CN106450536B - Quick charging method for lithium ion battery - Google Patents
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- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 120
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 claims description 53
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000010277 constant-current charging Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium tin Chemical compound [Li].[Sn] UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012821 model calculation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010280 constant potential charging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013528 artificial neural network Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000028161 membrane depolarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003446 memory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
本发明提出的一种锂离子电池快速充电方法，属于电池管理技术领域，该方法根据标定的电池模型，计算电池的负极过电势观测值；根据负极过电势观测值大小及预先设定好的析锂电势警戒阈值对充电电流进行在线动态控制；使负极过电势观测值最终稳定在析锂电势警戒阈值附近±5mV以内，直至端电压达到截止电压上限；本发明实现了电池充电过程负极过电势始终位于析锂临界电势上，保证了电池不发生析锂，延长了电池寿命，提升了电池安全，同时提高了电池的充电速度。
A lithium-ion battery fast charging method proposed by the present invention belongs to the technical field of battery management. The method calculates the observed value of the negative electrode overpotential of the battery according to the calibrated battery model; The warning threshold of the lithium potential carries out online dynamic control on the charging current; the observed value of the overpotential of the negative electrode is finally stabilized within ±5mV near the warning threshold of the lithium potential until the terminal voltage reaches the upper limit of the cut-off voltage; the invention realizes that the overpotential of the negative electrode is always Located on the critical potential of lithium analysis, it ensures that the battery does not undergo lithium analysis, prolongs battery life, improves battery safety, and improves battery charging speed.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于电池管理技术领域，特别涉及一种锂离子电池快速充电方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of battery management, in particular to a fast charging method for a lithium ion battery.
背景技术Background technique
环境危机、能源短缺等问题使环保、可循环利用的二次锂离子电池作为清洁能源，受到了越来越多的关注。由于比能量高、循环寿命长、无记忆效应等优势，锂离子电池作为能量源广泛运用在手机、笔记本电脑、新能源汽车和储能电站等产品和系统中，但锂离子电池快速充电问题一直未得到有效解决。The environmental crisis, energy shortage and other issues make the environmentally friendly and recyclable secondary lithium-ion battery as a clean energy source, which has received more and more attention. Due to the advantages of high specific energy, long cycle life, and no memory effect, lithium-ion batteries are widely used as energy sources in products and systems such as mobile phones, notebook computers, new energy vehicles, and energy storage power stations. However, the rapid charging of lithium-ion batteries has always been a problem. not effectively resolved.
锂离子电池充电过程受到其内部许多电化学反应速率的限制，单纯依靠增大充电电流倍率无法达到快速充电效果。以石墨负极体系的锂离子电池为例，常温下大倍率充电时，电流越大，在负极界面产生的电压极化就越大，容易使负极表面析出锂金属，危害电池的循环寿命与安全性能。而且，充电电流倍率越大，电池的充电效率越低，充入的电量就越少；这是因为电压极化使电池快速达到上限截止电压，之后必须采用恒压充电或小倍率充电才能使电池充满，实际上花费的总充电时间有可能不降反增。The charging process of lithium-ion batteries is limited by the rate of many electrochemical reactions inside it, and the rapid charging effect cannot be achieved simply by increasing the charging current rate. Taking lithium-ion batteries with graphite negative electrode system as an example, when charging at a high rate at room temperature, the greater the current, the greater the voltage polarization generated at the negative electrode interface, which will easily cause lithium metal to precipitate on the negative electrode surface, endangering the cycle life and safety performance of the battery. . Moreover, the larger the charging current rate, the lower the charging efficiency of the battery, and the less electricity will be charged; this is because the voltage polarization makes the battery quickly reach the upper limit cut-off voltage, and then it must be charged at a constant voltage or at a small rate to make the battery In fact, the total charging time spent may not decrease but increase.
目前应用最广泛的充电方法是先用恒流模式充电至截止电压，再用恒压模式充电至截止电流。该方法只能通过增大恒流模式电流倍率的方式提高充电电流倍率，不但会严重损害电池寿命，且恒压充电过程非常耗时。Currently the most widely used charging method is to charge to the cut-off voltage in constant current mode first, and then charge to the cut-off current in constant voltage mode. This method can only increase the charging current rate by increasing the current rate of the constant current mode, which will not only seriously damage the battery life, but also the constant voltage charging process is very time-consuming.
现有的快速充电方法主要有以下几种：The existing fast charging methods mainly include the following types:
1、以ZL200810029444.2等为代表的提高恒流充电截止电压的方式，以代替恒压充电过程，减少充电时间，这种方法未考虑截止电压提高后对电池寿命的损害；1. Represented by ZL200810029444.2, etc., the constant current charging cut-off voltage is increased to replace the constant voltage charging process and reduce the charging time. This method does not consider the damage to battery life after the cut-off voltage is increased;
2、以ZL200910042369.8、ZL201110141456.6等为代表的多步、多阶段快速充电方法，一般采用3-10个恒流充电档位，充电电流递减，逐步充入电量；该方法的实质是用分阶段恒流充电代替恒压充电，以提升充电容量，但需要大量实验确定分多少阶段、每个阶段电流倍率取值，且充电速度提升空间有限；2. The multi-step and multi-stage fast charging method represented by ZL200910042369.8, ZL201110141456.6, etc. generally adopts 3-10 constant current charging gears, the charging current decreases gradually, and the electricity is gradually charged; the essence of this method is to use Phased constant current charging replaces constant voltage charging to increase the charging capacity, but a large number of experiments are required to determine how many stages are divided into, and the value of the current rate of each stage, and the room for increasing the charging speed is limited;
3、以ZL200710079984.7、ZL200910163012.5等为代表的引入脉冲电流去极化的快速充电方法，在大倍率充电过程中引入短时脉冲放电电流，能够有效减少电压极化，但会白白浪费电能，降低充电效率。3. The fast charging method that introduces pulse current depolarization, represented by ZL200710079984.7, ZL200910163012.5, etc., introduces a short-time pulse discharge current during the high-rate charging process, which can effectively reduce voltage polarization, but it will waste electric energy in vain , reducing charging efficiency.
