CN106998744A - 咖啡因的控制释放 - Google Patents
咖啡因的控制释放 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106998744A CN106998744A CN201580065656.4A CN201580065656A CN106998744A CN 106998744 A CN106998744 A CN 106998744A CN 201580065656 A CN201580065656 A CN 201580065656A CN 106998744 A CN106998744 A CN 106998744A
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/4875—Compounds of unknown constitution, e.g. material from plants or animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23F—COFFEE; TEA; THEIR SUBSTITUTES; MANUFACTURE, PREPARATION, OR INFUSION THEREOF
- A23F5/00—Coffee; Coffee substitutes; Preparations thereof
- A23F5/10—Treating roasted coffee; Preparations produced thereby
- A23F5/12—Agglomerating, flaking or tabletting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23F—COFFEE; TEA; THEIR SUBSTITUTES; MANUFACTURE, PREPARATION, OR INFUSION THEREOF
- A23F5/00—Coffee; Coffee substitutes; Preparations thereof
- A23F5/24—Extraction of coffee; Coffee extracts; Making instant coffee
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/116—Heterocyclic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
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Abstract
本发明涉及具有脂质连续相和自组装结构的可食用组合物,所述组合物包含油、磷酯、咖啡因和水。本发明的其他方面是使用组合物来提供咖啡因的控制释放、用于治疗或预防困倦的组合物、组合物用于提高精神警觉性的非治疗用途、以及可食用胶囊。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及具有脂质连续相和自组装结构的可食用组合物,该组合物包含油、磷酯、咖啡因和水。本发明的其他方面是使用组合物来提供咖啡因的控制释放、用于治疗或预防困倦(drowsiness)的组合物、组合物用于提高精神警觉性的非治疗用途、以及可食用胶囊。
背景技术
众所周知,可以向人们施用各种兴奋剂以赋予警觉性和/或对抗瞌睡(sleepiness)。用于这些目的的典型兴奋剂是咖啡因。适宜地,在诸如咖啡、茶和一些碳酸软饮品等饮料中发现咖啡因。施用咖啡因的最常见形式之一是清晨喝一杯热咖啡,以帮助个体在新的一天开始时变得更加警觉。
必须持续地摄取饮料以在个体系统中提供所需的咖啡因水平从而达到适当的警觉性水平,从这个观点来看,摄取大量咖啡或其他咖啡因饮料是不利的。一天喝好几杯咖啡可能是不方便或不期望的。因此,需要一种易于施用咖啡因使得所需的咖啡因水平以及因此所期望的警觉性水平在长时间内得以维持的产品。
