CN110031806B - 利用fsk调制的啁啾提高fmcw雷达中的范围精度的系统和方法 - Google Patents
利用fsk调制的啁啾提高fmcw雷达中的范围精度的系统和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
提供了利用FSK调制的啁啾提高FMCW雷达中的范围精度的系统和方法。用于确定对象的范围的方法包括:发射连续的雷达啁啾;向连续的雷达啁啾添加频率偏移,该频率偏移是范围频率窗口的一部分;接收返回信号;根据返回信号中的每一个构造频率变换;将频率变换中的每一个加在一起以创建复合频率变换;以及根据在复合频率变换中检测到的频率峰值来内插计算对象的范围。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及利用频移键控(FSK)调制的啁啾来提高调频连续波(FMCW)雷达中的范围(range)精度的系统和方法。
背景技术
在一些雷达系统中,通过发射调频信号、接收该调频信号的反射以及基于调频信号的发射和接收之间的时延和/或频率差确定距离来确定雷达与目标之间的距离。因此,一些雷达系统包括发射RF信号的发射天线、接收RF的接收天线以及用于产生发射信号和接收RF信号的相关RF电路。在一些情况下,可以使用多个天线来利用相控阵技术来实现定向波束。
在工业应用中,精确估计雷达范围是雷达界感兴趣的。在FMCW拉伸处理中,目标范围分辨率及其精度受到雷达带宽的限制。范围分辨率是雷达系统区分同一方位(bearing)但不同范围内的两个或更多个目标的能力。范围分辨率的程度取决于雷达带宽的宽度、发射的脉冲、目标的类型和大小以及接收器和指示器的效率。
发明内容
根据实施方式,一种用于确定对象的范围的方法包括:发射多个连续的雷达啁啾;向多个连续的雷达啁啾中的至少一个雷达啁啾添加频率偏移,使得在多个连续的雷达啁啾中的每一个之间发生频率偏移,频率偏移是范围频率窗口(bin)的一部分;接收相应的多个返回信号;根据多个返回信号构造多个频率变换;将频率变换中的每一个加在一起以创建复合频率变换;以及根据在复合频率变换中检测到的频率峰值来内插计算对象的范围。
根据另一实施方式,一种用于确定对象的范围的系统包括:被配置成用于发射多个连续的雷达啁啾的至少一个天线;发射器,被配置成用于向多个连续的雷达啁啾中的至少一个雷达啁啾添加频率偏移,使得在多个连续的雷达啁啾中的每一个之间发生频率偏移,频率偏移是范围频率窗口的一部分;被配置成用于接收相应的多个返回信号的至少一个天线;以及接收器,被配置成用于根据多个返回信号构造多个频率变换,将频率变换中的每一个加在一起以创建复合频率变换,并且根据在复合频率变换中检测到的频率峰值来内插计算对象的范围。
根据另一实施方式,一种用于确定对象的范围的方法包括:发射多个脉冲;向多个脉冲中的至少一个脉冲添加频率偏移;接收多个返回信号;根据多个返回信号构造多个频率变换;将频率变换中的每一个加在一起以创建复合频率变换;以及根据复合频率变换中的最大频率峰值来确定对象的范围。
附图说明
为了更完整地理解本发明及其优点,现在参考以下结合附图所进行的描述,在附图中:
图1是实施方式雷达系统的框图;
图2是实施方式FMCW雷达的较详细框图;
图3是FMCW雷达啁啾的时序图;
图4是锯齿波线性频率调制扫描信号的时序图;
图5是阶梯波频率调制扫描信号的时序图;
图6A至图6D是根据实施方式的锯齿波频率扫描的时序图;
图7A至图7D是根据实施方式的阶梯波频率扫描的时序图;
图8是示出使用图6A至图6D的锯齿波频率扫描的连续脉冲的时序图;
图9是示出使用图7A至图7D的阶梯波频率扫描的连续脉冲的时序图;
图10是示出使用图6A至图6D的锯齿波频率扫描的多个天线实施方式的时序图;
图11是示出使用图7A至图7D的阶梯波频率扫描的多个天线实施方式的时序图;
图12A至图12D是根据实施方式的返回信号的频移FFT的图;
图13是根据实施方式的N点零插入(zero-inserted)FFT的图;
图14是根据实施方式的根据连续返回脉冲重构的FFT的图;以及
