CN105641707B - 细胞毒素分子同细胞结合受体分子的共轭体 - Google Patents
细胞毒素分子同细胞结合受体分子的共轭体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105641707B CN105641707B CN201410631737.3A CN201410631737A CN105641707B CN 105641707 B CN105641707 B CN 105641707B CN 201410631737 A CN201410631737 A CN 201410631737A CN 105641707 B CN105641707 B CN 105641707B
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Abstract
强效细胞毒素剂同细胞结合分子构成的共轭体具有分子式(I)结构,其中T,L,m,n,‑‑‑‑‑,R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,R8,R9,R10,R11,R12,和R13在文中所定义。此共轭体用来治疗癌症,免疫疾病和传染疾病。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一类适用于靶向治疗的高效细胞毒素分子与细胞表面受体相结合的共轭体及其合成方法以及含有该类共轭体结构物在治疗癌症,自免疫系统疾病和感染性疾病方面的应用。
技术背景
许多文献报道了利用细胞表面受体结合分子与细胞毒素分子共轭结合,靶向进攻各类致病细胞,例如癌细胞的方法。已知报道细胞表面受体结合分子包括:抗体(Sela etal,in Immunoconjugates 189-216(C.Vogel,ed.1987);Ghose et al,in Targeted Drugs1-22(E.Goldberg,ed.1983);Diener et al,in Antibody mediated delivery systems1-23(J.Rodwell,ed.1988);Silverstein,Nat.Immunol.2004,5,1211–7;Fanning et al,Clin.Immunol.Immunopathol.1996,79,1–14;Ricart A.D.,et al.,Nature ClinicalPractice Oncology 2007,4,245-255;Singh R.et Rickson H.K.,TherapeuticAntibodies:Methods and Protocols,2009,525,445-467),叶酸(Sudimack,J.et al,Adv.Drug Delivery Rev.2000,41,147-162;Reddy,et al,Mol.Pharm.2009,6,1518-25);前列腺特异性膜抗原结合配体(PMSA)(Low,et al,WO 2009/026177 A1);白蛋白多肽(Temming,et al,Bioconjugate Chem.2006,17,1385-1394);钴胺素和蛋白质(Gupta,etal,Crit.Rev.Therap.Drug Carrier Syst.2008,25,347-79;Petrus,et al,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2009,48,1022-8);糖类分子(Darbre,et al,Curr.Top.Med.Chem..2008,8,1286-93);生物活性高分子(Dhar,et al,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.2008,105,17356-61);树突状聚合物(Lee,et al,Nat.Biotechnol.2005,23,1517-26;Almutairi,et al;Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.2009,106,685-90);连接结合配体的纳米颗粒(Liong,et al,ACS Nano,2008,19,1309-12;Medarova,et al,Nat.Med.2007,13,372-7;Javier,et al,Bioconjugate Chem.2008,19,1309-12);脂质体(Medinai,et al,Curr.Phar.Des.2004,10,2981-9);病毒衣壳(Flenniken,et al,Viruses Nanotechnol.2009,327,71-93),等.
许多种类的细胞毒素都已经用于与细胞结合体特别是抗体形成抗体药物共轭体(Wu,et al,Nat.Biotechnol.2005,23,1137-1146.Ricart,et al,Nat.Clin.Pract.Oncol.2007,4,245–255)。这些细胞毒素包括:卡奇霉素衍生物(Giles,etal Cancer 2003,98,2095-104;Hamann,et al,Bioconjug Chem 2002,13,47-58),美登素衍生物(Widdison,et al,J Med Chem 2006,49,4392-408;Ikeda,et al,Clin Cancer Res2009,15,4028-37;Xie,et al,Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006,6,281-91),auristatins(Sutherland,et al,J Biol Chem 2006,281,10540-7;Doronina,et al,Bioconjug Chem2006,17,114-24),紫杉类药物衍生物(Miller,et al,J Med Chem 2004,47,4802-5;WO06061258),leptomycine衍生物(WO 07144709),CC-1065及其同系物(Suzawa,et al,JControl Release 2002,79,229-42;Suzawa,et al,Bioorg Med Chem2000,8,2175-84;WO2007102069),阿霉素(Trail,et al,Science 1993,261,212-5;Saleh et al,J ClinOncol 2000,18,2282-92),以及甲氨蝶呤,长春新碱,长春碱,柔红霉素,丝裂霉素C,马法兰,和苯丁酸氮芥衍生物。
应用细胞表面受体结合分子,特别是对细胞表面抗原具有结合作用的导向性抗体,可以实现把毒素分子直接传送到致病细胞表面或者其附近,因此增强了毒素分子的作用效率,同时还最大程度上降低了这类毒素分子具有的副作用。迄今,人们已经从自然界分离出一些具有生物活性的短链肽化合物,其中包括tubulysin(化合物的结构见下)。Tubulysin最初由Hofle和Reichenbach(GBF Braunschweig)从Archangium gephyra的黏液性细菌的培养基里分离出来(F.Sasse et al.J.Antibiot.2000,53,879-885;WO9813375),
Tubulysin | R<sup>i</sup> | R<sup>ii</sup> | R<sup>iii</sup> |
A | CH<sub>2</sub>OCOCH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> | OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | OH |
B | CH<sub>2</sub>OCOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> | OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | OH |
C | CH<sub>2</sub>OCOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> | OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | OH |
D | CH<sub>2</sub>OCOCH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> | OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | H |
E | CH<sub>2</sub>OCOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> | OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | H |
F | CH<sub>2</sub>OCOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> | OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | H |
G | CH<sub>2</sub>OCOCH=CH<sub>2</sub> | OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | OH |
H | CH<sub>2</sub>OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | H |
I | CH<sub>2</sub>OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | OH |
U | H | OCOCH<sub>3</sub> | H |
V | H | OH | H |
Z | H | OH | OH |
Pretubulysin | CH<sub>3</sub> | H | H |
(已知的tubulysin化合物的结构式)
Tubulysin是一种抗有丝分裂肽,它能够在细胞分裂过程中抑制微管蛋白的聚合,并因而诱发细胞凋亡。由于明显地优于vinblastine,taxol和epothilones的活性(Wipf,etal,Org.Lett.2004,6,4057–60;Peltier,et al,J.Am.Chem.Soc.2006,128,16018-9;Wipf,et al,Org.Lett.,2007,9,1605–1607;Wang,et al,Chem.Biol.Drug Des.2007,70,75-86;Pando,et al,Org.Lett.2009,11,5567-9),Tubulysin是可用于靶向治疗的极具潜力的先导化合物。从结构上来讲,Tubulysin由四个肽键构成,这包括N端的N-甲基哌啶酸(Mep),第二个氨基酸异亮氨酸(Ile),第三个氨基酸tubuvaline(Tuv),以及两种都可以在C端的氨基酸tubutyrisine(Tut)或tubuphenylalanine(Tup)。目前,虽然已经有几种tubulysin被合成出来,但在剂量达到所需要的治疗效果时,它们都产生出了明显的毒性作用(>20%的体重损失)(US patent appl.2010/0048490)。我们一直在致力于研制抗体药物共轭体,包括使用tubulysin的抗体药物共轭体,目标是既能达到所需要的治疗效果,又避免不应有的毒副作用。为此,所需要解决的问题是Tubulysin的溶解度太低,当它们与抗体形成共轭体时往往都会导致大量的抗体聚集。另外,简单一些的Tubulysin同系物,例如分别用苯丙氨酸(Phe)和络氨酸(Tyr)代替Tup和Tut时,它们与抗体形成的共轭体在动物体内的稳定性都很低,结果只有很低的生物活性(比tubulysin A和D的活性低至少300倍)。本发明将描述使用更好的水溶性、更高的稳定性和更低的毒副作用的tubulysin类似分子用于构建细胞结合分子-药物共轭体以及相应地使用此类共轭体用在靶向治疗癌症和免疫疾病上。
发明概述
本发明的一个抗体药物共轭体是一种具有结构式(I)所示的共轭体及其可以药用的盐和溶剂化物:
这里T是导向或细胞结合体;L是可解离的链接体;-----代表L与括号内结构上的原子相连接的链接键;n等于1-20;m等于1-10。
括号内的结构体是一个有效的抗有丝分裂剂,其中R1、R2、R3和R4分别代表C1~C8(含1~8个碳的)烷基,杂烷基;C2~C8(含2~8个碳)的杂环、碳环、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基;C3~C8(含3~8个碳)的芳基、芳烷基、杂烷基环烷基、烷基羰基;或者二个R基团,例如R1R2,R2R3,R3R4,R5R6,R12R13两个一起可以是C3-C7(含3~7个碳)的碳环基、环烷基、杂环基和杂环烷基等环系基团;Y为N或者CH;此外,R1、R3和R4可以是H,并且R2可以缺失。
R5、R6、R8和R10分别是H或C1~C4(含1~4个碳)的烷基或杂烷基.
R7可独立选自H,R14,或-R14C(=O)X1R15或-R14X1R15。其中R14和R15分别是C1~C8的烷基、杂烷基,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基、环烷,或C3-C8芳基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基;X1是O、S、S-S、NH或NR14。
R9是H、-O-、-OR14、-OC(=O)R14-、-OC(=O)NHR14-、-OC(=O)R14SSR15-、OP(=O)(OR14)-或OR14OP(=O)(OR15),其中R14和R15分别是C1-C8烷基、杂烷基,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3-C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基。
R11是H、R14、-R14C(=O)R16、-R14X2R16、-R14C(=O)X2,其中X2是-O-、-S-、-NH-、-N(R14)-、-O-R14-、-S-R14-、-S(=O)-R14-或-NHR14-;R14是C1-C8烷基、杂烷基,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3-C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基;R16是H、OH、R14或1~4个氨基酸单位。
R12是R14、-OH、-SH、-NH2、=NH、=NNH2、-NH(R14)、-OR14、-COR16、-COOR14-、C(O)NH2、C(O)NHR14、-SR14、-S(=O)R14、-P(=O)(OR16)2、-OP(=O)(OR16)2、-CH2OP(=O)(OR16)2、或-SO2R16。R14是C1-C8烷基、杂烷基,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3-C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基。R16是H、OH、R14或1-4个氨基酸单位。
R13是C1-C10烷基、杂烷基、烷基酸、烷基酰胺、烷基胺或芳基Ar;其中Ar指由单环或多环组成的芳环或杂芳环,每个芳环或杂芳环含有4-10个碳原子,最好为4-6个碳原子。杂芳环指的是一个或者几个碳原子被杂原子取代的芳环,最好是只有1个、2个或3个碳原子被O、N、Si、Se、P或S原子所取代,最好是被O、S、或N原子所取代。芳基Ar也指一个或多个H原子被取代的芳环或杂芳环,这些取代H原子的基团包括R17、F、Cl、Br、I、OR16、SR16、NR16R17、N=NR16、N=R16、NR16R17、NO2、SOR16R17、SO2R16、SO3R16、OSO3R16、PR16R17、POR16R17、PO2R16R17、OP(O)(OR17)2、OCH2OP(O)(OR17)2、OC(O)OP(O)(OR17)2、PO(OR16)(OR17)、OP(O)(OR17)OP(O)(OR17)2、OC(O)R17或OC(O)NHR17,其中R16和R17分别是H、C1-C8烷基、杂烷基,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3-C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基或C4-C12糖苷或可以药用的盐。
此外,当R10不是H时,或者当R13是如下的基团时,R12可以是H:
这里Z1是H、CH2OP(O)(OR18)2、C(O)OP(O)(OR18)2、PO(OR18)2、P(O)(OR18)OP(O)(OR18)2、C(O)R18、C(O)NHR18、SO2(OR18)、C4-C12(含4~12个碳)的糖苷或C1-C8烷基、羧烷基、杂环基;R18是H、C1-C8烷基、羧烷基、杂烷基,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基,或C3-C8芳基、烷基羰基;R19是H、OH、NH2、OSO2(OR18)、XCH2OP(O)(OR18)2、XPO(OR18)2、XC(O)OP(O)(OR18)2、XC(O)R18、XC(O)NHR18、C1-C8烷基、羧烷基、羧酸衍生物,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基,C3-C8芳基、烷基羰基或可以药用的盐;X是O、S、或NH;Y1和Y2分别是N或CH。
或者,当R11是如下基团时,R12可以是H:
在另一实施例中,用于链接抗有丝分裂剂和细胞结合体的链接体的结构式为—Ww-(Aa)r—Vv--,其中—W—为延伸体,w为0或者1;每一个—Aa—为一独立的氨基酸单元,r分别为从0至12;--V—为间隔体,v为0、1或2。延伸体W可以独立地包含一个能够自我分解的间隔体、肽、腙键、双硫键或者硫醚键。
在另一实施例中,细胞结合体T可以是任何形式的细胞结合体,例如肽或非肽结构。一般地说,T为一种抗体,单链抗体,可以与目标细胞结合的抗体片段,单克隆抗体,单链单克隆抗体,可以与目标细胞结合的单克隆抗体片段,嵌合抗体,可以与目标细胞结合的嵌合抗体片段,功能区抗体,可以与目标细胞结合的功能区抗体片段,仿抗体的基因工程蛋白质(如纤连蛋白结合体adnectin),预设计锚蛋白重复蛋白(DARPin),淋巴因子,激素,维他命,生长因子,集落刺激因子,营养传送分子(转铁蛋白),或连接在白蛋白,高分子,树枝高分子,脂质体,纳米颗粒,泡馕或(病毒)微囊上的结合肽、蛋白,抗体或小分子。细胞结合体T的最好选择是单克隆抗体。
作为本发明的应用,具备结构式I-VII的共轭体以及它们可以药用的盐或溶剂化物都是为了治疗人或其它动物的癌症、自免疫疾病或传染性疾病。
图例说明
图1.显示使用支链接体的细胞毒素与细胞结合体共轭体的合成。
图2.显示马来酰亚胺链接体的合成及其在抗体药物共轭体上的应用。
图3.显示溴代马来酰亚胺和双溴马来酰亚胺链接体的合成及其在抗体药物共轭体上的应用。
图4.显示Val-Cit氨基酸链接体的合成及其在抗体药物共轭体上的应用。
图5.显示抗有丝分裂剂Tuv组分的合成。
图6.显示抗有丝分裂剂Tuv组分的合成。
图7.显示Boc-Tuv片段和一种能用于共轭体的抗有丝分裂剂的合成。
图8.显示抗有丝分裂剂Tuv,Ile-Tuv和Mep-Ile-Tuv片段的合成。
图9.显示抗有丝分裂剂Ile-Tuv,Mep-Ile-Tuv,Val-Ile-Tuv和Val-Ile-Tuv(O-alky)片段的合成。
图10.显示一种抗有丝分裂剂的合成及其与一种抗体的共轭链接。
图11.显示Phe-(D)Lys氨基酸链接体的合成。
图12.显示抗体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体的合成。
图13.显示抗体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体的合成。
图14.显示细胞结合体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体的合成。
图15.显示一种细胞结合体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体的合成。
图16.显示一种抗体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体的合成。
图17.显示一种抗体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体的合成。
图18.显示用于合成亲水性抗有丝分裂剂(磷酸盐前药)的亲水性Tut类似物的合成。
图19.显示一种抗体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体的合成。
图20.显示一种能共轭成键的抗有丝分裂剂的Boc方式固相合成。
图21.显示一种能共轭成键的抗有丝分裂剂的Fmoc基团方式固相合成。
图22.显示一种亲水性抗有丝分裂剂的合成及其它与抗体的共轭链接。
图23.显示Tuv衍生物的合成以及固相合成Mep-Ile-Tuv和NMe2-Val-Ile-Tuv片段。
图24.显示合成抗有丝分裂剂的及其它们与抗体的共轭链接。
图25.显示抗有丝分裂剂的固相合成及其它们与抗体的共轭链接。
图26.显示抗有丝分裂剂的固相合成及其它们与抗体的共轭链接。
图27.显示反式-2-芳基环丙胺,反式-2-芳基环丙羧酸和反式-2-芳基乙基环氧羧酸的合成。
图28.显示乙烯基氨基酸和烷基环氧氨基酸的合成。
图29.显示用于合成亲水性抗有丝分裂前药的亲水性Tut类似物的合成。
图30.显示与细胞结合剂共轭链接的亲水性抗有丝分裂前药的合成。
图31.显示与抗体共轭链接的亲水性抗有丝分裂前药的合成。
图32.显示与抗体共轭链接的亲水性抗有丝分裂前药的合成。
图33.显示体外测试中抗CD22抗体-抗有丝分裂剂TZ01~TZ09的共轭体(药物/抗体摩尔数比DAR=3.0-4.3)对Ramos(Burkitt淋巴瘤细胞)的毒杀作用。共轭体与细胞的作用时间为5天,半致死量IC50的数值如图所示。
图34.显示曲妥珠单抗-抗有丝分裂剂(TZ03,TZ04及TZ07)共轭体(药物/抗体摩尔数比DAR=3.5-4.0)对KPL-4细胞(乳腺癌细胞)的毒杀作用。由图可见,在非共轭的曲妥珠单抗不存在的情形下,曲妥珠单抗-TZ03共轭体具有很强的抑制癌细胞增殖的作用,其半致死量IC50为90pM;在非共轭曲妥珠单抗存在的情形下(含1mmol曲妥珠单抗用以饱和抗原的结合点),相对应的半致死量IC50大于20nM。因此,该共轭体的特效性比值大于222(IC50=20nM/IC50=0.09nM)。
图35.抗CD22抗体-抗有丝分裂剂(TZ03,TZ04及TZ07)共轭体(药物/抗体摩尔比DAR=3.8-4.2)以及非共轭CD22抗体和CD20抗体(利妥昔单抗)对BJAB细胞(Burkitt淋巴瘤细胞)的毒杀作用。由图可见,共轭体比非共轭的抗体具有更强的抑制癌细胞增殖的作用(共轭体的半致死量IC50=5-19pM,非共轭体的半致死量IC50>20nM)。当用浓度为1mmol的非共轭抗体CD22饱和抗原的结合点时,huCD22-TZ03共轭体的特效性比值大于660(IC50=3.3nM/IC50=0.005nM),huCD-TZ07共轭体的特效性比值大于790(IC50=15nM/IC50=0.019nM)。
表1.显示通过固相合成产生的抗有丝分裂药物的结构以及它们的质谱的离子峰值和它们在体外测试中对Ramos细胞(ATCC,人源Burkitt淋巴瘤细胞)的毒杀作用(IC50)值。
表2.显示一些抗体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体的结构式。
发明内容
定义
烷基指含有1至8个碳原子的线性或者环状直链或者支链脂肪烃。支链指在线性的烷基上有一个或者多个低级烷基,比如甲基,乙基或者丙基相连接。烷基实施例包括甲基,乙基,正丙基,异丙基,正丁基,叔丁基,正戊烷基,3-戊烷基,辛烷基,壬烷基,癸烷基,环戊烷基,环己烷基,2,2-二甲基丁基,2,3-二甲基丁基,2,2-二甲基戊基,2,3-二甲基戊基,3,3-二甲基戊基,2,3,4-三甲基戊基,3-甲基己基,2,2-二甲基己基,2,4-二甲基己基,2,5-二甲基己基,3,5-二甲基己基,2,4-二甲基戊基,2-甲基庚基,3-甲基庚基,正庚基,异庚基,正辛烷基和异辛烷基。C1-C8烷基既可以未被取代也可以被以下但不限于以下的一个或者多个基团取代:C1-C8烷基,C1-C8烷氧基,芳基,酰基,酰氧基,酯基,-C(O)NH2,-C(O)NHR’,-C(O)N(R’)2,-NHC(O)R’,-S(O)2R’,-S(O)R’,-OH,卤素(-F,-Cl,-Br,-I),-N3,-NH2,-NHR’,-N(R’)2及-CN;其中R’指C1-C8烷基或者芳基。
C3-C8碳环指含3,4,5,6,7,或8个碳原子的饱和或不饱和的非芳烃环状化合物。典型的C3-C8碳环包括但不限于环丙基,环丁基,环戊基,环戊二烯基,环己基,环己烯基,1,3-环己二烯基,1,4-环己二烯基,环庚基,1,3-环庚二烯基,1,3,5-环庚三烯基,环辛基及环辛二烯基。C3-C8碳环既可以未被取代,也可以被以下但不限于以下的一个或者多个基团取代:C1-C8烷基,C1-C8烷氧基,芳基,酰基,酰氧基,酯基,-C(O)NH2,-C(O)NHR’,-C(O)N(R’)2,-NHC(O)R’,-S(O)2R’,-S(O)R’,-OH,卤素(-F,-Cl,-Br,-I),-N3,-NH2,-NHR’,-N(R’)2及-CN;其中R’是C1-C8烷基或者芳基。
C3-C8碳环基指上述C3-C8碳环上的一个氢原子被化学键所取代而产生的基团。
烯烃基指含有一个碳碳双键的直链或者支链脂肪烃,碳链上有2至8个碳原子。烯烃基的实施例包括乙烯基,丙烯基,正丁烯基,异丁烯基,3-甲基-2-丁烯基,正戊烯基,己烯基,庚烯基和辛烯基。
炔烃基指含有一个碳碳三键的直链或者支链脂肪烃,碳链上有2至8个碳原子。炔烃基的实施例包括乙炔基,丙炔基,正丁炔基,2-丁炔基,3-甲基丁炔基,正戊炔基,己炔基,庚炔基和辛炔基。
杂烷基指含2至8个碳原子而且有1至4个碳原子被O,S或者N所取代的烷基。
芳基或者芳香基指含有一个或者多个环的由3至14个碳原子(多数的情形是6至10个碳原子)组成的芳香烃或者杂芳香烃基团。杂芳香烃基团指有一个或多个碳原子(多数的情形是1,2,3或4个碳原子)被O,N,Si,Se,P或者S(最好是O,S,N)所取代所产生的芳香烃基团。芳基或者芳香基也指一个或多个氢原子被取代的芳香烃基团,这些取代基团有:R13,F,Cl,Br,I,OR13,SR13,NR13R14,N=NR13,N=R13,NR13R14,NO2,SOR13R14,SO2R13,SO3R13,OSO3R13,PR13R14,POR13R14,PO2R13R14,OPO3R13R14或者PO3R13R14。其中R13和R14分别为H,烷基,烯烃基,炔烃基,杂烷基,芳基,芳烷基,羰基或者可以药用的盐。
卤素原子指氟,氯,溴,碘原子,最好是氟和氯。
杂环指含2至8个碳原子的芳香,非芳香性环或杂环的环上有1至4个碳原子被杂元素所取代。这些杂元素为O,N,S,Se和P,最好为O,N和S。可用的杂环亦可参见《The Handbookof Chemistry and Physics》,第78版,CRC Press,1997-1998,第225至226页。适合的非杂芳基包括但不限于环氧基,环氮乙烷基,环硫乙烷基,吡咯烷基,吡唑烷基,咪唑烷基,环氧乙烷基,四氢呋喃基,二氧戊环基,四氢吡喃基,二氧杂环己烷基,哌啶基,哌嗪基,吗啉基,吡喃基,咪唑啉基,吡咯啉基,吡唑啉基,噻唑烷基,四氢硫吡喃基,二噻烷基,硫吗啉基,二氢吡喃基,四氢吡喃基,四氢吡啶基,二氢吡啶基,四氢嘧啶基,二氢硫吡喃基,氮杂环庚烷基以及它们与苯基生成的稠环。
杂芳基指含5至14个(最好为5至10个)原子的芳香性杂单环,二环或多环结构。例如吡咯基,吡啶基,吡唑基,噻吩基,嘧啶基,吡嗪基,四氮唑基,吲哚基,喹啉基,嘌呤基,咪唑基,噻吩基,噻唑基,苯并噻唑基,呋喃基,苯并呋喃基,1,2,4-噻二唑基,异噻唑基,三氮唑基,四氮唑基,异喹啉基,苯并噻吩基,异苯并呋喃基,吡唑基,咔唑基,苯并咪唑基,异恶唑基,N-氧吡啶基以及他们与苯基生成的稠环。
烷基,环烷基,烯烃基,炔烃基,芳基,杂芳基和杂环基等术语也指由相应的烃失去两个氢原子生成的亚烷基,环亚烷基,亚烯基,亚炔基,亚芳基,杂亚芳基和杂亚环等。
“药用”或“可以药用”指相应的化合物或化合物组成在动物或人体上不产生有害的,过敏性的或其他不良反应。
药学上可接受的辅料包括所有载体,稀释剂,助剂或者成形剂,比如防腐剂,抗氧化剂,填料,崩解剂,润湿剂,乳化剂,悬浮剂,溶剂,分散介质,涂层,抗菌剂,抗真菌剂,等渗和吸收延缓剂等等。在医药领域,在具有活性的药物成分中加入这些辅料是十分常见的做法。可以说,除非辅料与药物活性组分并不相容,在药物成分中加入辅料并不是没有道理。为取得好的结果,具有活性的辅助组分也可以被加入药物成分中。
在本发明中,可以药用的盐指本发明化合物的盐类衍生物。经过适当的修饰,本发明化合物可以形成相应的酸盐或碱盐。可以药用的盐包括常见的没有毒性的盐或季铵盐,这些盐可以用本发明化合物和相应的没有毒性的无机酸或有机酸制成。例如,用无机酸包括盐酸,氢溴酸,硫酸,氨基磺酸,磷酸以及硝酸等和有机酸包括乙酸,丙酸,丁二酸,酒石酸,柠檬酸,甲磺酸,苯磺酸,葡萄糖醛酸,谷氨酸,苯甲酸,水杨酸,甲苯磺酸,草酸,富马酸以及乳酸等都可以做成药用盐。其它的盐包括氨基丁三醇,甲葡胺,吡咯乙醇等铵盐以及钠,钾,钙,锌,镁等金属盐。
本发明可以药用的盐可以用常规的化学方法制成。一般地说,这些盐可以通过在本发明化合物的游离酸或碱的水溶液或有机溶液或两者的混合溶液中加入其它适当的等当量的碱或酸而形成。非水相的反应介质一般为乙醚,乙酸乙酯,乙醇,异丙醇或者乙腈。可以适用盐的列表可参见《Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences》,第17版.MackPublishing Company,Easton,PA,1985,第1418页.