缓释方式提供咖啡因具有特别的挑战,因为咖啡因是一种不寻常的分子,其可以容易地穿过脂质膜,诸如存在于自组装结构中的脂质膜。已知咖啡因被动地穿过生物膜[A.McCall,W.Millington,R.Wurtman,Blood–brain barrier transport of caffeine:dose-related restriction of adenine transport,Life Sci.31(24)(1982)2709–2715(A.McCall、W.Millington、R.Wurtman,咖啡因的血脑屏障运输:腺嘌呤运输的剂量相关性限制,《生命科学》,第31卷,第24期,1982年,第2709页至第2715页);M.K.Berka,M.Otyepka,Molecular insight into affinities of drugs and theirmetabolites to lipid bilayers,J.Phys.Chem.B 117(8)(2013)2403–2410(M.K.Berka、M.Otyepka,分子洞察药物及其代谢物对脂质双层的亲和力,《物理化学杂志B辑》,第117卷,第8期,2013年,第2403页至第2410页]。其通过PC双层膜的渗透系数为约2×10-5cm/s[T.Nisisako,Sa Portonovo,J.J.Schmidt,Microfluidic passivepermeability assay using nanoliter droplet interface lipid bilayers,Analyst138(22)(2013)6793–6800(T.Nisisako、Sa Portonovo、J.J.Schmidt,使用纳升滴液界面脂双层的微流体被动渗透性测定,《分析》,第138卷,第22期,2013年,第6793页至第6800页)]。用于诸如葡萄糖的亲水性分子的缓释体系恐怕不一定对咖啡因有效。
缓释咖啡因组合物大体是已知的,例如EP0716853描述了包括微粒的组合物,其包哈至少一种水溶性物质和咖啡因的可生物降解基质,咖啡因是分布在整个基质中的固体颗粒形式。水不溶性物质诸如虫胶可以包覆到微粒上以延迟咖啡因的释放。
WO2007060177描述了水包油型乳液,其中分散的油滴呈现出自组装结构。乳液可以含有活性成分诸如咖啡因。
然而,仍然需要提供更宽泛范围的缓释咖啡因组合物;例如,不需要生产复杂固体结构如包覆微粒的组合物,或不需要形成和维持稳定的水包油型乳液体系的组合物。此外,能够提供包括天然成分的缓释咖啡因组合物也是有利的。
本发明的目的是提高现有技术水平并且提供克服上述不便情况中的至少一些的替代组合物。不能将本说明书中对现有技术文献中的任何参考视为承认此类现有技术为众所周知的技术或构成本领域普遍常识的一部分。如在本说明书中使用的词语“包括”、“包含”和类似的词语,都不应被理解为具有排他性或穷举性的含义。换句话讲,这些词语用来指“包括但不限于”的意思。本发明的目的可通过独立权利要求的主题实现。从属权利要求进一步拓展本发明的构想。
发明内容
在第一方面,本发明提供了具有在25℃下为液体的脂质连续相和自组装结构的可食用组合物;组合物包含油、磷脂、咖啡因和水。在本发明的方面,可食用组合物用于治疗或预防困倦。
在第二方面,本发明涉及可食用组合物用于提高精神警觉性的非治疗用途。在第三方面,本发明涉及使用组合物以提供咖啡因的控制释放。在其他方面,本发明提供容纳组合物的可食用胶囊。
发明人惊奇地发现,具有脂质连续相和自组装结构的含咖啡因组合物提供咖啡因的控制释放。例如,含有柠檬烯、磷脂、咖啡因和水以及具有立方胶束自组装结构的体系被发现具有比在水中的咖啡因低二十分之十九的扩散系数。它提供咖啡因的缓释方式。本发明的组合物中的自组装结构描绘了具有在亚微米范围内的直径的非常小的水性域。不希望受理论束缚,本发明人认为,水溶性咖啡因分子,最初位于水性域中,必须扩散比水性域更大的距离通过脂质域以便扩散出组合物。由于脂质中的扩散速率比水中慢得多,这导致了的咖啡因的缓慢控制释放。因为水性域较小,所获得的扩散速率比在油包水型乳液中慢,因此在脂质域中的行进距离较高。
附图说明
图1示出咖啡因释放作为时间的函数来比较咖啡因自水中释放和具有反胶束立方结构(B)的柠檬烯/磷脂组合物的咖啡因释放。
图2示出具有组合物30%PC、70%柠檬烯和过量含咖啡因水相的反微乳(L2)的小角度X射线散射曲线。
图3示出对应于图2的反微乳的释放曲线。
图4示出具有组合物15%PC、85%柠檬烯和过量含咖啡因水相的反微乳(L2)的小角度X射线散射曲线。
图5示出对应于图4的反微乳的释放曲线。
图6示出具有组合物10%PC、90%柠檬烯和过量含咖啡因水相的反微乳(L2)的小角度X射线散射曲线。
图7示出对应于图6的反微乳的释放曲线。
图8示出具有组合物15%PC、75%柠檬烯、10%咖啡和过量含咖啡因水相的反微乳(L2)的小角度X射线散射曲线。
