CN106328367A - 一种R‑Fe‑B系烧结磁体的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种R‑Fe‑B系烧结磁体的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
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- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明属于稀土永磁材料领域,涉及一种高矫顽力R‑Fe‑B系烧结磁体及其制备方法。本发明中的制造方法为采用常规方法制备厚度为1~15mm的R‑Fe‑B系烧结磁体,之后使用平均粉末粒度SMD为1~2.5μm的超细铽粉,有机溶剂,及防氧化剂制成的混合浆料均匀覆盖于磁体表面,并进行热处理。本发明的方法可提高磁体的矫顽力>10kOe,且剩磁降低小于0.2kGs。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法,属于稀土永磁材料领域。
背景技术
稀土永磁材料凭借其优良的耐温性、高能效比等特性,在空调压缩机、风力发电、汽车等领域得到广泛应用。随着节能减排形势的日益紧迫,提高电机的效率成为了各领域在设计和使用电机时关注的焦点。这就要求磁体不仅能够满足使用温度,做到不失磁,又要求减小磁体用量的同时增加电机的磁通密度,因此对磁体的矫顽力、磁能积提出了更高了要求。
为了提高磁体的矫顽力和降低磁体的重稀土使用量,行业内现在普遍认可的方法是晶界扩散技术。近些年来,钕铁硼永磁体生产企业也一直致力于研究该技术,以期实现批量生产。专利文献JP-A2004-304543、JP-A2004-377379、JP-A2005-0842131公开了将Tb或者Dy的氧化物、氟化物及氟氧化物做成浆料涂覆于烧结磁体表面,烘干后高温烧结扩散的方法。
专利文献JP-A2006-058555公开了蒸镀重稀土材料同时扩散进烧结磁体内部的方法,专利文献JP-A2006-344779公开了蒸镀Tb或者Dy的氟化物同时扩散进烧结磁体内部的方法。使用本专利方法的优势在于,较使用金属的蒸汽,该法更加稳定,对设备的要求更低;此外,使用本专利方法处理磁体效率高,扩散后磁体的磁性能增加更明显。
但上述技术方案存在的缺陷是:高温烧结处理后的磁体表面覆盖高氧、高氟层,为得到高性能的磁体,需要通过机械加工和打磨处理,不仅增加了生产成本,而且对重稀土材料造成了新的浪费。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服现有技术存在的缺陷,提供另一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法,使用该方法处理后的磁体外观好,不需要机加工打磨烧结磁体表面,节省了材料,同时可使永磁材料的矫顽力得到更大幅度地提升。
实现本发明目的所采取的技术方案如下:
一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法,其特征在于,包括:
1)采用本领域技术人员公知的方法制备R1-Fe-B-M烧结磁体;其中,R1选自Nd、Pr、Dy、Tb、Ho、Gd中的一种或者几种,其总量为26wt%~33wt%;M选自Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Ga、Ca、Cu、Zn、Si、Al、Mg、Zr、Nb、Hf、Ta、W、Mo中的一种或几种,其总量为0~5wt%;B总量为0.5wt%~2wt%;其余为Fe;
2)将步骤1)得到的烧结磁体进行除油、酸洗、活化及去离子水清洗处理;
3)将超细铽粉,有机溶剂,以及抗氧化剂制备成均匀浆料,覆盖于步骤2)处理后的烧结磁体表面;
4)将步骤3)中的磁体进行烧结、时效处理,处理后的磁体满足以下要求:
Hcj(4)-Hcj(1)>10kOe;Br(1)-Br(4)<0.2kGs;
其中,Hcj(4)表示经过步骤4)之后烧结磁体的矫顽力,Hcj(1)表示仅经过步骤1)的烧结磁体的矫顽力,kOe是矫顽力的单位;Br(4)表示经过步骤4)之后烧结磁体的剩磁,Br(1)表示仅经过步骤1)的烧结磁体的剩磁,kGs是矫顽力的单位。
