CN105940032B - 用于制备硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的方法 - Google Patents
用于制备硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105940032B CN105940032B CN201580005376.4A CN201580005376A CN105940032B CN 105940032 B CN105940032 B CN 105940032B CN 201580005376 A CN201580005376 A CN 201580005376A CN 105940032 B CN105940032 B CN 105940032B
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- Prior art keywords
- urethane
- propylene oxide
- isocyanate
- initiator
- ethylene oxide
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- 239000011495 polyisocyanurate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
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- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 23
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 9
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- SVYKKECYCPFKGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C1CCCCC1 SVYKKECYCPFKGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 239000004970 Chain extender Substances 0.000 description 3
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
Abstract
用于由多异氰酸酯和多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物在发泡剂的存在下制备硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的方法,其中所述多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物包含羟值为50至650 mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇,所述聚醚多元醇通过以下方式获得:使多官能引发剂首先与环氧乙烷反应并随后与环氧丙烷反应,使得所述聚醚多元醇的丙氧基化度为引发剂中每摩尔活性氢原子0.33至2摩尔环氧丙烷,且所述聚醚多元醇中环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的摩尔比为至少2。
Description
本发明涉及用于制备具有改进的阻燃性的硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的方法,涉及由其制备的泡沫体以及可用于所述方法中的组合物。
硬质聚氨酯和氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体通常通过在发泡剂、表面活性剂和催化剂的存在下使多异氰酸酯与异氰酸酯反应性化合物(通常为多元醇)反应来制备。
在硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体制备中使用的典型的多元醇含有2-8个反应性羟基并具有200-1500的平均分子量。多元醇的两个关键种类是聚醚多元醇和聚酯多元醇。
聚醚多元醇的制造涉及在催化剂的存在下环醚加聚至多官能引发剂。
聚醚多元醇的制造中通常使用两种环醚:环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷。在这些中,环氧丙烷是最为重要的。
环氧乙烷可与环氧丙烷联合使用以制备多种共聚物多元醇结构:封端(或末端)形式、聚合物链中的嵌段形式、“无规共聚物”形式(其由环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷聚合在一起形成)、两种或更多种上述结构的组合的形式。
由于与多异氰酸酯的差的相容性且由于它们过度的反应性,一般习惯在硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体制备中不使用基于环氧乙烷的聚醚多元醇。在所述泡沫体中使用的多元醇主要为基于环氧丙烷的聚醚多元醇,这是因为当使用此类多元醇时更可控的体系反应性和与多异氰酸酯更好的相容性给出更好的泡沫体品质和更容易的泡沫体加工。为此,包含环氧乙烷的聚醚多元醇-如既然使用-通常用作内部环氧乙烷嵌段或以次要量用作多元醇组分的次级构成单元(secondary constituent)。
硬质聚氨酯和氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体主要用在用于隔热的构造中,例如用于墙壁和屋顶的板、预绝热管、用于原位施用的喷涂泡沫(spray foam)、作为密封剂的单组分泡沫(OCF)以及用作预制复合板。尽管由于节能隔热良好的建筑在环境方面更佳,但通常要求改进所述泡沫体的阻燃性以满足消防安全法规。它们中的发泡剂,尤其是对高度易燃的烃,例如正戊烷、异戊烷和环戊烷的使用也影响防火性能。
已经开发了赋予聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体阻燃性的各种方法。
将阻燃剂(例如溴和磷阻燃剂)添加到泡沫体配制品中以实现特定的防火性能标准。阻燃剂可显著增加系统成本,它们中的一些在环境方面长期上存在问题且它们通常对物理性质例如压缩强度具有负面影响。此外溴化的阻燃剂生成烟雾,这导致在防火测试(fire test)例如SBI中较低的烟雾类别。出于上述全部原因,需要降低阻燃剂,尤其是溴化阻燃剂的量。
尤其是对于烃发泡的聚氨酯泡沫体而言,通常需要相当高量的阻燃剂(多达60wt%)。
改进硬质聚氨酯泡沫体的阻燃性的可能的解决方案提供于DE 10124333中,其通过使用基于多元醇组分的15至45 wt%的主要为乙氧基化聚醚多元醇来进行。但是乙氧基化聚醚多元醇难于在隔热泡沫体中处理。它们产生过量的压力导致长的脱模时间,它们趋于产生泡沫体开裂和开孔且它们的流动特性通常导致难以加工。