图15至图18是根据实施方式的雷达系统实现的框图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据本发明实施方式的雷达系统100。如图所示,雷达收发器装置102被配置成经由发射天线120a和/或发射天线120b发射入射的RF信号,并经由包括接收天线122a至122d的天线阵列接收反射的RF信号。雷达收发器装置102包括耦接到接收天线122a至122d的接收器前端112,耦接到发射天线120a的第一发射器前端104和耦接到发射天线120b的第二发射器前端110。雷达电路106提供要发射到第一发射器前端104和第二发射器前端110的信号,并接收和/或处理由接收器前端112接收的信号。在实施方式中,对象132接收发射的RF信号并产生反射的RF信号。
在实施方式中,第二发射器前端110的输入可以经由由开关109表示的电路在雷达电路106的输出和通信电路108的输出之间选择。当第二发射器前端110接收来自雷达电路106的输入时,第一发射器前端104和第二发射器前端110均可以用于构建全息雷达。
在实施方式中,雷达收发器装置102或者雷达收发器装置102的一部分可以实现在包含第一发射器前端104、第二发射器前端110、接收器前端112以及发射天线120a和120b和接收天线122a至122d的封装中。
在实施方式中,本文公开的雷达系统100以及其它实施方式的操作的频率在约57GHz至约66GHz之间。替选地,实施方式系统也可以在该范围之外的频率下操作。
图2是示例FMCW雷达200的框图。雷达200包括可调谐RF源,例如用于产生RF发射信号st(t)的压控振荡器(VCO)202。RF发射信号st(t)由耦合器204接收,以产生第一RF发射信号和第二RF发射信号。第一RF发射信号由环行器206接收,以通过第一端口传送到天线。第二RF发射信号由混频器212接收。天线208还用于接收接收信号sr(t),该接收信号sr(t)由环行器206接收并通过第二端口传送到混频器212。混频器212产生中频(IF)信号sIF(t)。IF信号是正弦信号,并且目标210的范围R1被嵌入在频率和相位中。IF信号由放大器214接收并由滤波器216滤波。滤波器216的模拟输出信号由A/D转换器218转换成数字信号sIF[n]。IF数字信号由信号处理器220处理以提取范围R1。
图3示出了包括发射信号306和接收信号308的FMCW雷达啁啾302的示例。示出了雷达啁啾302的上啁啾部分和下啁啾部分。在实施方式中,仅使用上啁啾部分。图3中还示出了对应于所示的特定发射信号306和接收信号308的中频信号304。
然而,在实施方式中,上啁啾和下啁啾均可以用于通过加上和减去最大FFT指数来估计范围和多普勒精度。范围和多普勒精度均得到改善。以下示出了针对该实施方式的相应频率方程:
f_r=f_max_up-f_max_down以及f_d=f_max_up+f_max_down。
参照图2和图3,系统模型的接收信号处理在以下步骤中解释如下:将接收的雷达信号与发射信号进行混频/拍频(beat)(在时域中相乘)(也称为去啁啾/去斜坡(de-ramping)/去拉伸);由于二阶时间项,来自目标的时延自身表现为拍频正弦频率;得到两个正弦项——通过模拟低通滤波滤除较高阶频率项;对滤波后的信号执行FFT以计算目标的范围;利用加窗、零填充来改善频谱输出;以及使用无频偏线性调频(LFM)脉冲对接收信号进行去拉伸,该无频偏线性调频(LFM)脉冲指的是接收和发射波形相同的第一个脉冲。例如,f0=载波频率=24Ghz或60Ghz,B=带宽=250Mhz或7Ghz,T=啁啾时间=35μs至1.5ms。
图4和图5示出了LFM扫描信号类型的示例。图4示出了锯齿波线性调频扫描信号400,其可以如图所示从时间-T到时间T以及从f0-B的频率到f0+B被发射。图5示出了阶梯波线性调频扫描信号500,其可以如图所示从时间-T到时间T以及从f0-B的频率到f0+B被发射。每个阶梯之间的频率差显示为δf。