药物-链接体-细胞结合受体分子的共轭体结构
如前所述,本发明描述了一种具有结构式(I)所示的抗体药物共轭体及其可以药用的盐和溶剂化物:
这里T是导向或细胞结合体;L是可解离的链接体;-----代表L与括号内结构上的原子相连接的链接键;n等于1-20;m等于1-10。
括号内的结构体是一个有效的抗有丝分裂剂,其中R1、R2、R3、和R4分别代表C1~C8(含1~8个碳的)烷基,杂烷基;C2~C8(含2~8个碳)的杂环、碳环、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基;C3~C8(含3~8个碳)的芳基、芳烷基、杂烷基环烷基、烷基羰基;或者二个R基团,例如R1R2,R2R3,R3R4,R5R6,R12R13两个一起可以是C3~C7(含3~7个碳)的碳环基、环烷基、杂环基和杂环烷基等环系基团;Y为N或者CH;此外,R1、R3和R4可以是H,并且R2可以缺失。
R1、R2、R3和R4分别是H或C1~C4(含1~4个碳)的烷基或杂烷基.
R7可独立选自H,R14,或-R14C(=O)X1R15或-R14X1R15。其中R14和R15分别是C1~C8的烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基、环烷,或C3~C8芳基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基;X1是O、S、S-S、NH或NR14。
R9是H、-O-、-OR14、-OC(=O)R14-、-OC(=O)NHR14-、-OC(=O)R14SSR15-、OP(=O)(OR14)-或OR14OP(=O)(OR15),其中R14和R15分别是C1~C8烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3~C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基。
R11是H、R14、-R14C(=O)R16、-R14X2R16、-R14C(=O)X2,其中X2是-O-、-S-、-NH-、-N(R14)-、-O-R14-、-S-R14-、-S(=O)-R14-或-NHR14-;R14是C1~C8烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3~C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基;R16是H、OH、R14或1~4个氨基酸单位。
R12是R14、-OH、-SH、-NH2、=NH、=NNH2、-NH(R14)、-OR14、-COR16、-COOR14-、C(O)NH2、C(O)NHR14、-SR14、-S(=O)R14、-P(=O)(OR16)2、-OP(=O)(OR16)2、-CH2OP(=O)(OR16)2、或-SO2R16。R14是C1~C8烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3~C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基。R16是H、OH、R14或1~4个氨基酸单位。
R13是C1-C10烷基、杂烷基、烷基酸、烷基酰胺、烷基胺或芳基Ar;其中Ar指由单环或多环组成的芳环或杂芳环,每个芳环或杂芳环含有4~10个碳原子,最好为4~6个碳原子。杂芳环指的是一个或者几个碳原子被杂原子取代的芳环,最好是只有1个、2个或3个碳原子被O、N、Si、Se、P或S原子所取代,最好是被O、S、或N原子所取代。芳基Ar也指一个或多个H原子被取代的芳环或杂芳环,这些取代H原子的基团包括R17、F、Cl、Br、I、OR16、SR16、NR16R17、N=NR16、N=R16、NR16R17、NO2、SOR16R17、SO2R16、SO3R16、OSO3R16、PR16R17、POR16R17、PO2R16R17、OP(O)(OR17)2、OCH2OP(O)(OR17)2、OC(O)OP(O)(OR17)2、PO(OR16)(OR17)、OP(O)(OR17)OP(O)(OR17)2、OC(O)R17或OC(O)NHR17,其中R16和R17分别是H、C1~C8烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3~C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基或C4~C12糖苷或可以药用的盐。
此外,当R10不是H时,或者当R13是如下的基团结构时,R12可以是H:
这里Z1是H、CH2OP(O)(OR18)2、C(O)OP(O)(OR18)2、PO(OR18)2、C(O)R18、P(O)(OR18)OP(O)(OR18)2、C(O)NHR18、SO2(OR18)、C4~C12(含4~12个碳)的糖苷或C1~C8烷基、羧烷基、杂环基;R18是H,C1~C8烷基、羧烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基,或C3~C8芳基、烷基羰基;R19是H、OH、NH2、OSO2(OR18)、XCH2OP(O)(OR18)2、XPO(OR18)2、XC(O)OP(O)(OR18)2、XC(O)R18、XC(O)NHR18、C1~C8烷基、羧烷基、羧酸衍生物,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基,C3~C8芳基、烷基羰基或可以药用的盐;X是O、S、或NH;Y1和Y2分别是N或CH。
或者,当R11是如下基团时,R12可以是H:
X2是O、S、N-R8;R8是H、C1~C6烷基或杂烷基。
本发明的抗有丝分裂剂共轭体也可具有结构式(II)所示的结构:
T是导向或细胞结合体;L是可解离的链接体;n等于1-20;m等于1-10。
括号内的结构体是一个有效的抗有丝分裂剂,其中R1、R2、R3和R4分别是C1-C8烷基、杂烷基;C2-C8杂环、碳环、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基;C3-C8芳基、芳烷基、杂烷基环烷基、烷基羰基、或者二个R基团,例如R1R2、R1R3、R2R3、R3R4、R5R6;R12R13可以是C3-C7(3-7碳)的碳环基、环烷基、杂环基和杂环烷基等环系基团;Y为N或者CH;此外,R1、R3和R4可以是H,并且R2可以缺失。
R5、R6、R8和R10分别是H、C1-C4烷基或杂烷基。
R7是H、R14、-R14C(=O)X1R15、或-R14X1R15,其中R14和R15分别是C1~C8烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基、环烷基,或C3~C8芳基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基或烷基羰基,X1是O、S、S-S、NH或NR14。
R9是H、-OH、-OR14、-OC(=O)R14、-OC(=O)NHR14、-OC(=O)R14SSR15、OP(=O)(OR14)或OR14OP(=O)(OR15)2,其中R14和R15分别是C1~C8烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3~C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基。
R11是H、R14、-R14C(=O)R16、-R14X2R16或-R14C(=O)X2,其中X2是-O-、-S-、-NH-、-N(R14)-、-N(R14)2、-O-R14、-S-R14、-S(=O)-R14或-NHR14;R14是C1~C8烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3~C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基;R16是H、OH、R14或1~4个氨基酸单位。
R12是R14、-OH、-SH、-NH2、=NH、=NNH2、-NH(R14)、-OR14、-COR16、-COOR14、-C(O)NH2、-C(O)NHR14、-C(O)N(R14)(R16)、-SR14、-S(=O)R14、-P(=O)(OR16)2、-OP(=O)(OR16)2、-CH2OP(=O)(OR16)2、或-SO2R16。R14是C1~C8烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3~C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基。R16是H、OH、R14或1~4个氨基酸单位。
R13是C1~C10烷基、杂烷基、烷基酸、烷基酰胺、烷基胺或芳基Ar;其中Ar指由单环或多环组成的芳环或杂芳环,每个芳环或杂芳环含有4~10个碳原子,最好为4~6个碳原子。杂芳环指的是一个或者几个碳原子被杂原子取代的芳环,最好是只有1个、2个或3个碳原子被O、N、Si、Se、P或S原子所取代,最好是被O、S、或N原子所取代。芳基Ar也指一个或多个H原子被取代的芳环或杂芳环,这些取代H原子的基团包括R17、F、Cl、Br、I、OR16、SR16、NR16R17、N=NR16、N=R16、NR16R17、NO2、SOR16R17、SO2R16、SO3R16、OSO3R16、PR16R17、POR16R17、PO2R16R17、OP(O)(OR17)2、OCH2OP(O)(OR17)2、OC(O)OP(O)(OR17)2、PO(OR16)(OR17)、OP(O)(OR17)OP(O)(OR17)2、OC(O)R17或OC(O)NHR17,其中R16和R17分别是H、C1~C8烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3~C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基或C4~C12糖苷或可以药用的盐。
此外,当R10不是H时,或者当R13是如下的基团时,R12可以是H:
这里Z1是H、CH2OP(O)(OR18)2、C(O)OP(O)(OR18)2、PO(OR18)2、C(O)R18、P(O)(OR18)OP(O)(OR18)2、C(O)NHR18、SO2(OR18)、C4~C12(含4~12个碳)的糖苷或C1~C8烷基、羧烷基、杂环基;R18是H,C1~C8烷基、羧烷基、杂烷基,C2~C8烯基、炔基、杂环基,或C3~C8芳基、烷基羰基;R19是H、OH、NH2、OSO2(OR18)、XCH2OP(O)(OR18)2、XPO(OR18)2、XC(O)OP(O)(OR18)2、XC(O)R18、XC(O)NHR18、C1~C8烷基、羧烷基、羧酸衍生物,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基,C3~C8芳基、烷基羰基或可以药用的盐;X是O、S、或NH;Y1和Y2分别是N或CH。
或者,当R11是如下基团结构时,R12可以是H:
X2是O、S、N-R8;R8是H、C1~C6烷基或杂烷基。
结构式(II)的一些实例结构如下:
其中Aa指天然或者非天然氨基酸;n等于1-20;q等于1-5;X’,Y’和Z’分别为CH,O,S,NH或NR22;R22和R23分别为C1-C8烷基,C2-C8烯烃基,炔烃基,杂烷基,C3-C8芳基,杂环基,碳环基,环烷基,烷基环烷基,杂环烷基,芳烷基,杂烷环烷基,杂芳烷基,或-(OCH2CH2)-;R’和R”分别为H或CH3。圆括号之内为抗有丝分裂剂,方括号之内为抗有丝分裂剂以及所连接的链接体。
本发明的细胞结合体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体也可具有结构式(III)所示的结构:
其中T,L,m,Y,R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R8,R9,R10,R11,R12,R13和n的定义与结构式(II)相同。
R7为R14,-R14C(O)X1R15-或-R14X1R15-。R14和R15分别为C1-C8烷基或杂烷基,C2-C8烯烃基,炔烃基,杂环基,碳环基,环烷基,C3-C8芳基,杂环基烷基,杂芳烷基,杂烷基环烷基或羰烷基。X1为O,S,S-S,NH或NR14。
一些具有结构式(III)的化合物的例子见下:
其中Ar,n,q,X’,Y’,Z’,R22,R23,R’和R”的定义与化合物IIa-IIr中的定义相同。
本发明的细胞结合体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体也可具有结构式(IV)所示的结构:
其中T,L,m,Y,R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R8,R10,R11,R12,R13和n的定义与结构式(II)相同。
R9为-O-,-OR14,-OC(O)R14,-OC(O)NHR14,-OC(O)R14SSR15,或-OP(O)(OR14)O-,其中R14和R15分别为C1~C8烷基或杂烷基,C3~C8芳基,杂芳基,杂环基,碳环基,环烷基,烷基环烷基,杂环烷基,杂烷基环烷基,杂芳烷基,羰烷基或药物盐。另外,R9也可以空缺。
一些具有结构式(IV)的化合物的例子见下:
其中Ar,Aa,n,q,X’,Y’,R22,R23,R’和R”的定义与化合物IIa-IIr中的定义相同。
本发明的细胞结合体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体也可具有结构式(V)所示的结构:
其中T,L,m,Y,R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R8,R9,R10,R12,R13和n的定义与结构式(II)相同。
R11为R14,-R14C(=O)R17-,-R14X2R17-,-R14X2R17-,-R14C(=O)X2-,其中R17为H,OH,C1-C8烷基,C2-C8烯烃基,炔烃基,杂烷基,C3-C8芳基,亚芳基,杂环基,碳环基,杂环烷基或一个或两个氨基酸单元;X2为-O-,-S-,-NH-,-NR14-,-OR14-,-SR14-,S(=O)R14-或-NHR14;R14为C1-C8烷基,杂烷基,C2-C8烯烃基,炔烃基,C3-C8芳基,杂环基,环烷基,烷基环烷基,杂环烷基,杂烷基环烷基,杂芳烷基或羰烷基。
一些具有结构式(V)的化合物的例子见下:
其中Ar,Aa,n,q,X’,Y’,R22,R23,R’和R”的定义与化合物IIa-IIr中的定义相同。
本发明的细胞结合体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体也可具有结构式(VI)所示的结构:
其中T,L,m,Y,R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,R8,R9,R10,R11,R13和n的定义与结构式(II)相同。
R12为R14,-O-,-S-,-NH-,=N-,=NNH-,-N(R14)-,-OR14-,C(O)O-,C(O)NH-,C(O)NR14-,-SR14,-S(O)R14,-NHR14-,-CH2OP(=O)(OR15)-,-P(=O)(OR15)-,-OP(=O)(OR15)O-,或-SO2R14。R14和R15分别为C1-C8烷基,杂烷基;C2-C8烯烃基,炔烃基;或C3-C8芳基,杂环基,碳环基,环烷基,烷基环烷基,杂环烷基,杂芳烷基,杂烷基环烷基,或烷羰基。
一些具有结构式(VI)的化合物的例子见下:
其中Ar,Aa,n,q,X’,R22,R23,R’和R”的定义与化合物IIa-IIr中的定义相同。
本发明的细胞结合体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体也可具有结构式(VII)所示的结构:
其中T,L,m,Y,R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R8,R9,R10,R11,R12,R13和n的定义与结构式(II)相同。
R13是C1-C10烷基、杂烷基、烷基酸、烷基酰胺、烷基胺或芳基;其中芳基指由单环或多环组成的芳环或杂芳环,每个芳环或杂芳环含有4-10个碳原子,最好为4-6个碳原子。杂芳环指的是一个或者几个碳原子被杂原子取代的芳环,最好是只有1个、2个或3个碳原子被O、N、Si、Se、P或S原子所取代,最好是被O、S、或N原子所取代。芳基Ar也指一个或多个H原子被取代的芳环或杂芳环,这些取代H原子的基团包括R17、F、Cl、Br、I、OR16、SR16、NR16R17、N=NR16、N=R16、NR16R17、NO2、SOR16R17、SO2R16、SO3R16、OSO3R16、PR16R17、POR16R17、PO2R16R17、OP(O)(OR17)2、OCH2OP(O)(OR17)2、OC(O)OP(O)(OR17)2、PO(OR16)(OR17)、OP(O)(OR17)OP(O)(OR17)2、OC(O)R17或OC(O)NHR17,其中R16和R17分别是H、C1-C8烷基、杂烷基,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基、碳环基,或C3-C8芳基、环烷基、烷基环烷基、杂环烷基、杂烷基环烷基、杂芳烷基、烷基羰基或C4-C12糖苷或可以药用的盐。
此外,当R10不是H时,或者当R13是如下的基团时,R12可以是H:
这里Z1是H、CH2OP(O)(OR18)2、C(O)OP(O)(OR18)2、PO(OR18)2、C(O)R18、P(O)(OR18)OP(O)(OR18)2、C(O)NHR18、SO2(OR18)、C4-C12(含4~12个碳)的糖苷或C1-C8烷基、羧烷基、杂环基;R18是H,C1-C8烷基、羧烷基、杂烷基,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基,或C3-C8芳基、烷基羰基;R19是H、OH、NH2、OSO2(OR18)、XCH2OP(O)(OR18)2、XPO(OR18)2、XC(O)OP(O)(OR18)2、XC(O)R18、XC(O)NHR18、C1-C8烷基、羧烷基、羧酸衍生物,C2-C8烯基、炔基、杂环基,C3-C8芳基、烷基羰基或可以药用的盐;X是O、S、或NH;Y1和Y2分别是N或CH。
或者,当R11是如下基团结构时,R12可以是H:
X2是O、S、N-R8;R8是H、C1-C6烷基或杂烷基。
一些具有结构式(VII)的化合物的例子见下:
其中Ar,Aa,n,q,X’,R22,R23,R’和R”的定义与化合物IIa-IIr中的定义相同。
作为例子,但不限于这些例子,本发明的抗有丝分裂剂的合成以及它们与本发明的细胞结合体所形成的共轭体见图1-32.
作为本发明具体的一种共轭链接,可解离的链接体(L)为一段含有C,N,O,S,Si或P原子的化学链。在共轭体中,该化学链一边与细胞结合体(T)通过共价键连接,另一边与抗有丝分裂剂通过共价键链接。链接体可以有长短不一的长度,例如从2到100个原子的长度都可以。链接体上的所有原子都可以用各种适当的化学方法连接在一起,比如用成烯,亚烯,炔,醚,聚氧化烯,酯,胺,亚胺,聚胺,肼,腙,酰胺,脲,氨基脲,二肼羰,烷氧基胺,脲乙烷,氨基酸,酰氧胺或异羟肟酸等连接方式。当然,这些可解离链接体上的原子既可以是饱和的,也可以是非饱和的,可以为自由基,可以相互成环而形成二价的环结构,比如环烷烃,环醚,环胺,亚芳基和杂亚芳基等。
可解离的链接体指至少含有一个能在生理条件下被解离的化学键,比如对pH敏感,对酸不稳定,对碱不稳定,容易被氧化,容易被代谢,生化上不稳定,或者容易被酶解的化学键。应当说明的是,这种能使化学键断裂的生理条件并不必须是一个生物或代谢过程,常规的化学过程也应该完全可以,例如水解或取代反应。由于核内体比细胞溶质的pH更低,能在酸性条件下水解的化学键是一种很好的选择。同样的道理,考虑到肿瘤细胞内的谷胱甘肽浓度高达毫摩尔级,巯基与双硫键的交换反应也是可行的做法。
本发明的可解离链接体L的结构可以表达为:—Ww—(Aa)r—Vv—,其中—
W—指延伸体,w为0或1,—Aa—为氨基酸单元,r为0至12的整数,—V—指间隔体,v为1或2。
当延伸体—Ww—存在时,它起着连接着细胞结合体(T)和氨基酸单元—Aa—或间隔体—V—(当—Aa—不存在时)的作用。延伸体W中可以包含一个能够自我分解的隔离体,多肽单元,腙键,双硫键或者硫醚键。显然,细胞结合体(T)含有一个能够与延伸体上相应功能团成键的基团。在细胞结合体上原本存在或通过化学方式产生的可连接的功能团包括但不限于:巯基,氨基,羟基,羰基,糖的异头羟基,以及羧基等,最好的功能团为巯基,羧基和氨基。巯基可以通过还原细胞结合体(如抗体)分子内的双硫键生成。此外,巯基也可以或者通过利用2-亚氨基硫烷(Traut试剂)或者硫内酯与细胞结合体上赖氨酸中的氨基反应生成,或者应用其他的巯基生成方法,比如先用含双硫键的链接体或硫酯修饰细胞结合体,再分别通过还原或水解生成巯基。
一些连接在T上的W的实例见下:
这里R20,R21选自–C1~C9亚烃基-,-C1~C7碳环基-,-O-(-(C1~C8烷基)-,-亚芳基-,-C1~C9亚烃基-亚芳基-,-亚芳基,-C1~C9亚烃基,-C1~C9亚烃基-(C1~C8碳环基)-,-(C3~C8碳环基)-C1~C9亚烃基-,-C3~C8杂环基-,-C1~C10亚烃基-(C3~C8杂环基)-,-(C3~C8杂环基)-C1~C9亚烃基-,-(CH2CH2O)k-,-(CH(CH3)CH2O)k-以及–(CH2CH2O)k-CH2-;k为1-20之间的整数;R’和R”分别为H或CH3。
前述W和T的共价连接可以通过各种化学反应实现。
例如形成酰胺键:
其中延伸体单元含有一个活性反应基团E,E可以与细胞结合体上的伯胺或仲胺生成酰胺键。可行的活性反应位E包括但不限于羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(NHS和S-NHS等),4-硝基苯基酯,五氟苯基酯,四氟苯基酯(包括S-四氟苯基酯),酸酐,酰氯,磺酰氯,异氰酸酯和异硫氰酸酯等。
下面是用硫醚或双硫键连接的例子:
其中延伸体单元含有一个能够参与反应的巯基,它可以和细胞结合体T之间形成硫醚或双硫键。为形成双硫键,细胞结合体T上的巯基既可以通过还原其内的分子内双硫键生成,也可以通过其他化学过程修饰细胞结合体T而生成。
延伸体上也可以有一个能够与醛基或酮基反应的活性基团。通过适当的化学修饰,这样的醛基或酮基可以被引入到细胞结合体T的适当位置。比如,在细胞结合体T的糖上,通过用氧化剂例如高碘酸钠氧化就可以生成醛基或酮基。再比如,抗体(或蛋白质或多肽)N端氨基酸上的胺基可以和5-磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)反应而引入酮基。这些醛基或酮基(-C=O)可以和延伸体上的活性反应基团例如酰肼,肟,伯胺或仲胺,肼,缩氨基硫脲,肼羧酸酯或芳基肼反应,从而将二者连接在一起。
下面是用腙,肟或亚胺连接的例子:
其中R20和R21的定义如前所述,R25指一个氨基酸的有机取代物。
延伸体(可以含有一个隔离体V以及或一个氨基酸)可以先和细胞结合体T链接,然后再将这个细胞结合体-延伸体片段与一个抗有丝分裂剂共轭连接,连接过程可以在缓冲水溶液里进行。下面是一些按照这种方式分两步共轭连接的例子(连接在R16上的细胞毒素分子被省略):
