CN108289797B - 用于制备和使用凝胶微球的系统和方法 - Google Patents
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- CN108289797B CN108289797B CN201680068910.0A CN201680068910A CN108289797B CN 108289797 B CN108289797 B CN 108289797B CN 201680068910 A CN201680068910 A CN 201680068910A CN 108289797 B CN108289797 B CN 108289797B
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Abstract
本发明通常涉及微流体液滴,和具体涉及多乳液微流体液滴。在某些方面,颗粒如凝胶颗粒可以在水性载体中由水性液滴(或在非水性载体中由非水性液滴)制备。例如在一些实施方式中,可以制备在载体流体中包含的被第二流体围绕的第一流体的双乳液液滴,其中第一流体形成凝胶和第二流体被去除。例如第二流体可以溶解在载体流体中,或者第二流体可以被硬化,然后例如由于pH的变化而被去除。本发明的其它实施方式通常涉及包含这种微流体微滴的试剂盒、用于制备这种微流体微滴的微流体装置等。
Description
相关应用
本申请要求Weitz等人于2015年10月13日提交的题为“Systems and Methods forMaking and Using Gel Microspheres”的美国临时专利申请序列No.62/241079的优先权,该专利在此通过引用全文引入。
政府资助
本发明是在国家科学基金会授予的基金号为NMR-1310266的政府支持下完成的。政府对本发明享有一定的权利。
技术领域
本发明通常涉及微流体液滴,和具体涉及多乳液微流体液滴。
发明背景
双乳液是包含至少一个较小液滴的液滴,所述较小液滴由基本上不混溶的第二流体组成。这些芯-壳结构化流体可以例如用作模板以生产胶囊,其中外部液滴包含最终形成胶囊壳的材料,而内部液滴构成胶囊内部芯。这些胶囊可以在许多领域用作输送活性成分的载体,例如食品、药物或化妆品领域。但这些胶囊的成功应用可能需要很好地控制其渗透性和机械稳定性,这些参数可以随胶囊壳的组成和厚度进行调节。这可能涉及控制双乳液的尺寸和组成。如果通过机械搅拌或膜乳化来生产双乳液,则这种控制通常难以实现,因为这些常规方法通常产生通常含有多个内部液滴的不同尺寸的双乳液液滴。
发明内容
本发明通常涉及微流体液滴,和具体涉及多乳液微流体液滴。在一些情况下,本发明的主题涉及相关产品、特定问题的替代方案、和/或一个或多个系统和/或制品的多个不同用途。
在一个方面,本发明通常涉及一种方法。在一组实施方式中,所述方法包括提供在载体流体中包含的被第二流体围绕的包含聚合物的第一流体的液滴;固化第二流体;使第一流体中的聚合物形成凝胶;和去除固化的第二流体,由此可以在载体流体中形成凝胶的悬浮体。
在另一组实施方式中,所述方法包括提供在载体流体中包含的包含溶剂和聚合物的液滴,使聚合物形成凝胶,和从凝胶中去除溶剂,由此可以在载体流体中形成凝胶的悬浮体。
另一方面,本发明包括制备本文所述的一个或多个实施方式例如凝胶微球的方法。又一方面,本发明包括使用本文所述的一个或多个实施方式例如凝胶微球的方法。
基于以下结合附图考虑的本发明各种非限制性实施方式的详细描述,本发明的其它优点和新特征变得明显。在本说明书和通过引用并入的文献包括矛盾和/或不一致的披露的情况下,以本说明书为准。如果通过引用并入的两个或更多文献包含相互矛盾和/或不一致的披露,则以具有较晚生效日期的文件为准。
附图说明
本发明的非限制性实施方式将参照附图以实例方式说明,附图是示意性的和不按比例绘制。在附图中,所示的各相同或几乎相同的部件通常由一个标记表示。为了清楚起见,并非每个部件在每个附图中都标注,也不是所示本发明每个实施方式的每个部件都标注,这种情况下的描述对于本领域普通技术人员理解本发明来说不是必须的。在附图中:
图1A-1E描述了在本发明一个实施方式中生产凝胶液滴的方法;
图2A-2C描述了本发明另一个实施方式中生产凝胶液滴的方法;和
图3A-3C描述了在本发明另一个实施方式中生产凝胶液滴的方法。
具体实施方式
本发明通常涉及微流体液滴,和具体涉及多乳液微流体液滴。在某些方面,颗粒如凝胶颗粒可以在水性载体中由水性液滴(或在非水性载体中由非水性液滴)制备。例如在一些实施方式中,可以制备在载体流体中包含的被第二流体围绕的第一流体的双乳液液滴,其中第一流体形成凝胶和第二流体被去除。例如第二流体可以溶解在载体流体中,或者第二流体可以被硬化,然后例如由于pH改变被去除。本发明的其它实施方式通常涉及包含这种微流体微滴的试剂盒、用于制备这种微流体微滴的微流体装置等。
本发明的某些方面通常涉及制备在水性载体中的颗粒如凝胶颗粒的系统和方法。尽管凝胶颗粒可以由乳液制备,例如其中包含在基本上不混溶的油载体内的水性液滴随后聚合或凝胶化以形成颗粒,但这种凝胶颗粒通常不在水性载体内制备。
因此,在本发明的一个方面,颗粒如凝胶颗粒可在水性载体中由水性液滴制备。在一组实施方式中,可以制备双乳液液滴。例如在图1C中,如本领域普通技术人员已知的,使用多个微流体通道制备双乳液液滴,所述多个微液体通道可以同心定位以产生双乳液液滴。但应该理解的是,图1C仅是产生双乳液液滴的技术的一个非限制性描述实例;也可以使用多种其它技术来产生双乳液液滴。参见,例如美国专利7,776,927或9,039,273;国际专利申请公开WO2006/096571,WO2008/121342,WO2010/104604,WO2011/028760,WO2011/028764或WO2012/162296;美国专利申请公开No.2009/0012187,2009/0131543,2012/0199226,2012/0211084或2013/0046030;国际专利申请系列No.PCT/US15/25921;或美国专利申请系列No.61/980,541或62/083,721,其中各文献通过引用并入本文。
在一组实施方式中,可以制备双乳液液滴,其包含在载体(或第三)流体中包含的被外部(或第二)流体围绕的内部(或第一)流体。在一些情况下,外部流体可与内部流体和载体流体基本不混溶,例如至少在形成双乳液液滴的时间尺度上。可以使内部流体形成凝胶,而可以使第二流体硬化,例如在内部流体周围形成。这些可以以任何顺序执行,例如同时或依次执行。在凝胶形成之后,硬化的第二流体然后可以以某种方式去除,由此在载体流体中留下凝胶。