还已知(见例如US 4209609、US 4562290、US 4904707、US 5112876、US 4469822)在聚氨酯泡沫体制备中使用具有高羟值(通常为400至630 mg KOH/g)的聚醚多元醇,其由甲苯二胺与环氧乙烷且之后与环氧丙烷的顺序反应来制备,环氧丙烷通常为用来制备聚醚多元醇的环氧烷的主要部分。优点特别包括降低的粘度,低热传导系数,有利的耐火性和良好的韧性。然而,为了获得所需的防火等级(fire classification),仍然需要含溴的阻燃剂(见例如US 5223549、US 5030758、US 5141968)。
本发明的一个目的是提供耐火的聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯隔热泡沫体,其具有良好的泡沫体性质和良好的加工特性,且具有最小量的阻燃剂。
本发明的另一目的是提供硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体系统,其具有良好的泡沫体性质和良好的加工特性,在不使用含溴阻燃剂的情况下通过DIN4102测试(提供B2级通过(< 15 cm))。
根据本发明,对具有环氧丙烷末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇的使用已经被确认为为上文确认的问题提供了最佳解决方案。
由于这些以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇具有更为合适的反应性,它们可容易得多地被并入到隔热泡沫体配制品中且令人惊讶地它们提供与完全乙氧基化聚醚多元醇类似的防火性能(fire property)。
此外通过使用这些以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇,对于在防火性能不劣化的情况下减少阻燃剂使用的需求得到满足,降低了成本并限制了有关一些阻燃剂的潜在环境问题。
当用于制备硬质氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体中时,使用所述以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇提供优于使用聚酯多元醇(特别为芳族聚酯多元醇,其频繁用作硬质氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体制备中的异氰酸酯反应性化合物)的另外的优点,即改进的粘附性和更一致的组成。
本发明涉及用于在发泡剂的存在下由多异氰酸酯和多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物制备硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的方法,其中所述多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物包含羟值为50至650 mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇,其通过以下方式获得:使多官能引发剂首先与环氧乙烷反应并随后与环氧丙烷反应,使得所述聚醚多元醇的丙氧基化度为引发剂中每摩尔活性氢原子(per active hydrogen)0.33至2摩尔的环氧丙烷,且所述聚醚多元醇中环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的摩尔比为至少2。
所述聚醚多元醇通常通过两步法获得:在第一步骤中使多官能引发剂与环氧乙烷反应,并在后续的步骤中与环氧丙烷反应。在第一步骤中优选使用纯的环氧乙烷,但也可使用环氧乙烷和少量(通常小于在所述第一反应步骤中使用的总的环氧烷的20 wt%,优选小于10 wt%)的另一种环氧烷(例如环氧丙烷和/或环氧丁烷)的混合物。在后续的步骤中优选仅使用环氧丙烷,但同样可使用含有少量(通常小于所述第二反应步骤中使用的总的环氧烷的20 wt%,优选小于10 wt%)另一种环氧烷(例如环氧乙烷和/或环氧丁烷)的环氧丙烷的混合物。
可替代地所述聚醚多元醇也可通过在一个步骤中使多官能引发剂与环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的混合物反应来获得。由于环氧乙烷比环氧丙烷更具反应性,环氧乙烷基团将首先与引发剂反应,且一旦消耗了全部的环氧乙烷,则环氧丙烷将与乙氧基化的引发剂反应。
所述以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇的丙氧基化度是本发明的一个重要特征:如果其过高,则防火性能将劣化,如果其过低,则反应性不被足够地改变。
所述丙氧基化度为每摩尔活性氢原子0.33至2摩尔环氧丙烷,优选引发剂中每摩尔活性氢原子0.66至1摩尔环氧丙烷。
在所述以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇中的环氧乙烷的量优选为每摩尔活性氢原子2至15摩尔环氧乙烷,更优选引发剂中每摩尔活性氢原子 2.5至8.5摩尔环氧乙烷。
在以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇中环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷的摩尔比优选为2至10,更优选2.5至8.5。
通常,基于根据本发明使用的聚醚多元醇中总的环氧烷,环氧丙烷的量为15至40wt%,且环氧乙烷的量为60至85 wt%。但是可能存在在这些范围外的根据本发明的实施方案。
基于用于本发明的总的聚醚多元醇,环氧乙烷的量通常为60至97 wt%,优选65至90 wt%,且环氧丙烷的量基于所述总的聚醚多元醇通常为3至40 wt%,且优选10至35 wt%。
可使用本领域中已知的每分子含有2至8个、优选3至5个活性氢原子的任何引发剂来获得用于本发明的以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇。合适的引发剂包括:多元醇,例如甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、三乙醇胺、季戊四醇、山梨醇和蔗糖;多胺,例如乙二胺、甲苯二胺(TDA)、二氨基二苯甲烷(DADPM)和多亚甲基多亚苯基多胺(polymethylenepolyphenylene polyamine);和氨基醇,例如乙醇胺和二乙醇胺;以及此类引发剂的混合物。特别准备的引发剂为甘油或DADPM。
烷氧基化的酚醛树脂(Novolak)或Mannich基聚醚多元醇优选不用作本发明中的以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇。以及TDA引发的聚醚多元醇不在用于本发明的优选的以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇之中。