在电化学及电池的研究技术中，电极电势是非常重要的动力学参数。处于热力学平衡状态的电极电势为平衡电势，正负极平衡电势差为开路电压。当有电流流过电极时，电极电势偏离平衡电势，发生极化，平衡电势偏离值称为电极过电势(over-potential)，过电势过大往往会损伤电池性能。以石墨电极作为负极的锂离子电池为例，过充电、常温大倍率充电或低温充电等极端条件下，负极过电势较大，可能导致石墨负极的析锂副反应，负极析锂会造成电池寿命断崖式衰减，严重情形下还有可能导致电池内短路，触发电池热失控，造成严重的安全问题。负极析锂的判别特征是负极过电势低于析锂反应的临界电势，这种情形在实际充电过程中应该尽可能避免。Electrode potential is a very important kinetic parameter in electrochemical and battery research techniques. The electrode potential in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is the equilibrium potential, and the equilibrium potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes is the open circuit voltage. When a current flows through the electrode, the electrode potential deviates from the equilibrium potential and polarization occurs. The deviation from the equilibrium potential is called the over-potential of the electrode. Excessive over-potential will often damage the performance of the battery. Taking a lithium-ion battery with a graphite electrode as the negative electrode as an example, under extreme conditions such as overcharging, high-rate charging at room temperature, or low-temperature charging, the overpotential of the negative electrode is large, which may lead to the lithium-deposition side reaction of the graphite negative electrode, which will shorten the life of the battery. The cliff-type attenuation may cause a short circuit in the battery in severe cases, triggering thermal runaway of the battery and causing serious safety problems. The distinguishing feature of negative electrode lithium precipitation is that the negative electrode overpotential is lower than the critical potential of lithium precipitation reaction, which should be avoided as much as possible in the actual charging process.
实验室条件下，可以通过带有参比电极的三电极电池测得负极过电势，从而监测电池负极析锂情况。但是，由于三电极电池制作工艺复杂、稳定性差，无法在实际的车载电池系统中应用。因此，实车上无法像测量端电压和电池温度信号一样通过三电极电池实时监测负极过电势。Under laboratory conditions, the overpotential of the negative electrode can be measured through a three-electrode battery with a reference electrode, so as to monitor the lithium evolution of the negative electrode of the battery. However, due to the complex manufacturing process and poor stability of the three-electrode battery, it cannot be applied in the actual vehicle battery system. Therefore, it is impossible to monitor the negative electrode overpotential in real time through the three-electrode battery like measuring the terminal voltage and battery temperature signals on the real vehicle.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于克服已有技术的不足之处，提供一种锂离子电池快速充电方法，该方法可解决锂离子电池充电速度与电池寿命、安全之间的矛盾，在保证电池不受析锂副反应损害的前提下尽可能提高电池充电速度。The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, to provide a lithium ion battery fast charging method, the method can solve the contradiction between lithium ion battery charging speed and battery life, safety, while ensuring that the battery is not decomposed lithium Increase the battery charging speed as much as possible without damaging the side effects.
为实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
一种锂离子电池快速充电方法，其特征在于，该方法根据标定的电池模型，计算电池的负极过电势观测值；根据负极过电势观测值大小及预先设定好的析锂电势警戒阈值对充电电流进行在线动态控制：当负极过电势观测值高于析锂电势警戒阈值时，提高充电电流倍率，且负极过电势观测值与析锂电势警戒阈值差值越大，电流提高越快；当负极过电势观测值低于析锂电势警戒阈值时，降低充电电流倍率，且负极过电势观测值与析锂电势警戒阈值差值越大，电流降低越快；使负极过电势观测值最终稳定在析锂电势警戒阈值附近±5mV以内，直至端电压达到截止电压上限。A lithium-ion battery fast charging method is characterized in that the method calculates the negative electrode overpotential observation value of the battery according to the calibrated battery model; according to the size of the negative electrode overpotential observation value and the preset lithium analysis potential warning threshold value, the battery is charged On-line dynamic control of the current: when the observed value of the overpotential of the negative electrode is higher than the warning threshold of the lithium analysis potential, the charging current rate is increased, and the greater the difference between the observed value of the negative electrode overpotential and the warning threshold of the lithium analysis potential, the faster the current increases; when the negative electrode When the observed value of overpotential is lower than the warning threshold of lithium analysis potential, the charging current rate is reduced, and the greater the difference between the observed value of negative electrode overpotential and the warning threshold of lithium analysis potential, the faster the current decreases; the observed value of negative electrode overpotential is finally stabilized at the analysis level Within ±5mV near the lithium potential warning threshold, until the terminal voltage reaches the upper limit of the cut-off voltage.
该方法具体包括以下步骤：The method specifically includes the following steps:
步骤1)采用带有参比电极的三电极锂离子电池，为三电极锂离子电池施加不同充电电流倍率的恒流充电得到电池模型中各种物理参数和电化学参数的准确值，以完成电池模型的标定；Step 1) Using a three-electrode lithium-ion battery with a reference electrode, apply constant current charging with different charging current ratios to the three-electrode lithium-ion battery to obtain accurate values of various physical parameters and electrochemical parameters in the battery model to complete the battery Calibration of the model;
步骤2)用标定好的电池模型，进行时刻k负极过电势观测值的计算，得到该时刻负极过电势观测值大小；Step 2) Use the calibrated battery model to calculate the negative electrode overpotential observation value at time k, and obtain the negative electrode overpotential observation value at this moment;
步骤3)设置析锂电势警戒阈值：该析锂电势警戒阈值为固定值，或者在保证电池安全的前提下选用随时刻k改变的析锂电势警戒阈值；Step 3) Setting the warning threshold of lithium analysis potential: the warning threshold of lithium analysis potential is a fixed value, or select the warning threshold of lithium analysis potential that changes with time k under the premise of ensuring battery safety;
步骤4)用标定好的电池模型和选定的计算负极过电势观测值的控制算法，计算时刻k电流调整值和调整后的电流值，并用调整后的电流值为电池充电；Step 4) use the calibrated battery model and the selected control algorithm for calculating the negative electrode overpotential observation value, calculate the current adjustment value and the adjusted current value at time k, and use the adjusted current value to charge the battery;
步骤5)不断重复步骤2)-步骤4)，使负极过电势最终稳定在析锂电势警戒阈值附近±5mV；重复时，时刻k的递进值为1-30s中的任意值，步骤3)中的析锂电势警戒阈值保持不变或随时刻k改变；Step 5) Repeat step 2)-step 4) continuously, so that the overpotential of the negative electrode is finally stabilized at ±5mV near the warning threshold of the lithium analysis potential; when repeated, the progressive value of time k is any value in 1-30s, step 3) The warning threshold of the lithium analysis potential in remains unchanged or changes with time k;
步骤6)当端电压达到截止电压上限时，停止充电。Step 6) Stop charging when the terminal voltage reaches the upper limit of the cut-off voltage.