例如在一组实施方式中,在制备双乳液液滴后,内部流体中的聚合物可以例如通过施加紫外光或改变温度而聚合或凝胶化。例如内部流体可包含琼脂糖凝胶(其可以例如随着温度变化而固化)。例如可以在升高的温度(例如高于室温,约25℃)下形成液滴,然后冷却(例如至室温或低于室温的温度);或者可以在室温下形成液滴,然后冷却至低于室温的温度等,从而导致在内部流体中发生聚合或凝胶化。
作为另一个例子,内部流体可以化学聚合或凝胶化。例如可以在内部流体中诱导化学反应或交联反应以引起聚合或凝胶化。在一些实施方式中,聚合是自由基聚合,例如其可以通过将反应物暴露于热和/或光如紫外(UV)光和/或引发剂如光引发剂引发,所述光引发剂能够在暴露于光时产生自由基(例如通过分子分裂)。实例包括但不限于Irgacure2559即2-羟基-4-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙氧基)-二苯基酮或四甲基乙二胺。这种聚合物的例子包括但不限于聚丙烯酰胺、聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)或聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯。其它物质也可能存在。
例如通过诱导化学反应(例如在外部流体和载体流体之间)、引起沉淀(例如如果外部流体中的溶剂然后进入围绕的载体流体中,则留下固化的聚合物)、改变温度等可使外部流体硬化。例如在一组实施方式中,流体液滴内的第一反应物可与围绕流体液滴的液体内的第二反应物反应以产生固体,在某些情况下这样可将流体液滴包覆在固体“壳”内。固化反应的非限制性实例是涉及例如由二酰氯和二胺制备尼龙(例如聚酰胺)的聚合反应。其它实例包括聚苯乙烯、聚己内酯、聚异戊二烯、聚(乳酸)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚己内酯(PCL)、聚异戊二烯(PIP)、聚乳酸、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚酰亚胺、聚酰胺和/或这些和/或其它聚合物的混合物和/或共聚物。
作为另一个例子,外部流体可含有在乙酸乙酯中包含的甲基丙烯酸酯(其可以是聚合形式,即作为聚甲基丙烯酸酯),其中乙酸乙酯可溶于水(例如在载体和/或内部流体中)并且可以被去除以留下可固化的甲基丙烯酸酯(或聚甲基丙烯酸酯)。甲基丙烯酸酯的非限制性实例包括甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯等(包括这些的聚合形式)。作为又一个实例,外部流体可包含琼脂糖凝胶,和可以降低温度(例如如上所述)以使琼脂糖凝胶固化以在内部液滴周围形成“壳”。
应该理解,这些可以以任何顺序发生。例如内部流体可在外部流体形成外壳之前或之后或者同时凝胶化。
在外部流体硬化成壳和内部流体形成凝胶之后,可以例如机械地、暴露于合适的溶剂或改变其它条件(例如改变pH)来去除外壳。例如如果外壳包含聚合物,则该聚合物可以可通过水解、酶促、光解、机械等降解的。作为另一个例子,聚合物可通过将聚合物加热至其熔融温度以上而液化。例如外壳可以包含琼脂糖凝胶。在又一个实例中,甲基丙烯酸酯可通过改变pH例如至酸性条件(例如pH小于7、小于6、小于5、小于4、小于3等)下去除,从而留下在载体流体内包含的凝胶。例如可以通过施加合适的酸或碱来改变pH。pH可以改变例如至少约2、3、4或更多个pH单位。合适的酸的非限制性实例包括任何合适稀释度或浓度的乙酸、盐酸、硫酸、硝酸等。合适的碱的非限制性实例包括氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾。
因此,通过去除固化的第二流体可以获得在载体流体中包含的凝胶颗粒的悬浮体。如上所述,在一组实施方式中,形成凝胶颗粒的内部流体可以是水性的,而载体流体也可以是水性的而不是非水性的(例如油)。(另外,在另一组实施方式中,载体流体和内部流体两者也可以都是非水性的,而外部流体可以是水性的。)
但应该理解的是,本发明不仅限于双乳液液滴。在另一组实施方式中,可由载体流体内包含的单一乳液液滴制备颗粒,其中形成颗粒的流体和载体流体都是水性的(或者两者都可以是非水性的)。例如在一个方面,可以在载体相(例如含水相或水相)中制备第一相(例如油相)的单一乳液液滴,其中使第一相在载体相内形成聚合物或凝胶。在一些情况下,第一相可包含能够进入围绕载体流体的溶剂,和/或随后可以去除所述溶剂,例如产生在载体流体内包含的聚合物或凝胶颗粒。
第一流体可被固化以产生颗粒。例如第一流体可以是化学聚合或胶凝的流体,例如如上所述。例如可以在第一流体中诱导温度变化、化学反应或交联反应以引起聚合或凝胶化。第一流体可含有本文讨论的任何材料,例如琼脂糖、聚丙烯酰胺、聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)或聚(乙二醇二丙烯酸酯)、引发剂如Irgacure 2559、2-羟基-4-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙氧基)-二苯基酮或四甲基乙二胺等。
在一些情况下,第一流体可包含溶剂,该溶剂例如当暴露于围绕的流体时可被去除。可以例如依次或同时去除溶剂和形成颗粒。在一些情况下,溶剂的去除可能导致在第一流体中凝胶化或聚合形成颗粒。在某些实施方式中,如果围绕的流体是水性流体,则溶剂可以具有相对低的水溶性,从而最初形成单独的相(例如第一流体),但是然后溶剂逐渐溶解在围绕的流体中。这种溶剂的实例包括但不限于二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1-丁醇、乙醚、乙酸乙酯、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)等。
在一些情况下,溶剂可具有小于约1g/ml、小于约0.5g/ml、小于约0.4g/ml、小于约0.3g/ml、小于约0.2g/ml、小于约0.1g/ml、小于约0.05g/ml、小于约0.04g/ml、小于约0.03g/ml、小于约0.02g/ml、小于约0.01g/ml、或小于约0.005g/ml的水溶性。另外,在一些实施方式中,可以通过将固化的颗粒暴露于围绕的流体来去除溶剂,所述围绕的流体可例如通过萃取、溶解或其它技术至少部分去除溶剂。例如可以由围绕的载体流体收集颗粒,该载体流体可以被另一种流体(例如具有相同或不同组成的)替代以至少部分从固化的颗粒中去除溶剂。
