命名法编号。
新颖润滑添加剂,例如本文所述的新颖分散剂粘度指数改性剂或润滑分散剂可用作润滑油组合物的一部分。因此,所述润滑油组合物还包含如下所述的基础油。在一些方法中,按固体计,润滑油可以包括约0.1到约5重量%的聚合物。
基础油
本公开的分散剂粘度指数改性剂和/或分散剂可与大部分基础油掺合。适用于配制发动机润滑剂组合物和/或金属加工组合物(或其它润滑组合物)的基础油可选自任何合适的合成油、动物油、植物油、矿物油或其混合物。可以使用动物油和植物油(例如猪油、蓖麻油)以及矿物润滑油,例如液态石油和溶剂处理或酸处理的烷烃、环烷烃或混合烷烃-环烷烃类型的矿物润滑油。衍生自煤或页岩的油也可以是合适的。基础油的粘度在100℃下通常可能为约2到约15cSt,或者作为另一个实例,为约2到约10cSt。此外,衍生自气制液工艺的油也是合适的。
合适的合成基础油可包括二羧酸的烷基酯、聚乙二醇和醇、聚-α-烯烃,包括聚丁烯、烷基苯、磷酸的有机酯和聚硅酮油。合成油包括烃油,例如聚合和互聚合的烯烃(例如聚丁烯、聚丙烯、丙烯异丁烯共聚物等);聚(1-己烯)、聚(1-辛烯)、聚(1-癸烯)等及其混合物;烷基苯(例如十二烷基苯、十四烷基苯、二壬基苯、二-(2-乙基己基)苯等);聚苯(例如联苯、三联苯、烷基化聚苯等);烷基化二苯醚和烷基化二苯硫醚和其衍生物、类似物和同系物以及其类似物。
其中末端羟基已经通过酯化、醚化等改性的环氧烷聚合物和互聚物以及其衍生物构成可以使用的另一类已知合成油。这类油通过经过使以下聚合而制备的油来例示:环氧乙烷或环氧丙烷、这些聚氧亚烷基聚合物的烷基和芳基醚(例如,平均分子量为约1000的甲基-聚异丙烯二醇醚、分子量为约500-1000的聚乙二醇的二苯醚、分子量为约1000-1500的聚丙二醇的二乙醚等)或其单羧酸酯和聚羧酸酯,例如乙酸酯、混合的C3-C8脂肪酸酯或四乙二醇的C13侧氧基-酸二酯。
可以使用的另一类合成油包括二羧酸(例如邻苯二甲酸、丁二酸、烷基丁二酸、烯基丁二酸、顺丁烯二酸、壬二酸、辛二酸、癸二酸、反丁烯二酸、己二酸、亚油酸二聚体、丙二酸、烷基丙二酸、烯基丙二酸等)与各种醇(例如丁醇、己醇、十二烷醇、2-乙基己醇、乙二醇、二乙二醇单醚、丙二醇等)的酯。这些酯的具体实例包括己二酸二丁酯、二(2-乙基己基)癸二酸酯、反丁烯二酸二正己酯、癸二酸二辛酯、壬二酸二异辛酯、壬二酸二异癸酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二癸酯、癸二酸二十二烷基酯、亚油酸二聚体的2-乙基己基二酯、通过使一摩尔的癸二酸与二摩尔的四乙二醇和二摩尔的2-乙基己酸和其类似物反应形成的络合物酯。
可用作合成油的酯还包括由C5到C12单羧酸和多元醇和多元醇醚(例如新戊二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、二季戊四醇、三季戊四醇等)制成的酯。
因此,可用于制备如本文所述的发动机和/或金属加工润滑剂组合物的所用基础油可选自美国石油协会(API)基础油互换性指南(American Petroleum Institute(API)Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines)中指定的I-V类中的任何基础油。这类基础油如下:
表1
1I-III类是矿物油基础原料。
基础油可含有少量或大量聚-α-烯烃(PAO)。通常,聚-α-烯烃衍生自具有约4到约30、或约4到约20、或约6到约16个碳原子的单体。有用的PAO的实例包括衍生自辛烯、癸烯、其混合物和其类似物的那些。在100℃下PAO的粘度可以为约2到约15、或约3到约12、或约4到约8cSt。PAO的实例包括在100℃下4cSt的聚-α-烯烃、在100℃下6cSt的聚-α-烯烃和其混合物。可以使用矿物油与前述聚-α-烯烃的混合物。
基础油可以是衍生自费-托(Fischer-Tropsch)合成烃的油。费-托合成烃使用费-托催化剂由含有H2和CO的合成气体制成。这类烃通常需要进一步加工以用作基础油。举例来说,烃可使用公开于美国专利第6,103,099号或第6,180,575号中的方法加氢异构化;使用公开于美国专利第4,943,672号或第6,096,940号中的方法加氢裂化和加氢异构化;使用公开于美国专利第5,882,505号中的方法脱蜡;或使用公开于美国专利第6,013,171号、第6,080,301号或第6,165,949号中的方法加氢异构化和脱蜡。
上文所公开的类型的天然或合成的未精制、精制和再精制油(以及这些中的两种或更多种的混合物)可用于基础油中。未精制油是直接从天然或合成来源获得而无需进一步纯化处理的油。举例来说,直接从干馏操作中获得的页岩油、直接从初级蒸馏获得的石油或直接从酯化过程获得并且不经进一步处理而使用的酯油会是未精制油。精制油类似于未精制油,不同之处在于其已在一个或多个纯化步骤中经进一步处理以改善一种或多种特性。许多这类纯化技术是所属领域技术人员已知的,例如溶剂萃取、二次蒸馏、酸或碱萃取、过滤、渗滤等。再精制油通过类似于用于获得应用于已经在使用中的精制油的精制油的那些方法获得。这类再精制油也称为再生油或再加工油,并且通常另外通过旨在除去废添加剂、污染物和油分解产物的技术加工。