用于本发明中的以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇的平均羟值为50至650mg KOH/g,优选100至650 mg KOH/g,尤其是120至350 mg KOH/g,最优选150至300 mg KOH/g。所述羟值的其它优选范围是:50至400 mg KOH/g,75至350 mg KOH/g,100至300 mg KOH/g,150至290 mg KOH/g,160至250 mg KOH/g。
特别优选的用于本发明的以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇是羟值为100至300 mg KOH/g甘油引发的聚醚多元醇,其丙氧基化度为每摩尔活性氢原子0.66至1摩尔的环氧丙烷,且环氧乙烷/环氧丙烷摩尔比为5至8。
另一特别优选的用于本发明的以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇是羟值为100至300 mg KOH/g的DADPM引发的聚醚多元醇,其丙氧基化度为每摩尔活性氢原子0.66至2摩尔的环氧丙烷,且环氧乙烷/环氧丙烷摩尔比为5至8。
用于本发明中的以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇优选通过以下方式制备:首先将环氧乙烷加成至引发剂上,优选以每摩尔活性氢原子2至15、更优选2至10或甚至2.5至8.5摩尔的量。在环氧乙烷的加成反应之后,以每摩尔活性氢原子0.33至2摩尔、优选每摩尔活性氢原子0.66至1摩尔的量加成环氧丙烷。
在本发明的方法中可仅使用所述以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇中的一种或使用两种或更多种此类多元醇的混合物。
除了以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇之外,用于本发明的方法中的其它异氰酸酯反应性化合物包括本领域中已知用于制备硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的任何那些。特别重要的是多元醇和多元醇混合物,其平均羟值为160至1000、尤其是200至800 mg KOH/g,且羟基官能度为2至8、尤其是2至6。合适的多元醇已经充分描述在现有技术中且包括环氧烷,例如环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷与每分子含有2至8个活性氢原子的引发剂的反应产物。合适的引发剂包括:多元醇,例如甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、三乙醇胺、季戊四醇、山梨醇和蔗糖;多胺,例如乙二胺、甲苯二胺(TDA)、二氨基二苯甲烷(DADPM)和多亚甲基多亚苯基多胺;和氨基醇,例如乙醇胺和二乙醇胺;以及此类引发剂的混合物。其它合适的聚合物多元醇包括通过合适比例的二醇和更高官能度的多元醇与二羧酸或多羧酸、DMT废料的缩合或通过二醇的PET的消化(digestion)获得的聚酯。另外还合适的聚合物多元醇包括羟基封端的聚硫醚、聚酰胺、聚酯酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚缩醛、聚烯烃和聚硅氧烷。
除了以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇之外,在本发明中使用的优选的异氰酸酯反应性化合物为具有高于5的官能度和高于400 mg KOH/g的羟值的丙氧基化聚醚和具有低于350 mg KOH/g的羟值的芳族聚酯多元醇。
具有至少两个对多异氰酸酯基团为反应性的氢原子的化合物还包括任何低分子量(低于400)扩链剂和可伴随使用的交联剂。双官 能扩链剂、三官能和更高官能的交联剂或其混合物(如果合适的话)的添加可证明对改进机械性质是有利的。作为扩链剂和/或交联剂,优选烷醇胺,且特别是分子量小于400、优选60至300的二醇和/或三醇。
此类化合物的实例包括水、三乙醇胺、乙二醇、二乙二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、甲醛糖醇(formitol)混合物和甘油。
优选所述化合物以基于总的异氰酸酯反应性化合物的0至10 pbw的量使用。
通常,用于根据本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫体中的总的多官能异氰酸酯反应性组分将具有300至550 mg KOH/g的羟值和2.5至5.0的平均官能度。在硬质氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的情况下,多官能异氰酸酯反应性组分通常具有150至350 mg KOH/g的羟值和2至3.5的平均官能度。
为用于硬质聚氨酯泡沫体中,所述以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇优选以泡沫体配制品中存在的总的多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物的5至50 pbw、更优选5至35pbw或甚至10至30 pbw或15至25 pbw的量存在。
当用于硬质氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体,所述以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇的量基于泡沫体配制品中存在的总的多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物优选为20至80 pbw,最优选30至70 pbw。
用于本发明的方法中的合适的有机多异氰酸酯包括本领域中已知用于制备硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的任何那些,且特别是芳族多异氰酸酯,例如为其2,4'-、2,2'-和4,4'-异构体及其混合物形式的二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯,二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)和其低聚物的混合物(在本领域中已知为“粗产品”)或具有大于2的异氰酸酯官能度的聚合MDI(多亚甲基多亚苯基多异氰酸酯(polymethylene polyphenylenepolyisocyanate)),为其2,4-至2,6-异构体及其混合物形式的甲苯二异氰酸脂,1,5-萘二异氰酸酯和1,4-二异氰酸根合苯(1,4-diisocyanatobenzene)。可提及的其它有机多异氰酸酯包括脂族二异氰酸酯,例如异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、1,6-二异氰酸根合己烷和4,4'-二异氰酸根合二环己基甲烷。