图9示出对应于图8的反微乳的释放曲线。
图10示出具有组合物10%PC、40%柠檬烯、50%咖啡油和过量含咖啡因水相的反微乳(L2)的小角度X射线散射曲线。
图11示出对应于图10的反微乳的释放曲线。
具体实施方式
因此,本发明部分涉及具有在25℃下为液体的脂质连续相和自组装结构的可食用组合物;组合物包含油、磷脂、咖啡因和水。术语“可食用”是指可安全食用的物质。虽然本发明不限于在任何特定司法范围内允许食用的物质,但可食用组合物可例如包括由美国食品药品监督管理局(U.S.Food and Drug Administration)批准的供人食用的材料。术语“自组装”是指通过单独的分子自发形成关联物或亚微米结构。由于给定的分子间力,如疏水力、水合力、相分离或静电力,自组装结构中的分子仅基于其结构和化学性质,找到其适当的位置[Evans,D.F.;H.(Eds.);'The Colloidal Domain',Wiley-VCH,NewYork,(1999)(Evans、D.F.,“胶体域”,威利-VCH出版社,纽约,1999年)]。自组装的结果不依赖于制备过程的本身,并且对应于体系的最小能量(稳定平衡)的状态。它们与水包油型乳液或油包水型乳液非常不同,因为乳液需要剪切以便形成,而自组装结构不需要。
组合物具有脂质连续相或体脂质相,而不是分散在水中的脂质作为乳液。脂质连续相为在25℃下的脂质。脂质能够在重力下流动以呈其所置容器的形状。例如,在25℃下,脂质连续相可具有小于1Pa.s的动态粘度,再如,在25℃下,脂质连续相可具有小于0.5Pa.s的动态粘度,再如,在25℃下可具有小于0.3Pa.s的动态粘度。术语油是指液体脂质性物质,例如在25℃下为液体。
本发明的组合物中的磷脂可来自植物来源,诸如大豆、卡诺拉、油菜籽、葵花、小麦或燕麦;或者动物来源,诸如鸡蛋。源自大豆和卡诺拉的磷脂可商购获得,例如,可作为大豆卵磷脂和卡诺拉卵磷脂商购获得。本发明的组合物的磷脂可为磷脂酰胆碱,例如卵磷脂的组分。为了在油相中形成自组装结构,油相中的磷脂浓度必须大于相应油中的CMC(临界胶束浓度)。低于该浓度则无自组装结构形成。磷脂可以至少0.01重量%的水平存在于组合物中,例如至少0.1重量%,例如至少1重量%,再如至少2重量%。磷脂处于较低水平时,组合物具有较低粘度。本领域技术人员将能够根据所需应用和其他组分调节磷脂含量,以达到所需粘度。磷脂可以0.01重量%-40重量%的水平存在于组合物中,例如0.1重量%-30重量%。磷脂低于30重量%时,自组装结构在25℃下将总是为液体。水可以至少1重量%的水平存在于组合物中,例如至少2重量%,再如至少5重量%。水量应经过选择,以确保组合物具有脂质连续相。例如,本发明的组合物可包含1%-50%的水。咖啡因可以至少0.1重量%的水平存在于组合物中,例如至少0.2重量%,再如至少0.5重量%。
本发明的组合物中的油重量可大于油和磷脂的总重量的1%,例如大于油和磷脂的总重量的15%,再如大于油和磷脂的总重量的25%。在通过油相扩散期间,咖啡因的释放被延迟,因此增加油的量可进一步限制自本发明的组合物扩散的速率。由于纯磷脂具有强烈的味道,该味道受油调节,因此具有较高量的油可能是有利的。本发明的组合物中的油重量可为油和磷脂的总重量的1%-99%,例如油和磷脂的总重量的25%-80%。组合物可例如通过用磷脂使油均质化、加入咖啡因的水性溶液并且混合所得组合物来制备。
包含在本发明的组合物中的油可包括精油。精油为获取自植物材料的浓缩疏水性液体。精油可以是来自植物材料的油,该植物材料选自牛至、大蒜、姜、玫瑰、芥末、肉桂、迷迭香、桔子、葡萄柚、酸橙、柠檬、柠檬草、丁香、丁香叶、香草、香草醛、薄荷、茶树、百里香、葡萄籽、香菜、酸橙、胡荽、鼠尾草、桉树、薰衣草、橄榄、橄榄叶、大茴香、罗勒、西班牙甘椒、莳萝、天竺葵、桉树、八角、樟脑、松树皮、洋葱、绿茶、桔子、白草蒿、小茴香、柑橘、马郁兰、鼠尾草、丁香罗勒、麝香草、香茅草、生姜、假肉豆蔻、姜黄、咖啡豆以及这些的组合。精油受到消费者的良好接受,例如因为它们广泛应用于芳香疗法。包括于本发明的组合物中的油可为精油。精油的通用组分为萜烯。柠檬皮精油例如含有约65%的萜烯柠檬烯[V.I.Njoku etal.,International Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research,3(2),279-531(2014)(V.I.Njoku等人,《国际应用科学与工程研究期刊》,第3卷,第2期,第279-531页(2014年))]。