基础油可与本文所述的乳化剂以及任选的添加剂组合以提供发动机润滑剂组合物。因此,按润滑剂组合物的总重量计,基础油可以约50重量%到约95重量%的大量存在于发动机润滑剂组合物中。
以下描述润滑油的其它任选添加剂。
含金属清洁剂
可与上文所述的分散剂反应产物一起使用的金属清洁剂通常包含具有长疏水尾部的极性头部,其中极性头部包含酸性有机化合物的金属盐。盐可以含有基本上化学计算量的金属,在这种情况下它们通常被描述为正盐或中性盐,并且总碱数或TBN(如通过ASTMD2896测量)通常将约0到小于约150。通过使过量的金属化合物(例如氧化物或氢氧化物)与酸性气体(例如二氧化碳)反应,可以包括大量金属碱。所得的高碱性清洁剂包含围绕无机金属碱(例如水合碳酸盐)核的中和清洁剂的胶束。这类高碱性清洁剂的TBN可为约150或更高,例如约150到约450或更高。
可适用于本发明实施例的清洁剂包括油溶性高碱性、低碱性和中性磺酸盐、酚盐,硫化酚盐和金属,特别是碱金属或碱土金属(例如钠、钾、锂、钙和镁)的水杨酸盐。可存在超过一种金属,例如钙和镁。钙和/或镁与钠的混合物也可以是合适的。合适的金属清洁剂可以是TBN为150到450TBN的高碱性磺酸钙或磺酸镁、TBN为150到300TBN的高碱性的钙或镁酚盐或硫化酚盐以及TBN为130到350的高碱性水杨酸钙或水杨酸镁。也可以使用这类盐的混合物。
含金属清洁剂可以约0.5重量%到约5重量%的量存在于润滑组合物中。作为另一个实例,含金属清洁剂可以约1.0重量%到约3.0重量%的量存在。按润滑剂组合物的总重量计,含金属清洁剂可以足以向润滑剂组合物提供约500到约5000ppm碱金属和/或碱土金属的量存在于润滑组合物中。作为另一个实例,含金属清洁剂可以足以提供约1000到约3000ppm的碱金属和/或碱土金属的量存在于润滑组合物中。
磷基抗磨损剂
磷基磨损预防剂可以使用,并且可以包含金属二烃基二硫代磷酸盐化合物,例如但不限于二烃基二硫代磷酸锌化合物。合适的金属二烃基二硫代磷酸盐可包含二烃基二硫代磷酸盐金属盐,其中金属可以是碱金属或碱土金属或铝、铅、锡、钼、锰、镍、铜或锌。
金属二烃基二硫代磷酸盐可以根据已知技术通过首先形成二烃基二硫代磷酸(DDPA)(通常通过一种或多种醇或酚与P2S5的反应)并且然后用金属化合物中和形成的DDPA来制备。举例来说,二硫代磷酸可以通过使伯醇和仲醇的混合物反应来制备。或者,可以制备多种二硫代磷酸,其中一个二硫代磷酸上的烃基完全是二级的,而其它二硫代磷酸上的烃基完全是一级的。为了制备金属盐,可以使用任何碱性或中性金属化合物,但最常使用氧化物、氢氧化物和碳酸盐。由于在中和反应中使用过量的碱性金属化合物,因此商业添加剂通常含有过量的金属。
二烃基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP)为二烃基二硫代磷酸的油溶性盐,并且可以用下式表示:
其中R和R'可以是含有1到18个、例如2到12个碳原子并且包括例如烷基、烯基、芳基、芳烷基、烷芳基和环脂肪族基的基团的相同或不同的烃基。R和R'基团可以是2到8个碳原子的烷基。因此,基团可以是例如乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、戊基、正己基、异己基、正辛基、癸基、十二烷基、十八烷基、2-乙基己基、苯基、丁基苯基、环己基、甲基环戊基、丙烯基、丁烯基。为了获得油溶性,二硫代磷酸中的碳原子(即R和R')总数将通常为约5或更高。因此,二烃基二硫代磷酸锌可包含二烷基二硫代磷酸锌。
可用作磷基磨损预防剂的其它合适组分包括任何合适的有机磷化合物,例如但不限于磷酸酯、硫代磷酸酯、二硫代磷酸酯、亚磷酸酯和其盐以及膦酸酯。合适的实例是磷酸三甲苯酯(TCP)、二烷基亚磷酸酯(例如二丁基氢亚磷酸酯)和酸式磷酸戊酯。
另一种合适的组分是磷酸化的丁二酰亚胺,例如来自烃基取代的丁二酸酰基化剂与与磷源(例如无机或有机磷酸或酯)组合的多胺之间的反应的完全反应产物。此外,其可以包含化合物,其中除了由伯氨基和酸酐部分的反应产生的类型的酰亚胺键外,产物可以具有酰胺、脒和/或盐键。
磷基磨损预防剂可以足以提供约200到约2000ppm磷的量存在于润滑组合物中。作为另一个实例,磷基磨损预防剂可以足以提供约500到约800ppm磷的量存在于润滑组合物中。
磷基磨损预防剂可以足以提供按润滑组合物中碱金属和/或碱土金属的总量计的碱金属和/或碱土金属含量(ppm)与按润滑组合物中磷的总量计的磷含量(ppm)的比率为约1.6到约3.0(ppm/ppm)。
摩擦改性剂
本公开的实施例可包括一种或多种摩擦改性剂。合适的摩擦改性剂可包含含金属和不含金属的摩擦改性剂,并且可包括但不限于咪唑啉、酰胺、胺、丁二酰亚胺、烷氧基化胺、烷氧基化醚胺、胺氧化物、酰氨基胺、腈、甜菜碱、季胺、亚胺、胺盐、氨基胍、烷醇酰胺、膦酸酯、含金属化合物、甘油酯和其类似物。