根据某些方面,本文所述的系统和方法可用于多个应用中。例如本文所述的颗粒和多乳液可用的领域包括但不限于食品、饮料、健康和美容助剂、油漆和涂料、化学分离、农业应用以及药物和药物输送。例如精确量的流体、药品、药物或其它物质可以包含在设计成在特定条件下释放其内容物的液滴或颗粒中。在一些情况下,细胞可以包含在液滴或颗粒内,和可以将细胞储存和/或输送至例如受试者体内的靶标介质。可包含在液滴或颗粒内并输送至靶标介质的其它物质包括例如生物化学物质如核酸,例如siRNA、RNAi、RNA和DNA、蛋白质、肽或酶。可包含在液滴或颗粒内的其它物质包括但不限于胶体颗粒、磁性颗粒、纳米颗粒、量子点、香料、蛋白质、指示剂、染料、荧光物质、化学物质等。靶标介质可以是任何合适的介质,例如水、盐水、水性介质、疏水介质等。
例如在一组实施方式中,物质可包含在颗粒内和/或表面上。在一些情况下,例如物质可与颗粒结合(例如共价结合),和/或包含(例如物理)在颗粒内。该物质可以是例如DNA或上述任何其它物质。在一些情况下,物质可以存在于液滴内(例如在形成颗粒之前),或者在颗粒形成期间或之后添加。例如在一组实施方式中,可以使用EDC/NHS偶联(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺/N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺)或其它合适的偶联反应将DNA连接至颗粒上。但在其它情况下,DNA(或其它物质)可以物理包含在颗粒内。
在一个方面,本发明通常涉及双(或更高)多乳液。通常,在双乳液中,包含第一流体的第一(或内部)流体液滴被包含第二流体的第二(或中间)流体液滴围绕,该第二流体包含在连续的载体流体或第三流体内。典型地,流体与相邻流体基本上不混溶,尽管不相邻的流体不必是不混溶的,和在一些情况下可以是混溶的(或甚至相同)。因此,例如第一流体可以与第二流体不混溶,但可以与第三流体混溶或不混溶。类似地,第二流体可以与第三流体不混溶。但应该理解的是,在所有实施方式中不是必须不混溶;在一些情况下,两种相邻的流体不是不混溶,但可以以其它方式保持分离,例如动力学或通过短时间接触。
因此,作为非限制性实例,在双乳液液滴中,第一流体(最内层流体)可以是水性或亲水流体(“水”相),第二流体(中间流体)可以是亲脂性的或疏水性的或基本上不与水性流体混溶的“油”相,和第三(或载体)流体可以是基本不与第二流体混溶的水性流体(“水”流体)。有时这通称为W/O/W双乳液液滴(用于水/油/水),但应该理解这主要是为了方便;例如第一流体可以是任何合适的水性流体,和它不需要是纯水。例如水性流体可以是水、盐水、水溶液、乙醇等,或任何其它可与水混溶的流体。相反,油可能在水中不混溶,至少在环境条件下不受干扰时如此。以类似的方式,可类似地定义O/W/O双乳液液滴。而且,这些原理可以扩展到高阶多乳液液滴。另外,应该理解,其它设置也是可能的。例如在一个实施方式中,第一流体、第二流体和第三流体可以全部互不混溶。
如本文所使用的,当两种流体的一种在生产乳液的温度和条件下不溶于另一种至至少10wt%时,则两种流体彼此不混溶或不可混溶。例如可以选择两种流体在形成流体液滴的时间范围内不混溶。在一些实施方式中,两种流体(例如多乳液的载体流体和内部液滴流体)是相容的或混溶的,而外部液滴流体与载体流体和/或内部液滴流体不相容或不混溶。但在其它实施方式中,所有三种(或更多种)流体可以互不混溶,和在某些情况下,所有流体不一定必须都是水溶性的。在其它实施方式中,如上所述,可以添加额外的第四、第五、第六等流体以在液滴内产生更复杂的液滴,例如载体流体可以围绕第一流体,第一流体又可以围绕第二流体,第二流体又可以围绕第三流体,第三流体又围绕第四流体等。另外,例如通过控制每个嵌套层的组成,流体液滴的每个嵌套层的物理性质可被独立地控制。
在一些情况下,液滴可以是微流体液滴。例如在一些情况下,外部液滴的直径可以小于约1mm、小于约500μm、小于约200μm、小于约100μm、小于约75μm、小于约50μm、小于约25μm、小于约10μm、或小于约5μm、或介于约50μm和约1mm之间、介于约10μm和约500μm之间、或介于约50μm与约100μm之间。但在一些情况下,液滴可能更大。例如在一些情况下,三或其它多乳液液滴的内部液滴(或中间液滴)的直径可以小于约1mm、小于约500μm、小于约200μm、小于约100μm、小于约75μm、小于约50μm、小于约25μm、小于约10μm、或小于约5μm、或介于约50μm和约1mm之间、介于约10μm和约500μm之间、或介于约50μm与约100μm之间。
本文所述的颗粒(例如凝胶颗粒)或液滴可具有任何合适的平均截面直径。本领域普通技术人员将能够例如使用激光散射、显微镜检查或其它已知技术来确定单个和/或多个颗粒或液滴的平均截面直径。非球形颗粒或液滴中的单个颗粒或液滴的平均截面直径是体积与非球形颗粒或液滴相同的完美球体的直径。在一些情况下,颗粒或液滴(和/或多个或一系列颗粒或液滴)的平均截面直径可以是例如小于约1mm、小于约500μm、小于约200μm、小于约100μm、小于约75μm、小于约50μm、小于约25μm、小于约10μm、或小于约5μm、或介于约50μm和约1mm之间、介于约10μm和约500μm之间、或介于约50μm与约100μm之间。在一些情况下,平均截面直径也可以是至少约1μm、至少约2μm、至少约3μm、至少约5μm、至少约10μm、至少约15μm或至少约20μm。在一些实施方式中,多个颗粒或液滴内的至少约50%、至少约75%、至少约90%、至少约95%或至少约99%的颗粒或液滴的平均截面直径在本段落列出的任何范围内。
在某些实施方式中,多个颗粒(例如凝胶颗粒)或液滴可具有相对均匀的截面直径。使用具有相对均匀截面直径的颗粒或液滴可以允许人们控制粘度、输送到靶标的物质的量和/或从颗粒或液滴输送流体和/或物质的其它参数。在一些实施方式中,颗粒或颗粒的液滴是单分散的,或者多个颗粒或液滴具有总平均直径和直径分布,从而使不超过约5%、不超过约2%或不超过约1%的颗粒或液滴的直径小于多个颗粒或液滴的总平均直径的约90%(或小于约95%、或小于约99%)和/或大于多个颗粒或液滴的总平均直径的约110%(或大于约105%、或大于约101%)。
在一些实施方式中,多个颗粒或液滴具有总平均直径和直径分布,从而使颗粒或液滴的截面直径的变异系数小于约10%、小于约5%、小于约2%、介于约1%至约10%之间,介于约1%至约5%之间,或介于约1%至约2%之间。变异系数可以由本领域普通技术人员确定,和可以被定义为:
其中σ是标准偏差,μ是平均值。