包含在本发明的组合物中的油可包括萜烯,例如柠檬烯、桉油精或二萜(包括二萜酯)。包括于本发明的组合物中的精油可选自橙皮油、柠檬油、薄荷(野薄荷(mentha arvensis))油、留兰香油(spearmint oil)、胡椒薄荷油(peppermint oil)、咖啡油(coffee oil)、桉树油以及这些的组合。所有这些精油都包括萜烯。包含在本发明的组合物中的油可包括柠檬烯,例如,包含在本发明的组合物中的油可为柠檬烯。包含在本发明的组合物中的油可包括萜烯与甘油三酯的混合物,例如,包含在本发明的组合物中的油可包括柠檬烯和甘油三酯,再如,包含在本发明的组合物中的油可为提取自咖啡豆的油,该油包括萜烯和甘油三酯。
包含在本发明的组合物中的自组装结构可选自反L2相、反微乳(例如反L2相)、反胶束立方结构、反双连续立方结构、反海绵相、反六边形结构、层状相、逆层状液晶相以及这些的组合。反L2相、反微乳、反L2相、反胶束立方结构、反双连续立方结构、反六边形结构和层状液晶相是众所周知的结构类型,例如,如在Leser et al,2006(Leser等人,2006年)(Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 123–126(2006)125–136(《胶体和界面科学进展》第123-126页(2006年)125–136))中所定义。反海绵相是一种无序的反双连续立方相。逆层状液晶相与标准层状液晶相有一些相似之处。然而,在标准层状液晶相中,双层中亲脂性尾部彼此接触并且双层被水层隔开,而在逆层状液晶相中,极性头部彼此接触并且双层被一层油隔开。逆层状液晶相可含有小于10%的水(例如小于3%,例如小于1%),并且可含有大于10%的油(例如大于80%)。
自组装结构可为反微乳、反胶束立方结构、逆层状相,或者可由反胶束组成。自组装结构可为反微乳或者由反胶束组成。这些结构包围在限制咖啡因扩散方面特别有效的小水性域和亲脂性域。自组装结构的存在及其性质可通过使用小角X射线散射来确定。
本发明的组合物可用于治疗或预防困倦或警觉性受损(impaired alertness)。咖啡因是一种中枢神经系统兴奋剂。已知咖啡因对简单和复杂的注意力工作两者具有有益的作用[S.J.L.et al.,Psychopharmacology,225(2),251-274.(2013)(S.J.L.等人,《精神药理学》,第225卷,第2期,第251-274页,(2013年))]。本发明的组合物提供在一段持续的时间内输送咖啡因的额外益处。本发明的组合物可与其他药物结合,例如,咖啡因可与麦角胺(用于治疗偏头痛和集束性头痛)或与某些止痛药诸如阿司匹林或对乙酰氨基酚结合使用。当以这种方式使用时,咖啡因可提高其他药物的有效性。本发明的组合物可与抗组胺药结合,以克服由抗组胺药引起的困倦。
本发明的组合物可用于治疗或预防中老年个体(elderly subject)的困倦或警觉性受损。已知中老年个体的警觉性水平随着年龄逐渐降低,影响记忆力、反应时间和执行日常工作而不出错的能力。警觉性受损不仅仅是中老年人的问题,也是中老年宠物动物的问题。本发明的组合物可用于治疗或预防人或宠物动物的中老年个体的困倦或警觉性受损。如果个体的年龄超过其出生地平均预期寿命的三分之二,优选地超过其出生地平均预期寿命的四分之三,更最优选地超过其出生地平均预期寿命的五分之四,那么就认为该个体为“中老年个体”。例如,根据英国国家统计局的数据,2010年出生在英国的男性出生时的预期寿命为78岁,因此当他们超过52岁,优选地超过58岁6个月,更优选地超过62岁5个月时将被视为中老年人。对于宠物和家畜,应考虑其物种和品种。例如,约克夏梗犬的预期寿命为约12岁[E.J.Taylor et al.,Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,54,645-656(1995)(E.J.Taylor等人,《营养学会论文集》,第54卷,第645-656页(1995年))],因此超过8岁、优选地超过9岁、更优选地超过9岁7个月的约克夏梗犬将被认为是中老年犬。
本发明的组合物可用于治疗或预防肥胖或超重。已表明咖啡因可刺激肥胖个体的代谢率[Acheson KJ et al.,Am J Clin Nutr.33(5),989-97(1980)(Acheson KJ等人,《美国临床营养学杂志》,第33卷,第5期,第989-997页(1980年))]。本发明的组合物提供在一段持续的时间内输送咖啡因的额外益处。