合适的摩擦改性剂可含有选自直链、支链或芳香族烃基或其混合物的烃基并且可为饱和的或不饱和的。烃基可由碳和氢或杂原子(例如硫或氧)构成。烃基可以在约12到约25个碳原子的范围内并且可为饱和的或不饱和的。
胺类摩擦改性剂可包括多胺的酰胺。这类化合物可具有饱和或不饱和直链烃基或其混合物,并且可含有约12到约25个碳原子。
合适的摩擦改性剂的其它实例包括烷氧基化胺和烷氧基化醚胺。这类化合物可以具有饱和或不饱和直链烃基或其混合物。其可以含有约12到约25个碳原子。实例包括乙氧基化胺和乙氧基化醚胺。
胺和酰胺可按原样使用或以与硼化合物(例如氧化硼、卤化硼、偏硼酸酯、硼酸或硼酸单、二或三烷基酯)形成的加成物或反应产物形式使用。其它合适的摩擦改性剂描述于US 6,300,291中,其通过引用的方式并入本文中。
其它合适的摩擦改性剂可包括有机、无灰(不含金属)、不含氮的有机摩擦改性剂。这类摩擦改性剂可包括通过使羧酸和酸酐与烷醇反应形成的酯。其它有用的摩擦改性剂通常包括与亲油性烃链共价键结的极性端基(例如羧基或羟基)。羧酸和酸酐与烷醇的酯描述于U.S.4,702,850中。有机无灰无氮摩擦改性剂的另一个实例大体上已知为单油酸甘油酯(GMO),其可以含有油酸的单酯和二酯。其它合适的摩擦改性剂描述于美国专利第6,723,685号中,其通过引用的方式并入本文中。按润滑剂组合物的总重量计,无灰摩擦改性剂可以约0.1到约0.4重量%的量存在于润滑剂组合物中。
合适的摩擦改性剂还可包括一种或多种钼化合物。钼化合物可选自二硫代氨基甲酸钼(MoDTC)、二硫代磷酸钼、二硫代次膦酸钼、黄原酸钼、硫代黄原酸钼、硫化钼、三核有机钼化合物、钼/胺络合物和其混合物。
此外,钼化合物可为酸性钼化合物。包括钼酸、钼酸铵、钼酸钠、钼酸钾和其它钼酸碱金属盐以及其它钼盐,例如钼酸氢钠、MoOCl4、MoO2Br2、Mo2O3Cl6、三氧化钼或类似的酸性钼化合物。或者,组合物可以通过碱性氮化合物的钼/硫络合物提供钼,如描述于例如美国专利第4,263,152号;第4,285,822号;第4,283,295号;第4,272,387号;第4,265,773号;第4,261,843号;第4,259,195号和第4,259,194号;和WO 94/06897中。
合适的二硫代氨基甲酸钼可由下式表示:
其中R1、R2、R3和R4各自独立地表示氢原子、C1到C20烷基、C6到C20环烷基、芳基、烷芳基或芳烷基或含有酯、醚、醇或羧基的C3到C20烃基;并且X1、X2、Y1和Y2各自独立地表示硫或氧原子。
R1、R2、R3、R4各自的合适基团的实例包括2-乙基己基、壬基苯基、甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基、正己基、正辛基、壬基、癸基、十二烷基、十三烷基、月桂基、油基、亚油烯基(linoleyl)、环己基和苯基甲基。R1到R4可各自具有C6到C18烷基。X1和X2可相同,并且Y1和Y2可相同。X1和X2可以都包含硫原子,并且Y1和Y2可以都包含氧原子。
二硫代氨基甲酸钼的其它实例包括C6-C18二烷基或二芳基二硫代氨基甲酸酯或烷基-芳基二硫代氨基甲酸酯,例如二丁基-、二戊基-二-(2-乙基-己基)-、二月桂基-、二油基-和二环己基-二硫代氨基甲酸酯。
另一类合适的有机钼化合物为三核钼化合物,例如具有式Mo3SkLnQz的那些和其混合物,其中L表示独立选择的具有有机基团的配体,所述有机基团具有足以赋予化合物在油中的可溶性或可分散性的碳原子数,n为1到4,k在4到7内变化,Q选自中性供电子化合物的群组,例如水、胺、醇、膦和醚,并且z在0到5范围内并且包括非化学计量值。在所有配体的有机基团中可以存在总共至少21个碳原子,例如至少25、至少30或至少35个碳原子。其它合适的钼化合物描述于US 6,723,685中,其通过引用的方式并入本文中。
钼化合物可以提供约5ppm到500ppm重量的钼的量存在于完全配制的发动机润滑剂中。作为另一个实例,钼化合物可以提供约50到300ppm重量的钼的量存在。钼化合物的特别合适量可以是足以为润滑剂组合物提供约60到约250ppm重量钼的量。
消泡剂
在一些实施例中,泡沫抑制剂可以形成适用于组合物的另一种组分。泡沫抑制剂可选自硅氧烷、聚丙烯酸酯和其类似物。按配制物的总重量计,本文所述的发动机润滑剂配制物中的消泡剂的量可以在约0.001重量%到约0.1重量%的范围内。作为另一个实例,消泡剂可以约0.004重量%到约0.008重量%的量存在
氧化抑制剂组分
氧化抑制剂或抗氧化剂降低了基础原料在使用中劣化的趋势,这种劣化可以通过氧化产物,例如沉积在金属表面上的污泥和清漆状沉积物以及通过成品润滑剂的粘度增长来证明。如美国专利第4,867,890号中所述,这类氧化抑制剂包括受阻酚、硫化受阻酚、具有C5-C12烷基侧链的烷基酚硫代酯的碱土金属盐、硫化或非硫化烷基酚的金属盐,例如壬基酚硫化钙、无灰油溶性酚盐和硫化酚盐、磷硫化或硫化烃、磷酯、金属硫代氨基甲酸盐和油溶性铜化合物。
