CN108137418A - 复合材料部件 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种复合材料部件,其至少包含:‑形成纤维加强件的纤维预制件,其包含至少两个纤维层的堆叠,其中每个纤维层由互锁编织的三维织物制成,并且每个纤维层具有的经纱层的数目或纬纱层的数目大于或等于3;和‑存在于纤维预制件的孔中的基质。
Description
发明背景
本发明涉及由复合材料制备的部件,以及制造这些部件的方法。
本发明申请的一个方面是由包含纤维加强件和树脂基质的复合材料制备结构部件。这类部件用于许多领域中,特别是用于航空领域中。特定的例子是制备涡轮发动机外壳。通过任何已知的方式,例如通过树脂传递模塑(RTM)方法来用树脂基质致密化纤维加强结构。
本发明申请的另一个方面是由热结构性的复合材料制备部件,该复合材料即是具有使其适合构建结构元件的机械性质并具有在高温下保持这些性质的能力的材料。热结构复合材料通常是碳/碳(C/C)复合材料和陶瓷基质复合(CMC)材料,前者具有被碳基质致密化的碳纤维加强件,后者具有被陶瓷基质致密化的耐火纤维加强件(由碳或陶瓷制成)。热结构复合材料部件特别用于航空航天领域。可以通过进行化学气相渗透(VPI)或使用众所周知的液体技术来用基质构成材料对纤维加强结构进行致密化。通过液体技术进行的致密化包括用一种液体组合物浸渍纤维结构,所述液体组合物包含构成基质的材料的前体(通常是树脂),然后该前体通过热处理而转化。
使用由预浸渍的层的堆叠制备的复合材料是已知的。为了形成这类部件,可以首先堆叠多个已经被预浸渍的纤维层,然后通过在高压釜中进行热处理使以此方式得到的堆叠中存在的树脂聚合。或者,可以在干状态下堆叠纤维层,然后通过树脂传递模塑(RTM)法或灌注法注入树脂。随后通过热处理使以此方式注入的树脂聚合。然而,这样的分层结构表现出的机械性质并不佳。
具体地,分层结构(0°,90°)可能无法在叠层之间完全地传递横向负荷或剪切,尤其是由于边缘效应,由此导致过早地引发脱层,造成结构崩塌。
为了降低这种脱层敏感性,可以使用所谓的"准各向同性"分层结构,这种结构呈现在45°的层,其具体目的是为了降低边缘效应和提高引发发生的级别。
然而,复合材料的优点是使纤维在与力相同的方向上延伸,并且使其刚性适合在相同方向上延伸。上述准各向同性分层结构无法使在给定方向的纤维数量最大化从而改善其机械性质。
因此,需要由复合材料制备的新颖的部件,该部件表现出改善的机械性质。
发明目的和概述
为此,在第一方面,本发明提供一种复合材料部件,其至少包含:
-形成纤维加强件的纤维预制件,其包含(特别由以下组成)至少两个纤维层的堆叠,其中每个纤维层由互锁编织的三维织物制成,并且每个纤维层具有的经纱层的数目或纬纱层的数目大于或等于3;和
-存在于纤维预制件的孔中的基质。
文中所用的术语"三维织物"或"3D织物"是指至少一些经纱与多个纬纱层中的纬纱连接在一起的织物。本文所用术语"互锁编织"指的是3D编织,其中各经纱层与多个纬纱层互连,并且给定经列中的所有纱线在编织平面中具有相同的移动。当经纱和纬纱之间角色互换时,三维织物和互锁织物的定义同样适用,因此这种互换应理解为被权利要求覆盖。
在本发明中,通过将多个纤维层叠加来制备堆叠,因此,该堆叠不同于通过卷绕单个纤维层而得到的堆叠。因此,该堆叠中的第一纤维层中的纱线不会延伸到堆叠中第一纤维层以外的任何第二纤维层中。尤其是,堆叠的各层不会编织在一起。
本发明依赖于在部件的纤维加强件中利用特定的纤维层的堆叠,使得可以首先控制开裂机理,其次避免部件在使用过程中发生脱层的现象。
事实上,各层具有通过互锁型3D编织而连接在一起的至少三层经纱或纬纱,使得它们可以具有"易损的"性质。在易损层中,出现在基质中的任何裂纹显示有限的蔓延,这些裂纹的蔓延被相邻的纤维阻挡。