根据本发明使用的组合物可以提供每1kg体重0.5mg-10mg咖啡因的日剂量被施用。典型的一杯咖啡提供约75mg的咖啡因,对于60kg的个体为每kg体重1.25mg。因此,由本发明的组合物提供的延迟释放可在白天较长一段时间内提供介于少于一杯咖啡和多至8杯咖啡之间的同等量。
在其他方面,本发明的组合物可非治疗性地用于改善注意力并且提高精神警觉性。许多健康的个体希望提高他们的警觉性,例如深夜学习的学生。因此,有利的是,本发明的组合物可提供咖啡因的逐渐释放,以在一段较长时间内改善健康个体的注意力并且提高其精神警觉性。提高的精神警觉性可通过提高的精神敏锐度体现,其伴随着感知、理解或反应速度的提升。本发明的组合物可进一步非治疗性地用于增加饮食诱导的生热作用和能量消耗。已知咖啡因会增加瘦人的生热作用和日常能量消耗[Dulloo A.G.et al.,Am.J.Clin.Nutr.,49,44-50.(1989)(Dulloo A.G.等人,《美国临床营养学杂志》,第49卷,第44-50页(1989年))]。因此,希望控制体重的健康个体可有利地使用本发明的组合物。
本发明的其他方面是使用本发明的组合物来提供咖啡因的控制释放。咖啡因从组合物中缓慢扩散出提供了控制释放,例如,咖啡因可在长达12小时的时间段内释放,例如在长达6小时的时间段内,再如长达4小时的时间段内。释放时间将取决于可食用组合物的几何形状和咖啡因必须扩散通过油组分的总距离。咖啡因可在大于2小时的时间段内释放。
本发明的另一方面是包括本发明的组合物的可食用胶囊,例如容纳本发明的组合物的可食用胶囊。在本发明中,术语胶囊是指保护其内容物免受周围环境影响的相对稳定的壳或膜。在胶囊中提供本发明的组合物使其例如可口服或用作栓剂。胶囊可以是软壳胶囊。可食用胶囊可以是营养补充剂。
本领域的技术人员将理解,他们可以自由地组合本文所公开的本发明的所有特征。具体地讲,可将针对本发明不同实施例所描述的特征进行组合。对于具体的特征如果存在已知的等同物,则这些等同物被纳入,如同在本说明书中明确提到这些等同物。根据附图和非限制性实施例,本发明的其他优点和特征将显而易见。
实施例
实施例1:从磷脂酰胆碱-柠檬烯体系中的咖啡因释放
大豆磷脂酰胆碱(PC)以产品名Epikuron 200购自德国嘉吉公司(Cargill,Germany)。(R)-(+)-柠檬烯和咖啡因购自西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich)。使用以下组合物在派热克斯玻璃管中制备中间相(0.3g):
样品 | α油 | 含水量(重量%) |
A | 36 | 28 |
B | 55 | 35 |
其中α油是磷脂与油和磷脂总重量的比例,以百分比表示。将咖啡因以1%溶于MilliQ水中,形成水相。称量PC和柠檬烯装入管中,并通过涡旋使混合物均质化。平衡几个小时后,添加水相,并且对管进行涡旋混合。平衡2天后,将管以3000rpm离心5分钟,得到平坦的表面。将管保持在黑暗中。
在室温下,与另外的空白(未加样)样品一起以三次平行实验进行释放研究。MilliQ水用作接收溶液。在初始时间,用2.7g接收溶液短暂冲洗该管。然后将2.7g接收溶液装入管中。接收溶液按照给定的次数充分交换,以形成漏槽状态。在释放之前和之后记录SAXS图案。在释放实验过程中,SAXS图案可能由于自组装结构的吸水性以及因该化合物扩散至水性基质中引起的咖啡因含量降低而略微改变。在石英比色皿中,通过紫外-可见光谱法在其最大吸收波长273nm处检测到咖啡因,包括源于在最大吸收值和600nm处(其中咖啡因不吸收光)获取的空白样品的信号的背景减除。平均值和标准偏差(误差条)由在每个点处的累积释放计算。
使用Higuchi方程,由初始释放曲线中的线性拟合的斜率s(低于30%释放)确定扩散系数D作为时间的平方根的函数:
其中Q是药物通过中间相的表面S的摩尔通量(S≈0.9cm2),C0是中间相中咖啡因的初始摩尔浓度,t是释放时间。扩散系数上的误差条是通过非线性方程的误差传播法计算的:
其中ΔD和Δs是扩散系数和斜率s的标准偏差。