可以使用的其它抗氧化剂包括空间位阻酚和其酯、二芳胺、烷基化吩噻嗪、硫化化合物和无灰二烷基二硫代氨基甲酸酯。如美国公开案第2004/0266630号中所述,空间位阻酚的非限制性实例包括但不限于2,6-二-叔丁基酚、2,6二-叔丁基甲苯酚、4-乙基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-丙基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-丁基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-戊基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-己基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-庚基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-(2-乙基己基)-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-辛基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-壬基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-癸基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-十一烷基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、4-十二烷基-2,6-二-叔丁基酚、亚甲基桥接的空间位阻酚,包括但不限于4,4-亚甲基双(6-叔丁基-邻-甲酚)、4,4-亚甲基双(2-叔戊基-邻-甲酚)、2,2-亚甲基双(4-甲基-6叔丁基酚、4,4-亚甲基-双(2,6-二-叔丁基酚)和其混合物。
二芳胺抗氧化剂包括但不限于具有下式的二芳胺:
其中R'和R"自独立地表示具有6到30个碳原子的取代或未取代的芳基。芳基的取代基的示例包括脂肪族烃基,例如具有1到30个碳原子的烷基、羟基、卤素基团、羧酸或酯基或硝基。
芳基优选为取代或未取代的苯基或萘基,特别是其中一个或两个芳基被至少一个具有4到30个碳原子、优选4到18个碳原子、最优选4到9个碳原子的烷基取代。优选一个或两个芳基被取代,例如单烷基化二苯胺、二烷基化二苯胺或单烷基化和二烷基化二苯胺的混合物。
二芳胺可以是分子中含有超过一个氮原子的结构。因此,二芳胺可含有至少两个氮原子,其中至少一个氮原子具有与其连接的两个芳基,例如在具有仲氮原子的各种二胺以及在一个氮原子上的两个芳基的情况下。
可以使用的二芳胺的实例包括但不限于:二苯胺;各种烷基化二苯胺;3-羟基二苯胺;N-苯基-1,2-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,4-苯二胺;单丁基二苯胺;二丁基二苯胺;单辛基二苯胺;二辛基二苯胺;单壬基二苯胺;二壬基二苯胺;单十四烷基二苯胺;二十四烷基二苯胺、苯基-α-萘胺;单辛基苯基-α-萘胺;苯基-β-萘基胺;单庚基二苯胺;二庚基-二苯胺;p取向的苯乙烯化二苯胺;混合丁基辛基二苯胺;和混合的辛基苯乙烯基二苯胺。
含硫抗氧化剂包括但不限于硫化烯烃,其特征在于其生产中使用的烯烃类型和抗氧化剂的最终硫含量。高分子量烯烃,即平均分子量为168到351克/摩尔的那些烯烃是优选的。可以使用的烯烃的实例包括α-烯烃、异构化α-烯烃、支链烯烃,环烯烃以及其组合。
α-烯烃包括但不限于任何C4到C25α-烯烃。α-烯烃可在硫化反应之前或在硫化反应期间异构化。也可以使用含有内部双键和/或分支的α烯烃的结构和/或构形异构体。举例来说,异丁烯是α-烯烃1-丁烯的支链烯烃对应物。
可用于烯烃硫化反应的硫源包括:一起或在硫化过程的不同阶段添加的元素硫、一氯化硫、二氯化硫、硫化钠、聚硫化钠以及其混合物。
不饱和油由于其不饱和度也可以进行硫化并且用作抗氧化剂。可以使用的油或脂肪的实例包括玉米油、菜籽油、棉籽油、葡萄籽油、橄榄油、棕榈油、花生油、椰子油、油菜籽油、红花籽油、芝麻籽油、大豆油、葵花籽油、牛脂以及其组合。
向成品润滑剂中传递的硫化烯烃或硫化脂肪油的量按硫化烯烃或脂肪油的硫含量计并且是要向成品润滑剂中传递的所需硫含量。举例来说,含有20重量%硫的硫化脂肪油或烯烃在以1.0重量%。处理含量添加到成品润滑剂中时会向成品润滑剂中传递2000ppm的硫。含有10重量%硫的硫化脂肪油或烯烃在以1.0重量%处理含量添加到成品润滑剂时会向成品润滑剂中传递1000ppm的硫。期望硫化烯烃或硫化脂肪油向成品润滑剂中传递200ppm与2000ppm之间的硫。
合适的发动机润滑剂可包括具有宽的和更窄的范围的表2中列出的范围内的添加剂组分。基础油构成润滑剂的其余部分。
表2
组分 | 重量% | 重量% |
新颖分散剂粘度指数改性剂和/或分散剂* | 0.1到5 | 0.3到2 |
额外分散剂 | 0-10 | 1-6 |
抗氧化剂 | 0-5 | 0.01-3 |
金属清洁剂 | 0-15 | 0.1-8 |
腐蚀抑制剂 | 0-5 | 0-2 |