所述步骤1)具体包括以下步骤：Described step 1) specifically comprises the following steps:
步骤1.1)制作对任何种类的锂离子电池都能重制出相同工艺的带有参比电极的三电极锂离子电池，所述参比电极能提供稳定参比电位，包括金属锂、镀锂铜丝、锡锂合金；Step 1.1) Make a three-electrode lithium-ion battery with a reference electrode that can reproduce the same process for any type of lithium-ion battery. The reference electrode can provide a stable reference potential, including metallic lithium, lithium-plated copper Wire, tin-lithium alloy;
步骤1.2)对该三电极电池施以不同温度、不同充电电流倍率的恒流充电流程，得到各个温度下、各个倍率的电池端电压、正极电压和负极电压充电曲线；Step 1.2) Subjecting the three-electrode battery to a constant current charging process at different temperatures and different charging current ratios, to obtain battery terminal voltages, positive voltages and negative voltage charging curves at various temperatures and ratios;
步骤1.3)选定能够反映负极过电势的电池模型，根据各温度、不同充电电流倍率下的电池端电压曲线，采用参数辨识算法标定电池模型参数；该模型的计算值为电池端电压。Step 1.3) Select a battery model that can reflect the overpotential of the negative electrode, and use a parameter identification algorithm to calibrate the battery model parameters according to the battery terminal voltage curves at various temperatures and different charging current ratios; the calculated value of the model is the battery terminal voltage.
所述步骤2)具体包括以下步骤：Described step 2) specifically comprises the following steps:
步骤2.1)选择用于负极过电势观测值计算的基于电压反馈的控制算法；Step 2.1) select the control algorithm based on voltage feedback for the calculation of the negative overpotential observation value;
步骤2.2)根据步骤2.1)选定的控制算法，确定该控制算法的控制参数；所述控制参数确定后，不再发生变化；或者，在充电过程中根据电池使用环境、电池自身状态的变化重新确定控制参数；Step 2.2) According to the control algorithm selected in step 2.1), determine the control parameters of the control algorithm; after the control parameters are determined, no change occurs; or, during the charging process, according to the change of the battery use environment and the state of the battery itself Determine the control parameters;
步骤2.3)测量k时刻电池端电压，根据步骤1.3)标定的电池模型得到端电压模型计算值；计算该时刻端电压测量值与端电压模型计算值之差；Step 2.3) measure the terminal voltage of the battery at time k, and obtain the calculated value of the terminal voltage model according to the battery model calibrated in step 1.3); calculate the difference between the measured value of the terminal voltage and the calculated value of the terminal voltage model at this moment;
步骤2.4)根据步骤2.2)确定的控制参数值和k时刻下电池端电压测量值与模型计算值之差，计算该时刻的负极过电势观测调整值以及负极过电势观测值。Step 2.4) According to the control parameter value determined in step 2.2) and the difference between the battery terminal voltage measurement value and the model calculation value at time k, calculate the negative electrode overpotential observation adjustment value and the negative electrode overpotential observation value at this moment.
所述步骤4)具体包括以下步骤：Described step 4) specifically comprises the following steps:
步骤4.1)选择用于电流调整值计算的基于电流反馈的控制算法；Step 4.1) Select a control algorithm based on current feedback for current adjustment value calculation;
步骤4.2)根据步骤4.1)选定的控制算法，确定该控制算法的控制参数；所述控制参数确定后，即不再发生变化；或者，在充电过程中根据电池使用环境、电池自身状态的变化重新确定控制参数；Step 4.2) According to the control algorithm selected in step 4.1), determine the control parameters of the control algorithm; after the control parameters are determined, no change will occur; or, during the charging process, according to the change of the battery use environment and the state of the battery itself Re-determine the control parameters;
步骤4.3)计算k时刻根据步骤2.4)得到的负极过电势观测值与析锂警戒阈值之差；Step 4.3) Calculate the difference between the negative electrode overpotential observation value obtained according to step 2.4) and the lithium analysis warning threshold at time k;
步骤4.4)根据步骤4.2)确定的控制参数值和步骤4.3)确定的k时刻负极过电势观测值与析锂警戒阈值之差进行该时刻电流调整值以及调整后充电电流的计算：当根据步骤4.3)确定的负极过电势观测值与析锂电势警戒阈值间存在正阈度时，该时刻电流调整值为正值，充电电流倍率增加，充电电流倍率增加量与该时刻电流调整值呈非线性变化；当根据步骤4.3)确定的负极过电势与析锂电势警戒阈值间存在负阈度时，该时刻电流调整值为负值，充电电流倍率减小，且充电电流倍率减少量与该时刻电流调整值呈非线性变化；随着电流减小，负极过电势观测值与析锂电势警戒阈值之差回到正阈度区域，再次增加电流倍率。Step 4.4) According to the control parameter value determined in step 4.2) and the difference between the negative electrode overpotential observation value determined at time k and the lithium analysis warning threshold value in step 4.3), the current adjustment value at this time and the adjusted charging current are calculated: when according to step 4.3 ) When there is a positive threshold between the negative electrode overpotential observation value and the lithium analysis potential warning threshold, the current adjustment value at this moment is positive, the charging current multiplier increases, and the charging current multiplier increase and the current adjustment value at this moment have a nonlinear change ; When there is a negative threshold between the negative electrode overpotential determined according to step 4.3) and the lithium analysis potential warning threshold, the current adjustment value at this moment is negative, and the charging current multiplier decreases, and the charging current multiplier reduction is the same as the current adjustment at this moment. The value changes nonlinearly; as the current decreases, the difference between the negative electrode overpotential observation value and the lithium analysis potential warning threshold returns to the positive threshold region, and the current rate is increased again.