为了获得硬质聚氨酯泡沫体,多异氰酸酯和多官能异氰酸酯反应性组分之间的反应通常在高至240 %的异氰酸酯指数,优选在高至180 %的异氰酸酯指数,最优选在100至160 %的异氰酸酯指数下进行。对于氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体,所述指数更高,优选为250至1000 %,最优选350至500 %。
本文所用的术语“异氰酸酯指数”表示以百分比形式给出的泡沫体配制品中存在的NCO-基团相对于反应性氢原子的摩尔比。
在本发明的方法中可使用已知用于制备硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的任何物理发泡剂。这些的实例包括二烷基醚、环亚烷基醚和酮、氟化醚、氯氟烃(chlorofluorocarbon)、全氟化烃、氢氯氟烃(hydrochlorofluorocarbon)、氢氟烃、氢氯氟烯烃、氢氟烯烃,且特别是烃。
合适的氢氯氟烃的实例包括1-氯-1,2-二氟乙烷、1-氯-2,2-二氟乙烷、 1-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷、1,1-二氯-1-氟乙烷和一氯二氟甲烷。
合适的氢氟烃的实例包括1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFC 134a)、1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷、三氟甲烷、七氟丙烷、1,1,1-三氟乙烷、1,1,2-三氟乙烷、1,1,1,2,2-五氟丙烷、1,1,1,3-四氟丙烷、1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC 245fa)、1,1,3,3,3-五氟丙烷、1,1,1,3,3-五氟-正-丁烷(HFC 365mfc)、1,1,1,4,4,4-六氟-正-丁烷、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷(HFC 227ea)以及上述任何的混合物。
合适的氢(氯)氟烯烃的实例是反式-1-氯-3,3,3-氟丙烯(HCFO 1233zd)、反式-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO 1234ze)和1,1,1,4,4,4-六氟-2-丁烯( HFO 1336mzz)。
合适的烃发泡剂包括低级脂族或环状、直链或支链烃,例如烷烃、烯烃和环烷烃,其优选具有4至8个碳原子。具体实例包括正丁烷、异丁烷、2,3-二甲基丁烷、环丁烷、正戊烷、异戊烷、工业级戊烷混合物、环戊烷、甲基环戊烷、新戊烷、正己烷、异己烷、正庚烷、异庚烷、环己烷、甲基环己烷、1-戊烯、2-甲基丁烯、3-甲基丁烯、1-己烯和上述的任何混合物。优选的烃是正丁烷、异丁烷、环戊烷、正戊烷和异戊烷及其任何的混合物。
其它合适的发泡剂为叔丁醇(2-甲基-2-丙醇)、甲酸、二甲氧基甲烷和甲酸甲酯。
通常水或其它释出二氧化碳的化合物与物理发泡剂一起使用。其中水用作化学助发泡剂,典型的量为0.2至5 wt%,优选0.5至3 wt%,基于异氰酸酯反应性组分计。
在用于制备多孔聚合物材料的反应体系中使用的发泡剂的总量将由本领域技术人员容易地确定,但通常将为2至25 wt%,基于总的多官能异氰酸酯反应性组分计。
优选的发泡剂为烃、氢氟烃、氢(氯)氟烯烃和其任何的混合物。
所述反应通常在催化剂的存在下进行,所述催化剂催化异氰酸酯与水和其它异氰酸酯反应性化合物的反应,例如为叔胺、有机金属化合物(主要为锡化合物)和羧酸盐。
用于本发明的合适的氨基甲酸酯催化剂的实例包括二甲基环己胺、三乙胺、五亚甲基二亚乙基三胺、三(二甲基氨基-丙基)六氢三嗪(可作为Jeffcat TR 90商购自Huntsman Performance Chemicals)、二甲基苄胺(可作为Jeffcat BDMA商购自HuntsmanPerformance Chemicals)、2,2-二吗啉基二乙基醚、双-(2-二甲基氨基乙基)-醚(可作为Niax A1或Jeffcat ZF20商购自Huntsman Performance Chemicals)、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷、N-[2-(二甲基氨基)乙基]-N-甲基乙醇胺(可作为Jeffcat Z110商购自Huntsman Performance Chemicals)、二甲基乙醇胺、2-(2-二甲基氨基-乙氧基)-乙醇(可作为Jeffcat ZF10商购自Huntsman Performance Chemicals)、1-(双(3-(二甲基氨基)丙基)氨基)-2-丙醇(可作为Jeffcat ZR50商购自Huntsman Performance Chemicals)、辛酸亚锡、二月桂酸二丁基锡、乙酸钾、辛酸钾及其任何的混合物。
上述催化剂通常以基于异氰酸酯反应性组分的0.5至8 wt%的量使用。
当制备硬质氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体时,另外存在催化异氰酸酯三聚反应的催化剂。实例包括叔胺、三嗪且最优选金属盐催化剂,例如有机羧酸的碱金属盐。
这些三聚催化剂通常以基于异氰酸酯反应性组分的0.5至5 wt%的量使用。
除了多异氰酸酯和多官能异氰酸酯反应性组合物和发泡剂以及催化剂之外,形成泡沫体的反应混合物将通常含有一种或多种对于用于制备硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的配制品而言是常规的其它助剂或添加剂。此类任选添加剂包括阻燃剂,例如含磷产品,表面活性剂,优选基于聚硅氧烷的表面活性剂,以及填料,例如炭黑。
尽管本发明的基本泡沫体配制品能够制备具有改进防火性能的泡沫体,在一些实施方案中可能合意的是通过包含作为添加剂的一种或多种溴化或优选非溴化的阻燃剂来进一步增强防火性能,所述阻燃剂例如为磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯、磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯、磷酸三乙酯、丙基膦酸二甲酯(dimethyl-propyl phosphonate)、乙基膦酸二乙酯(diethyl-ethyl phosphonate)、氯化石蜡及其任何的混合物。
当在本发明的方法中使用阻燃剂时,它们通常以基于异氰酸酯反应性组分的10至60 pbw,优选15至30 pbw的量添加。
可添加表面活性剂(包括有机表面活性剂和基于聚硅氧烷的表面活性剂)以用作泡孔稳定剂(cell stabilizer)。一些代表性的材料以命名Niax L6100、L6900、L6917、L6887(由 Momentive Performance Chemicals供应)、Dabco DC 193(由Air Products供应)、Tegostab B8534、B8461、B8490、B8476、B8460、B8486、B8466、B8484、B8470、B8487(由Evonik供应)销售。通常,使用基于异氰酸酯反应性组分的约0.5至5 pbw的表面活性剂。