金属二烃基二硫代磷酸盐 | 0-6 | 0.1-4 |
无灰胺磷酸盐 | 0-6 | 0.0-4 |
消泡剂 | 0-5 | 0.001-0.15 |
抗磨损剂 | 0-1 | 0-0.8 |
降凝剂 | 0-5 | 0.01-1.5 |
粘度改性剂 | 0-20 | 0.25-10 |
摩擦改性剂 | 0-2 | 0.1-1 |
*基于固体聚合物基础
可包括在本文所述的润滑剂组合物中的额外任选添加剂包括但不限于防锈剂、乳化剂、破乳剂和油溶性含钛添加剂。
可将用于配制本文所述组合物的添加剂单独地或以各种子组合形式掺合到基础油中。然而,同时使用添加剂浓缩物(即,添加剂加稀释剂,例如烃溶剂)掺合所有组分可以是合适的。当呈添加剂浓缩物形式时,添加剂浓缩物的使用可以利用由成分组合提供的相互相容性。此外,浓缩物的使用可以减少掺合时间并且可以减少掺合错误的可能性。
本公开提供专门调配用作汽车发动机润滑剂的新颖润滑油掺合物。本公开的实施例可提供合适于发动机应用的润滑油,其提供一个或多个以下特征的改进:抗氧化性、抗磨性能、防锈性、燃料经济性、耐水性、空气夹带、密封保护和泡沫减少特性。
本公开的较佳理解和其许多优势可用以下实例阐明。以下实例是说明性的,并且不限制其范围或精神。所属领域技术人员将容易理解,可以使用这些实例中描述的组件、方法、步骤和装置的变型。除非另有说明或从论述的上下文中显而易见,否则本公开中提到的所有百分比、比率和份数都按重量计。
实例
材料和方法
本文所述的反应通常在具有顶部搅拌、除水冷凝器、温度探针和氮气供应的500mL烧瓶中进行。必要时,使用恒温罩加热反应。
酰基化烯烃共聚物的通用合成策略
本公开的分散剂烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂可通过以下流程1中所示的程序制备。具体地说,烯烃共聚物用酰基化剂(例如,顺丁烯二酸酐(西格玛阿尔德里奇(SigmaAldrich)))接枝。酰基接枝可以用所属领域技术人员已知的适当技术完成,例如使用自由基引发剂(例如过氧化二异丙苯(西格玛阿尔德里奇)使用由烯烃键产生的碳基团。其它自由基引发剂是所属领域技术人员已知的。然后,接枝的酸或酸酐可以与本文所述的多胺化合物进行偶合化学(在酸的情况下)或脱水反应(在酸酐的情况下)。然后可以用式I的噁唑啉(可购自西格玛阿尔德里奇)封端胺,其中R1、R2和R3如本文所定义并且通常如下所示。
比较实例1:
制备高度接枝的多官能中分子量粘度改性剂(比较聚合物1):
通过顺丁烯二酸酐到乙烯-丙烯共聚物的接枝反应获得平均分子量为大约40,000Mn的酰基化乙烯-丙烯共聚物。反应化学计量和反应条件使得顺丁烯二酸酐的8.2个分子接枝到烯烃共聚物主链上或每1,000聚合物主链的Mn约0.41个羧基(即2×8.2=16.4个羧基/40,000 Mn=0.41个羧基/1000 Mn)。使酰基化乙烯-丙烯共聚物与相对于所述接枝酰基摩尔过量的正苯基-1,4-苯二胺(NPPDA,Flexsys)在表面活性剂的存在下在约160℃下反应大约六小时(合适的表面活性剂可以是Surfonic(Huntsmen),通常为3重量%)。为了颜色稳定,将含有酰亚胺产物的反应混合物与醛组合4小时。最终的聚合物用110N油稀释,得到12重量%的聚合物含量。将反应物冷却到约130℃,并且通过100网格(140μm)过滤器过滤。使产物冷却到室温并且测试粘度和分散剂特性。
比较实例2:
制备高度接枝的多官能高分子量粘度改性剂(比较聚合物2)。通过先前在文献中描述的和比较实例1中所阐述的相同的通用方法制备较高分子量的多官能烯烃共聚物。
通过将顺丁烯二酸酐接枝到乙烯-丙烯共聚物上获得平均分子量为约56,000Mn的酰基化乙烯-丙烯共聚物。反应化学计量和反应条件使得顺丁烯二酸酐的11.4个分子接枝到烯烃共聚物主链上或每1,000聚合物主链的Mn约0.41个羧基(即2×11.4=22.8个羧基/56,000Mn=0.41个羧基/1000Mn)。使酰基化乙烯-丙烯共聚物与相对于接枝酰基摩尔过量的N-苯基-1,4-苯二胺(NPPDA)在表面活性剂(类似于比较实例1)的存在下在约160℃下反应约六小时。为了颜色稳定,将含有亚胺产物的反应混合物与醛组合4小时。最终的聚合物用110N油稀释,得到12重量%的聚合物含量。将反应物冷却到约130℃,并且通过100网格(140μm)过滤器过滤。使产物冷却到室温并且测试粘度和分散剂特性。
实例1:
用2-苯基-2-噁唑啉对高度接枝多官能中分子量粘度改性剂(本发明聚合物1)进行官能化后。
向配备有加热套、间距3叶片顶置式搅拌器、热电偶、氮气入口、氮气出口和冷凝器的4颈2,000mL树脂锅中加入298.71克来自比较实例1的比较聚合物1。将反应温度升高到约130℃,并且在恒定氮气流下维持。向混合物中加入2-苯基-2-噁唑啉(西格玛阿尔德里奇,1.3g,8.83mmol),并且将反应保持4小时,并且然后通过100网格(140μm)过滤器过滤。使产物冷却到室温并且测试粘度和分散剂特性。
将所得聚合物进行两次溶解迭代,包含一次加入当量重量的庚烷,然后用十当量丙酮沉淀。使聚合物彻底干燥丙酮并且在真空中完成干燥。接枝效率的特征在于IR光谱、GPC的分子量和聚合物的氮含量的变化。