其中E包括但不仅限于羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(NHS和S-NHS等),4-硝基苯基酯,五氟苯基酯,四氟苯基酯(包括S-四氟苯基酯),酸酐,酰氯,磺酰氯,异氰酸酯和异硫氰酸酯等。R’和R”分别为H或CH3;R20,R16和Ar的定义同前;R26为H,F或NO2;J为F,Cl,Br,I,甲苯磺酸酯基(TsO)或甲磺酸酯基(MsO)。当然,上述结构中含有至少一个抗有丝分裂剂或其他药物,结构如(为省略标志)。
延伸体也可以先和抗有丝分裂剂链接,然后再与细胞结合体T在pH为3-10(最好为5-8.5)的水溶液(可含有上限至50%的有机溶剂)中共轭连接。
下面是一些按照这种方式分两步共轭连接的例子:
其中E包括但不仅限于羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(NHS和S-NHS等),4-硝基苯基酯,五氟苯基酯,四氟苯基酯(包括S-四氟苯基酯),酸酐,酰氯,磺酰氯,异氰酸酯和异硫氰酸酯等。R’和R”分别为H或CH3;R20,R16和Ar的定义同前;R26为H,F或NO2;J为F,Cl,Br,I,甲苯磺酸酯基(TsO)或甲磺酸酯基(MsO)。当然,上述结构中含有至少一个抗有丝分裂剂或其他药物结构,如(为省略标志)。
当氨基酸单元(--Aa--)存在时,它连接延伸体和隔离体,当隔离体缺失时,它连接延伸体和抗有丝分裂剂,如果延伸体和隔离体都缺失时,它直接连接细胞结合体T和抗有丝分裂剂。--(Aa)r—可以是天然或非天然氨基酸,可以是二肽,三肽,四肽,五肽,六肽,七肽,八肽,九肽,十肽,十一肽或者十二肽单元,r为0-12之间的整数。在这里,氨基酸概括地指氨基烷基羧酸,其中烷基可以是被诸如烷基,酰基,羟烷基,巯烷基,氨烷基或羧烷基等基团所取代的烷基。天然及非天然氨基酸和多肽的结构在G.C.Barrett和D.T.Elmore所著的《Amino Acid and Peptides》(Cambridge University Press,2004)书里有很好的说明。另外,氨基酸也指贝塔氨基酸,伽马氨基酸和分子内含有甲基,苄基,羟甲基,巯甲基,羧基,羧甲基或胍基丙基等的长链氨基酸。最好的氨基酸为精胺酸,天冬酰胺酸,天冬氨酸,瓜氨酸,半胱氨酸,甘氨酸,谷氨酸,亮氨酸,赖氨酸,谷氨酰胺,丝氨酸,鸟氨酸,苯丙氨酸,苏氨酸,酪氨酸和缬氨酸等。
本发明的氨基酸单元可以被一种或多种酶包括在肿瘤中存在的蛋白水解酶所酶解而释放出抗有丝分裂剂。在一实施说明中,它先在体内被质子化,然后成为质子化的抗有丝分裂剂。
当隔离体(-V-)存在时,它连接氨基酸单元和抗有丝分裂剂,当氨基酸单元缺失时,它连接延伸体和抗有丝分裂剂。当氨基酸单元和延伸体都缺失时,隔离体连接抗有丝分裂剂和细胞结合分子T。隔离体中可以包含一些功能团,可以用这些功能团提高共轭体的水溶性,生物传送,适宜的肾清除,摄入,吸收,生物分布,以及生物利用度。隔离体有两种基本类型:自毁灭型和非自毁灭型。非自毁灭型隔离体指在一个氨基酸单元从抗有丝分裂剂-链接体-细胞结合体中或抗有丝分裂剂-链接体中断裂特别是酶解之后,部分或全部的隔离体仍然连接在抗有丝分裂剂上。
下面是一些自毁灭型隔离体的例子:
其中用(*)标记的原子是隔离体,可解离的链接体,抗有丝分裂剂或细胞结合体T的接入点;X,Y和Z3分别为NH,O或S;Z2为H,NH,O或S。v为0或1;Q为H,OH,C1~C6烷基,(OCH2CH2)n,F,Cl,Br,I,OR17,or SR17,NR17R18,N=NR17,N=R17,NR17R18,NO2,SOR17R18,SO2R17,SO3R17,OSO3R17,PR17R18,POR17R18,PO2R17R18,OPO(OR17)(OR18),OCH2PO(OR17(OR18)或糖苷,其中R17和R18分别为H,C1-C8烷基,C2-C8烯烃基,炔烃基,杂烷基,C3-C8芳基,杂环基,碳环基,环烷基,杂环烷基,杂芳烷基,烷羰基或可以药用的正离子盐。
下面是一些非自毁灭型隔离体的例子:
其中用(*)标记的原子是隔离体、可解离的链接体,抗有丝分裂剂或细胞结合体的接入点;Q为上面所述,m为1~10;n为1~20。
细胞结合体T可以是任何一种已知的能够与目标细胞上可以被用于治疗或改性的片段结合、络合或反应的分子。通过与特定的目标细胞作用,细胞结合体的作用在于把抗有丝分裂剂传送到这样的目标细胞。
细胞结合体包括但不限于大分子量的蛋白,例如完整抗体(多克隆或者单克隆);单链抗体;抗体片段如Fab,Fab’,F(ab’)2,Fv[Parham,J.Immunol.131,2895-2902(1983)],Fab表达库产生的片段,抗个体遗传型的抗体(anti-Id),CDR's,任何能与癌细胞的抗原表位、病毒抗原表位或微生物抗原表位特异结合的上述物的片段;干扰素(I,II,III型);多肽;淋巴因子如IL-2,IL-3,IL-4,IL-6,GM-CSF,或IFN-γ;激素如胰岛素,促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH),黑素细胞刺激激素(MSH),类固醇激素如雄激素,雌激素,或促黑激素(MSH);生长因子和集落刺激因子如表皮生长因子(EFG),粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF),转化生长因子(TGF)如TGFα,TGFβ,胰岛素和类胰岛素生长因子(IGF-I,IGF-II)G-CSF,M-CSF和GM-CSF[Burgess,Immunology Today,5,155-158(1984)]等;疫苗生长因子(VGF);成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF);小分子量蛋白,多肽,肽和肽激素,例如蛙皮素,胃泌激素和胃泌素释放肽;血小板源生长因子;白细胞介素和细胞因子如白细胞介素-2(IL-2),白细胞介素-6(IL-6),白血病抑制因子,粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和维生素如叶酸;脱辅基蛋白和醣蛋白如转铁蛋白[O’Keefe et al,J.Bio.Chem.260,932-927(1985)];糖结合蛋白或脂蛋白如凝集素;细胞营养传送分子;以及小分子抑制剂如前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)抑制剂,小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI),非肽或其它细胞结合分子或物质,例如生物活性高分子(Dhar,et al,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.2008,105,17356-61),树形高分子(Lee,et al,Nat.Biotechnol.2005,23,1517-26;Almutairi,et al;Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.2009,106,685-90),纳米颗粒(Liong,et al,ACS Nano,2008,19,1309-12;Medarova,et al,Nat.Med.2007,13,372-7;Javier,et al,Bioconjugate Chem.2008,19,1309-12),脂质体(Medinai,et al,Curr.Phar.Des.2004,10,2981-9),病毒衣壳(Flenniken,et al,VirusesNanotechnol.2009,327,71-93)。一般地说,如果有合适的单克隆抗体,单克隆抗体是最好的细胞结合体。
在与抗有丝分裂剂共轭结合之前,通过使用含双功能团的交联剂修饰,细胞结合体可以先连上特定的多肽,蛋白,药物分子或其他功能性分子。这些含双功能团的交联剂可以是胺-非选择性功能团交联剂(琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)-二氮环丙烯(SDA),琥珀酰亚胺酯-叠氮化物),胺基-巯基交联剂(NHS酯-马来酰亚胺,NHS酯-吡啶二巯基,NHS酯-卤代乙酰基),巯基-糖交联剂(马来酰亚胺-酰肼,吡啶二巯基-酰肼),羟基-巯基交联剂(异氰酸酯-马来酰亚胺),胺-DNA交联剂(NHS酯/补骨脂素)和胺-羧基交联剂(碳二亚胺)等。
在使用琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)-二氮环丙烯(SDA)交联剂的修饰方法中,交联剂上的NHS酯可以首先和细胞结合体骨架上的胺基反应(在pH为6-9的缓冲溶液里),这将形成一个稳定的酰胺键。然后,通过用波长为330-370nm的长波照射,二氮环丙烯被活化并产生卡宾活性中间体,该中间体和特异性多肽、蛋白或者其他功能性分子上的胺基反应后即可完成连接。这两步反应的次序也可以改变为:先让功能性分子上的胺和交联剂上的NHS酯反应,然后再在光(330-370nm)的照射下与细胞结合体进行化学反应。琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)-二氮环丙烯(SDA)交联剂也可以是可解离式的(就像其中有双硫键存在的SDAD交联剂一样)。
在使用NHS酯-叠氮化物交联剂的修饰方法中,交联剂上的NHS酯可以首先和细胞结合体骨架上的胺基反应(在pH6-9的缓冲溶液里),这将形成一个稳定的酰胺键。然后,通过Huisgen叠氮-炔环加成反应,特定的多肽、蛋白质或其他功能性分子上的炔基和交联剂另一端的叠氮进行反应,并形成1,2,3-三唑链接体。另外,这个交联剂的NHS酯也可以先与功能性分子上的胺基反应形成稳定的酰胺键(在pH为6-9的缓冲溶液里),然后再用结合体上的炔基与交联剂另一端的叠氮基团进行Huisgen叠氮-炔环加成反应,并形成1,2,3-三唑链接体。
在使用胺基-巯基交联剂的修饰方法中,交联剂上的NHS酯可以首先和细胞结合体骨架上的胺基反应(在pH=6~9的缓冲溶液里),这将形成一个稳定的酰胺键。然后,在pH为4.5~8.5的条件下,特定的多肽、蛋白质或其他功能性分子上的巯基和交联剂另一端的马来酰亚胺,吡啶二巯基或卤代乙酰基反应,并形成硫醚或双硫键。这种交联反应的次序也可以根据情况改变。比如,功能性分子上的氨基也可以首先和交联剂反应生成酰胺键,然后再与细胞结合体上的巯基进行反应。再比如,在pH为4.5~7的条件下,功能性分子上的巯基可以先与交联剂反应形成硫醚或者双硫键,然后再在pH为6~9的条件下与细胞结合体上的氨基反应形成酰胺键。
在使用巯基-糖交联剂的修饰方法中,在pH为4.5~8的条件下,细胞结合体上的巯基可以首先与交联剂上的马来酰亚胺或吡啶二巯基反应形成硫醚或双硫键。然后,功能性分子上的羰基(醛或酮)再与酰肼反应生成腙键。除此以外,在pH为4.5~8的条件下,功能分子上的巯基也可以首先和交联剂反应形成硫醚或者双硫键,然后再与细胞结合体上的糖、氧化糖或者羰基(醛或酮)反应生成腙键。
在使用羟基-巯基交联剂的修饰方法中,在pH为6~8的条件下,细胞结合体上的巯基可以首先和交联剂上的马来酰亚胺或者吡啶二巯基反应生成硫醚或双硫键。然后,在pH为8~9的条件下,再让功能性分子上的羟基与交联剂上的异氰酸酯反应生成氨基甲酸酯。另外,功能性分子上的巯基也可以先和交联剂在pH为6~8的条件下反应生成硫醚或双硫键。然后,再与细胞结合体上的羟基在pH为8~9的条件反应生成氨基甲酸酯。
本发明的另一方面内容是抗体的生产。其中包括其在生物体内、体外的产生过程或者组合过程。抗受体肽段的的多克隆抗体的生产方法已是众所周知,如美国专利编号4,493,795(Nestor等)。制备单克隆抗体的经典方法是采用特定抗原免疫小鼠,分离得到的小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞融合(Kohler,G;Milstein,C.1975.Nature 256:495-497)。详细的操作步骤见antibodies-A Laboratory Manual,Harlow and Lane,eds.,cold springharbor laboratory press,new York(1988),此方法移收入本文所引用的文献。特别地,可通过运用目的抗原免疫小鼠,大鼠,仓鼠或者其他哺乳动物的方法来获得特殊的单克隆抗体。其中目的抗原包括:完整的细胞,从细胞中分离得到的抗原,完整的病毒,弱化的完整病毒以及病毒蛋白。采用PEG6000将脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞融合。融合后得到的杂交瘤,利用其对HAT的敏感性,对其进行筛选。杂交瘤细胞产生的单克隆抗体通过其与特定的靶细胞受体发生免疫反应或者抑制受体活性,这在实施这项发明中起作用。
融合后得到的单克隆杂交瘤细胞可分泌针对特定抗原的单克隆抗体。目前,发明中使用的单克隆抗体,正是通过在营养丰富的培养基中培养单克隆杂交瘤细胞从而富集抗体。培养条件需确保杂交瘤细胞有足够的时间将产生的抗体分泌进入培养基中。将含抗体的培养上清收集后,通过人们所熟知的技术对抗体进行纯化。分离方法包括:蛋白A亲和层析法;阴离子交换层析法,阳离子交换层析法,疏水层析法以及分子筛层析法(特别是运用抗原交联蛋白A的亲和层析法以及分子筛层析法运用较为广泛);离心法;沉淀法或其它标准的纯化方法
杂交瘤培养所需有效培养基以及人工合成培养基可以通过技术合成或者商业途径获取。其中,典型的人工合成培养基:DMEM(Dulbecco等Virol 8:396(1959))加入4.5mg/L葡萄糖,20mM谷氨酰胺,20%胎牛血清以及消泡剂,如:聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯共聚物
除细胞融合技术外,构建生产抗体的细胞系还可以通过其它方法,如:直接将肿瘤原性DNA转染B淋巴细胞,或者将致癌病毒基因(如:EBV又称HHV-4或KSHV)导入B淋巴细胞,详见美国专利编号.4341761;4399121;4427783;4444887;4451570;4466917;4472500;4491632;4493890.单克隆抗体还可以通过抗受体多肽或者含羧基末端的多肽来制备。详见Niman等Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,80:4949-4953(1983);Geysen等Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,82:178-182(1985);Lei等Biochemistry 34(20):6675-6688(1995)。通常,抗受体多肽或者多肽类似物可以单独使用或者交联免疫原性载体来作为免疫原制备抗受体多肽的单克隆抗体。
发明中作为结合分子的抗体还有其它成熟的生产方法。其中特别受关注的是生产全人源抗体的工艺方法。噬菌体展示技术通过亲和筛选从全人源抗体文库中获得与已知抗原特异性结合的全人源抗体。噬菌体展示技术本身,载体构建以及文库筛选都在文献中有详尽的记录。详见Dente等Gene.148(1):7-13(1994);Little等Biotechnol Adv.12(3):539-55(1994);Clackson等Nature 352:264-628(1991);Huse等Science 246:1275-1281(1989)。
运用杂交瘤技术通过其它种属(如:小鼠)获得的单克隆抗体需对其进行人源化改造。经过改造的抗体可以大大减少异源抗体对人类机体造成的免疫副反应。其中,抗体的人源化较为常见的方法是互补决定域的移植与重塑。详见:美国专利编号5859205及6797492;Liu等,Immunol Rev.222:9-27(2008);Almagro等,Front Biosci.1;13:1619-33(2008);Lazar等Mol Immunol.44(8):1986-98(2007);Li等Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.
USA.103(10):3557-62(2006)上述文章作为参考文献并入本文。全人源抗体也可以通过抗原免疫携带大量人免疫球蛋白轻链及重链的转基因小鼠,兔子,猴子等其它哺乳动物来制备。以小鼠为例:Xenomouse(Abgenix,Inc.),HuMab-Mouse(Medarex/BMS),VelociMouse(Regeneron),详见:美国专利编号:6596541,6207418,6150584,6111166,6075181,5922545,5661016,5545806,5436149以及5569825。人类治疗过程中,将鼠源抗体可变区基因与人源抗体恒定区基因整合构建的嵌合抗体在人体中所产生的免疫源性反应要大大低于鼠抗(Kipriyanov等,Mol Biotechnol.26:39-60(2004);Houdebine,Curr OpinBiotechnol.13:625-9(2002)上述文章作为参考文献并入本文.此外,对抗体可变区的部分位点进行定点突变可以有效提高抗体的亲和力和特异性(Brannigan等,Nat Rev Mol CellBiol.3:964-70(2002);Adams等,J Immunol Methods.231:249-60(1999))。对抗体恒定区进行部分替换也可以有效增进其与免疫效应因子的亲和力从而增强细胞毒性作用。
对恶性细胞抗原有免疫特异性的抗体,可以通过商业途径或者一些成熟的技术方法来获得,如:化学合成或者重组表达技术。这类抗体的编码基因同样可以通过一些商业途径,如GenBank数据库或者其它类似的数据库,出版文献,或者常规的克隆测序方法来获得。
除抗体以外,多肽或者蛋白也同样可以作为结合分子来结合,阻断、进攻或通过其它方式与靶细胞表面相对应的受体或者表位相互作用。只要这些多肽或者蛋白能特异结合特定表位或其对应受体,那么它们不一定要属于免疫球蛋白家族。这些多肽也可以通过类似噬菌体展示抗体的技术来进行分离(Szardenings,J Recept Signal TransductRes.2003;23(4):307-49)。从随机的多肽文库获取的肽段与抗体及抗体片段的应用相似。多肽或蛋白分子可通过其结合分子与一些大分子或介质连接来保持其抗原结合的特异性。这些大分子及介质包括:白蛋白、聚合物、脂质体、纳米颗粒或者树状聚合物。
在癌症、自身免疫性疾病和感染性疾病的治疗中,用于偶联抗有丝分裂剂的抗体举例如下(但不限于此):3F8(抗GD2抗体),阿巴伏单抗(抗CA-125抗体),阿昔单抗(抗CD41抗体(整合素α-IIB),阿达木单抗(抗-TNF-α抗体),阿德木单抗(抗-EpCAM抗体,CD326),阿非莫单抗(抗-TNF-α);阿夫土珠(抗-CD20抗体),Alacizumab pegol(抗VEGFR2抗体),ALD518(抗-IL-6抗体),阿仑单抗(别名:Campath,MabCampath,坎帕斯,抗CD52抗体),阿妥莫单抗(抗CEA抗体),Anatumomab(抗-TAG-72抗体),Anrukinzumab(别名:IMA-638,抗-IL-13抗体),阿泊珠单抗(抗-HLA-DR抗体),阿西莫单抗(抗CEA抗体),阿塞珠单抗(抗-L-选择素(CD62L)抗体,Atlizumab(别名:托珠单抗,Actemra,RoActemra,抗-IL-6受体抗体),Atorolimumab(抗恒河猴因子抗体),bapineuzumab(抗β-淀粉样蛋白抗体),巴利昔单抗(舒莱,antiCD25(IL-2受体的α链)抗体,巴维昔单抗(抗磷脂酰丝氨酸抗体),贝妥莫单抗(别名:LymphoScan,抗-CD22抗体),贝利木单抗(别名:Benlysta,LymphoStat-B,抗BAFF抗体),Benralizumab(抗CD125抗体),柏替木单抗(抗CCL11(嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子-1)抗体),贝索单抗(别名:Scintimun,抗CEA-相关抗原抗体),贝伐单抗(别名:阿瓦斯丁,抗VEGF-A抗体)比西单抗(别名:FibriScint,抗血纤维蛋白Ⅱβ链抗体),Bivatuzumab(抗CD44v6抗体),blinatumomab(别名:BiTE,抗CD19抗体),Brentuximab(CAC10,抗-CD30TNFRSF8抗体),Briakinumab(抗-IL-12,IL-23抗体),康纳单抗(别名:Ilaris,抗-IL-1抗体),Cantuzumab(别名:C242,抗CanAg抗体),卡罗单抗,卡妥索单抗(别名:removab,抗EpCAM,抗-CD3抗体),CC49(抗-TAG-72抗体),Cedelizumab(抗CD4抗体),赛妥珠单抗(别名Cimzia抗TNF-α抗体),西妥昔单抗(别名:爱必妥,IMC-C225,抗-EGFR抗体),西他土珠(抗-EpCAM抗体),Cixutumumab(抗-IGF-1抗体),克立昔单抗(抗CD4抗体),Clivatuzumab(抗MUC1抗体),Conatumumab(抗-TRAIL-R2抗体),CR6261(抗A型流感血凝素抗体),Dacetuzumab(抗-CD40抗体),达利珠单抗(别名:赛尼哌,抗CD25(IL-2受体的α链)抗体),Daratumumab(抗-CD38(环化ADP核糖水解酶)抗体),,狄诺塞麦(别名:Prolia,抗RANKL抗体),地莫单抗(抗B-淋巴瘤细胞抗体),阿托度单抗,Dorlixizumab,Ecromeximab(抗-GD3神经节苷脂抗体),依库丽单抗(别名:Soliris,抗-C5抗体),埃巴单抗(抗内毒素抗体),依决洛单抗(别名:Panorex,MAb17-1A,抗-EpCAM抗体),依法利珠单抗(别名:Raptiva,抗LFA-1(CD11a)抗体),依芬古单抗(别名:Mycograb,抗Hsp90抗体),Elotuzumab(抗SLAMF7抗体),伊斯利莫(抗IL-6抗体),恩莫单抗(抗ICAM-1(CD54)抗体),Epitumomab(抗episialin抗体),依帕珠单抗(抗-CD22抗体),Erlizumab(抗ITGB2(CD18)抗体),Ertumaxomab(别名:Rexomun,抗HER2/neu,CD3抗体),伊瑞西珠(别名:Abegrin,抗整合素αvβ3抗体),艾韦单抗(抗乙型肝炎表面抗原抗体),Fanolesomab(别名:NeutroSpec,抗CD15抗体),法拉莫单抗(抗干扰素受体抗体),Farletuzumab(抗叶酸受体1抗体),Felvizumab(抗呼吸道合胞病毒抗体),Fezakinumab(抗IL-22抗体),Figitumumab(抗IGF-1受体抗体),Fontolizumab(抗IFN-γ抗体),夫瑞韦如(抗狂犬病毒糖蛋白抗体),Fresolimumab(抗TGF-β抗体),加利昔单抗(抗CD80抗体),Gantenerumab(抗-β淀粉样蛋白抗体),Gavilimomab(抗-CD147(basigin)抗体),吉妥单抗(抗CD33抗体),Girentuximab(抗碳酸酐酶9抗体),Glembatumumab(别名:CR011,抗GPNMB抗体),戈利木单抗(别名:SIMPONI,抗TNF-α抗体),Gomiliximab(抗CD23(IgE受体)抗体),Ibalizumab(抗CD4抗体),替伊莫单抗(抗CD20抗体),伊戈伏单抗(别名:Indimacis-125,抗CA-125抗体),英西单抗(别名:Myoscint,抗心肌肌球蛋白抗体),英夫利昔单抗(别名:英利昔单抗,抗TNF-α抗体),Intetumumab(抗CD51抗体),伊诺莫单抗(抗CD25(IL-2受体α链)抗体),Inotuzumab(抗CD22抗体),易普利姆玛(抗CD152抗体),Iratumumab(抗CD30(TNFRSF8)抗体),Keliximab(抗CD4抗体),Labetuzumab(别名:CEA-Cide,抗CEA抗体),Lebrikizumab(抗IL-13抗体),Lemalesomab(抗NCA-90(粒细胞抗原)抗体),乐德木单抗(抗TGFβ-2抗体),来沙木单抗(抗TRAIL-R2抗体),利韦单抗(抗乙型肝炎表面抗原抗体),林妥珠单抗(抗CD33抗体),Lucatumumab(抗CD40抗体),鲁昔单抗(抗CD23(IgE受体)抗体),Mapatumumab(抗TRAIL-R1抗体),马司莫单抗(抗T-细胞受体抗体),马妥珠单抗(抗-EGFR抗体),美泊利单抗(别名:Bosatria,抗IL-5抗体),Metelimumab(抗TGFβ-1抗体),Milatuzumab(抗CD74抗体),Minretumomab(抗TAG-72抗体),米妥莫单抗(别名BEC-2,抗-GD3神经节苷脂抗体),Morolimumab(抗恒河猴因子抗体),莫维珠单抗(别名:NUMAX,抗呼吸道合胞病毒抗体),莫罗单抗-CD3(别名:OKT3ORTHOCLONE,抗CD3抗体),他那可单抗(抗C242抗体),他那莫单抗(抗5T4抗体),那他珠单抗(别名:Tysabri,抗整合素α4抗体),奈巴库单抗(抗内毒素抗体),Necitumumab(抗EGFR抗体),Nerelimomab(抗TNF-α抗体),尼妥珠单抗(别名:Theracim,Theraloc,抗EGFR抗体),Nofetumomab,ocrelizumab(抗CD20抗体),奥度莫单抗(别名:Afolimomab,抗LFA-1(CD11A)抗体),木单抗(别名:Arzerra,抗CD20抗体),Olaratumab(抗PDGF-Rα抗体),奥马珠单抗(别名:索雷尔,抗IgE