本发明的特点及有益效果：Features and beneficial effects of the present invention:
利用该方法，可以实现任意类型锂离子电池的快速充电；对于任意类型锂离子电池，只需对电池模型参数和控制器参数重新标定。Using this method, fast charging of any type of lithium-ion battery can be realized; for any type of lithium-ion battery, only the battery model parameters and controller parameters need to be recalibrated.
与传统的技术方案相比，该充电方法的最大特点是融合了基于电压反馈的负极过电势观测技术和基于电流反馈的电流在线调整技术，实现了电池充电过程负极过电势始终位于析锂临界电势上，保证了电池不发生析锂，延长了电池寿命，提升了电池安全，同时极大提高了电池的充电速度。Compared with the traditional technical solutions, the biggest feature of this charging method is that it combines the negative electrode overpotential observation technology based on voltage feedback and the current online adjustment technology based on current feedback, and realizes that the negative electrode overpotential is always at the critical potential for lithium analysis during battery charging. On the one hand, it ensures that the battery does not undergo lithium precipitation, prolongs the battery life, improves battery safety, and greatly improves the charging speed of the battery.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明快速充电算法的框架图；Fig. 1 is the frame diagram of fast charging algorithm of the present invention;
图2是本发明不同倍率充电时端电压和负极电势曲线模型标定结果；Fig. 2 is the calibration result of the terminal voltage and negative electrode potential curve model when charging at different rates of the present invention;
图3是本发明实施例电势闭环观测的结果；Fig. 3 is the result of potential closed-loop observation of the embodiment of the present invention;
图4是本发明实施例充电电流线动态调整结果示意图。Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the result of dynamic adjustment of the charging current line according to the embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本发明提出的一种锂离子电池快速充电方法，适用于任意材料体系的锂离子电池。下面结合附图及具体实施例详细说明如下：A fast charging method for lithium ion batteries proposed by the invention is applicable to lithium ion batteries of any material system. Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and specific embodiment describe in detail as follows:
本发明提出一种可用于实车电池系统的快速充电方法，该方法根据标定的电池模型，计算电池的负极过电势观测值；根据负极过电势观测值大小及预先设定好的析锂电势警戒阈值ηthr对充电电流进行在线动态控制：当负极过电势观测值高于析锂电势警戒阈值ηthr时，提高充电电流倍率，且负极过电势观测值与析锂电势警戒阈值ηthr差值越大，电流提高越快；当负极过电势观测值低于析锂电势警戒阈值ηthr时，降低充电电流倍率，且负极过电势观测值与析锂电势警戒阈值ηthr差值越大，电流降低越快；使负极过电势观测值最终稳定在析锂电势警戒阈值附近±5mV以内，直至端电压达到截止电压上限。The invention proposes a fast charging method that can be used in a real vehicle battery system. The method calculates the observed value of the negative electrode overpotential of the battery according to the calibrated battery model; the value of the negative electrode overpotential observed value and the preset lithium analysis potential warning The threshold η thr carries out online dynamic control on the charging current: when the observed value of the overpotential of the negative electrode is higher than the warning threshold η thr of the lithium analysis potential, the charge current rate is increased, and the difference between the observed value of the negative electrode overpotential and the warning threshold η thr of the lithium analysis potential is smaller. The larger the current, the faster the current increases; when the negative electrode overpotential observation value is lower than the lithium analysis potential warning threshold η thr , reduce the charging current rate, and the greater the difference between the negative electrode overpotential observation value and the lithium analysis potential warning threshold η thr , the lower the current The faster it is, the observed value of the overpotential of the negative electrode is finally stabilized within ±5mV near the warning threshold of the lithium analysis potential until the terminal voltage reaches the upper limit of the cut-off voltage.
由于充电全过程中负极过电势始终未达到负极析锂临界电势，在电池寿命不受损伤的前提下提高了充电速度。Since the overpotential of the negative electrode has never reached the critical potential for lithium formation in the negative electrode during the whole charging process, the charging speed is improved without damaging the battery life.