实验室SAXS测量使用MicroMax-002+微聚焦X射线机(日本理学株式会社(Rigaku))进行,在4kW、45kV和0.88mA下操作。在Cu阳极处发射的波长的KαX射线辐射通过各自尺寸为0.4、0.3和0.8mm的三个针孔瞄准。通常在二维Triton-200X射线检测器(20cm直径,200μm分辨率)上收集散射强度至少30分钟。散射波矢量定义为q=4πsin(θ)/λ,其中2θ是散射角。SAXS机配有具有不同样品至检测器距离的两个样品室,分别可获得0.005至范围的q和0.01至范围的q。山嵛酸银用于q矢量校准。散射强度数据使用SAXSgui软件(日本理学株式会社(Rigaku))进行方位平均。将样品装载在具有温度控制在Linkam热台中,位于由两个薄云母片和一个橡胶O形环状1mm间隔件形成的小室中。
在释放实验之前和之后测量相对称和晶格参数。表1给出了所有参数。水域尺寸根据Martiel[Martiel I.et al.,Langmuir,29(51),15805–12(2013)(Martiel I.等人,《朗缪尔》,第29卷,第51期,第15805-15812页(2013年))]和Mezzenga[Mezzenga R.et al.,Langmuir,21,3322–33.(2005)(Mezzenga R.等人,《朗缪尔》,第21卷,第3322-3333页(2005年))]的方法计算。在咖啡因存在时或在释放实验结束时未发生相变。仅观察到非常有限的溶胀(晶格参数的变化小于10%)。咖啡因具有比水域尺寸明显更小的大小,因此扩散特性不应取决于水域尺寸,而是取决于要跨越的脂质域的大距离。
表1:为释放研究准备具有以下组合物和参数的维度d中间相,略低于过量水限。
样品 | 相(d) | 晶格参数(nm) | 极域半径(nm) | 脂链长(nm) |
A | 反六边形结构(1) | 8.1 | 2.2 | 1.9 |
B | 反胶束立方结构(0) | 19.4 | 5.2 | 1.5 |
图1示出与从纯净水释放相比的样品B中咖啡因的释放曲线。样品A的曲线基本相同(曲线重叠)。该初始释放曲线可符合Higuchi方程。
在下表2中给出了扩散系数(cm2/s)
样品 | 扩散系数 |
A | 7.29E-07 |
B | 6.68E-07 |
纯净水 | 6.30E-06 |
可以看出,样品A和样品B(具有脂质连续相和自组装结构的柠檬烯/磷脂)导致咖啡因的扩散系数比在纯净水中时低一个数量级。
实施例2:从添加有不同百分比的咖啡油的磷脂酰胆碱-柠檬烯液相体系中的咖啡
因释放
采用实施例1中的大豆磷脂酰胆碱(Epikuron 200)、(R)-(+)-柠檬烯和咖啡因,但在以下实验中加入不同百分比的咖啡油。
使用以下组合物在派热克斯玻璃管中制备中间相(0.3g):
样品 | αPC | αCO | 含水量(重量%) |
C | 30 | 0 | 10 |
D | 15 | 0 | 5 |
E | 10 | 0 | 5 |
F | 15 | 10 | 5 |
G | 10 | 50 | 5 |
其中αPC为磷脂与油总重量的比例并且αCO为咖啡油与油总重量的比例,磷脂和咖啡油分别以百分比表示。
以实施例1中的相同的方式进行样品制备、释放研究、咖啡因检测和SAXS测量。在这种情况下,作为中间相液体,由于油相位于水相顶部,释放研究实行的方式略有不同。作为释放接收溶液的水相每次均通过注射器提取,并且因此按照给定的次数交换以形成漏槽状态。以与实施例1相同的方式计算扩散系数(cm2/s)并列于下表3中。
样品 | 扩散系数 |
C | 1.49E-06 |
D | 4.79E-06 |
E | 4.79E-06 |
F | 2.24E-06 |
G | 2-29E-06 |
纯净水 | 6.30E-06 |
可以看出,即使在液体形式下,体系仍保持缓释行为。事实上,获得的咖啡因的扩散系数低于在纯水中的扩散系数。
图2示出具有组合物30%PC、70%柠檬烯和过量含咖啡因水相的反微乳(L2)的小角度X射线散射曲线。释放实验结束时采集SAXS。峰或凸起表示存在自组装结构。相应的相(自组装结构)为L2(也称为反微乳)相。在刚发生处理后和释放后,该相在室温下为液体。图3示出对应于图2的反微乳的释放曲线。需注意,与水中的扩散相比,这种自组装结构(L2)(的扩散)较低,导致从该反微乳缓释。
图4示出具有组合物15%PC、85%柠檬烯和过量含咖啡因水相的反微乳(L2)的小角度X射线散射曲线。峰或凸起表示存在自组装结构。相应的相(自组装结构)为L2相,也称为反微乳相。在刚发生处理后和释放后,该相在室温下为液体。图5示出对应于图4的反微乳的释放曲线。需注意,与水中的扩散相比,这种自组装结构(L2)的扩散较低,导致从该反微乳缓释。