Fc区抗体),Oportuzumab(抗EpCAM抗体),奥戈伏单抗(别名:OvaRex,抗CA-125抗体),Otelixizumab(抗CD3抗体),帕吉昔单抗(抗脂磷壁酸抗体),帕利珠单抗(别名:Synagis,Abbosynagis,抗呼吸道合胞病毒抗体),帕尼单抗(别名:维克替比,ABX-EGF,抗-EGFR抗体),Panobacumab(抗绿脓杆菌抗体),Pascolizumab(抗IL-4抗体),Pemtumomab(别名:Theragyn,抗MUC1抗体),帕妥珠单抗(别名:OMNITARG,2C4,抗HER2/neu抗体),培克珠单抗(抗C5抗体),Pintumomab(抗腺癌抗原抗体),普立昔单抗(抗CD4抗体),普托木单抗(抗波形蛋白抗体),PRO140(抗CCR5抗体),Racotumomab(别名:1E10,抗-(N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(NeuGc,NGNA)-神经节苷脂GM3)抗体),瑞非韦鲁(抗狂犬病毒糖蛋白抗体),Ramucirumab(抗VEGFR2抗体),雷珠单抗(别名:Lucentis,抗VEGF-A抗体),瑞西巴库(抗炭疽毒素,保护性抗原抗体),瑞加韦单抗(抗巨细胞病毒的糖蛋白B抗体),Reslizumab(抗IL-5抗体),Rilotumumab(抗HGF抗体),利妥昔单抗(别名:美罗华,Rituxanmab,抗CD20抗体),Robatumumab(抗IGF-1受体抗体),Rontalizumab(抗IFN-α抗体),Rovelizumab(别名:LeukArrest,抗CD11,CD18抗体),Ruplizumab(别名:Antova,抗CD154(CD40L)抗体),沙妥莫单抗(抗TAG-72抗体),司韦单抗(抗巨细胞病毒抗体),Sibrotuzumab(抗FAP抗体),Sifalimumab(抗IFN-α抗体),Siltuximab(抗IL-6抗体),Siplizumab(抗CD2抗体),(Smart)MI95(抗CD33抗体),Solanezumab(抗β-淀粉样蛋白抗体),Sonepcizumab(抗神经鞘氨醇-1-磷酸抗体),索土珠单抗(抗episialin抗体),司他莫鲁(抗肌肉生长抑制素抗体),硫索单抗(别名:LeukoScan,(抗-NCA-90(粒细胞抗原)抗体))),Tacatuzumab(抗α-甲胎蛋白抗体),他度珠单抗(抗整合素αIIbβ3抗体),他利珠单抗(抗IgE抗体),他尼珠(抗NGF抗体),Taplitumomab(抗CD19抗体),Tefibazumab(别名:Aurexis,抗聚集因子A抗体),阿替莫单抗,Tenatumomab(抗固生蛋白C抗体),替奈昔单抗(抗CD40抗体),Teplizumab(抗CD3抗体),TGN1412(抗CD28抗体),Ticilimumab(别名:Tremelimumab(抗CTLA-4抗体),Tigatuzumab(抗TRAIL-R2抗体),TNX-650(抗IL-13抗体),托珠单抗(别名Atlizumab,Actemra,RoActemra,(抗IL-6受体抗体),Toralizumab(抗CD154(CD40L)抗体),托西莫单抗(抗CD20抗体),曲妥珠单抗(赫赛汀,(抗HER2/neu蛋白抗体),Tremelimumab(抗CTLA-4抗体),Tucotuzumab celmoleukin(抗EpCAM抗体),妥韦单抗(抗B型肝炎病毒抗体),Urtoxazumab(抗大肠杆菌抗体),优斯它单抗(别名:Stelara,抗IL-12,IL-23抗体),伐利昔单抗(抗AOC3(VAP-1)抗体),Vedolizumab,(抗整合素α4β7抗体),Veltuzumab(抗CD20抗体),维帕莫单抗(抗AOC3(VAP-1)抗体,Visilizumab(别名:Nuvion,抗CD3抗体),Vitaxin(抗血管整合素avb3抗体),Volociximab(抗整合素α5β1),伏妥莫单抗(别名:HumaSPECT,抗肿瘤抗原CTAA16.88抗体),扎妥木单抗(别名:HUMAX-EGFR,(抗EGFR抗体),Zanolimumab(别名:HUMAX-CD4,抗CD4抗体),Ziralimumab(抗CD147(基础免疫球蛋白)抗体),阿佐莫单抗(抗CD5抗体),依那西普阿法赛特阿巴西普利纳西普(ARCALYST),14F7[抗IRP-2(铁离子调节蛋白2)抗体],14G2a(抗GD2神经节苷脂抗体,治疗黑色素瘤和实体瘤,from nat.cancer inst.),J591(抗PSMA抗体,治疗前列腺癌,威尔康乃尔医学院),225.28S[抗HMW-MAA(高分子量黑色素瘤相关抗原)抗体,索林Radiofarmaci SRL(意大利米兰)治疗黑色素瘤],COL-1(抗CEACAM3抗体,CGM1,nat.cancer inst.。治疗大肠癌和胃癌),CYT-356(治疗前列腺癌),HNK20(OraVax公司,用于治疗呼吸道合胞病毒),ImmuRAIT(来自IMMUNOMEDICS治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤),Lym-1(抗HLA-DR10抗体,百富勤医药,用于癌症),MAK-195F[抗TNF抗体(又称:肿瘤坏死因子;TNFA,肿瘤坏死因子-α;TNFSF2),阿伯特/诺尔,用于治疗败血症中毒性休克],MEDI-500[别名:T10B9,抗CD3抗体,TRαβ(T细胞受体α/β),复合物,MedImmune公司用于治疗移植物抗宿主病],RING SCAN[抗TAG72(肿瘤相关糖蛋白72抗体),Neoprobe集团,用于治疗乳腺癌、结肠癌和直肠癌。Avicidin(抗-EpCAM抗体(上皮细胞粘附分子),抗TACSTD1抗体(肿瘤相关钙信号转导1),抗GA733-2(胃肠肿瘤相关蛋白2),抗EGP-2抗体(上皮糖蛋白2);抗KSA抗体;KS1/4抗原;M4S;肿瘤抗原17-1A;CD326,来自NeoRx公司用于治疗结肠癌,卵巢癌,前列腺癌和非霍奇金淋巴瘤;LymphoCide(IMMUNOMEDICS公司,NJ),smartID10(Protein Design Labs),Oncolym(Techniclone公司,加利福尼亚州),Allomune(BioTransplant,CA),抗VEGF抗体(Genentech公司,CA);CEAcide(IMMUNOMEDICS公司,NJ),IMC-1C11(ImClone,NJ)和西妥昔单抗(ImClone公司,新泽西州)。
用于结合抗原的其它抗体包括(但不仅限于此):氨肽酶N(CD13),膜联蛋白A1,B7-H3(CD276,各种癌症),CA125,CA15-3(癌),CA19-9(癌),L6(癌),Lewis Y(癌),Lewis X(癌),甲胎蛋白(癌),CA242,胎盘碱性磷酸酶(癌),前列腺特异性抗原(前列腺癌),前列腺酸性磷酸酶(前列腺),表皮生长因子(癌),CD2(霍奇金病,非霍奇金淋巴瘤的淋巴瘤,多发性骨髓瘤),CD3的ε(T细胞淋巴瘤,肺癌,乳腺癌,胃癌,卵巢癌,自身免疫性疾病,恶性腹水),CD19(B细胞恶性肿瘤),CD20(非霍奇金淋巴瘤),CD22(白血病,淋巴瘤,多发性骨髓瘤,系统性红斑狼疮),CD30,CD33,CD37,CD38(多发性骨髓瘤),CD40(淋巴瘤,多发性骨髓瘤,白血病),CD51(转移性黑素瘤,肉瘤),CD52,CD56(小细胞肺癌癌,卵巢癌,Merkel细胞癌,以及液体肿瘤,多发性骨髓瘤),CD66e(癌症),CD70(转移性肾细胞癌和非霍奇金淋巴瘤),CD74(多发性骨髓瘤),CD79,CD80(淋巴瘤),CD98(癌症),粘蛋白(癌),CD221(实体瘤),CD227(乳腺癌,卵巢癌),CD262(非小细胞肺癌和其他癌),CD309(卵巢癌),CD326(实体瘤),CEACAM3(大肠癌,胃癌),CEACAM5(癌胚抗原;CEA,CD66e)(乳腺癌,结肠直肠癌和肺癌),DLL4(Δ状-4),EGFR(表皮生长因子受体,各种癌症),CTLA4(黑色素瘤),CXCR4(CD184,血红素肿瘤,实体肿瘤),内皮糖蛋白(CD105,实体瘤),EPCAM(上皮细胞粘附分子,膀胱癌,头,颈,结肠,前列腺非霍奇金淋巴瘤,和卵巢癌),ERBB2(表皮生长因子受体2;肺癌,乳腺癌,前列腺癌),FCGR1(自身免疫性疾病),FOLR(叶酸受体,卵巢癌),GD2神经节苷脂(癌症),G-28(一种细胞表面抗原glyvolipid,黑素瘤),独特型GD3(癌症),热休克蛋白(癌症),HER1(肺,胃癌),HER2(乳腺癌,肺癌和卵巢癌),HLA-DR10(NHL),HLA-DRB(非霍奇金淋巴瘤,B细胞白血病),人绒毛膜促性腺激素(癌),IGF1R(胰岛素样生长因子1受体,实体瘤,血液癌症),IL-2受体(白细胞介素2受体,T-细胞白血病和淋巴瘤),IL-6R(白细胞介素6受体,多发性骨髓瘤,类风湿性关节炎,Castleman病,IL6依赖性肿瘤),整合素(素αvβ3,α5β1,α6β4,αllβ3,α5β5,αvβ5细胞附着因子,对各种癌症),MAGE-1(癌),MAGE-2(癌),MAGE-3(癌),MAGE 4(癌),抗转铁蛋白受体(癌),P97(黑色素瘤),MS4A1(跨膜域4亚科A成员1,非霍奇金B细胞淋巴瘤,白血病),MUC1或MUC1-KLH(乳腺癌,卵巢癌,子宫颈癌,支气管和胃肠道癌症),MUC16(CA125)(卵巢癌),CEA(大肠),GP100(黑色素瘤),MART1(黑色素瘤)MPG(黑色素瘤),MS4A1(跨膜域4蛋白A,小细胞肺癌,非霍奇金淋巴瘤),核仁,神经癌基因产物(癌),P21(癌),抗(N-羟乙酰神经氨酸,乳腺癌,黑色素瘤的癌症),PLAP样睾丸碱性磷酸酶(卵巢癌,睾丸癌),PSMA(前列腺肿瘤),PSA(前列腺),ROBO4,TAG 72(肿瘤相关糖蛋白72,白血病,胃癌,结肠直肠癌,卵巢癌)中,T细胞的跨膜蛋白(癌症),Tie(CD202b),TNFRSF10B(肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员10B,癌症),TNFRSF13B(肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员13B,多发性骨髓瘤,非霍奇金淋巴瘤,以及其他癌症,类风湿性关节炎和系统性红斑狼疮),TPBG(滋养层糖蛋白,肾细胞癌),TRAIL-R1(肿瘤坏死凋亡诱导配体受体1,淋巴瘤,非霍奇金淋巴瘤,大肠癌,肺癌),VCAM-1(CD106,黑色素瘤),血管内皮生长因子,血管内皮生长因子-A,VEGF-2(CD309)(各种癌症)。通过抗体识别的一些其他的肿瘤相关抗原已审阅(Gerber等,mAbs 1:3,247-253(2009);Novellino等,cancer immunol immunother.54(3),187-207(2005)Franke等,cancerbiother radiopharm.2000,15,459-76)。还有许多其他的抗原是:其他不同的集群(CD4,CD5,CD6,CD7,CD8,CD9,CD10,CD11a,CD11b,CD11c,CD12w,CD14,CD15,CD16,CDw17,CD18,CD19,CD20,CD21,CD22,CD23,CD24,CD25,CD26,CD27,CD28,CD29,CD30,CD31,CD32,CD33,CD34,CD35,CD36,CD37,CD38,CD41,CD42,CD43,CD44,CD45,CD46,CD47,CD48,CD49b,CD49c,CD53,CD54,CD55,CD56,CD58,CD59,CD61,CD62E,CD62L,CD62P,CD63,CD68,CD69,CD70,CD71,CD72,CD79,CD79a,CD79b,CD81,CD82,CD83,CD86,CD87,CD88,CD89,CD90,CD91,CD95,CD96,CD100,CD103,CD105,CD106,CD109,CD117,CD120,CD125,CD127,CD133,CD134,CD135,CD138,CD141,CD142,CD143,CD144,CD147,CD151,CD152,CD154,CD156,CD158,CD163,CD166,。CD168,CD184,CDw186,CD195,CD202(a,b),CD209,CD235a,CD271,CD303,CD304),APO2,ASLG659,BMPR1B(骨形态发生蛋白受体),CRIPTO,膜联蛋白A1,核仁,内皮糖蛋白(CD105),ROBO4,氨基肽酶N,Δ-样4(DLL4),VEGFR-2(CD309),CXCR49CD184),Tie2,B7-H3,WT1,MUC1,LMP2,HPV E6E7,EGFRvIII,HER-2/neu,个体基因型,MAGE A3,P53nonmutant,NY-ESO-1,GD2,CEA,MelanA/MART1,Napi3b(NAPI-3B,NPTIIb,SLC34A2,溶质载体家族34,成员2,II型钠依赖的磷转运3b),Ras突变,gp100,p53突变体,Proteinase3(PR1),BCR-abl,Tetratocarcinoma衍生的生长因子),EphA受体,EphB受体,EGFR,EGFRvIII,ETBR(内皮素),HER2/neu,HER3,HLA-DOB(MHC II类分子IA抗原),整合素,IRTA2,MPF(MPF,MSLN,SMR,巨核细胞强化因子,间皮素),CRIPTO,Sema 5b(FLJ10372,KIAA1445,Mm42015,SEMA5B,5EMAG,semaphoring 5bHlog,sdema域,七个血小板重复序列,胞浆区),PSCA,STEAP1(6个跨膜上皮前列腺抗原),和STEAP2(HGNC 8639,IPCA-1,PCANP1,STAMP1,STEAP2,STMP,前列腺),酪氨酸酶,生存素,hTERT,肉瘤易位断点,EphA2,PAP,ML-IAP,AFP,EpCAM,ERG(TMPRSS2ETS融合基因),NA17,PAX3,ALK,雄激素受体,细胞周期素B1,聚唾液酸,MYCN,RhoC,TRP-2,GD3,岩藻糖神经节苷脂,间皮素,PSCA,MAGE A1,sLe(a),CYP1B1,PLAC1,GM3,BORIS,Tn,GloboH,ETV6-AML,NY-BR-1,RGS5,SART3,STn,碳酸酐酶IX,PAX5,OY-TES1,精子蛋白17,LCK,HMWMAA,AKAP-4,SSX2,XAGE 1,B7H3,豆荚蛋白,Tie 2,Page4,VEGFR2,MAD-CT-1,FAP,PDGFR-β,MAD-CT-2,Fos蛋白相关抗原1。
另一个特殊应用是,按照不同的组合和方法,本发明中抗有丝分裂分子-结合分子的共轭体(偶联物)适用于癌症治疗。这些癌症包含,并不限于,肾上腺皮质癌,直肠癌,膀胱癌,脑肿瘤(成人:脑干胶质瘤,儿童,小脑星形细胞瘤,星形细胞瘤,室管膜瘤,髓母细胞瘤,幕上原始神经外胚层肿瘤,松果体,视觉通路和下丘脑胶质瘤),乳腺癌,类癌肿瘤,胃肠道,未知原发癌,宫颈癌,结肠癌,子宫内膜癌,食管癌,肝外胆管癌,尤文家族肿瘤(PNET),颅外恶性生殖细胞肿瘤,眼癌,眼内黑色素瘤,胆囊癌,胃癌(胃),生殖细胞肿瘤,性腺外,妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤,头颈部肿瘤,下咽癌,胰岛细胞癌,肾癌(肾细胞癌),喉癌,白血病(急性淋巴细胞,急性髓细胞,慢性淋巴细胞,慢性髓细胞,多毛细胞),唇和口腔癌,肝癌,肺癌(非小细胞,小细胞,淋巴瘤(爱滋病相关,中枢神经系统,皮肤T细胞,霍奇金病,非霍奇金病,恶性间皮瘤,黑色素瘤,默克尔细胞癌,原发性隐匿性鳞状颈部转移癌,多发性骨髓瘤和其他浆细胞肿瘤,蕈样肉芽肿,骨髓增生异常综合征,骨髓增殖性疾病,鼻咽癌,神经母细胞瘤,口腔癌,口咽癌,骨肉瘤,卵巢癌(上皮细胞,生殖细胞瘤,低度恶性潜能肿瘤),胰腺癌(外分泌,胰岛细胞癌),鼻窦和鼻腔癌,甲状旁腺癌,阴茎癌,嗜铬细胞瘤癌,垂体肿瘤,浆细胞肿瘤,前列腺癌横纹肌肉瘤,直肠癌,肾细胞癌(肾癌),肾盂和输尿管(移行细胞),涎腺癌,塞扎综合症,皮肤癌,皮肤癌(皮样T细胞淋巴瘤,卡波西氏肉瘤,黑色素瘤),小肠癌,软组织肉瘤,胃癌,睾丸癌,胸腺瘤(恶性),甲状腺癌,尿道癌,子宫癌(肉瘤),儿童异常肿瘤,阴道癌,外阴癌,肾母细胞瘤。
另一个特殊应用是,按照不同的组合和方法,本发明中抗有丝分裂分子-结合分子共轭体适用于自身免疫疾病的预防和治疗。自身免疫疾病包括,但不限于,胃酸缺乏自身免疫性慢性活动性肝炎,急性播散性脑脊髓炎,急性出血性脑白质炎,阿狄森氏病,丙种球蛋白血症,斑秃,肌萎缩性侧索硬化症,强直性脊柱炎,抗肾小球基底膜/肾小管基底膜肾炎,抗磷脂综合征,抗合成酶综合征,关节炎,异位性过敏症,过敏性皮炎,自身免疫性再生障碍性贫血,自身免疫性心肌病,自身免疫性溶血性贫血,自身免疫性肝炎,自身免疫性内耳病,自身免疫性淋巴组织增生综合征,自身免疫性周围神经系统疾病,自身免疫性胰腺炎自体免疫多内分泌症I,II,III型,自身免疫性孕酮皮炎,自身免疫性血小板减少性紫癜,自身免疫性色素层炎,巴洛病/巴洛同心性硬化,黑奇特综合征,Berger病,Bickerstaff脑干脑炎,Blau综合征,大苞性类天苞疮,巨淋巴结增生,美洲锥虫病,慢性疲劳免疫功能紊乱综合征,慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发神经病,慢性复发性多病灶性骨髓炎,慢性莱姆病,慢性阻塞性肺疾病,变应性肉芽肿性血管炎,瘢痕性类天疱疮,腹部疾病,耳蜗前庭综合征,冷凝集素病,补体C2缺乏症,颅动脉炎,肢端硬皮综合征,克隆氏病(一种特发性炎症性肠病),柯兴氏症,皮肤白细胞碎裂性血管炎,恶性萎缩性丘疹病,痛性肥胖病,疱疹样皮炎,皮肌炎,1型糖尿病,弥漫性皮肤硬皮病,心肌梗塞后综合征,盘状红斑狼疮,湿疹,子宫内膜异位症,幼年特发性关节炎,嗜酸细胞性筋膜炎,嗜酸细胞性筋膜炎,结节性红斑,特发性混合性冷球蛋白血症,埃文斯综合征,渐进性骨化性纤维组织结构不良,纤维肌痛,纤维肌炎,纤维性肺泡炎,胃炎,胃肠类天疱疮,巨细胞动脉炎,肾小球肾炎,肺出血肾炎综合征,格雷夫斯氏病,格林-巴利神经根炎,桥本脑炎,淋巴瘤性甲状腺肿,溶血性贫血,过敏性紫癜多,妊娠期疱疹,化脓性汗腺炎,休斯综合症(抗磷脂抗体综合征),低丙球蛋白血症,特发性炎性脱髓鞘疾病,特发性肺纤维化,特发性血小板减少性紫癜(自身免疫性血小板减少性紫癜),IgA肾病(Berger病),包涵体肌炎,发炎性脱髓鞘病变,间质性膀胱炎,肠易激综合征,幼年特发性关节炎,幼儿型类风湿性关节炎,皮肤粘膜淋巴结综合征,兰伯特肌无力综合征,白细胞分裂性血管炎,扁平苔藓,硬化性苔藓,线状IgA病(LAD),肌萎缩性侧索硬化症,狼疮样肝炎,红斑狼疮,马吉德综合征,美尼尔氏综合症,显微镜下多血管炎,米勒·费希尔综合征,混合性结缔组织病,硬斑病,穆哈二氏病,韦尔斯综合征,多发性骨髓瘤,多发性硬化症,重症肌无力,肌炎,发作性睡病,视神经脊髓炎(德维克病),神经性肌强直,眼部瘢痕性类天疱疮,眼阵挛-肌阵挛综合征,奥德氏甲状腺炎,复发性风湿病,熊猫症候群(合并链球菌感染的儿童自体免疫神经精神异常),类肿瘤性小脑变性,阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症,进行性一侧面萎缩,巴-特二氏综合征,睫状体扁平部炎,天疱疮,寻常型天疱疮,恶性贫血,静脉周围炎,POEMS综合征,结节性多动脉炎,风湿性多肌痛,多发性肌炎,原发性胆汁性肝硬化,原发性硬化性胆管炎,进行性炎性神经病变,银屑病,银屑病关节炎,坏疽性脓皮,纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血,罗斯默森氏脑炎,雷诺病,复发性多软骨炎,莱特尔综合征,腿多动综合征,腹膜后纤维化,类风湿关节炎,类风湿发热,结节病,精神分裂症,施密特综合征,施尼茨勒综合征,巩膜炎,硬皮病,干燥综合征,脊椎关节病,粘血综合征,斯蒂尔病,僵人综合征,亚急性细菌性心内膜炎,Susac氏综合征,急性热性嗜中性皮肤病,西德纳姆舞蹈病,交感性眼炎,高安氏动脉炎,颞动脉炎(巨细胞动脉炎),痛性眼肌麻痹综合征,横贯性脊髓炎,溃疡性结肠炎(一种特发性炎症性肠疾病),未分化的结缔组织病,未分化脊柱关节病,血管炎,白癜风,韦格纳氏肉芽肿病,威尔逊氏综合征,威斯科特-奥尔德里奇综合征。
在另一具体实施方案中,用于治疗或预防自身免疫疾病的,用于偶联的抗原结合分子包括,但不限于:抗弹性蛋白抗体;Abys抗上皮细胞抗体;抗基底膜IV型胶原蛋白抗体;抗核抗体;抗双链DNA抗体;抗单链DNA抗体,抗心肌磷脂抗体IgM,IgG;抗celiac(anti-celiac antibody)抗体;抗磷脂抗体IgK,IgG;抗核糖蛋白抗体;抗线粒体抗体;甲状腺抗体;微粒体抗体,T-细胞抗体;甲状腺球蛋白抗体,抗硬皮病-70抗体(anti-SCL-70);人抗Jo抗体(anti-jo);抗系统性红斑狼疮患者自身抗体;抗干燥综合症抗体(Anti-La/SSB);抗系统性红斑狼疮抗体;抗壁细胞抗体;抗组蛋白抗体;抗核糖核蛋白抗体(anti-RNP);中性粒细胞胞质抗体(C-ANCA);细胞核周围抗中性粒细胞抗体(P-ANCA);抗着丝粒抗体;抗核纤维蛋白抗体,以及抗肾小球基底膜抗体(GBM)抗体,抗神经节苷脂(Anti-ganglioside)抗体;抗桥粒芯糖蛋白3抗体(anti-Desmogein 3);抗人P62抗体;抗人sp100抗体;抗线粒体M2抗体;类风湿因子抗体;抗突变型瓜氨酸波形蛋白抗体(anti-MCV);抗拓扑异构酶抗体;抗中性粒细胞胞浆(CANCA)抗体。