根据本发明的方法制备的聚氨酯通常为硬质、起泡、闭孔聚合物,其通常具有小于20%的开孔含量。
通过本发明的方法制备的泡沫体的密度优选为25至50 g/l。
此种泡沫聚合物通常通过以下步骤制备:密切混合反应组分,即多元醇/发泡剂组分(基本由异氰酸酯反应性组分和一种或多种发泡剂组成),连同异氰酸酯组分,即至少两个物流;或多元醇组分(基本由异氰酸酯反应性化合物组成),发泡剂组分和异氰酸酯组分,即至少三个物流,其中将配制的多元醇和发泡剂组分就在使其与异氰酸酯组分接触之前在室温下或在略微升高的温度下短时间混合。视需要可包括另外的物流,以用于引入各种催化剂和其它添加剂。物流的混合可在喷射装置,即用于合并多元醇组分和发泡剂的具有或不具有静态混合器的混合头中进行,或容器中进行,并然后将反应混合物喷射或以其它方式沉积到基材上。该基材可为例如由箔或其它材料制成的硬质或软质饰面片材,其包括另一层类似或不类似的聚氨酯,所述聚氨酯被沿生产线连续或不连续地传送,或被直接传送到传送带上。
在替代性的实施方案中,可将反应混合物倾倒至敞口模具中或经由敷设(laydown)设备分配至敞口模具中或简单地沉积到所需的位置处或位置之中,即就地浇注(pour-in-place)施加,例如在结构体的内壁和外壁之间。在沉积在饰面片材上的情况下,可将第二片材施加到沉积的混合物之上。在其它实施方案中,可在有或没有用于空腔填充的真空辅助的情况下将混合物注射到封闭模具中。如果使用模具,最通常将其加热。
通常,可使用与常规混合方法一起使用的已知的一步法、预聚物或半预聚物技术来完成这样的施加。所述混合物在反应时采取模具的形状或粘附至基材以产生聚氨酯聚合物或一定程度上预先定义的结构体,然后使其原地或在模具中部分或完全固化。最佳固化条件将取决于在制备聚合物中使用的具体组分(包括催化剂)和量以及制造的制品的尺寸和形状。
结果可为以下形式的硬质泡沫体:块料、模制品(molding)、填充的空腔,包括但不限于管或隔热墙或壳体结构,喷制泡沫体(sprayed foam)、发泡泡沫体(frothed foam)或连续或不连续制造的层压产品,包括但不限于与其他材料一起形成的层压体或层压产品,所述其它材料例如为硬纸板、石膏板、塑料、纸张、金属或其组合。
根据本发明制备的聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体当与来自类似的配制品和制备方法(除了该配制品不包含本发明中使用的以环氧丙烷为末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇)的泡沫体相比时表现出改进的防火行为。
如本文使用的,通常术语“改进的防火行为”是指泡沫体表现出B2防火行为的能力,将该防火行为定义为当根据德国标准DIN 4102测试时具有不高于15 cm的火焰高度。
根据DIN 4102,将可燃的建筑材料分类为B1:阻燃(schwerentflammbar),B2:一般可燃(normal entflammbar),或B3:易燃(leichtentflammbar),使用小型燃烧器测试和大型烟囱测试(chimney test)程序两者。
小型燃烧器测试由垂直取向的样本在边缘或侧面上暴露于指定的点火火焰15分钟组成。为了获得B2等级,火焰前缘在20秒时间间隔(包括15秒的火焰暴露时间)之内不可到达在150 mm处的预先标记的线。
此外,根据本发明制备的聚氨酯和氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体表现出改进的加工性质,包括在选择的泡沫体脱模时间下减少的后发泡(post expansion)、在拉丝时间(string time)增加的泡沫体高度和在临界脱模时间(critical demould time)减少的泡沫体开裂。当本发明用于制备隔热夹层板时这些特征可为特别有利的。
根据本发明可获得的硬质泡沫体可用于需要聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体增加的耐火性的应用,例如在建筑工业中。它们还可用作车辆领域(卡车和汽车)中的隔热材料,用作具有增加的耐火性的涂层材料和用作发动机罩的隔声罩。
通过以下实施例来例示本发明的各个方面,但不被其所限制。
在这些实施例中使用以下成分:
聚醚A 基于山梨醇的丙氧基化聚醚多元醇和基于作为引发剂的甘油的丙氧基化聚醚多元醇和甘油的混合物。OHV 765 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为9200 cps。
聚醚B 基于山梨醇的丙氧基化聚醚多元醇并与甘油混合。OHV 750 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为10300 cps。
聚醚C 基于作为引发剂的聚合的二氨基二苯甲烷的具有环氧丙烷末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇。在乙氧基化完成后已经将环氧丙烷末端(1摩尔PO/活性H)加成至聚醚。EO/PO摩尔比为5.2;OHV 165 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为1500 cps。
聚醚D 基于作为引发剂的聚合的二氨基二苯甲烷的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇。OHV165 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为1500 cps。
聚醚E 基于作为引发剂的甘油的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇。OHV 290 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为250 cps。
聚醚F 基于甘油的丙氧基化聚醚多元醇。OHV 290 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为275 cps。
聚醚G 基于作为引发剂的甘油的具有环氧丙烷末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇。在乙氧基化完成后已经将环氧丙烷末端(0.66摩尔PO/活性H)加成至聚醚。EO/PO摩尔比为4;OHV290 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为250 cps。
聚醚H 基于作为引发剂的甘油的具有环氧丙烷末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇。在乙氧基化完成后已经将环氧丙烷末端(1.0摩尔PO/活性H)加成至聚醚。EO/PO摩尔比为2.3;OHV 290 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为250 cps。