现在参照图6A至图6D,示出了根据实施方式的锯齿波频率扫描。相当于所使用的频率窗口的范围的0.25倍的频率偏移被添加到四个连续的LFM发射脉冲。接收信号利用无频偏LFM脉冲被去拉伸。虽然四个连续的LFM发射脉冲被示出为具有所使用的频率窗口的范围的0.25倍的频率偏移,但是也可以使用其他数量的连续LFM发射脉冲。例如,可以使用八个连续的LFM发射脉冲,其频率偏移是所使用的频率窗口的范围的0.125倍。在另一示例中,可以使用十个连续的LFM发射脉冲,其频率偏移是所使用的频率窗口的范围的0.1倍。在又一示例中,可以使用“n”个连续的LFM发射脉冲,其频率偏移是所使用的频率窗口的范围的“1/n”倍。通过增加LFM发射脉冲的数量来提高确定目标的范围的精度。
图6A示出了无频率偏移的锯齿波频率扫描信号(脉冲1)602。图6B示出了锯齿波扫描信号(脉冲2)604,其具有所使用的频率窗口的范围的(N*0.25)倍的第一频率偏移,其中N=1。图6C示出了锯齿波扫描信号(脉冲3)606,其具有所使用的频率窗口的范围的(N*0.25)倍的第二频率偏移,其中N=2。在图6C中还示出了N=1的频率偏移。图6D示出了锯齿波扫描信号(脉冲4)608,其具有所使用的频率窗口的范围的(N*0.25)倍的第三频率偏移,其中N=3。在图6D中还示出了N=1和N=2的频率偏移。
类似地,图7A示出了无频率偏移的阶梯波扫描信号(脉冲1)702。每个阶梯之间的频率差再次被示出为δf。图7B示出了阶梯波扫描信号(脉冲2)704,其具有所使用的频率窗口的范围的(N*0.25)倍的第一频率偏移,其中N=1。图7C示出了阶梯波扫描信号(脉冲3)706,其具有所使用的频率窗口的范围的(N*0.25)倍的第二频率偏移,其中N=2。在图7C中还示出了N=1的频率偏移。图7D示出了阶梯波扫描信号(脉冲4)708,其具有所使用的频率窗口的范围的(N*0.25)倍的第三频率偏移,其中N=3。在图7D中还示出了N=1和N=2的频率偏移。
图8和图9中示出了可以用于例如单个发射天线实施方式的连续的频偏LFM脉冲。图8和图9中所示的连续脉冲实施方式利用了组合LFM和FSK调制来更有效地提高雷达范围分辨率(与不包括频率偏移的连续发射脉冲相比)。连续脉冲一起被处理以进行估计并在范围窗口内内插雷达测量值。如将在下面进一步详细说明的,图8和图9中所示的实施方式减小了距离波门相跨损耗并改善了雷达范围精度。
图8示出了使用先前关于图6A至图6D讨论的锯齿波频率扫描的四个连续脉冲802、804、806和808。第一脉冲(脉冲1)802从第一频率f0扫描到第二频率f1。第二脉冲(脉冲2)804从第一移位频率f0+d扫描到第二移位频率f1+d,其中“d”等于用于分析雷达返回信号的频率窗口的范围的0.25倍。在图8所示的示例实施方式中,回顾到由于使用了四个连续脉冲,所以将偏移设置为窗口范围的0.25倍。如前所述,可以使用具有相应不同的频率偏移“d”的不同数量的连续脉冲。第三脉冲(脉冲3)806从第一移位频率f0+2d扫描到第二移位频率f1+2d。第四脉冲(脉冲4)808从第一移位频率f0+3d扫描到第二移位频率f1+3d。然后,在实施方式中,脉冲序列802、804、806和808被重复并利用单个发射天线发射。
图9示出了使用先前关于图7A至图7D讨论的阶梯波频率扫描的四个连续脉冲902、904、906和908。第一脉冲(脉冲1)902从第一频率f0扫描到第二频率f1。第二脉冲(脉冲2)904从第一移位频率f0+d扫描到第二移位频率f1+d,其中“d”等于用于分析雷达返回信号的频率窗口的范围的0.25倍。在图9所示的示例实施方式中,回顾到由于使用了四个连续脉冲,所以将偏移设置为窗口范围的0.25倍。如前所述,可以使用具有相应不同的频率偏移“d”的不同数量的连续脉冲。第三脉冲(脉冲3)906从第一移位频率f0+2d扫描到第二移位频率f1+2d。第四脉冲(脉冲4)908从第一移位频率f0+3d扫描到第二移位频率f1+3d。然后,在实施方式中,脉冲序列902、904、906和908被重复并利用单个发射天线发射。