在某些优选的实施方案中,本发明中用于共轭偶联的结合分子,可以与自身免疫性疾病相关的活化淋巴细胞表达的受体或受体复合物结合。包括免疫球蛋白基因超家族成员(如CD2,CD3,CD4,CD8,CD19,CD20,CD22,CD28,CD30,CD33,CD37,CD38,CD70,CD79,CD90,CD152/CTLA-4,PD-1,或ICOS),TNF受体超家族成员(如CD27,CD40,CD95/Fas,CD134/OX40,CD137/4-1BB,INF-R1,TNFR-2,RANK,TACI,BCMA,骨保护素,Apo2/TRAIL-R1,TRAIL-R2,TRAIL-R3,TRAIL-R4和30APO-3),整联蛋白,细胞因子受体,趋化因子受体,主要组织相容性蛋白,凝集素(C型,S型或I型)或补体调控蛋白。
在另一具体实施方案中,对病毒性或细菌性抗原具有免疫特异性的有用的结合体是人源的或人单克隆抗体。如本文所用术语“病毒性抗原”包括,但不限于:任何能诱发免疫反应的病毒肽段,多肽蛋白(例如,HIVgp120,HIV nef,RSV F糖蛋白,流感病毒神经氨酸酶,流感病毒血凝素,人类T淋巴细胞病毒感染调节因子tax,单疱疹病毒糖蛋白(例如,gB,gC,gD和gE)和乙型肝炎表面抗原)。如本文所用的术语“细菌性抗原”包括,但不限于:任何能诱发免疫反应的微生物肽段,多肽蛋白,糖类,多糖,脂质分子(例如,细菌,真菌,致病性原生动物,酵母多肽包括,例如,脂多糖和荚膜多糖5/8)。可用于治疗病毒性或细菌性感染的有用I型抗体包括,但不限于:帕利珠单抗,一种用于治疗RSV感染的人源的抗呼吸道合胞体病毒单克隆抗体;PRO542,一种用于治疗HIV感染的CD4融合抗体;Ostavir,一种治疗乙肝病毒人源性抗体;PROTVIR,一种用于治疗巨细胞病毒人源化抗体IgG.sub.1,还有抗脂多糖(anti-LPS)抗体。
本发明的结合分子——抗有丝分裂剂偶联物,可以用于治疗感染性疾病。这些传染病包括,但不限于:不动杆菌感染,放线菌病,非洲昏睡病(非洲锥虫病),艾滋病(获得性免疫缺陷综合症),阿米巴病,微粒孢子虫病,炭疽,溶血隐秘杆菌感染,阿根廷出血热,蛔虫病,曲霉菌病,星状病毒感染,巴贝虫病,蜡样芽胞杆菌感染,细菌性肺炎,细菌性阴道病,类杆菌感染,小袋虫病,贝利蛔线虫感染,BK病毒感染,黑色发结节病,人芽囊原虫感染,芽生菌,玻利维亚出血热,疏螺旋体感染,肉毒中毒(和婴儿肉毒中毒),巴西出血热,布氏杆菌病,伯霍尔德杆菌感染,布鲁里溃疡,感染杯状病毒(诺罗病毒和札幌病毒),弯曲菌病,念珠菌感染(念珠菌病,鹅口疮),猫抓病,蜂窝组织炎,查格斯病(美洲锥虫病),软下疳,水痘,衣原体,肺炎衣原体感染,霍乱,着色真菌病,肝吸虫病,难辨梭状芽孢杆菌感染,球孢子菌病,科罗拉多蜱热,普通感冒(急性病毒鼻咽炎;急性鼻炎),克雅氏病,克里米亚-刚果出血热,隐球菌病,隐孢子虫病,皮肤幼虫移行症,环孢子虫感染,囊虫病,巨细胞病毒感染,登革热,双核阿米巴病,白喉,裂头绦虫,龙线虫病,埃博拉出血热,包虫病,埃里希体病,蛲虫病(蛲虫感染),肠球菌感染,肠病毒感染,流行性斑疹伤寒,传染性红斑(第五病),幼儿急疹,姜片虫病,家族致命性失眠症,丝虫病,产气荚膜梭菌引起的食物中毒,非寄生阿米巴感染,梭杆菌感染,气性坏疽(梭菌性肌坏死),地丝菌病,吉斯特曼-施特劳斯综合征,贾第虫病,马鼻疽,腭口线虫病,淋病,腹股沟肉芽肿,A组链球菌感染,B组链球菌感染,流感嗜血杆菌感染,手足口病(HFMD),汉坦病毒肺综合征,幽门螺杆菌感染,溶血性尿毒综合征,出血热肾病综合征,甲型肝炎,乙型肝炎,丙型肝炎,丁型肝炎,戊型肝炎,单纯疱疹,组织胞浆菌病,钩虫感染,人鲍坎病毒感染,人埃文氏埃立克体病,人粒细胞无形体病,人类偏肺病毒感染,人体单核细胞埃立克体病,人乳头状瘤病毒感染,人副流感病毒感染,膜壳绦虫病,爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒传染性单核细胞增多症(单一),流感,等孢子球虫病,川崎病,角膜炎,金氏金氏杆菌感染,库鲁病,拉沙热,军团杆菌病(退伍军人协会会员病),军团杆菌病(庞蒂亚克热),利什曼病,麻风病,钩端螺旋体病,李氏杆菌病,莱姆病(莱姆疏螺旋体病),淋巴丝虫病(象皮肿),淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎,疟疾,马尔堡出血热,麻疹,类鼻疽(惠特莫尔氏病),脑膜炎,脑膜炎球菌病,后殖吸虫病,微孢子虫病,传染性软疣,流行性腮腺炎,斑疹伤寒(地方性斑疹伤寒),支原体肺炎,足菌肿,蝇蛆病,新生儿结膜炎(新生儿眼炎),克—亚综合征(vCJD,nvCJD),诺卡氏菌病,盘尾丝虫病(河盲症),副球孢子菌病(南美芽生菌病),肺吸虫病,巴氏杆菌病,头虱病(头虱),体虱病(体虱),阴虱病(阴虱),盆腔炎,百日咳,鼠疫,肺炎球菌感染,肺孢子虫性肺炎,肺炎,脊髓灰质炎,普氏菌感染,原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎,进行性多病灶脑白质病,鹦鹉热,Q热,狂犬病,鼠咬热,呼吸道合胞病毒感染,鼻孢子菌病,鼻病毒感染,立克次体感染,立克次氏体,裂谷热,洛矶山斑疹热,轮状病毒感染,风疹,沙门氏菌病,SARS(严重急性呼吸系统综合症),疥疮,血吸虫病,败血症,痢疾(菌痢),带状疱疹(带状疱疹),天花(天花),孢子丝菌病,葡萄球菌食物中毒,葡萄球菌感染,线虫,梅毒,绦虫病,破伤风(牙关紧闭症),须癣,头癣,体癣,股癣,手癣,黑糠疹,足癣,甲癣,花斑癣,弓蛔虫病(眼幼虫移行症),弓蛔虫病(内脏幼虫移行症),弓形体病,旋毛虫病,滴虫病,鞭虫病(鞭虫感染),肺结核,兔热病,尿素分解尿素支原体感染,委内瑞拉马脑炎,委内瑞拉出血热,病毒性肺炎,西尼罗热,白色毛结节菌病(白色毛结节菌病),假结核菌感染,耶尔森菌病,黄热病,接合菌病。
本篇专利先前描述的抗体的结合分子可用于抗致病菌株,包括,但不限于:鲍曼不动杆菌,以色列放线菌,戈氏放线菌和丙酸丙酸盐杆菌,布氏锥虫,HIV(人类免疫缺陷病毒),溶组织内阿米巴,无形体属,炭疽杆菌,溶血隐秘杆菌,胡宁病毒,蛔虫,曲霉属,星状病毒家庭,巴贝斯虫属,蜡样芽胞杆菌,多杆菌,类杆菌属,结肠小袋纤毛虫,贝利蛔线虫属,BK病毒,何德毛结节菌,人芽囊原虫,皮炎芽生菌,沙粒病毒,疏螺旋体属,肉毒梭菌,清风藤,布鲁菌属,通常洋葱伯克霍尔德菌和其他伯克霍尔德杆菌种,溃疡分枝杆菌,杯状病毒科家族,弯曲杆菌属,通常是白色念珠菌和其他念珠菌属,巴尔通体,A组链球菌和葡萄球菌,克氏锥虫,杜克雷嗜血杆菌,水痘带状疱疹病毒(VZV),沙眼衣原体,肺炎衣原体,霍乱弧菌,裴氏着色霉,华支睾吸虫,难辨梭状芽孢杆菌,粗球孢子菌和Coccidioides posadasii,科罗拉多蜱热病毒,鼻病毒,冠状病毒,朊病毒克雅氏病,克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒,新型隐球菌,隐孢子虫属,猫钩虫;multiple parasites,,环孢子,猪带绦虫,巨细胞病毒,登革热病毒(DEN-1,DEN-2,DEN-3和DEN-4)虫媒病毒,脆弱双核阿米巴,白喉棒状杆菌,裂头属,麦地那龙线虫,埃博拉病毒,棘球属,埃立克体属,蛲虫,肠球菌属,肠道病毒属,普氏立克次体,细小病毒B19,人类疱疹病毒6型和人类疱疹病毒7型,布氏姜片吸虫,肝片吸虫和大片吸虫,FFI朊病毒,丝虫目超家族,产气荚膜杆菌,梭杆菌属,产气荚膜梭菌,其他梭菌属,白地霉,GSS朊病毒,肠贾第鞭毛虫,鼻疽伯克霍尔德氏菌,棘颚口线虫和刚棘颚口虫,淋病奈瑟菌,肉芽肿杆菌,化脓性链球菌,无乳链球菌,流感嗜血杆菌,肠道病毒,大多数柯萨奇A病毒和肠病毒71型,辛诺瓦病毒,幽门螺旋杆菌,大肠杆菌O157:H7,布尼亚病毒科家族,甲型肝炎病毒,乙型肝炎病毒,丙型肝炎病毒,丁型肝炎病毒,戊型肝炎病毒,单纯疱疹病毒1型,单纯疱疹病毒2型,组织胞浆菌,十二指肠钩虫和美洲板口线虫,流感嗜血杆菌,人类博卡病毒,埃文氏埃立克体,无形体科,人类偏肺病毒,沙费埃里希体,人乳头瘤病毒,人副流感病毒,微小膜壳绦虫和缩小包膜绦虫,EB病毒,正粘病毒科,贝利等孢球虫,金氏金氏杆菌,肺炎克雷伯菌,Klebsiella ozaenas,库鲁病朊病毒,拉沙病毒,嗜肺军团菌,嗜肺军团菌,利什曼原虫属,麻风分枝杆菌和弥漫型痳疯分枝杆菌,钩端螺旋体属,李斯特菌,博氏包柔螺旋体和其他疏螺旋体属,班氏丝虫和马来丝虫,淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎病毒(LCMV),疟原虫属,马尔堡病毒,麻疹病毒,类鼻疽伯克氏菌,脑膜炎奈瑟菌,横川后殖吸虫,微孢子虫门,传染性软疣病毒(MCV),腮腺炎病毒,立克次体杆菌,肺炎支原体,多种细菌(马杜拉分枝菌病)和真菌(马杜拉分枝菌病),寄生双翅目蝇蛆,沙眼衣原体和淋球菌,vCJD朊病毒,星状诺卡氏菌和其他诺卡氏菌属物种,旋盘尾丝虫,巴西芽生菌,卫氏并殖吸虫和其他并殖吸虫属,巴斯德氏菌属,虱头癣,体虱,阴虱,百日咳博德特氏菌,鼠疫耶尔森氏菌,肺炎链球菌,卡氏肺囊虫,脊髓灰质炎病毒,普雷沃氏菌属,福氏耐格里阿米巴,JC病毒,鹦鹉热衣原体,立克次体,狂犬病毒,念珠状链杆菌和鼠咬热螺旋体,呼吸道合胞病毒,西伯鼻孢子虫,鼻病毒,立克次体属,螨立克次体,立夫特山谷热病毒,立氏立克次体,轮状病毒,风疹病毒,沙门氏菌属,非典型肺炎冠状病毒,疥螨,血吸虫属,志贺氏菌属,水痘带状疱疹病毒,重型天花或类天花,申克孢子丝菌,葡萄球菌属,金黄色葡萄球菌,化脓性链球菌,粪类圆线虫,梅毒螺旋体,绦虫属,破伤风梭菌,毛癣菌属,断发毛癣菌,发癣菌属,絮状表皮癣菌,红色毛癣菌和须癣毛癣菌,威尼克外瓶霉,毛癣菌属,马拉色菌属,犬弓首蛔虫或猫弓蛔虫,弓形虫,旋毛虫,阴道毛滴虫,鞭虫,结核杆菌,土拉热弗朗西丝菌,解脲支原体,委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒,霍乱弧菌,瓜纳瑞托病毒,西尼罗病毒,白色毛孢子菌,假结核耶尔森菌,小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌,黄热病毒,毛霉目(毛霉菌病)和虫霉目(虫霉菌病),铜绿假单胞菌,胎儿弯曲杆菌(弧菌),嗜水气单胞菌,迟缓爱德华氏菌,耶尔森菌,志贺痢疾杆菌,福氏痢疾杆菌,宋内志贺氏菌,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,雅司螺旋体,Treponema carateneum,奋森疏螺旋体,博氏包柔螺旋体,出血性黄疸钩端螺旋体,卡氏肺囊虫,布鲁氏菌,猪布鲁氏菌,布氏杆菌,支原体属,斑疹伤寒病原体,Rickettsia tsutsugumushi,披衣菌属;病原真菌(曲霉,白色念珠菌,荚膜组织胞浆菌);原生动物(溶组织内阿米巴,阴道毛滴虫,人毛滴虫,Tryoanosoma gambiense,罗得西亚锥虫,杜氏利什曼原虫,热带利什曼原虫,巴西利什曼原虫,肺囊虫肺炎,间日疟原虫,恶性疟原虫,恶性疟疾);或蠕虫(日本血吸虫,曼氏血吸虫,埃及血吸虫和钩虫)
其他抗体作为本发明结合配体用于治疗病毒性疾病包括,但不限于:抗体作用于病原病毒的抗原包括以下例子但不限于:天花病毒,疱疹病毒,腺病毒,乳多空病毒科,肠道病毒科,细小RNA病毒科,细小病毒科,呼肠孤病毒,逆转录病毒科,流感病毒,副流感病毒,腮腺炎,麻疹,呼吸道合胞病毒,风疹,虫媒病毒,弹状病毒,沙粒病毒科,Non-A/Non-B肝炎病毒,鼻病毒,冠状病毒,轮状病毒科,肿瘤病毒[例如,乙型肝炎病毒(肝细胞癌),人乳头状瘤病毒(宫颈癌,肛门癌),卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒(卡波济氏肉瘤),EB病毒(鼻咽癌,伯基特淋巴瘤,原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤),MCPyV(梅克尔细胞癌),SV40(猿猴病毒40),丙型肝炎病毒(肝癌),人类嗜T淋巴细胞病毒1型(成人T细胞白血病/淋巴瘤),免疫失调引起病毒:[如人类免疫缺陷病毒(艾滋病)];中枢神经系统病毒:[如,JCV(进行性多病灶脑白质病),MeV(亚急性硬化性全脑炎),LCV(淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎),虫媒病毒性脑炎,正粘病毒科(可能的)(昏睡性脑炎),RV(狂犬病),水疱性口炎-印度病毒属,疹病毒性脑膜炎,拉姆齐·亨特综合征II型;脊髓灰质炎(小儿麻痹症,后小儿麻痹症候群),人类嗜T淋巴细胞病毒1型(热带痉挛性截瘫)];巨细胞病毒(巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎,HSV(疱疹性角膜炎));心血管病病毒[如柯萨奇病毒(心包炎,心肌炎)];呼吸系统/急性鼻咽炎病毒/病毒性肺炎:[非洲淋巴细胞瘤病毒(疱疹病毒4型感染/传染性单核细胞增多),巨细胞病毒;SARS冠状病毒(严重急性呼吸器官综合征)正粘病毒:流感病毒A/B/C(流感/禽流感),副粘病毒:人类副流感病毒(副流感),呼吸道合胞病毒(人类呼吸道合胞病毒),肺病毒];消化系统病毒[MUV(腮腺炎),巨细胞病毒(巨细胞病毒性食管炎);腺病毒(腺病毒感染);轮状病毒,诺如病毒,星状病毒,冠状病毒;HBV(乙肝病毒),柯萨奇病毒,甲型肝炎(甲肝病毒),HCV(丙型肝炎病毒),HDV(丁型肝炎病毒),HEV(戊型肝炎病毒),HGV(庚型肝炎病毒)];泌尿生殖系统的病毒[如,BK病毒,MUV(腮腺炎)]。
按照更进一步的目标,本发明还包括上述共轭药物成分结合其它可行的药物载体作为癌症和自身免疫疾病的治疗药物。本发明治疗癌症和自身免疫疾病的方法包括体外,体内或间接体内疗法。体外疗法应用实例,包括药物处理体外培养细胞,杀死除了没有表达目标抗原的细胞以外的所有细胞;或者杀死表达非想要的抗原的细胞。作为间接体内疗法的治疗方法的一个示例:在体外处理造血干细胞,杀死患病或恶性细胞后输回原患者体内。例如,临床上先通过间接体内治疗除去骨髓中的肿瘤细胞或淋巴细胞然后输回原患者来治疗癌症和自体免疫疾病,或者在移植前去除骨髓中的T细胞和其它淋巴细胞以防止移植物的免疫拮抗反应。实施方法如下:从病人或其他个体获取骨髓细胞,然后在加入本发明共轭药物的含血清培养基中37℃培养,药物浓度范围为1pM到0.1mM,培养时间为30分钟左右到48小时左右。药物具体浓度和培养时间由经验丰富的临床医生决定。培养结束后,骨髓细胞用含血清培养基洗涤后通过静脉注射输回人体内。如果病人在获取骨髓细胞和回输处理前需要接受其它治疗,比如烧蚀化疗或全身放射疗法的情况下,处理后的骨髓细胞可以保存在合格的液氮医疗设备中。
用于体内临床应用时,本发明的共轭药物将以溶液或能被无菌水溶解后注射的冻干固体的形式提供。合适的共轭药物给药方法事例如下:共轭药物每星期通过静脉注射一次,持续4~12星期。单次剂量通过溶解于50到500毫升的生理盐水,生理盐水可以加入人血清白蛋白(例如,0.5到1毫升的100mg/ml的浓缩人血清白蛋白)。药物剂量大概在50μg到20mg每千克体重每星期,静脉注射(每次注射10ug到200mg/kg体重)。4~12周的治疗结束后,病人可以再接受新一轮的治疗。详细的治疗方法包括给药途径,赋形剂,稀释剂,药物剂量,治疗时间等等可以由有经验的外科医生决定。
可以通过体内或间接体内的方法选择性杀死细胞群来治疗疾病的例子包括任何种类的恶性肿瘤,自体免疫疾病,移植排斥和感染(包括病毒,细菌或寄生虫)。
达到理想的生物学效果而需要的共轭药物的量,将因多个因素而各异,这些因素包括化合物的性质特点,疗效和共轭药物的生物利用度,疾病的类型,病人的种族,病人患病的状态,给药的途径,所有这些因素共同决定给药时间表和给药方式。
概括的说,本发明中的共轭药物可以通过以0.1到10%质量体积比溶解在生理缓冲液中用于非肠道给药。典型的药物剂量范围从1ug到0.1g每千克体重每天;推荐的药物剂量范围从0.01mg到20mg每千克体重每天或者等效剂量的儿童用量。推荐的给药量取决于多个变量,包括疾病或功能紊乱的类型,病人个体的整体的健康状态,偶联药物的相对生物学活性,化合物的剂型,给药的方式(静脉注射,肌肉注射,或其它),在选中给药方式下的药物动力学特性,以及给药的速度(单次注射或者连续滴注)和给药的时间表(在一定时间内的给药次数)。
本发明的共轭药物同样可以以单位剂量的形式给药,这里的“单位剂量”是指一个病人一次给药的剂量,单位剂量的药物可以简单方便的包装和使用,单位剂量的药物是保持物理和化学稳定的活性共轭药物本身,或者是像后面介绍的药学上可接受的混合物。典型的一天的剂量范围从0.01到100mg每千克体重。一般而言,人每天的单位剂量范围从1到3000mg。推荐的单位剂量是1mg到500mg,每天给药四次,或者10mg到500mg,每天一次。本发明的共轭药物可以通过加入一种或多种药学上可接受的辅料,制成药物制剂。此单位剂量的药物可以用于口服给药,比如是片剂,简单的胶囊或软胶囊;或鼻内给药,比如粉末状,滴鼻剂,或喷雾剂;或者通过皮肤给药,比如软膏剂,乳膏剂,洗液,凝胶剂或喷雾剂或皮肤贴片。药剂可以方便的以单位剂量的形式给药,且以任何已知的制药方法制得,比如Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,21th ed.;Lippincott Williams&Wilkins:Philadelphia,PA,2005年.中所述的方法。
包含本发明的化合物的药物剂型包括药物组合物首选口服或非肠道给药方式。对于口服给药剂型,如片剂,粉剂,胶囊剂,片剂(锭剂)等等可以包含一种或多种以下原料或有类似性质的其它化合物:粘合剂,比如微晶纤维素或黄耆胶;稀释剂,比如淀粉或乳糖;分散剂,比如淀粉和纤维素衍生物;润滑剂,比如硬脂酸镁;助流剂,比如二氧化硅胶体;甜味剂,比如蔗糖或糖精;增味剂,比如薄荷或水杨酸甲酯。胶囊可以是硬胶囊或软胶囊的形式,一般由明胶混合物选择性的与塑化剂混合,淀粉胶囊也是如此。另外,单位剂量的物理形式可以通过加入多种不同的原料而改变,例如,糖衣,虫胶或肠溶剂。其它的口服剂型如糖浆或酏剂可以含有甜味剂,防腐剂,颜料,着色剂和调味剂。另外,活性化合物可以通过不同的处理和配方,使其成为可快速溶解的剂型,缓慢释放剂型或缓释剂,其中的缓释剂是较好的剂型。片剂首选包含乳糖,玉米淀粉,硅酸镁,交联羧甲基纤维素钠,聚乙烯吡咯酮,硬脂酸镁,滑石等组合的剂型中。
非肠道给药的液体药剂包括无菌的水溶液或非水溶液,悬浮液和乳剂。液体药剂也可以含有粘合剂,缓冲液,防腐剂,螯合剂,甜味剂,调味剂和着色剂等等。非水溶剂包括乙醇,丙二醇,聚乙二醇,植物油比如橄榄油和有机脂类,比如油酸乙酯。水性溶剂包括了水,乙醇,缓冲试剂和盐的混合物,特别是,生物相容性的,可降解的丙交酯聚合物,丙交酯/乙交酯聚合物或者聚乙二醇/聚丙三醇共聚物可作为控制活性药物释放的辅料。静脉注射中的赋形剂可以包括液体和营养补充物,电解质补充物,以及基于林格氏葡萄糖的辅料,以及类似的辅料。对于本发明的活性药物其它可行的非肠道给药系统包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物微粒,植入式渗透泵和脂质体。
其它可行的给药方式包括吸入剂,吸入剂包括干粉剂,气雾剂和水滴剂。吸入剂可以是含有如聚氧乙烯-9-月桂醚,甘胆酸盐,脱氧胆酸盐或油质的溶液,可以通过滴鼻剂,鼻内胶体的形式给药。口含药剂包括如锭剂,糖果锭剂等,可含有调味剂如蔗糖,阿拉伯胶以及其它辅料如甘胆酸盐等。栓剂适合于单位剂量的形式,以固体如可可油为载体,也可以加入水杨酸。皮肤局部用药剂型,以膏药,乳剂,洗液,贴片,凝胶,喷雾剂,气雾剂或油剂为首选。凡士林,羊毛脂,聚乙二醇,醇类以及它们的混合物可以作为药物载剂。皮肤给药的剂型可以是贴片,乳剂,缓冲溶液,溶解或分散在聚合物或粘合剂中。
特别地,本发明的共轭药物可以与其它的已知或未知的治疗药物,如化疗药物,放射疗法,免疫疗法药物,自身免疫疾病药物,抗感染药物或其它抗体药物共轭药物共同作用,达到协同效果。协同药物或放射治疗可以在本发明的共轭药物给药之前或之后给药或施行。可以是在服用本发明的共轭药物之前或之后1小时,12小时,一天,一星期,一个月,也可以是几个月。
在其它的实施方式中,起协同作用的药物包括但不限于:
1).化疗药物:a).烷基化试剂:比如[氮芥:(苯丁酸氮芥,环磷酰胺,异环磷酰胺,氮芥,美法仑,氯乙环磷酰胺);亚硝基脲:(卡莫司汀,洛莫司汀);烷基磺酸盐:(白消安,苏消安);三氮烯类:(达卡巴嗪);含铂化合物:(卡铂,顺铂,奥沙利铂)];b).植物生物碱:比如[长春花生物碱:(长春碱,长春新碱,长春地辛,长春瑞滨);紫杉烷类化合物:(紫杉醇,泰素帝)];c).DNA拓扑异构酶抑制剂:比如[表鬼臼树脂:(9-氨基喜树碱,喜树碱,克立那托,足叶乙甙,磷酸依托泊苷,伊立替康,替尼泊甙,拓扑替康,);丝裂霉素:(丝裂霉素C)];d).抗代谢药物:如{[抗叶酸:二氢叶酸还原酶抑制剂:(甲氨蝶呤,三甲曲沙);IMP脱氢酶抑制剂(霉酚酸,甲酰胺基噻唑,利巴韦林,EICAR);核糖核苷酸还原酶抑制剂(羟基脲,去铁胺)];[嘧啶类似物:尿嘧啶类似物:(5-氟尿嘧啶,去氧氟尿苷,雷替曲塞(拓优得));胞嘧啶类似物:(阿糖胞苷,阿糖胞苷,氟达拉滨);嘌呤类似物:(硫唑嘌呤,巯基嘌呤,鸟嘌呤)]};e).激素类:如{受体拮抗剂:[抗雌激素:(甲地孕酮,雷洛昔芬,他莫昔芬);LHRH激动剂:(戈舍瑞林,醋酸亮丙瑞林);抗雄激素:(比卡鲁胺,氟他胺)];维甲酸/三角肌:[维生素D3类似物(CB1093,EB 1089KH1060,胆钙化醇,维生素D2);光动力疗法:(对此,酞菁光敏剂,PC4,去甲氧甲素);细胞因子:(干扰素-α,干扰素-γ,肿瘤坏死因子(肿瘤坏死因子),人类的蛋白质含TNF域)]}f).激酶抑制剂,如bibw 2992(抗EGFR/Erb2),伊马替尼,吉非替尼,哌加他尼,索拉非尼,达沙替尼,舒尼替尼,厄洛替尼,尼罗替尼,拉帕替尼,阿西替尼,帕唑帕尼,颇纳替尼,凡德他尼,氟马替尼,e7080(抗VEGFR2),莫立替尼,美迪替尼,普纳替尼(ap24534),HQP1351,巴非替尼(INNO-406),波舒替尼(SKI-606),苏尼替尼,卡博替尼,沃利替尼,维莫德吉,Iniparib,鲁索利替尼,CYT387,阿西替尼,tivozanib,贝伐单抗,索拉非尼,曲妥珠单抗,西妥昔单抗,兰尼单抗,帕尼单抗,ispinesib;g).其它类:如吉西他滨,epoxomicins(例如来那度胺),硼替佐米沙利度胺,来那度胺,,泊马度胺,托舍多特,zybrestat,PLX4032,sta-9090,Stimuvax,allovectin-7,xegeva,Provenge,Yervoy,异戊二烯化抑制剂(如洛伐他汀),多巴胺能神经毒素(如1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子),细胞周期抑制剂(如星形孢菌素),放线菌素(如放线菌素D,更生霉素),平阳霉素(如博莱霉素博莱霉素A2,B2,培洛霉素),蒽环类抗生素(如红霉素,阿霉素(阿霉素),伊达比星,表阿霉素,吡柔比星,佐柔比星,米托蒽醌,MDR抑制剂(如维拉帕米),Ca2+ATP酶抑制剂(如毒胡萝卜素),组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(伏立诺他,罗米地辛,帕比司他,丙戊酸,莫提诺他(MGCD0103),belinostat,PCI-24781,恩替诺特,SB939,resminostat,givinostat,AR-42,一种,萝卜硫素,曲古抑菌素A);毒胡萝卜素,塞来昔布,格列酮类,表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯,5双硫仑,salinosporamide A.