本发明提出的一种锂离子电池快速充电方法，适用于任意材料体系的锂离子电池。下面结合附图及具体实施例详细说明如下：A fast charging method for lithium ion batteries proposed by the invention is applicable to lithium ion batteries of any material system. Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and specific embodiment describe in detail as follows:
本发明提出的一种锂离子电池快速充电方法，具体包括以下步骤：A kind of fast charging method for lithium ion battery proposed by the present invention specifically comprises the following steps:
步骤1)采用带有参比电极的三电极锂离子电池，为三电极锂离子电池施加不同充电电流倍率的恒流充电得到电池模型中各种物理参数和电化学参数的准确值，以完成电池模型的标定：Step 1) Using a three-electrode lithium-ion battery with a reference electrode, apply constant current charging with different charging current ratios to the three-electrode lithium-ion battery to obtain accurate values of various physical parameters and electrochemical parameters in the battery model to complete the battery Calibration of the model:
步骤1.1)制作对任何种类的锂离子电池都能够重制出相同工艺的带有参比电极的三电极锂离子电池，所述参比电极包括但不限于金属锂、镀锂铜丝、锡锂合金等可以提供稳定参比电位的电极；Step 1.1) Make a three-electrode lithium-ion battery with a reference electrode that can reproduce the same process for any type of lithium-ion battery. The reference electrode includes but is not limited to metal lithium, lithium-plated copper wire, tin lithium Alloys and other electrodes that can provide a stable reference potential;
步骤1.2)对该三电极电池施以不同温度、不同充电电流倍率的恒流充电流程，得到各个温度下、各个倍率的电池端电压、正极电压和负极电压充电曲线；Step 1.2) Subjecting the three-electrode battery to a constant current charging process at different temperatures and different charging current ratios, to obtain battery terminal voltages, positive voltages and negative voltage charging curves at various temperatures and ratios;
步骤1.3)选定能够反映负极过电势的电池模型，根据各温度、不同充电电流倍率下的电池端电压曲线，采用参数辨识算法标定电池模型参数。所述的电池模型能够反映负极过电势，包括但不限于电化学机理模型、等效电路模型等，模型的计算值为电池端电压；这里采用电化学机理模型。所述参数辨识算法包括但不限于最小二乘算法、遗传算法、蚁群算法等。电池模型参数标定的主要目的是确定模型中各种物理参数和电化学参数的准确值。Step 1.3) Select a battery model that can reflect the overpotential of the negative electrode, and use a parameter identification algorithm to calibrate the parameters of the battery model according to the battery terminal voltage curves at various temperatures and different charging current ratios. The battery model can reflect the overpotential of the negative electrode, including but not limited to an electrochemical mechanism model, an equivalent circuit model, etc., and the calculated value of the model is the battery terminal voltage; the electrochemical mechanism model is used here. The parameter identification algorithm includes but not limited to least squares algorithm, genetic algorithm, ant colony algorithm and so on. The main purpose of battery model parameter calibration is to determine the accurate values of various physical and electrochemical parameters in the model.
步骤2)用标定好的电池模型，进行时刻k负极过电势观测值的计算，得到负极过电势观测值大小：Step 2) Use the calibrated battery model to calculate the observed value of the negative overpotential at time k to obtain the observed value of the negative overpotential:
步骤2.1)选择用于负极过电势观测值计算的基于电压反馈的控制算法；所述控制算法包括但不限于比例-积分-微分(PID)控制算法、卡尔曼滤波算法(KF)、神经网络控制算法等。所选算法确定后，不再改变。Step 2.1) select the control algorithm based on voltage feedback for the calculation of the negative overpotential observation value; the control algorithm includes but is not limited to proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm, Kalman filter algorithm (KF), neural network control algorithm etc. After the selected algorithm is determined, it will not be changed.
步骤2.2)根据步骤2.1)选定的控制算法，确定该控制算法的控制参数；所述控制参数确定后，可不再发生变化；或者，作为本步骤的一种改进，在充电过程中所述控制参数可以随着电池使用环境、电池自身状态发生变化后，进行重新设定，从而扩大快速充电方法的适用范围。Step 2.2) According to the control algorithm selected in step 2.1), determine the control parameters of the control algorithm; after the control parameters are determined, no changes will occur; or, as an improvement of this step, the control parameters in the charging process The parameters can be reset as the environment of the battery and the state of the battery itself change, thereby expanding the scope of application of the fast charging method.
步骤2.3)测量k时刻电池端电压，根据步骤1.3)标定的电池模型得到端电压模型计算值；计算k时刻端电压测量值与端电压模型计算值之差ΔUk。Step 2.3) Measure the terminal voltage of the battery at time k, and obtain the calculated value of the terminal voltage model according to the battery model calibrated in step 1.3); calculate the difference ΔU k between the measured value of the terminal voltage and the calculated value of the terminal voltage model at time k .
步骤2.4)根据步骤2.2)确定的控制参数值和k时刻电池端电压测量值与模型计算值之差ΔUk，计算该时刻的负极过电势观测调整值Δηadj,k以及负极过电势观测值ηk。Step 2.4) According to the control parameter value determined in step 2.2) and the difference ΔU k between the battery terminal voltage measurement value and the model calculated value at time k, calculate the negative electrode overpotential observation adjustment value Δη adj,k and the negative electrode overpotential observation value η at this moment k .
步骤3)设置析锂电势警戒阈值ηthr：所述警戒阈值越小，则充电速度越快；所述警戒阈值越大，则充电速度越慢，但充电安全性提高。为了兼顾速度与安全，一般设置警戒阈值为固定值，在析锂临界电势值之上20-30mV；或者可选用随时刻改变的析锂电势警戒阈值，以保证电池安全的前提下提升充电速度。Step 3) Setting the lithium analysis potential warning threshold η thr : the smaller the warning threshold, the faster the charging speed; the larger the warning threshold, the slower the charging speed, but the charging safety is improved. In order to take into account both speed and safety, the warning threshold is generally set to a fixed value, 20-30mV above the critical potential value of lithium analysis; or the warning threshold of lithium analysis potential that changes with time can be selected to increase the charging speed under the premise of ensuring battery safety.
步骤4)用标定好的电池模型和选定的计算负极过电势观测值的控制算法，计算时刻k电流调整值ΔIk和调整后的电流值Ik，并用调整后的电流值为电池充电：Step 4) Using the calibrated battery model and the selected control algorithm for calculating the negative overpotential observation value, calculate the current adjustment value ΔI k and the adjusted current value I k at time k, and use the adjusted current value to charge the battery:
步骤4.1)选择用于电流调整值计算的基于电流反馈的控制算法；所述控制器包括但不限于PID控制算法、卡尔曼滤波控制算法、神经网络控制算法等。所选算法确定后，不再改变。Step 4.1) Select a current feedback-based control algorithm for calculating the current adjustment value; the controller includes but is not limited to a PID control algorithm, a Kalman filter control algorithm, a neural network control algorithm, and the like. After the selected algorithm is determined, it will not be changed.