聚醚I 基于作为引发剂的甘油的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇。OHV 165 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为275 cps。
聚醚J 基于甘油的丙氧基化聚醚多元醇。OHV 165 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为275 cps。
聚醚K 基于作为引发剂的甘油的具有环氧丙烷末端的乙氧基化聚醚多元醇。在乙氧基化完成后已经将环氧丙烷末端(1.0摩尔PO/活性H)加成至聚醚。EO/PO摩尔比为5.7;OHV 165 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为275 cps。
聚醚L 基于作为引发剂的聚合的二氨基二苯甲烷的丙氧基化聚醚多元醇。OHV165 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为5650 cps。
聚醚M 基于作为引发剂的聚合的二氨基二苯甲烷和作为共引发剂的DEG的丙氧基化聚醚多元醇。OHV 310 mg KOH/g。在25℃下的粘度为1925 cps。
聚酯A 回收的PET聚酯多元醇,其具有240 mg KOH/g的OHV和在25℃下4000 cps的粘度。
Suprasec 2085 聚合MDI,其在25℃下的粘度为650 cps,可获自Huntsman
Jeffcat PMDETA 五亚甲基二亚乙基三胺催化剂
Catalyst LB 乙酸钾催化剂(在载体中48 wt%)
Jeffcat DMCHA 二甲基环己胺催化剂
TCPP 磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯阻燃剂
TEP 磷酸三乙酯阻燃剂
表面活性剂 聚硅氧烷表面活性剂
NIAX K-zero 3000 辛酸钾催化剂
Jeffcat TR 90 1.3.5-三-(3-二甲基氨基丙基-)六氢-均-三嗪催化剂
Jeffsol PC 碳酸丙烯酯,可获自Huntsman。
实施例1
使用Cannon S10 High Pressure PU混合机由下表1中列出的成分(量以pbw表示)制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫体。将该装置设计为进行在实验室规模下的两个液体物流的高压(高达170 bar)混合。多元醇共混物和异氰酸酯罐需要2 kg的材料并保持在23℃。在将多元醇共混物装载到多元醇共混物罐之前通过机械搅拌将包括戊烷的全部添加剂添加到多元醇共混物。
使用自行设计的动态流管设备(其为工业中常用的)记录泡沫体高度相对于时间的曲线。对于每个曲线记下在拉丝时间的参数%高度。还记下典型的反应性数据(乳白时间(cream time)、拉丝时间、自由发泡密度(free rise density))。
使用40 cm x 40 cm x 10 cm的模具来测量脱模后的后发泡。使模具在一侧(40cm x 10 cm)打开并倾斜6度以模拟工业层压机上存在的过填装(overpack)和流动条件。金属饰面在类似于工业层压机工艺的温度下存在于模具的底部和顶部。在给定的时间点(脱模时间),将平板从模具中移除并测量平板中心20 cm x 20 cm区域的最大后发泡。24小时后,将平板切割成块以检查泡沫体开裂的发生。总的实验通常重复若干个脱模时间(例如5分钟,6分钟等)。总体上该脱模测试已经证明了与工业层压机工艺良好地关联。
根据标准DIN 4102通过B2火焰蔓延测试测量对火反应。
结果报道于表2中。
表1
表2
对比1 | 本发明1 | ||
用Cannon S10的反应性测试 | |||
乳白时间 | s | 7 | 6 |
拉丝时间 | s | 52 | 50 |
自由发泡密度 | g/L | 36.1 | 35.6 |
用Cannon S10的动态流管测试 | |||
在拉丝时间的泡沫体高度 | % | 70 | 78 |
用Cannon S10的脱模测试 | |||
4 min后的后发泡 | mm | 7.3 | 6.4 |
5 min后的后发泡 | mm | 6.1 | 5.3 |
6 min后的后发泡 | mm | 5.5 | 4.6 |
6 min脱模后的泡沫体开裂的存在 | 是 /否 | 是 | 否 |
DIN 4102结果 (平均) | cm | 14.0 | 14.5 |
DIN 4102等级 | B2/B3 | B2 | B2 |
实施例2
由表3中列出的成分制备泡沫体,并以与上文实施例1相同的方式进行测试。结果列于表4中。
表3
对比2 | 对比3 | 本发明2 | 本发明3 | |
聚醚 B | 33.00 | 33.00 | 33.00 | 33.00 |
聚醚 E | 25.00 | |||
聚醚 F | 25.00 | |||
聚醚 G | 25.00 | |||
聚醚 H | 25.00 | |||
聚酯 A | 15.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 |
Jeffcat PMDETA | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Catalyst LB | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Jeffcat DMCHA | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.15 |
TCPP | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 | 19.00 |
TEP | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
表面活性剂 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
水 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.20 |
正戊烷 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
总的多元醇共混物 | 106.00 | 106.20 | 106.05 | 106.10 |
Suprasec 2085 | 124.3 | 124.2 | 124.0 | 123.8 |
异氰酸酯指数 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 |
表4
对比 2 | 对比3 | 本发明2 | 本发明3 | ||
反应性测试 | |||||
乳白时间 | s | 8 | 6 | 8 | 6 |
拉丝时间 | s | 46 | 51 | 48 | 50 |
自由发泡密度 | g/L | 36.0 | 36.8 | 35.8 | 36.8 |
动态流管测试 | |||||
在拉丝时间的泡沫体高度 | % | 70 | 77 | 74 | 76 |