在图10和图11中示出了可以用于例如多个发射天线实施方式的连续的频偏LFM脉冲。图10和图11中所示的连续脉冲实施方式还利用了组合LFM和FSK调制来更有效地提高雷达范围分辨率(与不包括频率偏移的连续发射脉冲相比并且与图8和图9的单个天线实施方式相比)。连续脉冲一起被处理以进行估计并在范围窗口内内插雷达测量值。如将在下面进一步详细说明的,图10和图11中所示的实施方式进一步减小了距离波门相跨损耗并改善了雷达范围精度。
图10示出了使用先前关于图6A至图6D讨论的锯齿波频率扫描的四个连续脉冲1002、1004、1006和1008。第一脉冲(发射天线1)1002从第一频率f0扫描到第二频率f1并在第一天线上发射。第二脉冲(发射天线2)1004从第一移位频率f0+d扫描到第二移位频率f1+d并且在第二天线上发射,其中“d”等于用于分析雷达返回信号的频率窗口的范围的0.25倍。在图10所示的示例实施方式中,回顾到由于使用了四个连续脉冲,所以偏移被设置为窗口范围的0.25倍。如前所述,可以使用具有相应不同的频率偏移“d”的不同数量的连续脉冲。第三脉冲(发射天线3)1006从第一移位频率f0+2d扫描到第二移位频率f1+2d,并在第三天线上发射。第四脉冲(发射天线4)1008从第一移位频率f0+3d扫描到第二移位频率f1+3d,并在第四天线上发射。然后,在实施方式中,脉冲序列1002、1004、1006和1008被重复并利用多个发射天线来发射。可以使用其他数量的发射天线和相应的频率偏移。
图11示出了使用先前关于图7A至图7D讨论的阶梯波频率扫描的四个连续脉冲1102、1104、1106和1108。第一脉冲(发射天线1)1102从第一频率f0扫描到第二频率f1并在第一天线上发射。第二脉冲(发射天线2)1104从第一移位频率f0+d扫描到第二移位频率f1+d并且在第二天线上发射,其中“d”等于用于分析雷达返回信号的频率窗口的范围的0.25倍。在图11所示的示例实施方式中,回顾到由于使用了四个连续脉冲,所以将偏移设置为窗口范围的0.25倍。如前所述,可以使用具有相应不同的频率偏移“d”的不同数量的连续脉冲。第三脉冲(发射天线3)1106从第一移位频率f0+2d扫描到第二移位频率f1+2d,并在第三天线上发射。第四脉冲(发射天线4)1108从第一移位频率f0+3d扫描到第二移位频率f1+3d,并在第四天线上发射。然后,在实施方式中,脉冲序列1102、1104、1106和1108被重复并利用多个发射天线来发射。可以使用其他数量的发射天线和相应的频率偏移。
图12A至图12D示出了来自对应于先前描述的发射脉冲的连续返回信号的IF拍频信号的四个FFT。回顾到,发射脉冲和相应的返回信号通过频率偏移进行频率移位,如前所述。图12A示出了通过对应于第一脉冲的第一FFT所看到的每个频率窗口中的多个离散频率点1202。图12B示出了通过对应于第二脉冲的第二FFT所看到的每个频率窗口中的多个离散频率点1204。图12C示出了通过对应于第三脉冲的第三FFT所看到的每个频率窗口中的多个离散频率点1206。图12D示出了通过对应于第四脉冲的第四FFT所看到的每个频率窗口中的多个离散频率点1208。在图12A、12B、12C和12D中的每一个中示出了重构的FFT频谱1200并且在下面进一步详细地说明了重构的FFT频谱1200。虽然图12A至图12D中示出了四个FFT,但是可以根据所使用的连续发射脉冲的数量来使用任何数量。
现在参照图13,根据实施方式,示出了FFT 1302的图和相应的N点零插入FFT 1304的图,其中,N=2。例如图12A至图12D中所示的FFT都是N点零插入的,在这种情况下N=4。在图13中,注意到,在FFT 1302的每个数据点之间存在“零插入”以产生零插入FFT 1304。在图12A至图12D的FFT中,其中N=4,在每个数据点之间存在三个零插入,使得可以通过简单加法来组合所有的频移FFT以产生复合FFT。复合FFT在图14中示出并在下面进一步详细地描述。