步骤4.2)根据步骤4.1)选定的控制算法，确定该控制算法的控制参数；所述控制参数确定后，即不再发生变化；或者，作为本步骤的一种改进，所述控制参数可以随着电池使用环境、电池自身状态发生变化后，进行重新设定，从而扩大快速充电方法的适用范围。Step 4.2) Determine the control parameters of the control algorithm according to the selected control algorithm in step 4.1; after the control parameters are determined, no changes will occur; or, as an improvement of this step, the control parameters can be changed with After the battery usage environment and the state of the battery itself change, reset it, thereby expanding the scope of application of the fast charging method.
步骤4.3)计算k时刻根据步骤2.4)得到的负极过电势观测值与析锂警戒阈值之差Δηk。Step 4.3) Calculating the difference Δη k between the negative electrode overpotential observation value obtained in step 2.4) and the lithium analysis warning threshold at time k .
步骤4.4)根据步骤4.2)确定的控制参数值和步骤4.3)确定的k时刻负极过电势观测值与析锂警戒阈值ηthr之差Δηk进行该时刻电流调整值ΔIk以及调整后充电电流Ik的计算。当根据步骤4.3)确定的负极过电势观测值与析锂电势警戒阈值间存在正阈度(即Δηk大于0V)时，ΔIk为正值，充电电流倍率增加，充电电流倍率增加量与Δηk呈非线性变化；当根据步骤4.3)确定的负极过电势与析锂电势警戒阈值间存在负阈度(即Δηk小于0V)时，ΔIk为负值，充电电流倍率减小，且充电电流倍率减少量与Δηk呈非线性变化；随着电流减小，负极过电势观测值与析锂电势警戒阈值之差回到正阈度区域，再次增加电流倍率。Step 4.4) According to the control parameter value determined in step 4.2) and step 4.3) the negative electrode overpotential observation value determined at time k The difference Δη k from the lithium analysis warning threshold η thr is used to calculate the current adjustment value ΔI k and the adjusted charging current I k at this moment. When there is a positive threshold (that is, Δη k is greater than 0V) between the negative electrode overpotential observation value determined according to step 4.3) and the lithium analysis potential warning threshold, ΔI k is positive, and the charging current multiplier increases, and the charging current multiplier increase is the same as Δη k is a non-linear change; when there is a negative threshold (that is, Δη k is less than 0V) between the negative electrode overpotential determined according to step 4.3) and the lithium analysis potential warning threshold, ΔI k is a negative value, the charging current rate decreases, and charging The reduction of current rate and Δη k change nonlinearly; as the current decreases, the difference between the negative electrode overpotential value and the warning threshold of lithium analysis potential returns to the positive threshold region, and the current rate is increased again.
步骤5)不断重复步骤2)-步骤4)，使负极过电势最终稳定在析锂电势警戒阈值附近±5mV。重复时，时刻k递进值可根据实际需求进行设置，参考范围为1-30s。步骤3)中的析锂电势警戒阈值ηthr可保持不变，或随时刻k改变，多阶段取值。Step 5) Repeat step 2)-step 4) continuously, so that the overpotential of the negative electrode is finally stabilized at ±5mV near the warning threshold of the lithium analysis potential. When repeating, the progressive value of time k can be set according to actual needs, and the reference range is 1-30s. The lithium analysis potential warning threshold η thr in step 3) can remain unchanged, or change with time k, and take values in multiple stages.
步骤6)当端电压达到截止电压上限时，停止充电。Step 6) Stop charging when the terminal voltage reaches the upper limit of the cut-off voltage.
实施例：Example:
如图1所示，针对任意类型的锂离子电池，需要对电池实施图中6个步骤以实现电池快速充电。As shown in Figure 1, for any type of Li-ion battery, the six steps in the figure need to be implemented on the battery to achieve fast charging of the battery.
具体的实施方案如下：Concrete implementation scheme is as follows:
步骤1)采用带有参比电极的三电极锂离子电池，为三电极锂离子电池施加不同充电电流倍率的恒流充电得到电池模型中各种物理参数和电化学参数的准确值，以完成电池模型的标定：Step 1) Using a three-electrode lithium-ion battery with a reference electrode, apply constant current charging with different charging current ratios to the three-electrode lithium-ion battery to obtain accurate values of various physical parameters and electrochemical parameters in the battery model to complete the battery Calibration of the model:
步骤1.1)制作对任何种类的锂离子电池都能够重制出相同工艺的带有参比电极的三电极电池。作为本发明的一个优选实施例，选用铜丝镀锂作为参比电极材料。参比电极添加在有快速充电方法应用需求的电池上，可以是硬壳电池、软包电池等。Step 1.1) Make a three-electrode battery with a reference electrode that can reproduce the same process for any type of lithium-ion battery. As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, lithium-plated copper wire is selected as the reference electrode material. The reference electrode is added to the battery with the application requirements of the fast charging method, which can be a hard shell battery, a soft pack battery, etc.
步骤1.2)对该三电极电池施以不同温度、不同充电电流倍率恒流充电流程，得到各个温度下、各个倍率的电池端电压、正极电压和负极电压充电曲线。倍率大小可根据实际充电电流的需求或限值设定，一般测试倍率上限取实际充电系统最大限制倍率Cmax。图2为不同电流倍率(分别为0.5C、1C、2C、3C)下端电压和正负极电势倍率的实验数据与模型标定值的对比，这里取最大电流倍率为3C。此外，还可针对不同电池材料和充电要求，可选取不同电流倍率进行模型标定，并不限于此。Step 1.2) Subject the three-electrode battery to a constant-current charging process at different temperatures and different charging current rates, and obtain battery terminal voltages, positive electrode voltages, and negative electrode voltage charging curves at various temperatures and rates. The magnification can be set according to the demand or limit of the actual charging current. Generally, the upper limit of the test magnification is taken as the maximum limiting magnification C max of the actual charging system. Figure 2 is a comparison of the experimental data and model calibration values of the lower end voltage and positive and negative potential multipliers of different current ratios (0.5C, 1C, 2C, and 3C, respectively). Here, the maximum current ratio is 3C. In addition, according to different battery materials and charging requirements, different current ratios can be selected for model calibration, which is not limited thereto.