实例2:
用2-苯基-2-噁唑啉对高度接枝的多官能高分子量粘度改性剂(本发明聚合物2)进行官能化后。
向配备有加热套、间距3叶片顶置式搅拌器、热电偶、氮气入口、氮气出口和冷凝器的4颈2000mL树脂锅中加入约298.71克来自比较实例2的比较聚合物2。将反应温度升高到约130℃,并且在恒定氮气流下维持。向混合物中加入2-苯基-2-噁唑啉的溶液中(西格玛阿尔德里奇,1.3g,8.83mmol),并且将反应保持4小时,并且然后通过100网格(140μm)过滤器过滤。使产物冷却到室温并且测试粘度和分散剂特性。
将所得聚合物进行两次溶解迭代,包含一次加入当量重量的庚烷,然后用十当量丙酮沉淀。使聚合物彻底干燥丙酮并且在真空中完成干燥。接枝效率的特征在于IR光谱、GPC的分子量和聚合物的氮含量的变化。
实例3:
用2-乙基-2-噁唑啉对高度接枝多官能高分子量粘度改性剂(本发明聚合物3)进行官能化后。
向配有加热套、间距3叶片顶置式搅拌器、热电偶、氮气入口、氮气出口和冷凝器的4颈2000mL树脂锅中加入约299.16克来自比较实例2的比较聚合物2。将反应温度升高到约130℃,并且在恒定氮气流下维持。向混合物中加入2-乙基-2-噁唑啉(西格玛阿尔德里奇,0.87g,8.77mmol),并且将反应保持4小时,并且然后通过100网格(140μm)过滤器过滤。使产物冷却到室温并且测试粘度和分散剂特性。
将所得聚合物进行两次溶解迭代,包含一次加入当量重量的庚烷,然后用十当量丙酮沉淀。使聚合物彻底干燥丙酮并且在真空中完成干燥。接枝效率的特征在于IR光谱、GPC的分子量和聚合物的氮含量的变化。
实例4:
用2-乙基-2-噁唑啉对高度接枝多官能高分子量粘度改性剂(本发明聚合物4)进行官能化后。
向配备有加热套、间距3叶片顶置式搅拌器、热电偶、氮气入口、氮气出口和冷凝器的4颈2000mL树脂锅中加入约299.16克来自比较实例2的比较聚合物2。将反应温度升高到约130℃,并且在恒定氮气流下维持。向混合物中加入2-乙基-2-噁唑啉(0.87g,8.77mmol)和Amberlyst 15(0.10g-有助于封端效率的酸性树脂催化剂),并且将反应保持约4小时,并且然后通过100网格(140μm)过滤器过滤。使产物冷却到室温并且测试粘度和分散剂特性。
对所得聚合物进行两次溶解迭代,包括一当量重的庚烷加入,然后沉淀十当量的丙酮。使聚合物彻底干燥丙酮并且在真空中完成干燥。接枝效率的特征在于IR光谱、GPC的分子量和聚合物的氮含量的变化。
实例5:
这一实例评估包括上述比较实例和本发明实例的封端和未封端添加剂的润滑油的分散性能。
图1中提供了实例聚合物和比较实例聚合物在润滑油中的性能。分散性测试的结果和每种实例聚合物的有效浓度的最终值提供在下表3中。表3中所示的有效浓度是完全分散烟尘所需的最小聚合物量,在这个点流变概括变为扁平或牛顿。润滑剂中使用的实际量可以更高,这取决于润滑剂所需的其它特性。
表3:分散剂性能的有效浓度
官能化聚合物 | 有效浓度(E.C.) |
比较聚合物1 | 1.4 |
比较聚合物2 | 0.65 |
本发明聚合物1 | 1.11 |
本发明聚合物2 | 0.55 |
本发明聚合物3 | 0.39 |
本发明聚合物4 | 0.41 |
如上表3所示,与相同聚合物的未封端版本相比,本发明的封端聚合物都具有改善的分散性。本发明聚合物1是比较聚合物1的封端版本。分散本发明的封端聚合物1的烟尘的有效或最小浓度比其未封端的聚合物低约20%。同样地,本发明聚合物2、3和4是比较聚合物2的封端版本。分散本发明的封端聚合物2、3和4的烟尘的有效或最小浓度分别比这种聚合物的未封端版本低15%、40%和36%(即,本发明聚合物需要少约15到约40%的聚合物以实现烟尘分散性。)
更具体地,封端的本发明聚合物2、3和4的上述结果证实,相对于如图1所示的比较聚合物2的相同聚合物的未封端版本,在降低的聚合物处理率下改善了烟尘分散性。这一特殊特点通过增加配制物窗口以及降低处理率的经济方面带来一个优势。
为了评估根据本公开的润滑剂配制物,测试本发明聚合物分散烟尘的能力。在没有分散剂的情况下,含有烟尘颗粒的油具有剪切稀化(非牛顿)行为,其中粘度随着剪切速率的增加而降低,这是由于在低剪切速率下烟尘颗粒的聚集而导致粘度高,而在较高剪切速率下,烟尘颗粒聚集被打破而导致粘度低。如果将具有分散能力的添加剂添加到烟化油中,那么烟尘颗粒被分散剂保护而不会聚集,因此油具有理想的粘性或牛顿流体行为,其中粘度与剪切速率无关。(参见例如,Thomas G.Mezger,《流变学手册(The RheologyHandbook)》,第3修订版,2011,其部分通过引用的方式并入本文中)。基于此,设计分散性测试以使用Physica MCR 301流变仪(Anton Parr)测试本发明聚合物分散烟尘颗粒的有效性。使用不含分散剂的流体,烟化油具有由燃烧的柴油发动机产生的约4.6重量%的烟尘。然后对烟化油用一定量的本发明和比较聚合物进行顶部处理,然后在具有锥板的流变仪中通过剪切速率扫描进行测试,以寻找牛顿/非牛顿行为。测试温度为约100℃,并且测试顶板为CP50-1(Anton Parr)。记录粘度和剪切速率的曲线,并且结果可以在图1中看到。