图14示出了如前所述根据连续的频移脉冲重构的重构FFT 1200。FFT 1200频谱根据图12A至图12D中所示的各个零插入FFT被交织(interleave)。连续发射脉冲中的固定频率偏移原则上用于在重构的FFT频谱中的范围窗口之间内插FFT测量数据。换句话说,图14中所示的重构的FFT 1200频谱可以揭示在使用不包括频率偏移的脉冲时不明显的峰值。
实线1200表示由目标脉冲响应表示的物理目标响应。这种理想的目标响应仅可以通过连续时间处理来提供。频谱上的虚线点1202、1204、1206和1208表示分别使用第一脉冲、第二脉冲、第三脉冲和第四脉冲上的各个FFT观察到的FFT输出点。注意,在图14的说明性示例中,第三FFT 1206(由2d移位的发射FMCW脉冲产生)捕获频谱的峰值。在传统系统中,返回信号的分析仅限于第一FFT,因此错过了实际/准确的目标峰值频率,因此不利地影响了范围估计(不太准确)。
下面给出根据实施方式的用于解调和发射的啁啾的相关方程:
接收器解调啁啾信号
具有在处的目标的来自脉冲1的接收啁啾
具有初始频移δωc的来自脉冲2的接收啁啾
类似地,来自脉冲3的接收啁啾
类似地,来自脉冲4的接收啁啾
下面给出根据连续脉冲方程的相关IF拍频信号:
来自脉冲1的IF信号
滤除较高频率项,表示目标的瞬时频率为
来自脉冲2的经滤波的IF拍频信号
然后来自脉冲2的瞬时目标频率项是
来自脉冲3和脉冲4的IF信号是
在图15中示出了使用单独的发射和接收锁相环(PLL)1504和1520的系统实现1500A的框图。系统实现1500A包括用于发射路径和接收路径的同步参考时钟1502和1518。
在发射路径中,PLL 1504接收同步时钟信号,并且被耦接到除以N1电路1512和分数斜坡逻辑电路1510。分数斜坡逻辑电路1510使得能够产生频率偏移。PLL 1504的输出由VCO 1506接收。VCO 1506的第一输出由除以N2电路1514接收并由缓冲放大器1516缓冲。缓冲放大器1516的输出耦接到除以N1电路1512的输入。VCO 1506还用于驱动单个发射天线1508。
在接收路径中,PLL 1520接收同步时钟信号,并且被耦接到除以N1电路1530和分数斜坡逻辑电路1528。分数斜坡逻辑电路1528使得能够分析频率偏移。PLL 1520的输出由VCO 1522接收。VCO 1522的第一输出由除以N2电路1532接收并由缓冲放大器1534缓冲。缓冲放大器1534的输出耦接到除以N1电路1530的输入。VCO 1522还耦接到混频器1524。混频器1524还耦接到单个接收天线1526。混频器1524的输出耦接到低通滤波器1536。低通滤波器1536的输出被放大器1538放大,其由ADC 1540转换为数字信号并由信号处理单元1544分析。
在图16中示出了使用单独的发射和接收锁相环(PLL)1504和1520的系统实现1500B的框图。系统实现1500B的描述类似于系统实现1500A的描述,不同之处在于使用了多个天线1508到1548。因此,系统实现1500B可以用于适应先前描述的多个天线操作方法。系统实现1500B包括耦接到VCO 1506的天线选择单元1546,天线选择单元1546又耦接到多个发射天线1508到1548。
在图17中示出了在发射路径中使用数控振荡器(NCO)和在接收路径中使用PLL1520的系统实现1500C的框图。除了NCO以外,系统实现1500C的描述类似于系统实现1500A的描述。系统实现1500C包括用于生成频率偏移的查找表(LUT)1550、DAC 1552和频率转换电路1554。频率转换电路1554接收来自VCO 1522的输出并驱动发射天线1508。
在图18中示出了在发射路径中使用数控振荡器(NCO)和在接收路径中使用PLL1520的系统实现1500D的框图。除了使用多个天线1508到1548之外,系统实现1500D的描述类似于系统实现1500C的描述。因此,系统实现1500D可以用于适应先前描述的多个天线操作方法。系统实现1500D包括耦接到VCO 1522的天线选择单元1546,天线选择单元1546又耦接到多个发射天线1508到1548。