2).抗自身免疫病剂包括,但不限于:环孢素,环孢素A,硫唑嘌呤,氨基己酸,溴隐亭,苯丁酸氮芥,氯喹,环磷酰胺,糖皮质激素(如激素类药,倍他米松,布地奈德,氟尼缩松,氟替卡松丙酸酯,氢化可的松,地塞米松,氟可龙丹那唑,曲安奈德,丙酸倍氯米松),脱氢表雄酮,依那西普,羟氯喹,英夫利昔单抗,美洛昔康,甲氨蝶呤,霉酚酸酯,西罗莫司,他克莫司,强的松
3).抗传染病剂包括,但不限于:a).氨基糖苷类:丁胺卡那霉素,武夷霉素,庆大霉素(奈替米星,西索米星,异帕米星),潮霉素,卡那霉素(丁胺卡那霉素,阿贝卡星,氨基去氧卡那霉素,地贝卡星,妥布霉素)新霉素(新霉素B,巴龙霉素,核糖霉素),奈替米星,,大观霉素,链霉素,妥布霉素,甲基姿苏霉素;b).酰胺醇类:叠氮氯霉素,氯霉素,氟甲砜霉素,甲砜霉素;c).安沙霉素类:格尔德霉素,除莠霉素;d).碳青霉烯类:比阿培南,多尼培南,厄他培南,亚胺培南/西司他丁,美罗培南,帕尼培南;e).头孢类:碳头孢烯(氯碳头孢),头孢乙腈,头孢克洛,头孢拉定,头孢羟氨苄,头孢罗宁,头孢噻啶,头孢噻吩或头孢菌素,头孢氨苄,头孢来星,头孢孟多,头孢匹林,头孢三嗪,头孢氮氟,头孢西酮,头孢唑啉,头孢拉宗,头孢卡品,头孢达肟,头孢吡肟,头孢米诺,头孢西丁,头孢丙烯,头孢沙定,头孢替唑,头孢呋辛,头孢克肟,头孢地尼头孢妥仑,头孢吡肟,头孢他美,头孢甲肟,头孢地嗪,头孢尼西,头孢哌酮,头孢雷特,头孢噻肟,头孢替安,头孢唑兰,头孢氨苄,头孢咪唑,头孢匹胺,头孢匹罗,头孢泊肟,头孢丙烯,头孢喹肟,头孢磺啶,头孢他啶,头孢特仑,头孢布烯,头孢噻林,头孢唑肟,头孢,头孢曲松,头孢呋辛,头孢唑喃,头霉素(头孢西丁,头孢替坦,头孢美唑)氧头孢烯(氟氧头孢,拉氧头孢);f).糖肽:博来霉素,万古霉素(奥利万星,特拉万星),替考拉宁(达巴万星)雷莫拉宁,达托霉素;g).甘氨酰:如替加环素;h).β-内酰胺酶抑制剂:青霉烷(舒巴坦,他唑巴坦),克拉维烷(克拉维酸);i).林可酰胺类:克林霉素,林可霉素;j).脂肽:达托霉素,A54145,钙依赖性抗生素(CDA);k).大环内酯类:阿奇霉素,喹红霉素喹红霉素喹红霉素,克拉霉素,地红霉素,红霉素,氟红霉素,交沙霉素,酮内酯类(泰利霉素,喹红霉素喹红霉素喹红霉素喹红霉素)麦迪霉素,美奥卡霉素,竹桃霉素,利福霉素(利福平,利福平,利福布汀,利福喷丁),罗他霉素,罗红霉素,壮观霉素,螺旋霉素,他克莫司(FK506),醋竹桃霉素,泰利霉素;l).单环β-内酰胺抗生素:氨曲南,替吉莫南;m).唑烷酮类:利奈唑胺;n).青霉素类:阿莫西林,氨苄西林(匹氨西林,海他西林,巴氨西林,美坦西林,酞氨西林)叠氮西林,阿洛西林,青霉素,苄星青霉素,苯氧基苄星青霉素,氯甲西林,普鲁卡因青霉素,羧苄青霉素(卡茚西林),邻氯青霉素,双氯青霉素,先锋霉素,氟氯西林,美西林(氮卓脒青霉素双酯),美洛西林,甲氧西林,萘夫西林,苯唑西林,醋甲西林,青霉素,奈西林,青霉素,哌拉西林,苯丙西林,磺苄西林,替莫西林,替卡西林;o).多肽:杆菌肽,多粘菌素E,多粘菌素B;p).喹诺酮类药物:阿拉沙星,巴洛沙星,环丙沙星,克林沙星,达氟沙星,二氟沙星,依诺沙星,恩诺沙星,Floxin,加雷沙星,加替沙星,吉米沙星,格帕沙星,曲伐沙星卡诺,左氧氟沙星,洛美沙星,麻保沙星,莫西沙星,那氟沙星,诺氟沙星,奥比沙星,氧氟沙星,培氟沙星,曲伐沙星,格帕沙星,西他沙星,司帕沙星,替马沙星,妥舒沙星,曲伐沙星;q).菌素:普那霉素,奎奴普丁/达福普汀);r).磺胺类药物:磺胺米隆,百浪多息,磺胺醋酰,磺胺甲,磺胺,柳氮磺胺吡啶,磺胺异恶唑,甲氧苄氨嘧啶,甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲基异恶唑(复方新诺明);s).类固醇抗菌药物:如夫西地酸;t).四环素类:强力霉素,金霉素,氯羟四环素,地美环素,赖甲环素,氯甲烯土霉素,美他环素,米诺环素,土霉素,青哌四环素,罗利环素,四环素,甘氨酰(如替加环素);u).其他类型的抗生素:番荔枝科,胂凡纳明,细菌萜醇抑制剂(杆菌肽),Dadal/AR抑制剂(环丝氨酸),dictyostatin,海绵内酯,艾榴塞洛素,埃博霉素,乙胺丁醇,依托泊苷,法罗培南,夫西地酸,痢特灵,异烟肼,laulimalide,甲硝唑,莫匹罗星,mycolactones,NAM合成抑制剂(如磷霉素),呋喃妥因,紫杉醇,平板霉素,吡嗪酰胺,奎奴普丁/达福普汀,利福平(利福平),他唑巴坦替硝唑,番荔枝内酯;
4).抗病毒的药物:a).进入/融合抑制剂:aplaviroc,马拉韦罗,维立韦罗,gp41的(恩夫韦),PRO140,CD4(Ibalizumab);b).整合酶抑制剂:拉替拉韦,埃替拉韦,globoidnanA;c).成熟抑制剂:贝韦立马,vivecon;d).神经氨酸酶抑制剂:奥司他韦,扎那米韦,帕拉米韦;e).核苷和核苷酸:阿巴卡韦,阿昔洛韦,阿德福韦,氨多索韦,apricitabine,溴夫定,西多福韦克拉夫定,右艾夫他滨,去羟肌苷(DDI),艾夫他滨,恩曲他滨(FTC),恩替卡韦,泛昔洛韦,氟脲嘧啶(5-FU),3'-氟取代的2',3'-二脱氧核苷类似物(例如,3'-氟-2',3'-二脱氧胸苷(FLT)和3'-氟-2',3'-双脱氧(FLG)福米韦生,更昔洛韦,碘苷,拉米夫定(3TC),L-核苷(如β-L-胸苷,β-L-2'-脱氧胞苷),喷昔洛韦,Racivir,利巴韦林,stampidine,司他夫定(d4T的),他利韦林(伟拉咪定),替比夫定,替诺福韦,伐昔洛韦三氟胸苷,缬更昔洛韦,扎西他滨(DDC),齐多夫定(AZT);f).非核苷类:金刚烷胺,ateviridine,卡普韦林,二芳基嘧啶(依曲韦林,利匹韦林),地拉韦啶,二十二烷醇,乙米韦林,依法韦仑,膦甲酸(磷酰基甲酸),咪喹莫特,干扰素α,洛韦胺,洛德腺苷,他巴唑,奈韦拉平,NOV-205,聚乙二醇干扰素α,鬼臼毒素,利福平,金刚乙胺,瑞喹莫德(R-848),醋胺金刚烷;g).蛋白酶抑制剂:安普那韦,阿扎那韦,博赛泼维,达芦那韦,福沙那韦,茚地那韦,洛匹那韦,奈非那韦,pleconaril,利托那韦,沙奎那韦,特拉匹韦(VX-950)替拉那韦;h).其他类型的抗病毒的药物:抗体酶,阿比朵尔,calanolides A,浅蓝菌素,蓝藻-N,二芳基嘧啶,表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG),膦甲酸钠,格瑞弗森,他利韦林(伟拉咪定),羟基脲,KP-1461,米替福新,普来可那立,合成抑制剂,利巴韦林,seliciclib;
5).其它免疫治疗药物:如咪喹莫特,干扰素(如α,β),粒细胞集落刺激因子,细胞因子,白细胞介素(IL-1~IL-35),抗体(例如曲妥单抗,帕妥珠单抗,贝伐单抗,西妥昔单抗,帕尼单抗,英夫利昔单抗,阿达木单抗,巴利昔单抗,达克珠单抗,奥马珠单抗),蛋白结合药物(例如,Abraxane),一种抗体结合药物选自卡奇霉素衍生物,美登素衍生物(DM1andDM4),CC-1065和多卡霉素小沟剂,有效的紫杉醇衍生物,阿霉素,阿里他汀抗有丝分裂药物(如曲妥珠单抗-DM1,Inotuzumab单抗,brentuximab vedotin,Glembatumumab vedotin,lorvotuzumab mertansine,AN-152LMB2,TP-38,VB4-845,Cantuzumabmertansine,AVE9633,SAR3419,CAT-8015(抗-CD22),IMGN388,IMGN529,IMGN853,milatuzumab-阿霉素,SGN-75(抗CD70),抗-CD22-MCC-DM1)。
作为本发明更进一步的目标,本发明还涉及其中的抗体药物共轭体的制备过程。本发明的共轭体可以用多种该领域的熟知方法制备,例如,本发明共轭体中的抗有丝分裂剂可以按照下述方法或改进的下述方法合成。对于该领域的专业人士来说,这些改进方法都是很容易从科技文献中获得的、人所共知的、很明显的方法。特别是,这些方法在《Comprehensive Organic Transformations》(R.C.Larock著,1999,Wiley-VCH出版,第2版)一书中有很多的介绍。
在本文描述的反应过程中,有时会有必要保护可能参与反应的活性官能团,例如羟基、氨基、亚氨基、巯基和羧基,以避免副反应的发生。常规保护官能团的常见使用方法可参考P.G.Wuts和T.W.Greene所著的《Greene's Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis》(2006年,Wiley-Interscience出版,第4版)。有的反应可以在适当的含有酸或碱的溶液中进行。这类反应的酸、碱和溶剂并没有特别的限制,只要没有不利的影响,任何常规的酸、碱以及溶剂都可以在这里使用。而且,这些反应可以在广泛的温度范围内进行。不过,总的来说,比较容易操作的反应温度通常在-80℃ to 150℃之间(在室温与100℃之间更好)。反应所需的时间同样可以有很大的变化范围,当然,这取决于多种因素,尤其是反应温度和所用溶剂的性质。一般地说,对于比较理想的反应来说,3至20小时的反应时间比较合适。
反应结束后的操作处理可以按常规方法进行。例如,可以通过把溶剂从反应体系中蒸掉的方式回收反应产物。或者,如果必要的话,在把溶剂蒸出后,可以先把剩余物倒入水中,再用与水不互溶的有机溶剂萃取。最后,在把萃取溶剂蒸走以后,就可以获得反应产物。此外,如果有更高纯度的需要,还可通过各种常见的方法进一步纯化,例如重结晶、沉降或各种色谱层析的方法。一般地说,柱层析和制备薄板层析的方法更为常用。本发明的抗有丝分裂剂及其共轭物的合成见图1-28。
在下面的实例中,本发明的细胞结合体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭物将进一步得到更具体的描述。当然,本发明并不局限于下述实例。
实验部分:
质谱数据取自Bruker Esquire 3000系统,核磁数据取自Bruker AVANCE300光谱仪。化学位移精确至百万分之一并以四甲基硅烷为内标。紫外光谱数据取自Hitachi U1200分光光度仪。高效液相色谱数据取自配有馏分收集器和可变波长探测器的Agilent1100HPLC系统。薄板层析用Analtech GF硅胶TLC薄层色谱板。氨基酸及其衍生物和预填树脂购自Merck化工国际公司、Synthetech公司、Peptides国际股份有限公司、Chembridge国际公司或Sigma–Aldrich公司。部分交联剂如NHS酯/马来酰亚胺(AMAS,BMPS,GMBS,MBS,SMCC,EMCS or Sulfo-EMCS,SMPB,SMPH,LC-SMCC,Sulfo-KMUS,SM(PEG)4,SM(PEG)6,SM(PEG)8,SM(PEG)12,SM(PEG)24);NHS酯/吡啶二巯基(SPDP,LC-SPDP or Sulfo-LC-SPDP,SMPT,Sulfo-LC-SMPT);NHS酯/卤代乙酰基(SIA,SBAP,SIAB or Sulfo-SIAB);NHS酯/二氮环丙烯(SDA or Sulfo-SDA,LC-SDA or Sulfo-LC-SDA,SDAD or Sulfo-SDAD);马来酰亚胺/酰肼(BMPH,EMCH,MPBH,KMUH);吡啶二巯基/酰肼(PDPH);和异氰酸酯/马来酰亚胺(PMPI)购自Thermo Fisher Scientific公司。SPDB和SPP按照文献(Cumber,A.et al,Bioconjugate Chem.,1992,3,397–401)制得。人源anti-CD22抗体购自Santa Cruz生物技术有限公司。曲妥单抗购自Genentech公司。所有其他化学试剂和无水溶剂均购自Sigma-Aldrich公司.
例1.双(2-羟乙基)胺基-4-氧丁酸甲酯(3)
将琥珀酸二甲酯(20.0g,136.9mmol)和二羟乙基胺(7.20g,68.7mmol)溶于无水甲苯(500ml)和吡啶(50ml)的混合溶液中,在150℃回流28小时。将混合溶液浓缩后经SiO2柱层析(从EtOAc/DCM=5%-25%到EtOAc)获得标题化合物(12.5g,83%)。ESI MS m/z+离子峰:C9H17NaNO5(M+Na)计算值242.2,实验值242.4.
例2.双(2-(甲磺基氧基)乙基)胺基-4-氧丁酸甲酯(4)
将双(2-羟乙基)胺基-4-氧丁酸甲酯(12.0g,49.56mmol)溶于无水吡啶(350ml),加入甲磺酰氯(20.0g,175.4mmol)。过夜反应后将溶液浓缩,然后加EtOAc(350ml)稀释,再用冷却的1M NaH2PO4溶液(2x 300ml)洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤旋干后得到粗产品(18.8g,101%)。该粗产品未经纯化就直接用于下一步反应。ESI MS m/z+离子峰:C11H21NaNO9S2(M+Na)计算值398.2,实验值398.4.
例3.双(2-(硫代乙酰)乙基)胺基-4-氧丁酸甲酯(5)
将双(2-(甲磺基氧基)乙基)胺基-4-氧丁酸甲酯(新制,90%纯度,8.5g,约20mmol)溶于DMA(350ml),在0℃下依次加入三乙胺(30ml,215mmol)和硫代乙酸(10ml,134mmol)。室温搅拌过夜,浓缩,用EtOAc(350ml)稀释后,依次用NaHCO3饱和溶液(300ml),NaCl饱和溶液(300ml)和1M NaH2PO4溶液(300ml)洗涤。然后,有机相用Na2SO4干燥,过滤旋干后经SiO2柱层析EtOAc/hexane(10%-25%EtOAc)得标题化合物(5.1g,76%)。ESI MS m/z+离子峰:C13H21NaNO5S2(M+Na)计算值358.1,实验值358.2.
例4.4-(双(2-(吡啶-2-基二硫基)乙基)胺基)-4-氧丁酸(6)
将双(2-(硫代乙酰)乙基)胺基-4-氧丁酸甲酯(5.0g,14.9mmol)溶于THF(150ml)加入NaOH(5.0g,125mmol)的水溶液(100ml)。室温搅拌35分钟后用H3PO4中和至pH 7。然后,将1,2-二吡啶二硫醚(Aldrithiol-2,26.0g,118mmol)的THF(100ml)溶液加入,并搅拌4小时。浓缩后经SiO2柱层析MeOH/DCM/HOAc(1:20/1%)得到标题化合物(5.8g,85.6%)。ESIMS m/z+离子峰:C18H21NaN3O3S4(M+Na)计算值478.0,实验值478.2.
例5.2,5-二氧代吡咯烷-1-基-双(2-(吡啶-2-基二硫基)乙基)胺基-4-氧丁酸酯(7)
将4-(双(2-(吡啶-2-基二硫基)乙基)胺基)-4-氧丁酸(5.2g,11.5mmol)溶于DMA(100ml),加入NHS(1.6g,13.9mmol)和EDC(5.0g,26.1mmol)。搅拌过夜,旋干后经SiO2柱层析(从EtOAc/DCM=5%-15%到EtOAc)得到标题化合物(5.8g,85.6%)。ESI MS m/z+离子峰:C22H24NaN4O5S4(M+Na)计算值575.1,实验值575.2.
例6.外-3,6-环氧-Δ-四氢酞酰亚胺(12)
将马来酰亚胺(10.0g,103.0mmol)的甲苯(200ml)溶液中加入呋喃(10.0ml,137.4mmol),然后将混合溶液置于1L高压釜内加热至100℃反应8小时。冷却至室温后,将釜内固体用甲醇冲洗,浓缩后在乙酸乙酯和正己烷混合溶液中重结晶得到标题化合物(16.7g,99%)。1H NMR(CDCl3):11.12(s,1H)(NH),6.68-6.64(m,2H),5.18-5.13(m,2H),2.97-2.92(m,2H).MS m/z+离子峰:C8H7NaNO3(M+Na)计算值188.04,实验值188.04.
例7.4-((2-((3aR,4R,7S,7aS)-1,3-二氧3a,4,7,7a-四氢-1H-4,7-环氧异吲哚-3H)-基)乙基)(2-((4R,7S,7aS)-1,3-二氧-3a,4,7,7a-四氢-1H-4,7-环氧异吲哚-2(3H)-基)乙基)胺基)-4-氧丁酸甲酯(13)
将4-(双(2-甲磺酰基)乙氧胺)-4-氧代丁酸甲酯(4,新制,90%纯度,8.5g,~20mmol)溶于DMA(350mL)中,再依次加入3,6-桥氧-△-四氢邻苯二甲酰亚胺(10.2g,61.8mmol),碳酸钠(8.0g,75.5mmol)和碘化钠(0.3g,2.0mmol)。反应混合液于室温下搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩后,加乙酸乙酯(350mL),并依次用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(300mL)、饱和食盐水(300mL)和1M NaH2PO4(300mL)洗涤。有机相用无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,滤液浓缩;所得产物经硅胶柱色谱分离(10%~30%乙酸乙酯/正己烷)纯化后得到目标化合物(7.9g,77%)。ESI MS m/z+:C25H27NaN3O9(M+Na):计算值:536.2,实验值:536.4。
例8.4-(双(2-(2,5-二氧-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯烷)乙胺)-4-氧代丁酸(14)
将化合物13(3.0g,5.8mmol)和三甲基氢氧化锡(4.8g,26.4mmol)溶于1,2-二氯乙烷(150mL)中,于80℃下回流8小时。冷却至室温,将反应液用硅胶过滤,用二氯甲烷/甲醇漂洗以除去残余的三甲基氢氧化锡。合并滤液,减压浓缩后,加N,N-二甲基乙酰胺和甲苯,于120℃下回流搅拌过夜。经硅胶柱色谱分离(5%~10%甲醇/二氯甲烷)纯化得到目标化合物(1.62g,76%)。ESI MS m/z+C16H17NaN3O9(M+Na):计算值:386.1;实验值:386.2。
例9.2,5-二氧吡咯烷-4-(双(2-(2,5-二氧-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯烷)乙胺)-4-氧代丁酸乙酯.
将化合物14(16.0g,4.4mmol)溶于DMA(100mL)中,加入NHS(0.76g,6.61mmol)和EDC(1.70g,8.90mmol)。反应混合液于室温下搅拌过夜。然后将反应液浓缩,经硅胶柱色谱分离(5%~15%乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷)纯化得到目标化合物(1.72g,85.0%)。ESI MSm/z+C20H20NaN4O9(M+Na):计算值:483.1;实验值:483.2。
例10.5-(3',6'-桥氧-△-四氢邻苯二甲酰亚胺)戊酸叔丁酯
将5-羟基戊酸叔丁酯(10.0g,57.4mmol)溶于吡啶(60mL)中,加入甲磺酰氯(8.0mL,103.3mmol)。反应混合液于室温下搅拌6h。将反应液浓缩后,加乙酸乙酯稀释,用冷的1M NaH2PO4(pH 6)溶液洗涤,无水硫酸镁干燥,过滤,母液减压浓缩干,得到甲磺酸盐。将其加入到化合物12(9.90g,60.0mmol)和Na2CO3(8.5g,80.1mmol)的DMF(80mL)溶液中。混合反应液于室温下搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩后,加乙酸乙酯,用饱和食盐水和1M NaH2PO4(pH6)溶液洗涤,无水硫酸镁干燥,过滤,母液浓缩后经硅胶色谱柱分离(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷=1:12)纯化,得到目标化合物(14.01g,76%)。ESI MS m/z+C17H23NaNO5(M+Na):计算值:344.16;实验值:344.16。
例11.5-马来酰亚胺基戊酸(21b)
将化合物17(5.0g,15.57mmol)溶于1,4-二氧六环(40mL)中,然后于4℃下加入浓盐酸(10mL),反应混合液于室温下搅拌30min。将反应液浓缩干后得到5-(3',6'-桥氧-△-四氢邻苯二甲酰亚胺)戊酸(4.08g,99%)。将上述化合物溶于N,N-二甲基乙酰胺/甲苯(1:1,40mL)中回流反应6h。反应液浓缩后,用乙醇/乙醚/正己烷重结晶得到目标化合物(2.76g,90%)。ESI MS m/z+C9H12NO4(M+H):计算值:198.07;实验值:198.07。
例12.5-(马来酰亚胺基)己酸琥珀酰亚胺酯(23b)(DMPS linker)
将5-马来酰胺基戊酸21b(2.0g,10.1mL)溶于二氯甲烷(20mL)中,然后加入NHS(1.50g,13.0mmol)和EDC(7.0g,36.4mmol),反应混合液于室温下搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩干后,经硅胶色谱柱分离(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷=1:10)得到目标化合物23b(2.43g,82%)。ESI MS m/z+C13H14NaN2O6(M+Na):计算值:317.09;实验值:317.09。
例13.5-(3',6'-桥氧-△-四氢邻苯二甲酰亚胺)戊酸酰肼甲酸叔丁酯(25a-a)
将5-(3',6'-桥氧-△-四氢邻苯二甲酰亚胺)戊酸(1.0g,3.77mmol)溶于DMF(30mL)中,然后加入叔丁基氨基甲酸酯(0.60g,4.53mmol)和EDC(2.0g,10.4mmol),反应混合液于室温下搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩干后,经硅胶色谱柱(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷=1:10)纯化得到目标化合物(1.18g,83%)。ESI MS m/z+C18H25NaN3O6(M+Na):计算值:402.17;实验值:402.18。
例14.5-(马来酰亚胺基)戊酸酰肼(25a-b)
将化合物25a-a(1.18g,3.11mmol)溶于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/甲苯(1:1,20mL)中,回流反应6h。将反应液浓缩,加1,4-二氧六环(20mL),然后于4℃下加入HCl(5mL,36%),搅拌30min。将反应液浓缩至干,用乙醇/乙醚/正己烷重结晶得到目标化合物(577mg,88%)。ESIMS m/z+C9H14N3O3(M+H):计算值:212.10,;实验值:212.10。
例15.3'-溴-马来酰亚胺化合物39和40,以及3',4'-二溴-马来酰亚胺化合物43和44
将化合物37或者38(~6g)溶于DMF(60mL)中,然后加入溴代顺丁烯二酸酐(1eq)或者2,3-二溴-顺丁烯二酸酐(1eq),反应混合液搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩至干后得到纯的反式酸。向上述反式酸中加入乙酸(~50mL)和乙酸酐(2~4g),反应混合液于120℃下回流6~12h。将反应液浓缩,经硅胶色谱柱分离(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷=1:10~1:1)得到3'-溴-马来酰亚胺化合物39和40,同法得到3',4'-二溴-马来酰亚胺化合物43和44(61%~87%)。
5-(3-溴-2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)戊酸
ESI MS m/z+C9H11BrNO4(M+H):计算值:275.98;实验值:275.98。
3-(2-(2-(2-(3-溴-2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)-丙酸。
ESI MS m/z+C13H19BrNO7(M+H):计算值:380.03;实验值:380.03。
5-(3,4-二溴-2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)戊酸
ESI MS m/z+C9H10Br2NO4(M+H):计算值:353.89;实验值:353.89。
3(2-(2-(2-(3,4-二溴-2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)-丙酸
ESI MS m/z+C13H18Br2NO7(M+H):计算值:457.94;实验值:457.94。
例16.3'-溴-马来酰亚胺的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺醚化物41和42,以及3',4'-二溴-马来酰亚胺的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺醚化物45和46
R=C1~C8alkyl or C2H4(OC2H4)n,n=1~20;X3=H or Br;41,42,X3=H;45,46,X3=Br
将3'-溴-马来酰亚胺化合物39和40(1eq),或者3',4'-二溴-马来酰亚胺化合物43和44溶于DMA(~0.15ml)中,然后加入NHS(1.1eq)和EDC(2~4eq),反应混合液搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩,经硅胶色谱柱分离(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷=1:20~1:5)得到3'-溴-马来酰亚胺的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺醚化物41和42,以及3',4'-二溴-马来酰亚胺的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺醚化物45和46(70%~93%)。
2,5-二氧代吡咯烷-1-基5-(3-溴-2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)戊酸酯(41)
ESI MS m/z+C13H13BrN2NaO7(M+Na):计算值:395.00;实验值:395.00。
2,5-二氧代吡咯烷-1-基5-(3,4-二溴-2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)戊酸酯(45)
ESI MS m/z+C13H12Br2N2NaO6(M+Na):计算值:472.91;实验值:472.91。
2,5-二氧代吡咯烷-1-基3-(2-(2-(2-(3-溴-2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯1-基)乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)丙酸酯(42)
ESI MS m/z+C17H21BrN2NaO9(M+Na):计算值:499.04;实验值:499.04。
2,5-二氧代吡咯烷-1-基3(2-(2-(2-(3,4-二溴-2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯1-基)乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)丙酸酯(46)
ESI MS m/z+C17H20Br2N2NaO9(M+Na):计算值:576.95;实验值:576.95。
例17.4-(2-吡啶基二硫)-4-甲基戊酸
将4-巯基-4-甲基戊酸(Goff,D.等,Bioconjugate Chem.1990,1,381-386)(4.67g,31.5mmol)溶于甲醇(15mL)中,然后加入2,2,-二硫二吡啶(30.0g,136.2mmol)的甲醇溶液(80mL)和100mM的磷酸钠缓冲液(pH 7.5,70mL),反应液搅拌6h。将反应液浓缩后,用乙酸乙酯/正己烷(1:1)萃取,然后将水层用1M HCl调到pH 3,再用乙酸乙酯(3×100mL)萃取。将有机相合并,用无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩。经硅胶色谱柱分离(甲醇/二氯甲烷/乙酸=1:15:0.01)得到目标化合物(7.05g,87%)。ESI MS m/z+C11H16NO2S2(M+H):计算值:258.05;实验值:258.05。
例18.4-(2-吡啶二硫)-4-甲基戊酸琥珀酰亚胺酯(243)(SMDP linker)
将4-(2-吡啶二硫)-4-甲基戊酸(2.0g,7.78mmol)溶于二氯甲烷(20mL)中,然后加入NHS(1.10g,9.56mmol)和EDC(4.0g,20.8mmol),反应混合液搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩后,经硅胶色谱柱分离(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷=1:10)得到目标化合物(2.48g,90%)。ESI MS m/z+C15H18NaN2O4S2(M+Na):计算值:377.07;实验值:377.08。
例19.(3aR,4R,6S,6aR)-6-((R)-2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊烷)-2,2-二甲基四氢呋喃[3,4-d][1,3]二氧-4-醇(62)