进一步地,步骤3)中的超细铽粉通过如下步骤制备:将纯铽铸锭加工至尺寸最小方向为1mm-10mm的铸块或者将纯铽铸锭破碎至尺寸最小方向为小于2mm-10mm的颗粒,然后经过气流磨处理,制成平均粉末粒度为0.5~3μm的铽粉;在铽粉的制备过程中,严格控制铽粉的氧含量和碳含量,使制备的铽粉的氧含量<1500ppm,碳含量<900ppm。
进一步地,步骤3)中,浆料中铽粉的质量百分比为50~80%,抗氧化剂的质量百分比为1~10%;抗氧化剂可选用1,3,5-三氯甲苯,二丁基羟基甲苯,4-已基间苯二酚中的一种或几种。
进一步地,步骤3)中,所述烧结磁体至少在一个方向上的厚度<15mm;所述烧结磁体表面覆盖的超细铽粉层的厚度为10~100μm。
进一步地,步骤4)中,真空烧结炉内温度为850~970℃,热处理时间为5~72h,真空烧结炉内真空度为10-3~10-4Pa;所述时效处理温度为470~550℃,处理时间为2~5h。
更进一步地,制成平均粉末粒度为1~2.5μm的铽粉;使制备的铽粉的氧含量<1000ppm,碳含量<700ppm。
与现有技术相比,本专利方法的优势在于,由于不使用氟化物和氟氧化物,扩散完成后磁体内氟和氧含量不会升高,而过高的氟和氧含量会降低磁体磁性能;且扩散后磁体外观洁净度好,不需要机加工磨掉表面的高氧、高氟层,节省了加工成本,简化了工艺。本发明在钕铁硼烧结磁体表面布置一层平均粉末粒度为1~2.5μm的铽粉进行扩散,相比较使用氟化物、氧化物和氟氧化物处理后,磁体外观好,同样不必机加工。相比较蒸汽扩散法,该方法对磁体矫顽力的提升>10kOe,剩磁降低小于0.2kGs,磁体性能远远优于使用蒸汽扩散法处理的磁体。使用该方法处理后的磁体性能优越,使用在电动机中能够缩减电动机中磁钢的使用量;且大幅降低重稀土的使用量,降低了成本。
具体实施方式
以下对本发明的原理和特征进行描述,所举实例只用于解释本发明,并非用于限定本发明的范围。
本发明所使用的受处理烧结磁体可采用以下方法制备得到:
首先,烧结毛坯合金通过在真空或惰性气体,典型地在氩气气氛中熔化金属或合金原料,在1300~1600℃温度开始浇注,更优为1400~1500℃;并且将熔体浇注到急冷辊上形成鳞片,急冷辊转速为20~60r/min,更优为30~50r/min,急冷辊内通冷却水;其次,鳞片经过HD制粉,气流磨,制成粒度为1~10μm的粉末,更优为2~5μm;再其次,在15KOe的磁场中取向压制成型;再其次,生坯被放入Ar气氛下的烧结炉中,在900~1300℃下烧结1~100h,更优为在1000~1100℃烧结2~50h;再其次,在450~650℃温度下时效处理(时效处理是指合金工件经固溶处理、冷塑性变形或铸造、锻造后,在较高的温度放置或室温保持其性能、形状、尺寸随时间而变化的热处理工艺)2~50h,更优为在450~500℃下时效4~20h,得到烧结毛坯;再其次,将烧结毛坯加工成沿着最大边长尺寸为100mm、沿各向异性方向尺寸最大为15mm的烧结磁体。
之后,依次对烧结磁体进行超声除油30s,稀硝酸中两次酸洗15s,稀硫酸中活化处理15s,和去离子水清洗即可备用,作为受处理烧结磁体。
本发明所使用的铽粉可采用以下方法制备得到:
将纯铽铸锭加工至尺寸最小方向小于10mm的铸块,更优为小于5mm,最优为小于1mm;或者将纯铽铸锭破碎至尺寸最小方向小于10mm的颗粒,更优为小于5mm,最优为小于2mm;其次,经过气流磨处理,制成粒度0.5~3μm的铽粉,更优为1~2.5μm。
若制成的铽粉平均粉末粒度大于3μm,则当将磁体覆盖于烧结磁体表面时,和磁体表面的有效接触面积小,不利于在高温处理时烧结磁体表面晶界相和铽粉有效接触,扩散效果不明显,最终磁体的矫顽力提升不明显;若制成的铽粉平均粉末粒度小于0.5μm,则由于粉末粒度太低导致粉末活性提高,导致铽粉极易氧化,明显降低了可操作性,大大提高了使用成本。
在铽粉的制备过程中,要严格控制铽粉的氧含量和碳含量,使制备的铽粉的氧含量<1500ppm,碳含量<900ppm,更优选为氧含量<1000ppm,碳含量<700ppm。当制备的铽粉的氧含量>1500ppm时,铽粉当中粉末粒度较小的颗粒被氧化,在高温下不与烧结磁体晶界处的钕发生置换,从而降低了处理的效果;当碳含量>900ppm时,会阻碍铽粉和烧结磁体的接触从而影响磁体的处理效果。
本发明所使用的浆料可采用以下方法制备得到:
将超细铽粉,有机溶剂,以及抗氧化剂以一定的比例混合,搅拌均匀制得浆料。