虽然已经参考说明性实施方式描述了本发明,但是该描述并非旨在以限制性的意义来解释。在参考说明书时,说明性实施方式的各种修改和组合以及本发明的其他实施方式对于本领域技术人员将是明显的。因此,所附权利要求旨在涵盖任何这样的修改或实施方式。
Claims (16)
1.一种用于确定对象的范围的方法,包括:
发射多个连续的雷达啁啾;
向所述多个连续的雷达啁啾中的至少一个雷达啁啾添加频率偏移,使得在所述多个连续的雷达啁啾中的每一个之间发生所述频率偏移,所述频率偏移是范围频率窗口的一部分;
接收相应的多个返回信号;
根据所述多个返回信号构造多个频率变换,其中,构造所述多个频率变换包括生成所述多个返回信号中的每个返回信号的频率变换;
将所述多个频率变换中的每一个加在一起以创建复合频率变换;以及
根据在所述复合频率变换中检测到的频率峰值来对所述对象的范围进行内插。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述多个连续的雷达啁啾中的每一个包括锯齿波频率扫描。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述多个连续的雷达啁啾中的每一个包括阶梯波频率扫描。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述多个连续的雷达啁啾的数量通过所使用的频率偏移的数量来确定。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述多个连续的雷达啁啾在单个天线上被发射。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述多个连续的雷达啁啾中的每一个在多个天线中的不同的单个相应天线上被发射。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,使用第一锁相环来完成向所述对象发射所述多个连续的雷达啁啾,并且使用第二锁相环来完成从所述对象接收所述相应的多个返回信号。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,使用锁相环来完成向所述对象发射所述多个连续的雷达啁啾,并且使用数控振荡器来完成从所述对象接收所述相应的多个返回信号。
9.一种用于确定对象的范围的系统,包括:
被配置成用于发射多个连续的雷达啁啾的至少一个天线;
发射器,被配置成用于向所述多个连续的雷达啁啾中的至少一个雷达啁啾添加频率偏移,使得在所述多个连续的雷达啁啾中的每一个之间发生所述频率偏移,所述频率偏移是范围频率窗口的一部分;
被配置成用于接收相应的多个返回信号的至少一个天线;以及
接收器,被配置成用于根据所述多个返回信号构造多个频率变换,将所述多个频率变换中的每一个加在一起以创建复合频率变换,并且根据在所述复合频率变换中检测到的频率峰值来对所述对象的范围进行内插,其中,构造所述多个频率变换包括生成所述多个返回信号中的每个返回信号的频率变换。
10.根据权利要求9所述的系统,其中,所述多个连续的雷达啁啾中的每一个包括锯齿波频率扫描。
11.根据权利要求9所述的系统,其中,所述多个连续的雷达啁啾中的每一个包括阶梯波频率扫描。
12.根据权利要求9所述的系统,其中,所述多个连续的雷达啁啾的数量通过所述频率偏移的数量来确定。
13.根据权利要求9所述的系统,其中,被配置成用于发射多个连续的雷达啁啾的至少一个天线是单个天线。
14.根据权利要求9所述的系统,其中,被配置成用于发射多个连续的雷达啁啾的至少一个天线包括多个天线,每个天线被配置成用于发射所述多个连续的雷达啁啾中的相应一个雷达啁啾。
15.根据权利要求9所述的系统,其中,所述发射器包括第一锁相环,并且所述接收器包括第二锁相环。
16.根据权利要求9所述的系统,其中,所述发射器包括锁相环,并且所述接收器包括数控振荡器。
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