将化合物D-古洛糖酸内酯(20.01g,112.37mmol)和无水硫酸铜(25.0g,157.22mmol)溶于干燥的丙酮(450mL)中,然后加入浓硫酸(1.6mL),反应混合液于室温下搅拌24h。用氢氧化钙将反应液调至pH 7,过滤悬浮液,将母液浓缩,得到淡黄色糖浆状双丙酮化合物,无需纯化,可直接用于下一步反应。将上述所得二丙酮化合物溶于THF(300mL)中,冷却至-78℃,然后慢慢滴加1M DIBAL-H的甲苯溶液(180mL,180mM),反应混合液于-78℃下搅拌1h。反应液用水(50mL)淬灭后,过滤,将有机层分离,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩。经硅胶色谱柱分离(正己烷/乙酸乙酯=5:1)得到无色和形态为糖浆状的目标化合物(25.27mmol,两步总收率为83%)。ESI MS m/z+C12H20NaN2O6S(M+Na):计算值:283.12;实验值:283.12。
例20.(3aR,4R,6S,6aR)-6-((R)-2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊烷)-2,2-二甲基-N-(2-甲基丙亚基)四氢呋喃[3,4-d][1,3]二氧-4-氧化铵(64)
将化合物62(10.0g,38.4mmol)和盐酸羟胺(25.01g,360.87mmol)溶于吡啶(150mL)中,反应混合液于室温下搅拌1h。将反应液浓缩,加水(250mL),用二氯甲烷萃取,合并有机相,用饱和食盐水洗涤后,无水硫酸镁干燥,过滤,浓缩,经硅胶色谱柱分离(乙酸乙酯)得到无色玻璃状化合物2,3:5,6-O-二异丙基-D-古洛肟(63)(10.34g,98%,无需纯化,可直接用于下一步反应)。将所得的肟(63)(10.30g,37.43mmol),异丁醛(3.00g,41.66mmol)和硫酸镁(3g,25mmol)于室温下搅拌过夜。将反应液过滤,母液浓缩后,经硅胶色谱柱分离(乙酸乙酯)得到白色固体化合物(11.57g,94%)。ESI MS m/z+C16H27NO6(M+H):计算值:329.18;实验值:329.18。
例21.(3R,5R)-2-((3aR,4R,6S,6aR)-6-((R)-2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊烷)-2,2-二甲基-N-(2-甲基丙亚基)四氢呋喃[3,4-d][1,3]二氧环戊烯)-3-[(-)-10',2'-樟脑素]-N-丙基异恶唑-5-甲酰胺(65)
将(3aR,4R,6S,6aR,Z)-6-((R)-2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧环戊烷)-2,2-二甲基-N-(2-甲基亚丙基)四氢呋喃[3,4-d][1,3]二氧环戊烯-4-胺(6.00g,18.22mmol)和(2R)-N-(丙烯酰)莰烷-10,2-磺内酰胺(5.10g,18.95mmol)溶于二氯甲烷(50mL)中,然后加热回流37h。将反应液浓缩,用乙醇(30mL)重结晶得到目标化合物(8.72g,80%)。将重结晶后母液经色谱硅胶柱分离(正己烷/乙酸乙酯=7:3)得到更多的目标化合物(0.47g,4%)。ESI MSm/z+C29H46N2NaO9S(M+Na):计算值:621.28;实验值:621.28。
例22.(3R,5R)-2-(叔丁氧羰)-3-异丙基恶唑-5-甲酰胺酸(67)
将(3R,5R)-2-(3aR,4R,6S,6aR)-6-((R)-2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧环戊烷)-2,2-二甲基四氢呋喃[3,4-d][1,3]二氧环戊烯)-3-[(-)-10,,2,-樟脑素]-N-异丙基恶唑-5-甲酰胺(30.0g,48.2mmol)溶于THF(100mL)和甲醇(60mL)中,然后在45℃下加入氢氧化锂(5.0g,208.7mmol)的水溶液(60mL),搅拌1h后将混合液浓缩,加入水(150mL),再用4M的HCl调至pH=9,用乙酸乙酯萃取后,水层用4M的HCl调至pH=3,水层用乙酸乙酯萃取,合并有机相,用饱和食盐水洗涤,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩。所得物经正己烷搅洗后得到(3R,5R)-2-{(3aR,4R,6S,6aR)-6-[(R)-2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧环戊烷]-2,2-二甲基四氢呋喃[3,4-d,1,3]二氧环戊烯-3-异丙基恶唑-5-甲酰胺酸(66a)(17.1g,88%)。无需纯化,可直接用于下一步反应。ESI MS m/z+C19H31NNaO8(M+Na):424.19。将上述所得化合物(8.0g,19.95mmol)溶于乙腈(80mL)中,然后在45℃下加入60%HClO4水溶液(6.0mL,35.77mmol),反应混合液于室温下搅拌1h。将反应液浓缩后溶于1,4-二氧六环(40mL)中,然后于4℃下加入NaHCO3(25g,297mmol)的水溶液(32mL)和Boc2O(4.80g,22.00mmol),反应混合液于室温下搅拌4h。将反应液浓缩,加水和乙酸乙酯/正己烷(1:1)后分层,水层用4M HCl调至pH=3,再用乙酸乙酯萃取,有机相合并后用饱和食盐水洗涤,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩后经正己烷搅洗得到(3R,5R)-2-(叔丁氧羰)-3-异丙基恶唑-5-甲酰胺酸(4.91g,95%)。ESI MS m/z+C12H21NNaO5(M+Na):计算值:282.13;实验值:282.13。
例23.(R)-2-[(3R,5R)-2-(叔丁氧羰)-3-异丙基恶唑-5-甲酰胺酸]-3-(三苯基)丙酸甲酯(68)
将(3R,5R)-2-(叔丁氧羰)-3-异丙基恶唑-5-甲酰胺酸(1.01g,3.89mmol)和1-(S)-Tr-半胱氨酸甲酯盐酸盐(1.76g,4.27mmol)溶于二氯甲烷(15mL)中,于4℃下加入iPr2NEt(0.75mL,4.31mmol)和TBTU(2.50g,7.78mmol),反应混合液于室温下搅拌过夜。将反应液倒入到NaHCO3水溶液中,用二氯甲烷萃取,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩。经硅胶色谱柱分离(正己烷/乙酸乙酯=1:2)得到目标化合物(2.10g,87%)。ESI MS m/z+C35H42N2NaO6S(M+Na):计算值:641.27;实验值:641.26。
例24.(3R,5R)-叔丁基-3-异丙基-3-(4-(甲氧羰基)噻唑)异丙基恶唑-2-甲酸甲酯(69)
将Ph3P=O(4.10g,14.74mmol)溶于二氯甲烷(40mL)中,加入Tf2O(2.0mL,12.0mmol),反应混合液于-10℃下搅拌1h,于该温度下加入(R)-2-[(3R,5R)-2-(叔丁氧羰)-3-异丙基恶唑-5-甲酰胺酸]-3-(三苯基)丙酸甲酯(68)(4.00g,6.47mmol)的二氯甲烷(20mL)溶液,反应混合液于室温下搅拌6h。然后,将反应液于4℃下加入到饱和NaHCO3水溶液中,用二氯甲烷萃取,有机相用饱和食盐水洗涤,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩。经硅胶色谱柱分离(正己烷/乙酸乙酯=3:2)得到对应的噻唑烷衍生物。将上述所得化合物溶于二氯甲烷(60mL)中,加入MnO2(5.80g,66.7mmol),反应混合液于室温下搅拌24h。将反应液过滤,浓缩,经硅胶色谱柱分离(正己烷/乙酸乙酯=3:2)得到目标化合物(69)(1.75g,75%)。ESIMS m/z+C16H24N2NaO5S(M+Na):计算值:379.13;实验值:379.14。
例25.2-((1R,3R)-3-(叔丁氧羰基)-1-氢-4-甲基胺戊基)噻唑-4-甲酸甲酯(70)
将(3R,5R)-叔丁基-3-异丙基-3-(4-(甲氧羰基)噻唑)异丙基恶唑-2-甲酸甲酯(69)(1.00g,2.81mmol)溶于乙腈(20mL)和H2O(2mL)中,加入Mo(CO)6(1.10g,3.12mmol),反应混合液于70℃下搅拌16h。将反应液浓缩后,加乙酸乙酯(50mL)和10%柠檬酸水溶液(50mL),再加入NaIO4直至水层变得澄清,用乙酸乙酯萃取。有机相用10%Na2S2O3水溶液和饱和食盐水洗涤,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩,经硅胶色谱柱分离(正己烷/乙酸乙酯=3:2)得到无色固体化合物(906mg,90%)。ESI MS m/z+C16H26N2NaO5S(M+Na):计算值:381.14;实验值:381.14。
例26.2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-(叔丁氧基-甲基胺)-4-戊基)噻唑-4-甲酸甲酯(71)
将化合物70(900mg,2.51mmol)溶于吡啶(15mL)中,加入乙酸酐(0.5mL,5.29mmol),搅拌过夜后将反应液浓缩,经硅胶色谱柱分离(正己烷/乙酸乙酯=4:1)得到无色固体化合物(950mg,95%)。ESI MS m/z+C18H28N2NaO6S(M+Na):计算值:423.15;实验值:423.16。
例27.2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-(叔丁氧基-甲基胺)-4-戊基)噻唑-4-甲酸(72)
将化合物71(940mg,2.35mmol)溶于THF(15mL)中,于4℃下加入NaH(120mg,3.0mmmol,60%),反应混合液搅拌2h后加入CH3I(0.155mL,2.49mmol),反应混合液搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩,再溶于乙酸乙酯,过滤,浓缩至干,得到纯的2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-(叔丁氧基-甲基胺)-4-戊基)噻唑-4-甲酸甲酯(73a)。将上述所得化合物(73a)溶于1,2-二氯乙烷(20mL)中,加三甲基氢氧化锡(620mg,3.43mmol),反应混合液于80℃下搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩,溶解于甲醇/二氯甲烷/乙酸(1:5:0.01,20mL)中,过滤,浓缩,母液加甲苯后再次浓缩得到干燥的化合物。然后,将上述所得化合物溶于吡啶(15mL)中,加入乙酸酐(0.4mL,4.23mmol),反应混合液搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩后,经硅胶色谱柱分离(甲醇/二氯甲烷/乙酸=1:10:0.01)得到无水固体化合物(735mg,78%)。ESI MS m/z+C18H28N2NaO6S(M+Na):计算值:423.15;实验值:423.16。
例28.2-((1R,3R)-3-(叔丁氧基(甲基)胺)-1-(3-(1,3-二氧代异吲哚啉)-4-甲基胺-戊基)噻唑-4-甲酸甲酯(86)
将化合物70(850mg,2.37mmol)溶于THF(15mL)中,于-20℃加入NaH(100mg,2.5mmol,60%),并在该温度下搅拌20min,再加入N-(3-溴丙基)邻苯二甲酰亚胺(655mg,2.4mmol),上述反应混合液在-20℃下搅拌30min后,升至室温反应4h。向反应液中加入甲醇(0.5mL)淬灭反应,加二氯甲烷(60mL),过滤,浓缩,得到2-(1R,3R)-3-(叔丁氧基-甲基胺)-1-(3-(1,3-二氧异吲哚啉-2-丙氧基-4-戊基)噻唑-4-甲酸甲酯85,所得化合物无需纯化,可直接进行下一步。将上述所得化合物85溶于THF(10mL)中,然后于室温下加入NaH(170mg,4.25mmol,60%),搅拌45min,加入CH3I(0.20mL,3.21mmol),反应混合液于室温下搅拌过夜。将反应液用NaH2PO4(2.0M,2mL)淬灭,然后加入DMA(5mL),减压浓缩,经硅胶色谱柱分离(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷=1:10~1:4)得到目标化合物(921mg,69%)。ESI MS m/z+C28H37N3NaO7S(M+Na):计算值:582.22;实验值:582.22。
例29.2-((1R,3R)-3-(叔丁氧基(甲基)胺)-1-(3-(1,3-二氧代异吲哚啉)-4-甲基胺-戊基)噻唑-4-甲酸(87)
将干燥的化合物86(910mg,1.63mmol)溶于1,2-二氯乙烷(20mL)中,加入三甲基氢氧化锡(400mg,2.21mmol),反应混合液于80℃下搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩,经硅胶色谱柱分离(甲醇/二氯甲烷/乙酸=1:10:0.01)得到目标化合物(756mg,85%)。ESI MS m/z+C27H37N3O7S(M+H):计算值:546.22;实验值:546.22。
例30.2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-(叔丁氧基(3-(1,3-二-氧代异吲哚啉-2-戊胺)-4-甲基胺)-4-戊基)噻唑-4-甲酸甲酯(89)
将化合物71(800mg,2.00mmol)溶于THF(30mL)中,于室温下加入NaH(150mg,3.75mmol,60%),搅拌45min,再加入N-(3-溴丙基)邻苯二甲酰亚胺(655mg,2.4mmol)。反应混合液于室温下搅拌过夜。将反应液用NaH2PO4(2.0M,2mL)淬灭,然后加入DMA(5mL),减压浓缩,经硅胶色谱柱分离(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷=1:10~1:4)得到目标化合物(971mg,82%)。ESI MS m/z+C29H37N3NaO8S(M+Na):计算值:610.22;实验值:610.22。
例31.2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-(叔丁氧基(3-(1,3-二-氧代异吲哚啉-2-戊胺)-4-甲基胺)-4-戊基)噻唑-4-甲酸(90)
将干燥的化合物89(900mg,1.53mmol)溶于1,2-二氯乙烷(35mL)中,加入三甲基氢氧化锡(400mg,2.21mmol),反应混合液于80℃下搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩,所得产物溶于吡啶(20mL),再加入乙酸酐(3mL),反应混合液搅拌过夜。将反应液浓缩后,经硅胶色谱柱分离(甲醇/二氯甲烷/乙酸=1:10:0.01)得到目标化合物(755mg,86%)。ESI MS m/z+C28H35N3NaO8S(M+Na):计算值:596.20;实验值:596.20。
例32.(S)-5-(4-(苄氧)苯基)-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-2-甲基戊烯酸乙酯(185)
在-78℃的温度下,把二异丁基氢化铝(40ml,40mmol,1.0M)慢慢加入到(S)-3-(4-(苄氧)苯基)-2-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-丙酸甲酯184(8.00g,20.76mmol)的DCM(250ml)溶液中,反应2小时后,加入MeOH(5ml)淬灭。待反应混合物升至室温,加入1M HCl调至pH=4,分液。水层用DCM(2x 150ml)萃取,有机层用水洗,合并有机层,用无水Na2SO4干燥,过滤,浓缩得到醛基中间体的初产物。将该初产物溶解于DCM,室温下加入由1-(1-乙氧羰基乙基)三苯基溴化膦(18.0g,40.64mmol)和KOtBu(5.00g,44.64mmol)的二氯甲烷(80ml)溶液合成的叶立德溶液,待混合物过夜反应后浓缩,柱层析(乙酸乙酯/正己烷,1:8-1:4)得到目标产物(185)(6.90g,76%),ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C26H33NNaO5,462.22,实验值,462.22.
例33.(4R)-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-5-(4-羟基苯基)-2-甲基戊酸乙酯(186)
在氢气反应瓶中加入(S)-5-(4-(苄氧)苯基)-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-2-甲基戊烯酸乙酯(185)(6.70g,15.26mmol),甲醇(150ml),10%Pd/C(0.3g),在30psi氢气下反应6小时,用硅藻土过滤,浓缩,从乙醇/正己烷中重结晶得到目标产物(186)(4.61g,86%)。ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C19H29NNaO5,374.20,实验值,374.30。
例34.(4R)-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-5-(4-羟基-3-硝基苯基)-2-甲基戊酸乙酯(187)
往化合物(186)(4.50g,12.81mmol)的无水CH2Cl2(200ml)溶液中加入Ac2O(2ml,21.16mmol)和发烟硝酸(0.65ml,14.07mmol),在室温下搅拌4小时,用水(150ml)稀释,分离,水相用乙酸乙酯萃取。合并有机层,用无水Na2SO4干燥,过滤,浓缩,柱层析(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷=1:10)得到目标产物(187)(4.21g,83%)。ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C19H28N2NaO7,419.19,实验值,419.20.
例35.4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-2-甲基-5-(3-硝基-4-膦酰氧基苯基)戊酸乙酯(188)
把化合物(187)(4.00g,10.09mmol)溶解于乙腈(70ml)和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(30ml)中,冷却至0℃后,加入N,N’-二异丙基乙胺(4.00ml,23.00mmol),两分钟后加入三氯氧磷(2.00ml,21.45mmol)。在室温下搅拌8小时,冷至0℃,慢慢往里加入碳酸氢钠(3.5g,41.60mmol)与水(20ml)配成的溶液,继续在0℃搅拌过夜,浓缩,用C-18柱(20x4cm)纯化,梯度洗脱条件:25ml/min,A:0.5%醋酸,B:甲醇,100%A洗10分钟,然后经45分钟到75%A和25%B。收集目标组分,浓缩得到目标化合物(188)(3.89g,81%)。ESI:m/z:[M-H]-,离子峰:C19H28N2O10P,475.16,实验值,475.20.
例36.(4R)-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-2-甲基-5-(3-硝基-4-膦酰氧基苯基)戊酸(189)
往化合物(188)(3.75g,7.87mmol)的THF(100ml)溶液中加入氢氧化锂(5.0g,208.7mmol)的水(60ml)溶液,在0℃反应4小时,用4M的盐酸调至pH6,浓缩,C-18柱纯化,梯度洗脱,25ml/min,A:0.5%醋酸,B:甲醇,100%A保持10分钟,然后经45分钟到75%A和25%B。收集目标组分,浓缩得到目标化合物(189)(2.82g,80%)。ESI:m/z:[M-H]-,离子峰:C17H24N2O10P,447.12,实验值,447.20.
例37.(4R)-5-(3-氨基-4-膦酰氧基苯基)-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-2-甲基戊酸(190)
往氢气反应瓶中依次加入化合物(189)(2.6g,5.80mmol),甲醇(80ml),
10%Pd/C(0.2g)。在35psi氢气压力下反应6小时。混合物用硅藻土过滤,浓缩得粗产物(190)(2.18g,90%),无需进一步纯化直接用于下一步反应。ESI:m/z:[M-H]-,离子峰:C17H26N2O8P,417.15,实验值,417.15.
例38.(S)-2-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-3-(4-羟基-3-硝基苯基)-丙酸甲酯(196)
往(S)-2-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-3-(4-羟基苯基)-丙酸甲酯(195)(4.5g,15.24mmol)的无水二氯甲烷(240ml)溶液中加入醋酸酐(4ml,42.32mmol)和发烟硝酸(0.85ml,18.40mmol)。在室温下搅拌4小时后,用水(150ml)稀释,分离,水相用乙酸乙酯萃取。合并有机层,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩,柱层析(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷,1:10)得到目标产物(196)(4.30g,83%)。ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C15H20N2NaO7,363.13,实验值,363.20.
例39.(S)-2-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-3-(3-硝基-4-膦酰氧基苯基)-丙酸甲酯(197)
在0℃,往化合物(196)(4.10g,12.05mmol)的乙腈(90ml)溶液中加入N,N’-二异丙基乙基胺(4.00ml,23.00mmol),搅拌2分钟后,加入三氯氧磷(2.00ml,21.45mmol),反应混合物在室温下搅拌8小时后,冷至0℃,慢慢往里加入碳酸氢钠(3.5g,41.60mmol)与水(20ml)配成的溶液,继续在0℃下搅拌过夜,然后浓缩,C-18柱(20x4cm)纯化,梯度洗脱,25ml/min,A:0.5%醋酸,B:甲醇,100%A保持10分钟,然后经45分钟到75%A和25%B。收集目标组分,浓缩得到目标化合物(197)(4.20g,83%)。ESI:m/z:[M-H]-,离子峰:C15H20N2O10P,419.08,实验值,419.10.
例40.3-(3-氨基-4-膦酰氧基苯基)-(2R)-2-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-丙酸(198)
将干燥后的化合物(197)(4.0g,9.52mmol)溶解于混合溶剂1,2-二氯乙烷(50ml)和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(60ml),往该溶液中加入三甲基氢氧化锡(4.00g,22.1mmol)。混合物在80℃下反应6小时,浓缩,柱层析(水/乙腈1:4),收集目标组分,浓缩得(S)-2-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-3-(3-硝基-4-膦酰氧基苯基)-丙酸。将所得的化合物与N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(70ml)和10%Pd/C(0.3g)一并加入到氢气反应瓶中。在35psi氢气压力下反应6小时。混合物用硅藻土过滤,浓缩,重结晶得到目标产物(198)(2.86g,80%),无需进一步纯化直接用于下一步反应。ESI:m/z:[M-H]-,离子峰:C14H20N2O8P,375.10,实验值,375.10.
例41.3-(4-苄氧基苯基)-(2R)-2-[(叔丁氧基羰基)-甲基氨基]-丙酸苄基酯(200)
往3-(4-苄氧基苯基)-(2R)-2-[(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-丙酸苄基酯(4.0g,8.67mmol)的四氢呋喃(60ml)溶液中加入氢化钠(430mg,10.75mmol,60%油合物),室温搅拌1小时后,加入碘甲烷(1.82g,12.82mmol),混合液搅拌过夜,用甲醇(0.5ml)淬灭反应,浓缩,柱层析(乙酸乙酯/二氯甲烷,1:10)得到目标产物(200)(3.83g,93%)。MS ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C29H33NNaO5,498.24,实验值,498.24.
例42.(2R)-2-[(叔丁氧基羰基)-甲基氨基]-3-(4-羟基-2-硝基苯基)丙酸(201)
往氢气反应瓶中依次加入化合物(200)(3.8g,8.00mmol),甲醇(80ml),
10%Pd/C(0.3g)。在35psi氢气压力下反应6小时后,用硅藻土过滤,浓缩得粗产物(2R)-2-[(叔丁氧基羰基)-甲基氨基]-3-(4-羟基苯基)丙酸(201a),该化合物无需进一步纯化。在-25℃的温度下,往化合物(201a)的无水二氯甲烷(240ml)溶液中加入四氯化锡(1.5ml,12.75mmol)和发烟硝酸(0.60ml,12.98mmol)的二氯甲烷(40ml)溶液,混合物在-25℃下搅拌75分钟,用饱和碳酸氢钠淬灭,调至pH=3-4,水相用乙酸乙酯萃取,合并有机层,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩,柱层析(MeOH/DCM/HOAc 1:8:0.01)得到目标化合物(201)(1.98g,73%)。ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C15H20N2NaO7,363.13,实验值,363.13.
例43.(2R)-2-[(叔丁氧基羰基)-甲基氨基]-3-(3-硝基-4-膦酰氧基苯基)丙酸(202)
将化合物(201)(1.98g,5.82mmol)溶解于乙腈(30ml)和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(30ml)中,所得的溶液在0℃下加入N,N’-二异丙基乙胺(2.00ml,11.50mmol)),并于该温度下反应两分钟后加入三氯氧磷(1.10ml,11.79mmol)。反应混合液在室温下搅拌8小时后,冷至0℃,慢慢往里加入碳酸氢钠(2.0g,23.80mmol)与水(10ml)配成的溶液,继续在0℃下搅拌过夜,混合物浓缩,C-18柱(20x4cm)纯化,梯度洗脱,25ml/min,A:0.5%醋酸,B:甲醇,100%A保持10分钟,然后经45分钟到75%A和25%B。收集目标组分,浓缩得到目标化合物(202)(1.96,80%)。ESI:m/z:[M-H]-,离子峰:C15H20N2O10P,419.09,实验值,419.09.
例44.3-(3-氨基-4-膦酰氧基苯基)-(2R)-2-[(叔丁氧基羰基)-甲基氨基]丙酸(203)
往氢气反应瓶中依次加入化合物(202)(1.96g,4.67mmol),N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(60ml),10%Pd/C(0.2g)。在30psi氢气压力下反应6小时。混合物硅藻土过滤,浓缩得粗产物(203)(1.74g,95%)),无需进一步纯化直接用于下一反应。ESI:m/z:[M-H]-,calcd forC15H22N2O8P,389.12,Found,389.12.
例45.苯基-2-(2R)-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-1-丙酮(204)
将(1S,2R)-(+)-去甲基麻黄碱(7.0g,46.29mmol)加入到混合液四氢呋喃(40ml)和1M碳酸氢钠(100ml)中,在4℃的温度下,于45分钟内慢慢加入二碳酸二叔丁酯(10.15g,46.53mmol)的四氢呋喃(60ml)溶液,反应混合物在室温下搅拌6小时后,浓缩,乙酸乙酯萃取,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩,柱层析(EtOAc/Hexane 1:2),收集目标组分,浓缩得粗产物(1S)-苯基-2-(2R)-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-1-丙醇(204b)(10.81,93%),粗产物无需进一步纯化,MS ESI:m/z+:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C14H21NaNO3,274.15,实验值,274.15。往化合物(204b)的二氯甲烷(50ml)溶液中加入戴斯-马丁试剂的二氯甲烷(180ml,0.3M)溶液,搅拌一小时后,往混合物中加入冰冻的氢氧化钠溶液(1M,100ml),分离,有机相用1M磷酸二氢钠(100ml)调至pH=6,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩,柱层析(EtOAc/Hexane 1:5)得到目标产物204(9.34g,81%in two steps)。MS ESI:m/z+:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C14H19NaNO3,272.14,实验值,272.14.