在本发明的某些方面,如所讨论的,通过使流体流过一个或多个通道形成多乳液,例如如图1C所示。该系统可以是微流体系统。如本文所用,“微流体”是指包括至少一个流体通道的装置、设备或系统,所述流体通道的截面尺寸小于约1mm,和在一些情况下,长度与最大截面尺寸的比至少为3:1。系统的一个或多个通道可以是毛细管。在一些情况下,提供多个通道,和在一些实施方式中,至少一些是嵌套的,如本文所述。通道可以处于微流体尺寸范围内,和例如其平均内径或部分内径可以小于约1mm、小于约300μm、小于约100μm、小于约30μm、小于约10μm、小于约3μm或小于约1μm,由此提供具有可比较的平均直径的液滴。一个或多个通道的截面在相同点处的宽度和高度可以(但不一定)基本相同。在截面上,通道可以是矩形的或基本上非矩形的,例如圆形或椭圆形。
如本文所用,术语“流体”通常是指倾向于流动并符合其容器轮廓的物质,即液体、气体、粘弹性流体等。在一个实施方式中,流体是液体。典型地,流体是不能承受静态剪切应力的材料,和当施加剪切应力时,流体经历持续且永久的变形。流体可以具有允许流动的任何合适的粘度。如果存在两种或更多种流体,那么本领域普通技术人员通过考虑流体之间的关系可以独立地从基本上任何流体(液体、气体等)中选择每种流体。
根据本发明的某些方面,可以使用各种材料和方法来形成如本文所述的那些制品或部件,例如通道如微流体通道、腔室等。例如各种制品或部件可以由固体材料形成,其中所述通道可以通过微型机加工、薄膜沉积工艺如旋涂和化学气相沉积、激光制备、光刻技术、包括湿化学或等离子体工艺的蚀刻方法、3D打印等形成。参见例如ScientificAmerican,248:44-55,1983(Angell等)。
在一组实施方式中,本文所述制品的各种结构或部件可以由玻璃或聚合物形成,例如弹性聚合物如聚二甲基硅氧烷(“PDMS”)、聚四氟乙烯(“PTFE”或)、环氧树脂、诺兰光学胶等。例如根据一个实施方式,微流体通道可以由玻璃管或毛细管形成。另外,在一些情况下,微流体通道可以通过分别使用PDMS或其它软光刻技术制造流体系统来实现(适用于该实施方式的软光刻技术的细节在Younan Xia和George M.Whitesides发表在Annual Review of Material Science,1998年,第28卷,153-184页中的题为“SoftLithography”的参考文献以及George M.Whitesides,Emanuele Ostuni,ShuichiTakayama,Xingyu Jiang和Donald E.Ingber发表Annual Review of BiomedicalEngineering,2001年,第3卷,335-373页中的题为“Soft Lithography in Biology andBiochemistry”的参考文献中讨论;这些参考文献中的每一篇通过引用并入本文)。另外,在一些实施方式中,本文所述的制品的各种结构或部件可以由金属例如不锈钢形成。
潜在合适聚合物的其它实例包括但不限于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚碳酸酯、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、环烯烃共聚物(COC)、聚四氟乙烯、氟化聚合物、硅氧烷如聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚偏二氯乙烯、双苯并环丁烯(“BCB”)、聚酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺的氟化衍生物等。也包括包括上述那些聚合物的组合、共聚物或共混物。该装置也可以由复合材料例如聚合物和半导体材料的复合材料形成。
在一些实施方式中,制品的各种结构或部件由聚合物和/或柔性和/或弹性材料制成,和可方便地由可硬化流体形成,从而有利于通过模制(例如复制成型、注塑成型、铸造成型等)进行制造。可硬化流体基本上可以是任何可以被诱导固化或自发固化成固体的流体,该固体能够包含和/或输送用于流体网络并与流体网络一起使用的流体。在一个实施方式中,可硬化流体包含聚合物液体或液体聚合物前体(即“预聚物”)。合适的聚合物液体可以包括例如加热到其熔点以上的热塑性聚合物、热固性聚合物、蜡或它们的混合物或复合物。作为另一个例子,合适的聚合物液体可以包括一种或多种聚合物在合适溶剂中的溶液,该溶液例如通过蒸发去除溶剂后形成固体聚合物材料。这种可以由例如熔融状态或通过溶剂蒸发而固化的聚合物材料对于本领域普通技术人员来说是公知的。对于其中一个或两个模具母版由弹性材料组成的实施方式,各种聚合物材料(其中多数是弹性的)都是合适的,和也适用于形成模具或模具母版。这种聚合物实例的非限制性列表包括一般类别的硅氧烷聚合物、环氧聚合物和丙烯酸酯聚合物的聚合物。环氧聚合物的特征在于存在通常称为环氧基、1,2-环氧化物或环氧乙烷的三元环醚基团。例如除了基于芳族胺、三嗪和脂环族主链的化合物之外,还可以使用双酚A的二缩水甘油醚。另一个例子包括公知的酚醛清漆聚合物。根据本发明适合使用的硅氧烷弹性体的非限制性实例包括由包括氯硅烷的前体形成的那些,例如甲基氯硅烷、乙基氯硅烷、苯基氯硅烷、十二烷基三氯硅烷等。
在某些实施方式中使用硅氧烷聚合物,例如硅氧烷弹性体聚二甲基硅氧烷。PDMS聚合物的非限制性实例包括由Dow Chemical Co.(Midland,MI)以商标Sylgard出售的那些,特别是Sylgard 182、Sylgard 184和Sylgard 186。包含PDMS的硅氧烷聚合物具有几种有益的性质,从而简化了本发明的各种结构的制造。例如这些材料便宜、容易获得和可以通过热固化由预聚合液体固化。例如PDMS通常可通过将预聚合液体暴露于例如约65-75℃的温度下例如约1小时、约3小时、约12小时等固化。而且,硅氧烷聚合物如PDMS可以是弹性的,因此可用于形成本发明某些实施方式中所必需的具有相对高纵横比的非常小的特征。在这方面,柔性(例如弹性)模具或母版可能是有利的。
从硅氧烷聚合物如PDMS形成结构如微流体结构或通道的一个优点是这种聚合物被氧化的能力,例如通过暴露于含氧等离子体如空气等离子体被氧化,从而使氧化结构在其表面处含有能够交联到其它氧化硅氧烷聚合物表面或交联到各种其它聚合物和非聚合物材料的氧化表面的化学基团。因此,不需要单独的粘合剂或其它密封手段,就可以制造所述结构,然后将其氧化并基本上不可逆地密封到其它硅氧烷聚合物表面上或密封到与氧化硅氧烷聚合物表面反应的其它基材表面上。在大多数情况下,密封可以简单地通过将氧化的硅氧烷表面与其它表面接触而完成,而不需要施加辅助压力来形成密封。也就是说,预氧化的硅氧烷表面作为抵靠合适配对表面的接触粘合剂。具体而言,除了不可逆地密封或结合到自身之外,氧化的硅氧烷如氧化的PDMS也可以不可逆地密封到除自身以外的一系列氧化材料上,包括例如玻璃、硅、氧化硅、石英、氮化硅、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、玻璃碳和环氧聚合物,它们已经以与PDMS表面类似的方式氧化(例如通过暴露于含氧等离子体)。本发明上下文中使用的氧化和密封方法以及总体成型工艺在本领域中有描述,例如在题为“RapidPrototyping of Micro fluidic Systems and Polydimethyl Siloxane”,Anal.Chem.,70:474-480,1998(Duffy等)的文章中,该文章在此作为参考。