为了评价各种类型的纤维加强件的强度,本发明人进行了各种测试,并进行了以下观察。当纤维加强件由二维编织层的堆叠形成时(非本发明),裂纹在部件中蔓延所需的能量较低,约为500焦/平方米(J/m2)-600J/m2。在这种结构中裂纹可以较容易地蔓延,导致层状结构的早期脱层。进行另一个测试,其中纤维加强件由单层三维织物制成(非本发明)。该测试解决了脱层的问题,将裂纹蔓延所需的能量提高到约4000J/m2的数值。在这些情况下,裂纹蔓延导致层损害。在本发明中,至少两个纤维层堆叠,其中每个纤维层由互锁编织的三维织物制成。在本发明中,得到特别高的裂纹蔓延能量值,该数值超过6000J/m2。因此,本发明可以得到不脱层的纤维加强件,尽可能地限制了裂纹蔓延,由此改善了材料的机械性质,因此,以出乎意料的方式观察到,与使用单件三维纤维加强件相比,像本发明一样堆叠三维纤维层可以明显改善部件的机械强度。
因此,本发明的部件表现出明显改善的机械性质,同时具有与现有技术部件的重量相同或者甚至可能比之更轻的重量。事实上,当形成通过以单件形式三维编织纤维块难以制备的大尺寸部件时,堆叠多个纤维层以形成纤维预制件也是有利的。
在一个实施方式中,纤维预制件可包括至少三个纤维层。
在一个实施方式中,堆叠的纤维层中的至少一层可包含具有不同重量的纱线。例如,堆叠的纤维层中的各层可包含不同重量的纱线。
例如,堆叠的纤维层中存在的纱线的重量不同可有利于在纤维预制件的一个或多个区中得到局部加厚的厚度。
在一个实施方式中,在堆叠覆盖的整个区域中,堆叠的纤维层的数目可保持不变。
在一个实施方式中,在堆叠覆盖的区域中,堆叠的纤维层的数目可变化。
例如,堆叠的纤维层的数目变化可以在纤维预制件的一个或多个区中获得局部加厚的厚度。
在一个实施方式中,所述部件可构成航空发动机外壳。
本发明还提供一种制造上述部件的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
-在纤维预制件的孔中形成基质,所述纤维预制件包含(特别由以下组成)至少两个纤维层的堆叠,其中每个纤维层由互锁编织的三维织物制成,并且每个纤维层具有的经纱层的数目或纬纱层的数目大于或等于3。
例如,可通过将树脂注入纤维预制件的孔中来形成基质。
附图的简要说明
本发明的其它特点和优势通过下文关于本发明具体实施方式的描述并参照附图而显见,所述具体实施方式以非限制示例的形式给出,附图中:
-图1是适于构成本发明部件的纤维加强件的纤维预制件的第一实例的高度示意部分图;
-图2显示互锁的三维编织平面;
-图3是显示制造本发明复合材料部件的方法的各步骤的流程图;和
-图4是适于构成本发明部件的纤维加强件的纤维预制件的第二实例的高度示意部分图。
具体实施方式
本发明申请的领域特别涉及由复合材料制备的部件,该部件具有用于复合材料的在较低温度(通常最高达300℃)下使用的树脂型基质,或者当制备热结构复合材料时的耐火材料,例如碳或陶瓷材料。
图1显示三个独立的纤维层21、22和23的堆叠1,该堆叠形成适于构成本发明实例部件的纤维加强件的纤维预制件。纤维层21、22和23中的各层由互锁编织的三维织物制成,并且纤维层21、22和23中的各层具有的经纱的数目或纬纱的数目大于或等于3。纤维层21、22和23中的至少一层或者可能的这些层中的每一层可以具有大于或等于3的经纱层数目和大于或等于3的纬纱层数目。有利地,纤维层21、22和23中各层中的纤维可基本上在相同的方向上延伸。可任选地在两个相邻的纤维层21、22和23之间存在单向纤维层。纤维层21、22和23并未编织在一起。纤维层21、22和23在纤维预制件的整个宽度或整个长度上都没有编织在一起。因此,纤维预制件不具有任何第一层的纱线层与不同于第一层的第二层的纱线层编织在一起的区域。特别地,在整个纤维预制件中,第一层中没有经纱层与第二层中的纬纱层编织在一起的情况。在整个纤维预制件中,第一层中没有纬纱层与第二层中的经纱层编织在一起。
如上所述,图中所示的堆叠1通过将多个纤维层21、22和23叠加来制备,因此,该堆叠不同于通过卷绕单个纤维层而得到的堆叠。