脱模测试 | |||||
5 min之后的后发泡 | mm | 6.4 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 4.8 |
6 min之后的后发泡 | mm | 5.5 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 4.1 |
6 min脱模之后的泡沫体开裂的存在 | 是/否 | 是 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
DIN 4102结果 (平均) | cm | 13.0 | 17.0 | 14.0 | 14.5 |
DIN 4102等级 | B2/B3 | B2 | B3 | B2 | B2 |
实施例3
由表5中列出的成分制备泡沫体,并以与上文实施例1相同的方式进行测试。结果列于表6中。
表5
对比4 | 对比5 | 本发明5 | |
聚醚 A | 39.40 | 39.40 | 39.40 |
聚醚 I | 19.00 | ||
聚醚 J | 19.00 | ||
聚醚 K | 19.00 | ||
聚酯 A | 15.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 |
Jeffcat PMDETA | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Catalyst LB | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Jeffcat DMCHA | 0.05 | 0.30 | 0.15 |
TCPP | 18.85 | 18.85 | 18.85 |
TEP | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
聚硅氧烷表面活性剂 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
水 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
正戊烷 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
总的多元醇共混物 | 107.05 | 107.30 | 107.15 |
Suprasec 2085 | 123.8 | 123.8 | 123.8 |
异氰酸酯指数 | 130 | 130 | 130 |
表6
对比4 | 对比5 | 本发明5 | ||
反应性测试 | ||||
乳白时间 | s | 9 | 6 | 8 |
拉丝时间 | s | 51 | 47 | 50 |
自由发泡密度 | g/L | 34.6 | 35.5 | 35.1 |
动态流管测试 | ||||
在拉丝时间的泡沫体高度 | % | 72 | 76 | 76 |
脱模测试 | ||||
6 min之后的后发泡 | mm | 6.2 | 4.4 | 4.7 |
7 min之后的后发泡 | mm | 5.1 | 4.0 | 4.2 |
7 min脱模之后的泡沫体开裂的存在 | 是/否 | 是 | 否 | 否 |
DIN 4102结果(平均) | cm | 13.5 | 19.0 | 13.5 |
DIN 4102等级 | B2/B3 | B2 | B3 | B2 |
实施例4
由表7中列出的成分制备硬质氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体,并以与上文实施例1相同的方式进行测试。调整催化剂的量以将全部样品中的拉丝时间保持相同。结果列于表8中。
表7
对比6 | 对比7 | 本发明6 | |
聚醚 C | 60.00 | ||
聚醚 D | 60.00 | ||
聚醚 L | 60.00 | ||
聚醚 M | 15.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 |
Jeffcat TR 90 | 0.05 | 1.10 | 0.60 |
NIAX Kzero 3000 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 |
Catalyst LB | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
乳酸 (在水中90 wt%) | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 |
TCPP | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 |
TEP | 9.50 | 9.50 | 9.50 |
Jeffsol PC | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
聚硅氧烷表面活性剂 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 3.10 |
水 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
正戊烷 | 11.50 | 11.50 | 11.50 |
总的多元醇共混物 | 112.15 | 113.20 | 112.70 |
Suprasec 2085 | 175 | 175 | 175 |
异氰酸酯指数 | 330 | 330 | 330 |
表8
对比6 | 对比7 | 本发明6 | ||
反应性测试 | ||||
乳白时间 | s | 5 | 3 | 4 |
拉丝时间 | s | 47 | 46 | 48 |
自由发泡密度 | g/L | 34.2 | 34.5 | 34.6 |
平板密度 | ||||
40 cm x 40 cm x 10 cm平板密度(平均) | g/L | 43.8 | 41.1 | 40.6 |
脱模测试 | ||||
3 min之后的后发泡 | mm | 4.3 | 5.3 | 3.6 |
4min之后的后发泡 | mm | 3.8 | 3.8 | 2.5 |
3 min脱模后的泡沫体开裂的存在 | 是/否 | 是 | 否 | 否 |
DIN 4102结果(平均) | cm | 9.5 | 15.3 | 11.3 |
DIN 4102等级 | B2/B3 | B2 | B3 | B2 |
在上述实施例中每次均可看到的是具有乙氧基化的多元醇的对比实施例能够通过DIN 4102测试,但具有多个加工弱点,例如在拉丝时间的低高度,在脱模测试中的高后发泡和在临界脱模时间泡沫体开裂的发生。具有丙氧基化聚醚的其它对比实施例不具有在乙氧基化聚醚的情况下看到的这些加工限制,但它们未能通过DIN 4102测试。
在全部4个实施例中看到的是使用根据本发明的具有环氧丙烷末端的乙氧基化聚醚具有非常接近于丙氧基化聚醚的加工特性(低后发泡,在拉丝时间的高的高度,在脱模时无泡沫体开裂),但令人惊讶地,在全部上述实施例中它们仍然通过了DIN 4102测试。