不同的部件可以由不同的材料制成。例如包括底壁和侧壁的底座部分可以由不透明材料例如硅或PDMS制成,和顶部可以由透明或至少部分透明的材料例如玻璃或透明聚合物制成,用于观察和/或控制流体过程。可以涂覆部件以便将期望的化学功能暴露于与内部通道壁接触的流体,其中底座支撑材料不具有精确的所需功能。例如可以如所述制造部件,其中内部通道壁涂覆有另一种材料,例如如本文所讨论的。用于制造本发明的系统和装置的各种部件的材料(例如用于涂覆流体通道内壁的材料)可以理想地选自那些不会不利地影响流过流体系统的流体或受其影响的材料,例如在装置内使用的流体存在下为化学惰性的材料。下面公开了这种涂料的非限制性实例;另外的例子公开在由Weitz等人于2009年2月11日提交的题为“Surfaces,Including Microfluidic Channels,With ControlledWetting Properties”的国际专利申请PCT/US2009/000850,其于2009年10月1日以WO2009/120254公开,该专利在此作为参考引入。
在一些实施方式中,本发明的某些微流体结构(或内部流体接触表面)可以由某些氧化硅氧烷聚合物形成。这些表面可能比弹性聚合物表面更亲水。这些亲水表面因此可以更容易用水溶液填充和润湿。
在一些实施方式中,本发明的微流体装置的底壁由不同于一个或多个侧壁或顶壁或其它部件的材料形成。例如在一些实施方式中,底壁的内表面包括硅片或微芯片或其它基材的表面。如上所述,其它部件可以密封到这些替代基材上。当期望密封包含硅氧烷聚合物(例如PDMS)的部件到不同材料的基材(底壁)上时,基材可选自氧化硅氧烷聚合物能够不可逆地密封到上面的材料(例如玻璃、硅、氧化硅、石英、氮化硅、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、环氧聚合物和已被氧化的玻璃碳表面)。替代地,可以使用其它密封技术,这对于本领域的普通技术人员是明显的,包括但不限于使用单独粘合剂、粘合、溶剂粘合、超声焊接等。
因此,在某些实施方式中,制品的设计和/或制造可以相对简单,例如通过使用相对公知的软光刻和如本文所述的其它技术。另外,在一些实施方案中,例如就几何形状而言,制品的快速和/或定制设计是可能的。在一组实施方式中,例如在制品与放射性、有毒的、毒性的、反应性的、生物有害等物质一起使用和/或物质的特征(例如毒理学特征、放射性特征等)未知的实施方式中,该制品可制备成一次性使用的。由氧化硅氧烷聚合物形成通道或其它结构(或内部,流体接触表面)的另一个优点是这些表面可能比常规的弹性聚合物表面(其中需要亲水内表面)更亲水。这些亲水性通道表面因此可以比由常规未氧化的弹性聚合物或其它疏水性材料构成的结构更容易用水溶液填充和润湿。
在一组实施方式中,装置内的一个或多个通道可以例如固有地相对疏水或相对亲水,和/或通过处理通道的一个或多个表面或壁以使它们更疏水或更亲水。通常,装置中形成液滴的流体基本上不混溶,至少在形成液滴的时间尺度上是不混溶的,和流体通常具有不同程度的疏水性或亲水性。因此,例如相对于第二流体,第一流体可以更亲水(或更疏水),和第一流体和第二流体可以基本上不混溶。因此,第一流体可以来自第二流体内的离散液滴,例如第一流体和第二流体基本上没有混合(尽管在某些条件下仍然可能发生某种程度的混合)。类似地,相对于第三流体(其可以与第一流体相同或不同),第二流体可以更亲水(或更疏水),和第二流体和第三流体可以基本上不混溶。
因此,在一些情况下,通道的表面可以是相对疏水的或亲水的,这取决于通道内包含的流体。在一组实施方式中,通道的表面相对于装置内的其它表面是疏水的或亲水的。另外,在一些实施方式中,相对疏水的表面可表现出大于约90°的水接触角,和/或相对亲水的表面可表现出小于约90°的水接触角。
在一些情况下,可使用相对疏水和/或亲水的表面来促进通道内流体的流动,例如以特定顺序维持通道内多种流体的嵌套。此类涂层和附加系统的其它细节可见于Abate等人于2008年3月28日提交的题为“Surfaces,Including Microfluidic Channels,WithControlled Wetting Properties”的美国临时专利申请序列No.61/040442;和由Abate等人于2009年2月11日提交的题为“Surfaces,Including Microfluidic Channels,WithControlled Wetting Properties”提交的国际专利申请序列No.PCT/US2009/000850,各专利均通过引用并入本文。
本发明的某些方面通常涉及用于放大或“编号”如在本文所讨论的那些装置的技术。例如在一些情况下,可能并行使用相对大量的装置,例如至少约10个装置、至少约30个装置、至少约50个装置、至少约75个装置、至少约100个装置、至少约200个装置、至少约300个装置、至少约500个装置、至少约750个装置或至少约1000或更多个装置可以并行操作。在一些情况下,可以通过水平和/或垂直地堆叠所述装置来形成这种装置的阵列。这些装置可以被共同控制或单独控制,和可以根据应用提供各种流体的共同或分离源。
本领域普通技术人员将知道用于放大或编号例如本文讨论的那些装置或制品的其它技术。例如在一些实施方式中,可以使用流体分配器将流体从一个或多个输入分配到例如在一个或多个装置中的多个输出。例如多个制品可以三维连接。在一些情况下,选择通道尺寸以允许平行装置内的压力变化明显降低。合适技术的其它实例包括但不限于由Romanowsky等人于2010年3月12日提交的题为“Scale-up of Microfluidic Devices”的国际专利申请PCT/US2010/000753(于2010年11月16日以WO2010/104597公开)中的那些,该专利在此通过引用全文并入。