步骤1.3)选定能够反映负极过电势的电池模型，根据各温度、不同充电电流倍率下的电池端电压曲线，采用参数辨识算法标定电池模型参数。所述的电池模型能够反映负极过电势，本实施例采用电化学机理模型，模型的计算值为电池端电压。所述参数辨识算法为最小二乘算法。电池模型参数标定的主要目的是确定模型中各种物理参数和电化学参数的准确值。为了保证充电时的准确控制，需要同时保证模型输出的端电压计算值与实验结果的相对偏差在可接受范围内，一般要求<5％；且负极电势与实验结果的绝对偏差在可接受范围内，一般要求<5mV。Step 1.3) Select a battery model that can reflect the overpotential of the negative electrode, and use a parameter identification algorithm to calibrate the parameters of the battery model according to the battery terminal voltage curves at various temperatures and different charging current ratios. The battery model can reflect the overpotential of the negative electrode. In this embodiment, the electrochemical mechanism model is used, and the calculated value of the model is the battery terminal voltage. The parameter identification algorithm is a least squares algorithm. The main purpose of battery model parameter calibration is to determine the accurate values of various physical and electrochemical parameters in the model. In order to ensure accurate control during charging, it is necessary to ensure that the relative deviation between the calculated value of the terminal voltage output by the model and the experimental results is within an acceptable range, generally <5%; and the absolute deviation between the negative electrode potential and the experimental results is within an acceptable range , generally require <5mV.
步骤2)用标定好的电池模型，进行时刻k负极过电势观测值的计算，得到负极过电势观测值大小：Step 2) Use the calibrated battery model to calculate the observed value of the negative overpotential at time k to obtain the observed value of the negative overpotential:
步骤2.1)选择用于负极过电势观测值计算的基于电压反馈的控制算法，本实施例采用PID控制算法。Step 2.1) Select a control algorithm based on voltage feedback for calculating the observed value of the negative overpotential, and this embodiment adopts the PID control algorithm.
步骤2.2)根据步骤2.1)选定的控制算法，采用PID参数整定方法得到PID控制算法的控制参数kup，kui，kud的计算值。其中，kup表示端电压测量值与模型计算值之差项的比例系数，kui表示端电压测量值与模型计算值之差对时间积分项的比例系数，kud表示端电压测量值与模型计算值之差对时间差分项的比例系数。本实施例的控制参数确定后，保持固定不变。Step 2.2) According to the control algorithm selected in step 2.1), the PID parameter tuning method is used to obtain the calculated values of the control parameters k up , k ui , k ud of the PID control algorithm. Among them, k up represents the proportional coefficient of the difference between the measured terminal voltage and the calculated value of the model, k ui represents the proportional coefficient of the difference between the measured terminal voltage and the calculated value of the model to the time integral item, and k ud represents the measured value of the terminal voltage and the model Calculates the scaling factor for the difference in values vs. time difference term. After the control parameters of this embodiment are determined, they remain fixed.
步骤2.3)测量k时刻电池端电压，根据步骤1.3)标定的电池模型得到端电压模型计算值；计算k时刻端电压测量值与端电压模型计算值之差ΔUk。Step 2.3) Measure the terminal voltage of the battery at time k, and obtain the calculated value of the terminal voltage model according to the battery model calibrated in step 1.3); calculate the difference ΔU k between the measured value of the terminal voltage and the calculated value of the terminal voltage model at time k .
步骤2.4)根据步骤2.2)确定的控制参数值和k时刻端电压测量值与模型计算值之差ΔUk，通过公式(1)计算相应时刻的负极过电势观测调整值Δηadj,k：Step 2.4) According to the control parameter value determined in step 2.2) and the difference ΔU k between the measured value of the terminal voltage and the calculated value of the model at time k, the negative electrode overpotential observation adjustment value Δη adj,k at the corresponding time is calculated by formula (1):
然后，根据公式(2)计算k时刻负极过电势观测值ηk：Then, calculate the negative electrode overpotential observation value ηk at time k according to formula (2):
ηk＝ηk-1+Δηadj,k (2)η k ＝η k-1 +Δη adj,k (2)
恒流充电工况下的一个电势闭环观测实施例如图3所示，其中实验值为电池测试台架测量的三电极电池端电压和负极过电势值，观测值为模型计算值。充电起始阶段，模型内部状态与电池实际状态不一致导致端电压与负极过电势的实验值与观测值存在偏差。一段时间后，负极过电势观测值与实验值的误差逐渐减小。An example of potential closed-loop observation under constant current charging conditions is shown in Figure 3, where the experimental values are the three-electrode battery terminal voltage and negative electrode overpotential values measured on the battery test bench, and the observed values are model calculated values. At the initial stage of charging, the internal state of the model is inconsistent with the actual state of the battery, which leads to deviations between the experimental and observed values of the terminal voltage and the overpotential of the negative electrode. After a period of time, the error between the observed value and the experimental value of the overpotential of the negative electrode gradually decreases.
步骤3)设置析锂电势警戒阈值ηthr：本实施例采用固定警戒阈值的方法，设定警戒阈值为30mV。Step 3) Setting the warning threshold η thr of the lithium analysis potential: In this embodiment, the method of fixing the warning threshold is adopted, and the warning threshold is set at 30 mV.
步骤4)用标定好的电池模型和选定的计算负极过电势观测值的控制算法，计算电流调整值ΔIk和调整后的电流值Ik，并用调整后的电流值为电池充电：Step 4) Calculate the current adjustment value ΔI k and the adjusted current value I k by using the calibrated battery model and the selected control algorithm for calculating the observed value of the negative electrode overpotential, and use the adjusted current value to charge the battery:
步骤4.1)选择用于电流调整值计算的基于电流反馈的控制算法，本实施例采用PID控制算法。Step 4.1) Select a control algorithm based on current feedback for calculating the current adjustment value, and this embodiment adopts a PID control algorithm.