基于现有技术文献,不会预料到该结果,这是因为通常认为与环氧丙烷末端形成的氨基甲酸酯键在测试例如DIN 4102中是弱的。手册‘Chemistry and Technology ofPolyols for Polyurethanes’(Dr. Mihail Ionescu )在第547页指出“基于具有伯羟基的低聚多元醇的聚氨酯比衍生自具有仲基团的多元醇的聚氨酯更加热稳定”。
Claims (20)
1.用于制备硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的方法,其包括使多异氰酸酯和多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物在发泡剂的存在下反应,其中所述多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物包含羟值为100至300 mg KOH/g的聚醚多元醇,所述聚醚多元醇通过以下方式获得:使多官能引发剂首先与环氧乙烷反应并随后与环氧丙烷反应,使得所述聚醚多元醇的丙氧基化度为引发剂中每摩尔活性氢原子0.33至2摩尔环氧丙烷,且环氧乙烷的摩尔量为引发剂中每摩尔活性氢原子2至15摩尔,并且其中所述聚醚多元醇中环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷的摩尔比为至少2。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述丙氧基化度为引发剂中每摩尔活性氢原子0.66至1摩尔环氧丙烷。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷的摩尔比为2至10。
4.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中环氧乙烷的量为引发剂中每摩尔活性氢原子2.5至8.5摩尔。
5.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中用于获得所述聚醚多元醇的多官能引发剂选自甘油、二氨基二苯甲烷和多亚甲基多亚苯基多胺。
6.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述聚醚多元醇以每100重量份的多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物5至80 pbw的量存在。
7.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述发泡剂选自烃、氢氟烃、氢氯氟烯烃、氢氟烯烃及其任何的混合物。
8.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中反应在最高240%的异氰酸酯指数下进行以制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫体。
9.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中反应在250至1000%的异氰酸酯指数下进行以制备硬质氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体。
10.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中反应在以每100重量份的多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物10至60 pbw的量的阻燃剂的存在下进行。
11.根据权利要求3的方法,其中环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷的摩尔比为2.5至8.5。
12.根据权利要求8的方法,其中反应在最高180%的异氰酸酯指数下进行以制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫体。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其中反应在100至160%的异氰酸酯指数下进行以制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫体。
14.根据权利要求9的方法,其中反应在350至500%的异氰酸酯指数下进行以制备硬质氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体。
15.根据权利要求10的方法,其中反应在以每100重量份的多官能异氰酸酯反应性化合物15至30 pbw的量的阻燃剂的存在下进行。
16.可通过前述权利要求中任一项所限定的方法获得的硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体。
17.根据权利要求16的泡沫体,其中所述泡沫体满足根据DIN 4102测试的防火等级B2的要求。
18.权利要求16或17所限定的泡沫体,其中所述泡沫体为夹层板中的层。
19.含有权利要求1-5和11中任一项所限定的聚醚多元醇和另外的助剂的多官能异氰酸酯反应性组合物。
20.用于制备硬质聚氨酯或氨基甲酸酯改性聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫体的反应体系,其包含:a)有机多异氰酸酯,b)多官能异氰酸酯反应性组分,c)发泡剂和任选地d)另外的助剂,其特征在于所述多官能异氰酸酯反应性组分包含权利要求1-5和11中任一项所限定的聚醚多元醇。
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RU2016130049A3 (zh) | 2018-08-24 |
EP3097132A1 (en) | 2016-11-30 |
BR112016016766B1 (pt) | 2021-05-25 |
RU2016130049A (ru) | 2018-02-26 |
ES2753304T3 (es) | 2020-04-08 |
RU2679617C2 (ru) | 2019-02-12 |
CN105940032A (zh) | 2016-09-14 |
MX2016009510A (es) | 2016-10-26 |
WO2015110404A1 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
US9926403B2 (en) | 2018-03-27 |
EP3097132B1 (en) | 2019-09-11 |
PL3097132T3 (pl) | 2020-01-31 |
MX378040B (es) | 2025-03-10 |
CA2934971A1 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
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