为了所有目的,下列文献在此通过引用全文并入:2014年4月16日提交的题为“Systems and methods for producing droplet emulsions with relatively thinshells”的美国临时申请序列No.61/980541;由Link等人于2004年4月9日提交的题为“Formation and Control of Fluidic Species”的国际专利公开WO2004/091763;Stone等人于2003年6月3日提交的题为“Method and Apparatus for Fluid Dispersion”的国际专利公开WO2004/002627;由Weitz等人于2006年3月3日提交的题为“Method and Apparatusfor Forming Multiple Emulsions”的国际专利公开WO2006/096571;由Link等人于2004年8月27日提交的题为“Electronic Control of Fluidic Species”的国际专利公开WO2005/021151;由Chu等人于2008年3月28日提交的题为“Emulsions and Techniques forFormation”的国际专利公开WO2008/121342;由Weitz等人于2010年3月12日提交的题为“Method for the Controlled Creation of Emulsions,including MultipleEmulsions”的国际专利公开WO2010/104604;由Weitz等人于2010年9月1日提交的题为“Multiple Emulsions Created Using Junctions”的国际专利公开WO2011/028760;由Weitz等人于2010年9月1日提交的题为“Multiple Emulsions Created Using Jettingand Other Techniques”的国际专利公开WO2011/028764;由Shum等人于2009年6月4日提交的标题为“Polymersomes,Phospholipids,and Other Species Associated withDroplets”的国际专利公开WO2009/148598;由Shum等人于2011年3月16日提交的题为“MeltEmulsification”的国际专利公开WO2011/116154;由Shum等人于2009年6月4日提交的题为“Polymersomes,Colloidosomes,Liposomes,and other Species Associated withFluidic Droplets”的国际专利公开WO2009/148598;由Rotem等人于2012年5月22日提交的题为”Control of Emulsions,including Multiple Emulsions“的国际专利公开WO2012/162296;由Kim等人于2012年7月5日提交的题为“Multiple Emulsions and Techniquesfor the Formation of Multiple Emulsions”的国际专利公开WO2013/006661;以及由Weitz等人于2012年8月15日提交的题为“Systems and Methods for ShellEncapsulation”的国际专利公开WO2013/032709。
另外,由Weitz等人于2015年10月13日提交的题为“Systems and Methods forMaking and Using Gel Microspheres”的美国临时专利申请序列No.62/241,079在此通过引用全文并入本文。
以下实施例旨在描述本发明的某些实施方式,但并未例证本发明的全部范围。
实施例1
该实施例描述使用双乳液作为模板制备单分散水凝胶微球的微流体方法。在内相中加入可聚合的前体并在产生双乳液液滴后交联。取决于所使用的前体,可以使用不同类型的中间相来暂时将内相与外相分离。在一个实施例中,中间相是在有机溶剂中的聚合物溶液。双乳液液滴形成后,溶剂迅速扩散到水中,聚合物沉淀出来形成薄的聚合物壳;然后通过调节溶液的pH来形成聚合物壳。在另一个实施例中,用油壳制备双乳液液滴,然后通过离心去除油。这些方法可以方便而有效地获得微凝胶。下面是制备聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)微凝胶的例子。
聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)微凝胶形成以双乳液为模板的胶囊。为了制备单分散PEGDA微凝胶,使用基于玻璃-毛细管的微流体装置,用非常薄的油层产生水包油包水(W/O/W)双乳液液滴,如图1A所示。该装置具有两个同轴组装在方形毛细管中的锥形毛细管。另一个细毛细管作为内相入口进入小孔锥形毛细管中(图1A)。中间相从小孔锥形毛细管和细毛细管之间的间隙注入。外相从小孔锥形毛细管和方形毛细管之间的间隙注入。内相首先在细毛细管的尖端破碎成液塞;每个液塞随后在锥形毛细管的连接处破碎成许多具有中间相壳的单分散液滴。内相是如下物质的水溶液:20wt%PEGDA(分子量约700,Sigma-Aldrich)、2wt%PVA(聚乙烯醇,分子量约13000-23000,87-89%水解,Sigma-Aldrich)、作为光引发剂的0.2wt%Irgacure 2959,使用少量FITC-葡聚糖(分子量约10k,Sigma-Aldrich)以促进可视化。中间相为溶于乙酸乙酯中的10wt%EPO;EPO是一种阳离子共聚物,其可溶于至多pH值为5的酸性溶液。外相为10wt%PVA溶液。通过加入pH 11的缓冲液将内相和外相的pH调节至7-7.3。
图1A是用于微流体生成薄壳微凝胶胶囊的方案。图1B是具有pH响应性聚合物壳的微凝胶的共聚焦显微图像。图1C是通过添加酸去除聚合物壳后清洁微凝胶的共聚焦显微图像。图ID显示微凝胶在受压后可以破碎成小块。
双乳液液滴产生后,乙酸乙酯快速扩散到水中,EPO沉淀形成固体壳。同时,芯片上照射紫外光以聚合芯中的PEGDA。将得到的芯-壳胶囊收集在pH7-7.3的2wt%PVA溶液中。如图1B所示,由于在聚合过程中PEGDA体积收缩,EPO壳似乎显示出皱纹。根据壳厚度和胶囊大小,所述壳在某些条件下也可能破裂,如图1E所示。
为了去除EPO壳,添加稀释的pH4的乙酸到凝胶悬浮体中;然后用酸性溶液溶解EPO,产生PEGDA微凝胶,如图1C所示。当微凝胶被压在两块载玻片之间时,凝胶破碎成许多小块但不会损失荧光染料,这表明PEGDA完全聚合(图1D)。
实施例2
该实施例描述了由常规双乳液制备聚丙烯酰胺微凝胶的方法。如图2A所示,使用基于玻璃-毛细管的微流体装置生产单分散双乳液。内相为20wt%丙烯酰胺、0.2wt%N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺和0.2wt%具有荧光微球体(0.1μm,绿色)的Irgacure 2959的水溶液。中间相是具有1wt%krytox-PEO表面活性剂的HFE 7500油。外相是10wt%的PVA溶液。将它们收集在小瓶中之前,将紫外光施加到芯片上的双乳液液滴上。如图2B所示,在一些情况下,在微流体通道中交替产生双乳液液滴和单乳液HFE液滴,从而产生双乳液液滴和单乳液液滴的混合物。