在图1中,标记为“单独的烟化油”的曲线表示在添加任何分散剂之前的粘度比剪切速率曲线,并且如所预期观察到剪切稀化行为,因为烟尘颗粒聚集在一起。比较实例2(未用噁唑啉封端或处理)显示出在0.4重量%下粘度随着剪切速率增加而降低的曲线,这意味着它是剪切稀化(非牛顿)流体并且烟尘聚集。较高的粘度表明在这一处理率下,比较实例2聚合物有效地用作增稠剂,增加油粘度但不分散烟尘颗粒。较低剪切下较高的粘度是烟尘聚集的标志。另一方面,来自实例2、3和4的本发明聚合物2、3、4是比较聚合物2的封端版本,并且在0.4重量%处理率下表现出相对恒定的粘度比剪切速率。
在图1中,视聚合物而定,测试的聚合物的量在0.2与0.6重量%之间的范围内,并且更具体地,聚合物的处理率如下:0.2重量%(实例2),0.3重量%(实例3),0.4重量%(实例4)和0.6重量%(比较实例2)。此外,本发明聚合物2、3和4在低剪切下的粘度低于比较实例2的曲线。这些结果表明,本发明聚合物有效地将烟尘颗粒在所用的处理率下分散。
实例6:弹性体相容性性能测试
密封性能测试是一种筛选程序,其用于评估各种润滑剂组分对发动机氟弹性体密封件寿命的影响。氟弹性体性能测试基于ASTM D471 12a、ASTM 412 06a、ASTM D2240 05和ASTM D5662 14,其通过引用的方式并入本文中。视添加剂或聚合物组分的化学性质和尺寸而定,这些可以在弹性体中扩散和/或与弹性体相互作用,从而减少其寿命。降低处理率可导致与较高处理率相关的一些益处损失。
下表4总结了在6Star Motiva基础油中使用重型柴油DI包处理(8.0重量%)的各种处理率(2到10重量%)下的官能化聚合物性能。机械测试的两个主要特征是平均断裂伸长率(平均ER)和平均拉伸强度(平均TS)。平均ER的值必须大于55%,并且平均TS大于50%。在所有测试的处理率下,比较聚合物2(未封端的聚合物)均未通过平均ER和平均TS测试,而所有的噁唑啉官能化样品(聚合物2、3和4)的本发明聚合物通过了每个浓度测试。
表4:实例聚合物的平均断裂伸长率(ER)和拉伸强度(TS)
如以上实例和所得数据所提供,本公开的噁唑啉改性的官能粘度改性剂(实例1-4和聚合物1-4)相对于相同的未封端聚合物不仅意外地提高了添加剂的分散性能,而且提供了增强的含氟弹性体密封件保护。
应当理解,虽然已经结合本文的实施方式和发明内容描述了本公开的聚合物和润滑剂,但是前述描述旨在说明而不是限制本公开的范围,本公开的范围由所附权利要求书的范围限定。其它方面、优势和修改在权利要求的范围内。希望仅将说明书和实例视为例示性的,其中本公开的真实范围由以下权利要求书来指示。
Claims (15)
1.一种多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂,其包含以下的反应产物:(i)胺官能化的酰基化烯烃共聚物,所述烯烃共聚物包括一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺、一种或多种伯和/或仲烷基胺或其混合物,和(ii)噁唑啉或其衍生物;其中所述噁唑啉或其衍生物是所述伯和/或仲胺的氮的封端剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂,其中所述一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺包括空间位阻氮。
3.根据权利要求1所述的多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂,其中所述噁唑啉或其衍生物选自2-苯基-2-噁唑啉;2-乙基-2噁唑啉;2-甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-苯甲基-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-乙基-4,4-二甲基-2噁唑啉;2,4,4-三甲基-2-噁唑啉;4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2,4,5-三甲基-3-噁唑啉;2-(2,6-二甲氧基苯基)-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-[1-(羟甲基)乙基]噁唑啉;其混合物以及其衍生物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂,其中所述噁唑啉或其衍生物包括2、4和5位中的侧基或其组合,并且其中所述侧基选自杂环芳香族物、C1到C32的烃基和其混合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂,其中所述胺官能化的酰基化烯烃共聚物每约1000个烯烃共聚物的数均分子量单元具有约0.1到约0.8个羧基,并且其中所述烯烃共聚物的数均分子量为约5,000到约150,000。