堆叠的纤维层21、22和23中的各层由互锁编织的织物制成。图2是显示一种互锁编织平面的图,该互锁编织平面具有七经纱和八纬纱,适用于制备堆叠的纤维层21、22和23。在所示的互锁编织中,纬纱层T由两个相邻的纬纱半层t构成,这两个相邻的纬纱半层t在经纱方向上相对于彼此偏移。因此,存在16个交错配置的纬纱半层。每个经纱与三个纬纱半层连接在一起。还可以采用不交错的纬纱配置,两个相邻的纬纱层中的纬纱在相同的列中对齐。文件WO 2006/136755中描述了合适的互锁型编织。
例如,形成堆叠纤维层的纤维可由陶瓷材料制备,所述陶瓷材料例如为碳化硅、碳或氧化物,诸如氧化铝。形成堆叠的纤维层21、22和23的纤维可全部具有相同的化学性质。或者,堆叠的纤维层21、22和23可包含化学性质不同的纤维。在所示的实例中,在堆叠覆盖的整个区域中,堆叠的纤维层的数目可保持不变,具体是三层。
该实例显示具有三个堆叠的纤维层21、22和23的堆叠1。当然,堆叠具有两个纤维层或超过三个堆叠的纤维层也不会超出本发明的范围。
图3是制造本发明部件的实例方法的流程图。在第一步骤10中,至少两个纤维层被堆叠,这些纤维层中的每一层都由互锁编织的三维织物制成,并且这些纤维层中的每个纤维层具有的经纱层的数目或纬纱层的数目大于或等于3。堆叠的层不互相编织。在步骤10中,可以干状态堆叠各层,可以将这些层置于模具中,以使纤维预制件成形。在这些情况下,在步骤20中将树脂注入纤维预制件的孔中,随后在步骤30中通过对树脂进行热处理来使树脂聚合,从而在纤维预制件的孔中形成基质。或者,可以堆叠已经预浸渍的纤维层,进行热处理,从而获得本发明的部件。
图4显示第二个例子,即堆叠的纤维层21、22、23和24构成的堆叠1',该堆叠1'形成适于构成本发明部件的纤维加强件的纤维预制件。图4所示的实例堆叠1'具有堆叠的第一区域3,该区域3所具有的堆叠的纤维层的数目(四个纤维层)不同于堆叠的第二区域4中堆叠的纤维层的数目,在区域4中仅存在三个纤维层。堆叠1'中这种纤维层数目的变化可有助于获得局部加厚的厚度,如图所示。
术语"在……范围内"应理解为包括界限。
Claims (6)
1.一种复合材料部件,其至少包含:
-形成纤维加强件的纤维预制件,其包含至少两个不编织在一起的纤维层的堆叠,其中每个纤维层由互锁编织的三维织物制成,并且每个纤维层具有的经纱层的数目或纬纱层的数目大于或等于3;和
-存在于纤维预制件的孔中的基质。
2.如权利要求1所述的部件,其特征在于,堆叠的纤维层中的至少一层包含具有不同重量的纱线。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的部件,其特征在于,在堆叠覆盖的整个区域中,堆叠的纤维层的数目保持不变。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的部件,其特征在于,在堆叠覆盖的区域中,堆叠的纤维层的数目变化。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的部件,其特征在于,所述部件构成航空发动机外壳。
6.一种制造如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的部件的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
-在纤维预制件的孔中形成基质,所述纤维预制件包含至少两个不编织在一起的纤维层的堆叠,其中每个纤维层由互锁编织的三维织物制成,并且每个纤维层具有的经纱层的数目或纬纱层的数目大于或等于3。
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US10913687B2 (en) | 2021-02-09 |
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