为了从微凝胶中去除HFE油,将样品以1000rpm的速度离心。离心后,HFE油滴落到底部。该聚丙烯酰胺微凝胶留在HFE油滴上方,和顶层是连续水相。使用移液管分离微凝胶;图2C中显示了所得微凝胶。当用载玻片按压微凝胶时,凝胶破碎成几个小块但不损失任何荧光,表明丙烯酰胺完全聚合。
图2A是凝胶-油双乳液的微流体产生方案。图2B是具有油壳的聚丙烯酰胺微凝胶的共聚焦显微图像。图2C是去除油壳后清洁聚丙烯酰胺微凝胶的共聚焦显微图像。
实施例3
该实施例显示了由单一乳液制备的PEGDA水凝胶微球。为了制备微型水凝胶,使用玻璃毛细管装置。选择二氯甲烷(DCM)中分子量不同(250,575和700)的聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)(体积比为1比1)作为内相液体,选择10%PVA水溶液作为外相液体。内相和外相的流量分别为1000微升/小时和3500微升/小时。稳定生产水包油单乳液液滴,然后使用紫外光使芯中的PEGDA交联以获得稳定的单分散球形液滴,如图3A所示。
液滴用乙醇/水(体积/体积:1/1)洗涤三次以去除内部DCM,然后浸入纯水中。上清液用新鲜的纯水交换三次。最后,将PEG微型水凝胶液滴悬浮在纯去离子水中,和使用共聚焦显微镜进行表征,如后面附图所示。图3B是初始状态,图3C是干燥状态,均为光学图像。
实施例4
该实施例是从O/W单一乳液制备含有DNA的聚(乙二醇)微型水凝胶。
玻璃毛细管微流体装置的制备。使用玻璃毛细管微流体装置来制备本实施例中使用的所有微型水凝胶珠。该装置建立在载玻片上,配有方形玻璃管和两个圆柱形玻璃管。简而言之,两个圆柱形毛细管用Flaming/Brown微电极拉制仪(Model P-97,SutterInstrument Co.,USA)拉制以获得锥形尖端,然后对它们的尖端进行打磨以使最终直径分别为20μm和140μm。然后将具有较小尖端的锥形毛细管插入第二方形毛细管和用作注射毛细管。另一个具有较大尖端的锥形毛细管在另一侧插入方形毛细管中,以限制注射尖端附近的流动和用作收集毛细管。两个毛细管在方形毛细管内同轴对齐,如图4所示,图4是制备含有DNA的PEG微型水凝胶的示意图。
PEG微型水凝胶珠的制备。使用微流体装置由O/W单一乳液液滴制备PEG微型水凝胶珠,然后通过紫外照射以聚合PEG丙烯酸酯单体。油相由20%分子量为480的聚(乙二醇)甲基醚丙烯酸酯、5%分子量为575的聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯作为交联剂和2.5%丙烯酸组成,以将羧基带入水凝胶珠内。溶剂是二氯甲烷(DCM)。将浓度为4%的2,2-二乙氧基苯乙酮添加到油相中作为光引发剂。水相由10%聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶液制成。使用Harvard泵(Harvard Apparatus Hollston,USA)将油相和水相用注射器泵入玻璃毛细管装置中。将油相以120微升/小时的流量注入注射毛细管中,将水相以流量3000微升/小时通过方形毛细管的端部注入和用作连续相。在收集毛细管中形成O/W单一乳液液滴。将形成的液滴收集在含有3%PVA溶液的玻璃瓶中,随后用紫外照射以产生交联的PEG水凝胶网络。将所制备的微型水凝胶珠用水和乙醇洗涤几次以去除微型水凝胶中的DCM。最后,将微型水凝胶珠悬浮在含有1%吐温20的MES缓冲液中以供进一步使用。
为了将DNA结合到PEG微型水凝胶上,使用EDC偶联方法。将2mM EDC(1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二酰亚胺)和5mM NHS(N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺)添加到1毫升微型水凝胶珠悬浮体中。在涡旋10分钟后,将50微升1mM NH2-DNA添加到悬浮体中。在室温下反应过夜后,用1%吐温20溶液洗涤微型水凝胶珠三次;每次进行约30分钟。最后,将微型水凝胶珠悬浮在缓冲溶液中用于进一步测试。
为了确认DNA成功掺入微型水凝胶中,将带有互补DNA的FAM荧光团溶液添加到微型水凝胶珠悬浮体中。45分钟后,去除上清液,和用1%吐温20溶液洗涤微型水凝胶珠三次。然后,使用共聚焦荧光显微镜来表征具有DNA的PEG微型水凝胶。作为对照,选择如此制备的没有DNA官能化的PEG微型水凝胶用相同的方法处理。图5A-5B显示DNA官能化的PEG微型水凝胶的强荧光信号,而图5C-5D显示没有DNA的对照样品无可检测的荧光信号。这些结果表明DNA以高负载效率成功掺入。
图5A和5B是用带有互补DNA的FAM处理后的含有DNA的PEG微型水凝胶的共聚焦图像。图5C和5D是用带有互补DNA的FAM处理后的没有DNA的PEG微型水凝胶作为对照的共聚焦图像。图5A和5C是重叠的透射和荧光图像;图5B和5D是荧光图像。
尽管本文已经描述和说明了本发明的几个实施方式,但本领域普通技术人员将容易想到多种其它手段和/或结构用于执行所述功能和/或获得所述结果和/或这里描述的一个或多个优点,和这些变化和/或调整中的每一个都被认为是在本发明的范围内。更一般地,本领域技术人员将容易理解,本文所述的所有参数、尺寸、材料和配置都是示例性的,和实际参数、尺寸、材料和/或配置将取决于特定应用或本发明教导的应用。本领域技术人员将认识到或者使用不超过常规实验能够确定本文所述的本发明特定实施方式的许多等同物。因此,应该理解,前述实施方式仅作为实例给出,和在所附权利要求及其等同物的范围内,本发明的实施可以与具体描述和要求保护的不同。本发明涉及本文所述的每个单独的特征、系统、制品、材料、试剂盒和/或方法。此外,如果这些特征、系统、制品、材料、试剂盒和/或方法不相互矛盾,则这些特征、系统、制品、材料、试剂盒和/或方法中两个或更多个的任何组合都包括在本发明范围内。
如本文所确定和使用的所有定义应理解为优于字典定义、通过引用并入的文献中的定义和/或所定义的术语的普通含义。
如本文中在说明书和权利要求中使用的不定冠词“一”和“一个”,除非有明确的相反说明,应理解为意指“至少一个”。
如本文在说明书和权利要求书中使用的短语“和/或”应理解为意指如此结合的要素的“任一个或两个”,即在某些情况下共同存在和在其它情况下分开存在的要素。用“和/或”列出的多个要素应该以相同的方式解释,即如此结合的要素中的“一个或多个”。除了由“和/或”从句具体确定的要素之外,其它要素可以任选存在,无论与具体确定的那些要素是否相关。因此,作为非限制性实例,当与开放式语言(如“包含”)结合使用时,提到“A和/或B”在一个实施方式中可以仅指代A(任选包括除B之外的要素);在另一个实施方式中,仅限于B(任选包括除A之外的要素);在又一个实施方式中,限于A和B(任选包括其它要素);等等。