6.根据权利要求1所述的多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂,其中所述胺官能化由下式的N-芳基苯二胺获得
R4为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的--NH-芳基、--NH-芳烷基、--NH-烷基或支链或直链基团,其可为烷基、烯基、烷氧基芳烷基、烷芳基、羟烷基或氨基烷基;R5为--NH2、CH2--(CH2)n--NH2、CH2-芳基-NH2,其中n是1到10的整数;并且R6为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳烷基、烷芳基;和/或其中所述N-芳基苯二胺选自N-苯基-1,4-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,3-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,2-苯二胺;和其混合物。
7.根据权利要求1所述的多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂,其中所述酰基化烯烃共聚物衍生自乙烯和一种或多种C3到C18α-烯烃和接枝烯系不饱和羧酸材料的共聚物,所述接枝烯系不饱和羧酸材料具有至少一个烯键和至少一个羧基或其酸酐基团或可转化为与所述烯烃共聚物反应的羧基的极性基团。
8.根据权利要求7所述的多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂,其中所述烯系不饱和羧酸材料选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、肉桂酸、丁烯酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸或其酸酐衍生物。
9.一种添加剂浓缩物,其包含根据权利要求1所述的多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂。
10.一种润滑剂,其包含:
大量润滑粘度基础油;和
少量多官能烯烃共聚物粘度改性剂,其包含以下的反应产物:(i)胺官能化的酰基化烯烃共聚物,所述烯烃共聚物包括一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺、一种或多种伯和/或仲烷基胺或其混合物,和(ii)噁唑啉或其衍生物;并且
其中所述噁唑啉或其衍生物是所述伯和/或仲胺的氮的封端剂。
11.根据权利要求10所述的润滑剂,其中所述一种或多种伯和/或仲芳胺包括空间位阻氮。
12.根据权利要求10所述的润滑剂,其中所述噁唑啉或其衍生物选自2-苯基-2-噁唑啉;2-乙基-2噁唑啉;2-甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-苯甲基-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-乙基-4,4-二甲基-2噁唑啉;2,4,4-三甲基-2-噁唑啉;4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2,4,5-三甲基-3-噁唑啉;2-(2,6-二甲氧基苯基)-4,4-二甲基-2-噁唑啉;2-[1-(羟甲基)乙基]噁唑啉;其混合物以及其衍生物。
13.根据权利要求10所述的润滑剂,其中所述噁唑啉或其衍生物包括2、4和5位中的侧基或其组合,并且其中所述侧基选自杂环芳香族物、烃基C1到C32和其混合物。
14.根据权利要求10所述的润滑剂,其中所述胺官能化的酰基化烯烃共聚物每约1000个所述烯烃共聚物的数均分子量单元具有约0.1到约0.8个羧基,并且其中所述烯烃共聚物的数均分子量为约5,000到约150,000。
15.根据权利要求10所述的润滑剂,其中所述胺官能化由下式的N-芳基苯二胺获得
R4为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的--NH-芳基、--NH-芳烷基、--NH-烷基或支链或直链基团,其可为烷基、烯基、烷氧基芳烷基、烷芳基、羟烷基或氨基烷基;R5为--NH2、CH2--(CH2)n--NH2、CH2-芳基-NH2,其中n是1到10的整数;并且R6为氢、具有4到24个碳原子的烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳烷基、烷芳基;和/或其中所述N-芳基苯二胺选自N-苯基-1,4-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,3-苯二胺;N-苯基-1,2-苯二胺;和其混合物。
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