图6示出具有组合物10%PC、90%柠檬烯和过量含咖啡因水相的反微乳(L2)的小角度X射线散射曲线。峰或凸起表示存在自组装结构。相应的相(自组装结构)为L2相,也称为反微乳相。在刚发生处理后和释放后,该相在室温下为液体。图7示出对应于图6的反微乳的释放曲线。需注意,与水中的扩散相比,这种自组装结构(L2)(的扩散)较低,导致从该反微乳缓释。
图8示出具有组合物15%PC、75%柠檬烯、10%咖啡和过量含咖啡因水相的反微乳(L2)的小角度X射线散射曲线。峰或凸起表示存在自组装结构。相应的相(自组装结构)为L2相,也称为反微乳相。在刚发生处理后和释放后,该相在室温下为液体。图9示出对应于图8的反微乳的释放曲线。需注意,与水中的扩散相比,这种自组装结构(L2)(的扩散)较低,导致从该反微乳缓释。
图10示出具有组合物10%PC、40%柠檬烯、50%咖啡油和过量含咖啡因水相的反微乳(L2)的小角度X射线散射曲线。峰或凸起表示存在自组装结构。相应的相(自组装结构)为L2相,也称为反微乳相。在刚发生处理后和释放后,该相在室温下为液体。图11示出对应于图10的反微乳的释放曲线。需注意,与水中的扩散相比,这种自组装结构(L2)的扩散较低,导致从该反微乳缓释。
Claims (15)
1.可食用组合物,其具有在25℃下为液体的脂质连续相和自组装结构;所述组合物包含油、磷脂、咖啡因和水。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中油的重量大于油和磷脂的总重量的1%。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的组合物,其中所述油包括精油。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的组合物,其中所述精油选自橙皮油、柠檬油、薄荷油、留兰香油、胡椒薄荷油、咖啡油、桉树油以及它们的组合。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的组合物,其中所述自组装结构是选自以下的结构:反L2相、反微乳、反胶束立方结构、反双连续立方结构、反海绵相、反六边形结构、层状相以及它们的组合。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的组合物,其用于治疗或预防困倦或警觉性受损。
7.根据权利要求6所述的具有所述用途的组合物,其中所述组合物用于施用于中老年个体。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的具有所述用途的组合物,其中所述个体是人或宠物动物。
9.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的组合物,其用于治疗或预防肥胖或超重。
10.根据权利要求6至9中任一项所述的具有所述用途的组合物,其中所述组合物以提供每1kg体重0.5mg-10mg咖啡因的日剂量被施用。
11.权利要求1至5中任一项所述的组合物用于提高精神警觉性的非治疗用途。
12.权利要求1至5中任一项所述的组合物用于增加饮食诱导的生热作用和能量消耗的非治疗用途。
13.权利要求1至5中任一项所述的组合物用于提供咖啡因的控制释放的用途。
14.可食用胶囊,其包含权利要求1至5中任一项所述的组合物。
15.根据权利要求14所述的可食用胶囊,其中所述可食用胶囊是营养补充剂。
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PCT/EP2015/078591 WO2016096468A1 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2015-12-03 | Controlled release of caffeine |
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EP3232813B1 (en) | 2021-01-20 |
US11096897B2 (en) | 2021-08-24 |
JP2018509136A (ja) | 2018-04-05 |
EP3232813A1 (en) | 2017-10-25 |
US20170367984A1 (en) | 2017-12-28 |
WO2016096468A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
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