如这里在说明书和权利要求书中所使用的,“或”应被理解为具有与如上所定义的“和/或”相同的含义。例如当分开列表中的项目时,“或”或“和/或”应被解释为包含的,即包含多个要素或要素列表中的至少一个,但也包括一个以上,以及任选的其它未列项目。只有术语明确相反表示时,如“仅一个”或“恰好一个”或者在权利要求中使用的“由...组成”将指包括多个元素或元素列表中的恰好一个元素。一般而言,当用于排他性术语如“任一”、“之一”、“仅之一”或“恰好之一”之后时,本文使用的术语“或”应当仅被解释为指排他性替代(即“一个或另一个,而不是两个”)。当用于权利要求时,“基本上由...组成”应具有其在专利法领域中使用的普通含义。
如本文在说明书和权利要求书中所使用的,涉及一个或多个要素列表时,短语“至少一个”应该理解为意指选自该要素列表中的任何一个或多个要素的至少一个要素,但不一定包括在要元素列表内具体列出的每个要素中至少一个,和不排除要素列表中要素的任何组合。除了短语“至少一个”所指的要素列表内具体确定的要素,该定义还允许要素可以任选存在,无论与具体确定的那些要素是否相关。因此,作为非限制性示例,“A和B中的至少一个”(或者等同地,“A或B中的至少一个”,或者等同地,“A和/或B中的至少一个”)在一个实施方式中可以指至少一个、任选包括一个以上A,但不存在B(任选包括除B之外的要素);在另一个实施方式中可以指至少一个、任选包括一个以上B,但不存在A(任选包括除A之外的要素);在又一个实施方式中,可以指至少一个、任选包括一个以上A和至少一个、任选包括一个以上B(任选包括其它要素);等等。
当在本文提到数字使用“约”时,应该理解本发明的又一个实施方式包括未被“约”修饰的数字。
还应该理解,除非有明确的相反说明,否则在本文所要求的包括一个以上步骤或操作的任何方法中,所述方法的步骤或操作的顺序不必局限于所述方法的步骤或操作的叙述顺序。
在权利要求书以及上面的说明书中,所有过渡性短语如“包含”、“包括”、“载有”、“具有”、“含有”、“涉及”、“保持”、“由......组成”等应理解为开放式的,即意味着包括但不限于。如美国专利局专利审查程序手册第2111.03节所述,只有过渡性短语“由......组成”和“基本上由...组成”应分别是封闭式或半封闭式过渡性短语。
Claims (21)
1.一种方法,包括:
提供包括多个微流体通道的微流体装置,所述多个微流体通道同心定位以产生在载体流体中包含的被第二流体围绕的包含聚合物的第一流体的微流体液滴;
固化第二流体;
使第一流体中的聚合物形成凝胶;和
去除固化的第二流体,从而在载体流体中形成凝胶的悬浮体;
其中第二流体包括丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯,其中第一流体与第二流体基本不混溶,其中载体流体和第二流体基本不混溶,其中第一流体中的聚合物选自聚丙烯酰胺、聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)和聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯;
其中用于产生微流体液滴的所述多个微流体通道包括相对疏水的表面和/或相对亲水的表面,相对疏水的表面表现出大于90°的水接触角,相对亲水的表面表现出小于90°的水接触角。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中使聚合物形成凝胶包括施加紫外光以使聚合物交联形成凝胶。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中使聚合物形成凝胶包括向载体流体施加TEMED,由此TEMED能够扩散到第一流体中。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中第二流体包含溶剂和第二聚合物,固化第二流体包括使所述溶剂进入载体流体中,从而使第二聚合物形成固体。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中固化第二流体包括通过改变第二流体的温度来固化第二流体。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中固化后的第二流体是凝胶。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中去除固化后的第二流体包括降低载体流体的pH,从而使固化后的第二流体溶解在载体流体中。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中改变载体流体的pH包括将载体流体的pH降低至少2个pH单位,和其中改变载体流体的pH包括将载体流体的pH降低至不超过5。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中改变载体流体的pH包括向载体流体添加酸。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中去除固化后的第二流体包括机械去除固化后的第二流体。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中第一流体还包含引发剂。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中引发剂包括Irgacure 2559。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中所述液滴的平均直径不超过1mm。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中所述液滴的直径分布使至少90%液滴的直径在液滴平均直径的90-110%之间。
15.权利要求1的方法,其中载体流体是水性的。
16.权利要求1的方法,还包括将物质暴露于所述凝胶以将所述物质掺入所述凝胶中。
17.权利要求16的方法,包括将所述物质结合到所述凝胶上。
18.权利要求17的方法,包括将所述物质共价结合到所述凝胶上。
19.权利要求16的方法,其中所述物质包括核酸。
20.权利要求19的方法,其中所述物质包括DNA。
21.权利要求19的方法,包括使用EDC偶联反应将DNA结合到所述凝胶上。
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