步骤4.2)根据步骤4.1)选定的PID控制算法，采用PID参数整定方法得到电流调整算法的控制参数kip，kii，kid的参数值。其中，kip表示负极过电势观测值与析锂警戒阈值之差项的比例系数，kii表示负极过电势观测值与析锂警戒阈值之差对时间积分项的比例系数，kid表示负极过电势观测值与析锂警戒阈值之差对时间差分项的比例系数。本实施例的控制参数确定后保持不变。Step 4.2) According to the PID control algorithm selected in step 4.1), the parameter values of the control parameters k ip , k ii , and k id of the current adjustment algorithm are obtained by using the PID parameter tuning method. Among them, k ip represents the proportional coefficient of the difference between the negative electrode overpotential value and the lithium analysis warning threshold value, k ii represents the proportional coefficient of the difference between the negative electrode overpotential value and the lithium analysis warning threshold value to the time integral item, and k id represents the negative electrode overpotential value. The proportional coefficient of the difference between the potential observation value and the lithium analysis warning threshold to the time difference item. The control parameters of this embodiment remain unchanged after being determined.
步骤4.3)计算k时刻根据步骤2.4)得到的负极过电势观测值与析锂警戒阈值ηthr之差 Step 4.3) Calculate the negative electrode overpotential observation value obtained according to step 2.4) at time k The difference from the lithium analysis warning threshold η thr
步骤4.4)根据步骤4.2)确定的控制参数值和步骤4.3)确定的k时刻负极过电势观测值与析锂警戒阈值ηthr之差进行该时刻下电流调整值ΔIk的计算：Step 4.4) According to the control parameter value determined in step 4.2) and step 4.3) the negative electrode overpotential observation value determined at time k The difference from the lithium analysis warning threshold η thr Carry out the calculation of the current adjustment value ΔI k at this moment:
然后，计算k时刻调整后的充电电流Ik：Then, calculate the adjusted charging current I k at time k :
Ik＝Ik-1+ΔIk (5)I k ＝I k-1 +ΔI k (5)
当根据步骤4.3)确定的负极过电势观测值与析锂电势警戒阈值间存在正阈度(即大于0V)时，ΔIk为正值，充电电流倍率增加，且绝对值越大，充电电流倍率提高越快；当根据步骤4.3)确定的负极过电势与析锂电势警戒阈值间存在负阈度(即小于0V)时，ΔIk为负值，充电电流减小，且绝对值越大，充电电流倍率降低越快；随着电流减小，负极过电势观测值与析锂电势警戒阈值之差回到正阈度区域，再次增加电流倍率。When there is a positive threshold (i.e. greater than 0V), ΔI k is a positive value, and the charge current rate increases, and The larger the absolute value, the faster the charging current rate increases; when there is a negative threshold (ie less than 0V), ΔI k is a negative value, the charging current decreases, and The larger the absolute value, the faster the charging current rate decreases; as the current decreases, the difference between the negative electrode overpotential observation value and the lithium analysis potential warning threshold returns to the positive threshold region, and the current rate is increased again.
步骤5)不断重复步骤2)-步骤4)，使负极过电势最终稳定在析锂电势警戒阈值附近±5mV。本实施例中时刻k递进值为1s。本实施例中，重复步骤时，步骤3)中的析锂电势警戒阈值ηthr为固定值。Step 5) Repeat step 2)-step 4) continuously, so that the overpotential of the negative electrode is finally stabilized at ±5mV near the warning threshold of the lithium analysis potential. In this embodiment, the progressive value of time k is 1s. In the present embodiment, when the steps are repeated, the lithium analysis potential warning threshold η thr in step 3) is a fixed value.
步骤6)当端电压达到截止电压上限时，停止充电。本例中设置的截止电压为4.2V。Step 6) Stop charging when the terminal voltage reaches the upper limit of the cut-off voltage. The cut-off voltage set in this example is 4.2V.
充电电流在线调整的一个实例如图4所示，分别给出了实际的充电电流倍率、电池端电压和负极过电势实验结果。An example of charging current online adjustment is shown in Figure 4, which gives the actual charging current rate, battery terminal voltage and negative electrode overpotential experimental results.
负极过电势观测的控制算法与电流调整的控制算法整合在电池管理系统算法(BMS)中，使快速充电过程可以自动完成。The control algorithm of negative electrode overpotential observation and current adjustment control algorithm are integrated in the battery management system algorithm (BMS), so that the fast charging process can be completed automatically.
以电动汽车用动力电池在直流快速充电机上的充电过程为例，电池管理系统与充电机握手后，发出充电电流需求，传感器实时采集实际的电流电压值，由总线传输给电池管理系统的处理芯片，计算后给出下一时刻需求充电电流，传输给充电机，充电机输出需求电流值，完成一个电流调整周期。一个快速充电过程由若干电流调整周期组成，直至端电压达到截止电压上限。Taking the charging process of the power battery for electric vehicles on the DC fast charger as an example, after the battery management system shakes hands with the charger, it sends out a charging current demand, and the sensor collects the actual current and voltage values in real time, and transmits them to the processing chip of the battery management system by the bus , after calculation, the required charging current at the next moment is given, which is transmitted to the charger, and the charger outputs the required current value to complete a current adjustment cycle. A fast charging process consists of several current regulation cycles until the terminal voltage reaches the upper limit of the cut-off voltage.
与传统的技术方案相比，该充电方法的最大特点是融合了基于电压反馈的负极过电势观测技术和基于电流反馈的电流在线调整技术，实现了电池充电过程负极过电势始终位于析锂临界电势上，保证了电池不发生析锂，延长了电池寿命，提升了电池安全，同时极大提高了电池的充电速度。Compared with the traditional technical solutions, the biggest feature of this charging method is that it combines the negative electrode overpotential observation technology based on voltage feedback and the current online adjustment technology based on current feedback, and realizes that the negative electrode overpotential is always at the critical potential for lithium analysis during battery charging. On the one hand, it ensures that the battery does not undergo lithium precipitation, prolongs the battery life, improves battery safety, and greatly improves the charging speed of the battery.
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