浆料中铽粉的质量百分比优选为50~80%。当浆料中铽粉的质量百分比过高时,形成的浆料黏度变大,不利于在烧结磁体表面形成均匀的涂覆层,且涂覆于烧结磁体表面的涂覆层厚度难于控制,不利于磁体整体磁性能均匀地提升;当铽粉的质量百分比偏低时,会造成涂覆于磁体表面的铽粉分布不均匀,甚至出现局部没有铽粉分布,从而影响磁体磁性能的提升。
抗氧化剂的选取可选用1,3,5-三氯甲苯,二丁基羟基甲苯,4-已基间苯二酚一种或者几种。
抗氧化剂的质量百分比为1~10%。当浆料中的抗氧化剂含量过低时,会造成超细铽粉的部分氧化,从而使磁体性能的提升降低;当浆料中的抗氧化剂的含量过多时,会造成磁体表面涂层内有机物含量升高,从而在热处理时影响到热处理设备内的真空度,而且会在磁体表面残留碳,进入烧结磁体内部,都会对磁体的性能提升起到不利的效果。
有机溶剂优选为能够和抗氧化剂溶解、易于挥发且黏度小的醇类、酮类、醚类,可选乙醇、丙酮、丁酮等。如果有机溶剂和抗氧化剂溶解不彻底,会造成涂覆层的不均匀和超细铽粉的氧化;如果有机溶剂的挥发性差,则涂布于烧结磁体表面后很难形成均一的干膜;而如果有机溶剂的黏度过大,则涂覆与烧结磁体表面的流动性受到限制,造成涂层的不均一。
本发明在烧结磁体表面均匀覆盖一层纯铽粉涂布层的方法包括但不限于喷淋、浆料浸涂、丝网印刷等方法。例如采用喷淋方法可以先将磁体挂在挂具上,将浆料喷淋到磁体表面,之后烘干后得到表面均匀覆盖一层铽粉的磁体。
烧结磁体表面铽粉涂布层的厚度应该为10~100μm。若涂覆层厚度低于10μm,则扩散效果不显著,经过热处理后烧结磁体的性能提升不明显,磁体中心部位的性能几乎不改变,磁体表面和中心性能一致性较差;若涂布层厚度大于100μm,热处理时烧结磁体表面和铽粉涂覆层界面处容易形成合金,造成磁体表面起皮,破坏烧结磁体。
在本实施方式中,当使用上述方法在磁体表面覆盖铽粉涂布层后,将烧结磁体放入真空烧结炉。真空烧结炉内温度设定在850~970℃,热处理时间为5~72h,真空烧结炉内压强控制在10-3~10-4Pa
若真空烧结炉内温度低于800℃,附着在烧结磁体表面的铽原子向晶界层的扩散速度将变慢,铽原子不能有效地进入烧结磁体内部,从而导致表层铽原子浓度过高,中心含量低甚至没有铽原子的进入;如果温度高于1000℃,铽原子会扩散到晶粒内,同时使烧结磁体表面性能变差,导致剩磁和最大磁能积的大幅降低,且容易在烧结磁体表面处熔融形成合金,破坏磁体和外观。
如果热处理时间低于5h,表面覆盖的铽没有充分时间沿晶界扩散入烧结磁体中心,从而导致烧结磁体表层磁性能明显高于中心,磁体均一性变差,同时使烧结磁体整体磁性能提升不高;如果处理时间超过72h,当附着在烧结磁体表面的铽消耗完后(扩散进入磁体内部,或者蒸发进入处理室气氛),烧结磁体内的稀土元素如Pr、Nd等稀土元素会继续挥发,从而导致烧结磁体磁性能变差。
最后,当把上述处理实施了规定时间之后,停止加热,使真空烧结炉内温度降低至200℃之下;之后重新开始加热,使真空烧结炉内温度升到470-550℃,处理时间为2~5h。待上述热处理实施了规定时间后,真空烧结炉内通入Ar气冷却至室温。
实施例1-7
将钕、镨、镝、铽、电解铁、钴、铜、镓、铝、锆、硼按重量比:Nd-23.8%,Pr-5%,Dy-0.6%,Tb-0.4%,Fe-68.29%,Co-0.5%,Cu-0.13%,Ga-0.1%,Al-0.1%,Zr-0.12%,B-1%的比例,在惰性气体环境下的真空熔炼炉完成浇注,浇注温度1450℃,急冷辊转速为60r/min,得到的鳞片厚度约0.3mm;鳞片经过HD制粉,气流磨,制成平均粒度为3.5μm的粉粒;在15KOe的磁场中取向压制成型,制成压坯;将压坯放入Ar气氛下的烧结炉中,1100℃烧结5h得到生坯,生坯在500℃温度下时效5h,得到烧结毛坯。通过机加工将烧结毛坯加工成尺寸为40mm*20mm*4mm的50M磁体,记为M0。
将50M烧结磁体(40mm*20mm*4mm)经除油、酸洗、活化及去离子水洗涤后干燥处理;将磁体挂在挂具上,使用平均粉末粒度为0.8μm、1.2μm、1.6μm、2μm、2.4μm、3μm、5μm的铽粉,分别与乙醇、1,3,5-三氯甲苯以重量比12:7:1制成浆料J1、J2、J3、J4、J5、J6和J7。之后分别使用浆料J1、J2、J3、J4、J5、J6和J7喷淋到磁体表面,之后采用热风烘干磁体,在磁体表面形成一层厚度为25±3μm的铽粉涂层,记这五种磁体分别为M1、M2、M3、M4、M5、M6和M7。将上述磁体置于真空烧结炉内,在970℃温度下,真空条件下(压强10-3~10-4Pa范围内)处理24h,之后在500℃下时效处理5h,通Ar气冷却至室温。经过测量分析,其性能如表1所示。
表1
通过比较可以看出,M1磁体Hcj增加约3kOe,说明平均粉末粒度为0.8μm的铽粉在形成涂层的过程中发生了氧化;M2、M3、M4、M5磁体Hcj增加大于10kOe,说明平均粉末粒度在1~2.5μm的铽粉形成的涂层对磁体的Hcj提升效果最好;M6磁体Hcj增加约8kOe,M7磁体Hcj增加约7kOe。
实施例8-11
使用同实施例1中相同的熔炼、制粉、压型、热处理及线切割方法制备50M磁片。将50M烧结磁体(40mm*20mm*4mm)经除油、酸洗、活化及去离子水洗涤后干燥处理;将磁体挂在挂具上,使用平均粉末粒度分别为1.2μm、1.6μm、2μm、2.4μm的铽粉与乙醇以重量比2:1分别制成浆料J8、J9、J10和J11。之后分别使用浆料J8、J9、J10和J11喷淋到磁体表面,之后采用热风烘干磁体,在磁体表面形成一层厚度为25μm的铽粉涂层,记这三种磁体分别为M8、M9、M10和M11。将上述磁体置于真空烧结炉内,在970℃温度下,真空条件下(压强10-3~10-4Pa范围内)处理24h,之后在500℃下时效处理5h,通Ar冷却至室温。经过测量分析,其性能如表2所示。
表2
可以看出,未添加抗氧化剂的浆料形成的涂层经过热处理后不能提高磁体的Hcj,说明铽粉在形成涂层的过程中发生了氧化。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法,其特征在于,包括:
1)采用本领域技术人员公知的方法制备R1-Fe-B-M烧结磁体;其中,R1选自Nd、Pr、Dy、Tb、Ho、Gd中的一种或者几种,其总量为26wt%~33wt%;M选自Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Ga、Ca、Cu、Zn、Si、Al、Mg、Zr、Nb、Hf、Ta、W、Mo中的一种或几种,其总量为0~5wt%;B总量为0.5wt%~2wt%;其余为Fe;
2)将步骤1)得到的烧结磁体进行除油、酸洗、活化及去离子水清洗处理;
3)将超细铽粉,有机溶剂,以及抗氧化剂制备成均匀浆料,覆盖于步骤2)处理后的烧结磁体表面;
4)将步骤3)中的磁体进行烧结、时效处理,处理后的磁体满足以下要求:
Hcj(4)-Hcj(1)>10kOe;Br(1)-Br(4)<0.2kGs;
其中,Hcj(4)表示经过步骤4)之后烧结磁体的矫顽力,Hcj(1)表示仅经过步骤1)的烧结磁体的矫顽力,kOe是矫顽力的单位;Br(4)表示经过步骤4)之后烧结磁体的剩磁,Br(1)表示仅经过步骤1)的烧结磁体的剩磁,kGs是剩磁的单位。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中的超细铽粉通过如下步骤制备:将纯铽铸锭加工至尺寸最小方向为1mm-10mm的铸块或者将纯铽铸锭破碎至尺寸最小方向为小于2mm-10mm的颗粒,然后经过气流磨处理,制成平均粉末粒度为0.5~3μm的铽粉;在铽粉的制备过程中,严格控制铽粉的氧含量和碳含量,使制备的铽粉的氧含量<1500ppm,碳含量<900ppm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中,浆料中铽粉的质量百分比为50~80%,抗氧化剂的质量百分比为1~10%;抗氧化剂可选用1,3,5-三氯甲苯,二丁基羟基甲苯,4-已基间苯二酚中的一种或几种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中,所述烧结磁体磁体至少在一个方向上的厚度<15mm;所述烧结磁体表面覆盖的超细铽粉层的厚度为10~100μm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤4)中,真空烧结炉内温度为850~970℃,热处理时间为5~72h,真空烧结炉内真空度为10-3~10- 4Pa;所述时效处理温度为470~550℃,处理时间为2~5h。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种R-Fe-B系烧结磁体的制备方法,其特征在于,制成平均粉末粒度为1~2.5μm的铽粉;使制备的铽粉的氧含量<1000ppm,碳含量<700ppm。
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