例46.(1R,3R)-3-((2S,3S)-N-甲基-3-甲基-2-((R)-1-甲基哌啶-2-甲酰氨基)-戊氨基)-4-甲基-1-(4-(1-氧代-1-苯基丙-2-基)氨基甲酰基甲基)噻唑-2-基)-戊酸乙酯(205)
在4℃的温度下,往化合物204(180mg,0.722mmol)的1,4-二氧六环(4ml)溶液中加入浓盐酸(1.0ml,37%),混合物在室温下搅拌40分钟后,浓缩,加甲苯再浓缩至干燥。将干燥后的固体溶于N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(7ml),往该溶液中依次加入化合物106(251mg,0.466mmol),1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(305mg,1.56mmol),N,N’-二异丙基乙胺(0.13ml,0.747mmol),反应混合液搅拌8小时,浓缩,柱层析(EtOAc/CH2Cl2=1:4)得到目标产物205(255.3mg,82%)。ESI:m/z+:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C35H51NaN5O6S,692.36,实验值,692.36.
例47.(1R,3R)-3-((2S,3S)-N,3-二甲基-2-(R)-1-甲基哌啶-2-甲酰胺基)-戊酰氨基)-1-(4-((R)-1-(2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)-12-氧代-15-苯基-3,6,9-三氧杂-13,14–二氮杂十七烷-14-烯基-16-氨基甲酰基)噻唑-2-基)-4-甲基戊酸乙酯(206)
往化合物205(75mg,0.112mmol)的甲醇(5ml)溶液中加入化合物12(50mg HCl盐,0.126mmol)和醋酸(3ul,0.052mmol),混合物过夜反应后,加入N,N’-二异丙基乙胺(23ul,0.132mmol)中和,浓缩,柱层析(EtOAc/CH2Cl2=1:4-1:3)得到目标化合物206(79.3mg,70%)。MS ESI:m/z+:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C50H74NaN8O12S,1033.51,实验值,1033.50.
例48.(1S,2R)-2-(2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-((2S,3S)-N,3-二甲基-2-((R)-1-甲基哌啶-2-甲酰氨基)戊酰氨基)-4-甲基戊基)噻唑-4-甲酰胺基)-1-苯基丙基-3-(2-(2-(2–(2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)-丙酸乙酯(211)
往化合物208a(95mg,0.141mmol)与3-(2-(2-(2-(2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)丙酸(55mg,0.182mmol)的二氯甲烷(5ml)溶液中加入二环己基碳二亚胺(122mg,0.591mmol)和2,2-二羟甲基丙酸(25mg,0.204mmol),混合物过夜搅拌后,浓缩,柱层析(EtOAc/CH2Cl2=1:3)得到目标化合物211(95.1mg,71%)。MS ESI:m/z+:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C48H70NaN6O12S,977.47,实验值,977.47.
例49.2,5-二氧代吡咯烷-1-基2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-((2S,3S)-N,3-二甲基-2-((R)-1-甲基哌啶-2-甲酰氨基)戊酰氨基)-4-甲基戊基)噻唑-4-羧酸乙酯(234)
往化合物106(788.1mg,1.464mmol)的N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺(10ml)溶液中加入N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(202.0mg,1.756mmol),1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(980mg,5.104mmol),混合物过夜搅拌后,浓缩,柱层析(EtOAc/CH2Cl2=1:3)得到目标化合物234(762.8mg,82%)。MS ESI:m/z+:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C30H45NaN5O8S,658.30,实验值,658.30.
例50.(4R)-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-5-(3-(5-(2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)戊酰氨基)-4-(膦酰氧基)苯基)-2-甲基戊酸(235)
往化合物190(825.1mg,1.973mmol)的N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺(7ml)溶液中加入2,5-二氧代吡咯烷-1-基-5-(2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)戊酸乙酯(23d)(711mg,2.417mmol),N,N’-二异丙基乙胺(0.250ml,1.438mmol),混合物过夜搅拌后,浓缩,C-18柱层析(4x25cm,v=15ml/min,从100%的1%HOAc到75%的1%HOAc/25%MeOH in 45min)得到目标化合物235(895.7mg,76%)。MS ESI:m/z-:[M-H]-,离子峰:C26H35N3O11P,596.21,实验值,596.21.
例51.(4R)-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-5–(3-(3-(2-(2-(2-(2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)丙酰氨基)-4-(膦酰氧基)苯基)-2-甲基戊酸(236)
往化合物190(632.5mg,1.512mmol)的N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺(7ml)溶液中加2,5-二氧代吡咯烷-1-基-3-(2-(2-(2-(2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)丙酸乙酯(24c)(727mg,1.826mmol),N,N’-二异丙基乙胺(0.250ml,1.438mmol),混合物过夜搅拌后,浓缩,C-18柱层析(4x25cm,v=15ml/min,从100%的1%HOAc到75%的1%HOAc/25%MeOH in 45min)得到目标化合物236(763.2mg,72%)。MS ESI:m/z-:[M-H]-,离子峰:C30H44N3O14P,700.25,实验值,700.25.
例52.(4R)-4-(2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-((2S,3S)-N,3-二甲基-2-((R)-1-甲基哌啶-2-甲酰氨基)戊酰氨基)-4-甲基戊基)噻唑-4-甲酰胺基)-5-(3-(5-(2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)戊酰氨基)-4-(膦酰氧基)苯基)-2-甲基戊酸(239)
往化合物235(102mg,0.171mmol)的1,4-二氧六环(4ml)溶液中加入浓盐酸(1.0ml,37%),混合物搅拌30分钟后,浓缩至干燥得粗产物(237)。将粗产物(237)溶于N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(5ml),往该溶液中依次加入化合物234(110mg,0.173mmol),N,N’-二异丙基乙胺(30ul,0.172mmol),混合物过夜搅拌后,浓缩,柱层析(含1%HOAc的水/丙酮,1:9-1:4)得到目标化合物239(123.2mg,71%)。MS ESI:m/z-:[M-H]-,离子峰:C47H67N7O14PS,1016.42,实验值,1016.42.
例53.(4R)-4-(2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-((2S,3S)-N,3-二甲基-2-((R)-1-甲基哌啶-2-甲酰氨基)戊酰氨基)-4-甲基戊基)噻唑-4-甲酰胺基)-3-(3-(2-(2-(2,5-二氧代-2,5-二氢-1H-吡咯-1-基)乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)丙酰氨基)-4-(膦酰氧基)苯基)-2-甲基戊酸(240)
往化合物236(108mg,0.154mmol)的1,4-二氧六环(4ml)溶液中加入浓盐酸(1.0ml,37%),混合物搅拌30分钟后,浓缩至干燥得粗产物(238)。将粗产物(238)溶于N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(5ml),往该溶液中依次加入化合物234(110mg,0.173mmol),N,N’-二异丙基乙胺(30ul,0.172mmol),混合物过夜搅拌后,浓缩,柱层析(含1%HOAc的水/丙酮,1:9-1:4)得到目标化合物240(131.2mg,76%)。MS ESI:m/z-:[M-H]-,离子峰:C51H75N7O17PS,1120.47,实验值,1120.48.
例54.(4R)-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-2-甲基-5-(4-(膦酰氧基)-3-(4-(吡啶-2-二硫基)丁酰氨基)苯基)戊酸(244)
往化合物190(548.3mg,1.311mmol)的N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺(10ml)溶液中加琥珀酰亚氨基4-(吡啶-2-二硫基)丁酸(550.2mg,1.687mmol)和N,N’-二异丙基乙胺(0.18ml,1.03mmol),混合物过夜搅拌后,浓缩,柱层析(含1%HOAc的水/丙酮,1:9-1:4)得到目标化合物244(660.2mg,80%)。MS ESI:m/z-:[M-H]-,离子峰:C26H35N3O9PS2,628.16,实验值,628.16.
例55.(4R)-4-(2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-((2S,3S)-N,3-二甲基-2-((R)-1-甲基哌啶-2-甲酰氨基)戊酰氨基)-4-甲基戊基)噻唑-4-甲酰胺基)-2-甲基-5-(4-(膦酰氧基)-3-(4-(吡啶-2-二硫基)丁酰氨基)苯基)戊酸(248)
在4℃的温度下,往化合物244(110.5mg,0.175mmol)的1,4-二氧六环(4ml)溶液中加入浓盐酸(1.0ml,37%),混合物搅拌30分钟后,浓缩至干燥得粗产物(246)。将粗产物(246)溶于N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(5ml),往该溶液中依次加入化合物234(110mg,0.173mmol),N,N’-二异丙基乙胺(30ul,0.172mmol),混合物过夜搅拌后,浓缩,柱层析(含1%HOAc的水/丙酮,1:9-1:4)得到目标化合物248(129.1mg,71%)。MS ESI:m/z-:[M-H]-,离子峰:C47H67N7O12PS3,1048.38,实验值,1048.38.
例56.(4R)-4-(2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-((2S,3S)-N,3-二甲基-2-((R)-1-甲基哌啶-2-甲酰氨基)戊酰氨基)-4-甲基戊基)噻唑-4-甲酰胺基)-5-(3-(4-巯基丁酰胺基)-4-(膦酰氧基)苯基)-2-甲基戊酸(248b)
将化合物248(30mg,0.0285mmol)加入到N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(2ml)和磷酸二氢钠(0.1M,pH 7)中,往该混合液中加入二硫苏糖醇(20mg,0.129mmol)。混合物搅拌2小时后,浓缩,柱层析(含1%HOAc的H2O/MeCN,1:9-1:4)得到目标化合物248b(22mg,85%)。MSESI:m/z-:[M-H]-,离子峰:C42H64N6O12PS2,939.38,实验值,939.38.
例57.4-(4-溴丁基)-10-氧杂-4-氮杂三环[5.2.1.0^{2,6}]癸-8-烯-3,5-二酮(271)
将10-氧杂-4-氮杂三环[5.2.1.0^{2,6}]癸-8-烯-3,5-二酮(6.0g,36.35mmol)和氢化钠(60%油合物,1.50g,37.50mmol)加入到N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(60ml)中,搅拌1小时后,加入1,4-二溴丁烷(35.0g,162.10mmol)和碘化钠(0.50g,3.33mmol)。混合物搅拌过夜,用甲醇(0.5ml)淬灭,浓缩,柱层析(EtOAc/Hexane=1:8)得到目标化合物271(9.34g,86%)。MS ESI:m/z+:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C12H14BrNaNO3,322.02,实验值,322.02.
例58.甲基2-((1R,3R)-3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-1-[4'-(3″,6″-桥氧-四氢邻苯二甲酰氨基)丁氧基]-4-甲基戊基)噻唑-4-羧酸甲酯(272)
将甲基2-((1R,3R)-3-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-1-羟基-4-甲基戊基)噻唑-4-羧酸甲酯(70)(1.0g,2.79mmol)和氢化钠(120mg,3.00mmol,60%油合物)加入到四氢呋喃(30ml),搅拌30分钟后,加入化合物271(1.00g,3.34mmol)和碘化钠(50mg,0.33mmol)。混合物搅拌过夜,用甲醇(0.5ml)淬灭,浓缩,柱层析(EtOAc/CH2Cl2=1:10)得到目标化合物272(1.36g,84%)。MS ESI:m/z+:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C28H39NaN3O8S,600.25,实验值,600.25.
例59.甲基2-((1R,3R)-3-(N,N-叔丁氧基羰基甲基氨基)-1-[4'-(3″,6″-桥氧-四氢邻苯二甲酰氨基)丁氧基]-4-甲基戊基)噻唑-4-羧酸甲酯(273)
将化合物272(1.30g,2.25mmol)和氢化钠(108mg,2.70mmol,60%油合物)加入到N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(80ml)中,搅拌1小时后,加入碘甲烷(460mg,3.24mmol)。混合物搅拌过夜,浓缩,柱层析(EtOAc/CH2Cl2=1:12-1:8)得到目标化合物273(1.01g,76%)。MS ESI:m/z+:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C29H41NaN3O8S,614.26,Found,614.26.
例60.2-((1R,3R)-3-(N,N-叔丁氧基羰基甲基氨基)-1-[4'-(3″,6″-桥氧-四氢邻苯二甲酰氨基)丁氧基]-4-甲基戊基)噻唑-4-羧酸(274)
将干燥后的化合物273(900mg,1.52mmol)溶于1,2-二氯乙烷(30ml)和甲苯混合溶剂中,加入三甲基氢氧化锡(400mg,2.21mmol)。混合物在100℃下搅拌过夜,浓缩,柱层析(MeOH/CH2Cl2/HOAc=1:10:0.01)得到目标化合物274(730mg,94%)。ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C28H39N3NaO8S,600.22,实验值,600.22.
例61.甲基2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-(N,N-(叔丁氧羰基)(4'-(3″,6″-桥氧-四氢)丁基)氨基)-4-甲基戊基)-噻唑-4-羧酸(275)
将化合物71(1.50g,3.74mmol)和氢化钠(180mg,4.50mmol,60%油合物)加入到N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(80ml)中,搅拌1小时后,加入化合物271(1.48g,4.94mmol)和碘甲烷(70mg,0.467mmol)。混合物搅拌过夜,浓缩,柱层析(EtOAc/CH2Cl2=1:10-1:6)得到目标化合物275(1.60g,69%)。MS ESI:m/z+:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C30H41NaN3O9S,642.26,实验值,642.26.
例62.2-((1R,3R)-1-乙酰氧基-3-(N,N-(叔丁氧羰基)(4'-马来酰亚胺丁基)氨基)-4-甲基戊基)-噻唑-4-羧酸(276)
将干燥后的化合物275(800mg,1.29mmol)溶于1,2-二氯乙烷(40ml)和甲苯混合溶剂中,加入三甲基氢氧化锡(400mg,2.21mmol)。混合物在100℃下搅拌过夜,浓缩,柱层析(MeOH/CH2Cl2/HOAc=1:5:0.01),收集组分浓缩,干燥。将所得的粗产物溶解于吡啶(15ml),在0℃下往该溶液中加入乙酸酐(0.3ml,3.17mmol),混合物室温搅拌过夜,浓缩,柱层析(MeOH/CH2Cl2/HOAc=1:10:0.01)得到目标化合物276(578.4mg,74%)。ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C29H39N3NaO9S,628.24,实验值,628.24.
例63.1-(2-甲基-2-环氧乙烷基)-2-苯基乙胺
在0℃的温度下,往1-(2-甲基-2-环氧乙烷基)-2-苯基乙基)氨基甲酸叔丁酯(Sun,L.et al,J.Mol.Catalysis A:Chem.,2005,234(1-2),29-34)(300mg,1.08mmol)的1,4-二氧六环(8mL)溶液中加入浓盐酸(37%,2mL),在该温度下继续搅拌1小时,TLC显示已经没有起始反应原料。将所得的混合液用甲苯(10ml)稀释,浓缩,从EtOH/Hexane中重结晶得到目标化合物的盐酸盐(201mg,87%)。ESI:m/z:[M+H]+,离子峰:C11H16NO,178.12,实验值,178.12.
例64.(S)-5-苯基-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-2-甲基戊烯酸乙酯(327)
在-78℃的温度下,把二异丁基氢化铝(40ml,40mmol,1.0M)慢慢加入到(S)-3-苯基-2-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-丙酸甲酯326(5.60g,20.05mmol)的CH2Cl2(80ml)溶液中,反应45分钟后,在该温度下加入用1-(1-乙氧羰基乙基)三苯基溴化膦(18.0g,40.64mmol)和KOtBu(5.00g,44.64mmol)的二氯甲烷(80ml)溶液所形成的叶立德溶液,待混合物在-78℃反应1小时后,室温下搅拌过夜,再往该混合物中加入1升的磷酸二氢钠溶液,剧烈搅拌,分液,水相用二氯甲烷萃取,合并有机层,无水硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,柱层析(乙酸乙酯/正己烷=1:7-1:5)得到目标产物327(5.50g,83%),ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C19H27NNaO4,356.19,实验值,356.20.
例65.(S)-5-苯基-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-2,3-环氧乙基-2-甲基戊酸乙酯(328)
往化合物327(5.0g,15.0mmol)的二氯甲烷(80ml)溶液中加入3-氯过氧苯甲酸(5.5g,22.3mmol),混合物搅拌过夜,碳酸氢钠(25ml,sat.)溶液稀释,分液,水相用二氯甲烷萃取,合并有机层,无水硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,柱层析(乙酸乙酯/正己烷=1:4)得到目标化合物328(4.71g,90%)。ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C19H27NNaO5,372.19,实验值,372.20.
例66.(S)-5-苯基-4-(叔丁氧基羰基氨基)-2,3-环氧乙基-2-甲基戊酸(329)
往氢氧化锂(5.0g,208.7mmol)的水溶液(60mL)中加入化合物328(4.70g,13.45mmol)的四氢呋喃(100ml)溶液,搅拌1小时后,浓缩,加入水(150mL),用4M的盐酸调至pH4。混合液用乙酸乙酯萃取,有机相用无水硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,柱层析(MeOH/DCM/HOAc=1:10:0.01)得到目标化合物329(3.97g,92%),ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C17H23NNaO5,344.16,Found 344.16.
例67.(S)-5-苯基-4-(9-芴甲氧羰基氨基)-2,3-环氧乙基-2-甲基戊酸(331)
在0℃的温度下,往化合物(329)(3.90g,12.14mmol)的二氯甲烷溶液中加入三氟乙酸(10ml),并在该温度下搅拌30分钟,用甲苯稀释,浓缩,干燥得粗产物三氟乙酸盐330。将碳酸钠(5.0g,47.16mmol)加入到混合溶剂水(60mL)和乙醇(60mL)中,往该溶液中加入化合物330和9-芴甲氧羰酰氯(3.70g,14.30mmol)。搅拌6小时后,浓缩,加水(150mL),用4M的盐酸调至pH4。混合液用乙酸乙酯萃取,有机相用无水硫酸钠干燥,浓缩,柱层析(MeOH/DCM/HOAc=1:10:0.01)得到目标化合物(3.87g,72%,两步的产率),ESI:m/z:[M+Na]+,离子峰:C27H25NNaO5,466.17,Found 466.17.
例68.多肽缩合的一般步骤
将胺的盐酸盐溶解在二氯甲烷或N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(0.2M)中,冷至4℃,依次加入叔丁氧基羰基保护的氨基酸(1.3eq),1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(2eq),或O-苯并三氮唑-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲四氟硼酸酯(2eq),或三吡咯烷基溴化鏻六氟磷酸盐(2eq),1-羟基苯并三唑(1.5eq),N,N-二异丙基乙胺(3.5eq)。将反应慢慢升至室温后继续反应15小时,用乙酸乙酯稀释,紧接着依次用1M盐酸水溶液,饱和碳酸氢钠,水和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤。合并有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,浓缩,柱层析(0%-20%MeOH:CH2Cl2)得叔丁氧基羰基保护的多肽。
例69.脱叔丁氧基羰基的一般步骤
将叔丁氧基羰基保护的氨基酸溶解于含20%三氟乙酸的二氯甲烷溶液或含4M盐酸的1,4-二氧六环溶液中,搅拌30分钟,或通过TLC跟踪来判断反应是否完全。减压浓缩得相应的三氟乙酸盐或盐酸盐多肽化合物。含三氟乙酸盐的多肽可以用含2%盐酸的二氯甲烷/甲苯溶液浓缩3-4次以便形成对应的盐酸盐化合物。
例70.固相肽合成(SPPS)的一般步骤
叔丁氧基羰基保护的SPPS使用的是Merrifield树脂或改性PAM树脂或MBHA树脂。9-芴甲氧羰基保护的SPPS使用的是Wang树脂或2-氯三苯甲基氯树脂,或HMPB,MBHA树脂。根据树脂生产商的操作指南,对树脂进行前处理(预膨胀)和氨基化合物的装载。树脂上用叔丁氧基羰基保护的氨基酸用20%三氟乙酸的二氯甲烷溶液或含4M盐酸的1,4-二氧六环溶液去保护(搅拌30分钟即可),然后依次用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,甲醇,含50%N,N-二异丙基乙胺的二氯甲烷和纯二氯甲烷洗涤,对于涉及多个游离胺的去保护步骤,为确保反应的完全,这个步骤在酰化之前需要再重复一次。将游离胺悬浮于由保护的氨基酸(游离胺的3当量),O-苯并三氮唑-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲四氟硼酸酯或三吡咯烷基溴化鏻六氟磷酸盐(游离胺的3当量)和N,N-二异丙基乙胺(游离胺的5当量)组成的溶液中,混合反应4小时后,依次用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,甲醇和二氯甲烷洗涤。对于涉及多个游离胺酰基化的反应,为确保反应的完全,在脱保护之前的偶合步骤需再重复一次。一般需重复这些步骤,直至合成所需的肽。
例71.从Wang树脂或2-氯三苯甲基氯树脂中切肽的一般步骤
将结合了肽的Wang树脂与含有50%三氟乙酸的二氯甲烷和三异丙基硅烷(1-5%)混合,或将2-氯三苯甲基氯树脂结合的肽与含有1%三氟乙酸的二氯甲烷混合,混合2小时后过滤,依次用二氯甲烷(3x30ml),甲醇(3x30ml)洗脱,合并滤液,浓缩,干燥后加入冷的乙醚,所得沉淀即为去保护的肽。
例72.从Merrifield树脂,改性PAM树脂或MBHA树脂中切肽的一般步骤
将结合了肽的树脂与HF/Me2S/anisole(10:1:1)或CH3SO3H/Me2S/anisole(20:1:1)混合(对于含有半胱氨酸的肽来说,应与HF/anisole/Me2S/p-thiocresol(10:1:1:0.2)混合),2小时后,在氮气保护下浓缩,再用三氟乙酸稀释,过滤。然后依次用二氯甲烷(3x30ml)和甲醇(3x30ml)洗脱树脂,合并滤液,浓缩,干燥后加入冷的乙醚,所得沉淀即为去保护的肽。
例73.色谱纯化
将粗产物多肽混合物通过硅胶柱层析纯化(10%到25%的甲醇:二氯甲烷洗脱)或反相HPLC纯化(0%到70%甲醇水溶液梯度洗脱(最好添加1%乙酸),反应1小时内结束,后混合目标组分,蒸发后收集样品。
例74.共轭体(偶联物)制备
抗体,作为一类结合分子,可通过酰胺、硫醚或二硫键与分裂抑制剂偶联。用含50mM硼酸钠的PBS缓冲液(pH8.0)稀释抗体(>5mg/mL),加入二硫苏糖醇(终浓度为10mM),35℃处理30分钟,抗体可释放自由巯基。用G-25柱凝胶过滤层析(PBS缓冲液中添加1mMEDTA)后,通过Ellman试剂[5,5’-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)]测定,每个抗体上大约偶联8个巯基。抗体与Traut's试剂(2-亚氨基噻吩)(Jue,R.,et al.Biochem.1978,17(25):5399-5405)也可释放巯基,或在pH7~8条件下,与SATP(N-琥珀酰亚胺-S-乙酰硫代丙酸盐)或N-琥珀酰亚胺-S-乙酰基(硫代四乙二酸)(SAT(PEG)4)等不同的连接物反应,后经羟胺作用,形成巯基(Duncan,R,et al,Anal.Biochem.1983,132,68-73,Fuji,N.et al,Chem.Pharm.Bull.1985,33,362-367)。基本上,每个抗体分子上连接5~8个巯基分子。
4℃条件下,向冰冷的连接自由巯基的抗体的二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)(2~20%v/v)中加入含有马来酰亚胺或溴乙酰胺基团(需0.5M的硼酸钠溶液(pH 9)促成抗体与溴乙酰胺的烷基化)的药物(连接的药物与巯基的摩尔比应为1.2~1.5:1)。1~2小时后,添加过量半胱氨酸使反应终止;通过超滤、凝胶层析(G-25,缓冲液为PBS)、无菌过滤后得到浓缩的偶联产物。通过测定280nm和252nm处的吸光度测定蛋白浓度和每个抗体所连接的药物个数。分子排阻HPLC可用来测定连接物的单体形式所占的比重,而低于0.5%的未结合的药物可用RP-HPLC用来测定。对于硫醚键连接形成的单体药物而言,每个抗体分子平均会连接3.2-4.2个有丝分裂抑制剂的小分子。
连接接头的种类可分为二甲基(苯基)甲硅烷基(DMPS),SMDP,4-琥珀酰亚胺基氧羰基-甲基-α(2-吡啶基二硫)甲苯(SMPT),N-琥珀酰亚胺-4-(2-吡啶硫)戊酸酯(SPP),N-琥珀酰亚胺-4-(2-吡啶硫)丙酸酯(SPDP),N-琥珀酰亚胺-4-(2-吡啶硫)丁酸酯(SPDB),琥珀酰亚胺基4-(N-马来酰亚胺甲基)环己烷-1-羧化酯(SMCC),N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺-(聚乙二醇)n-马来酰亚胺(SM(PEG)n)等。抗体(>5mg/mL)稀释于缓冲液(pH 6.5~7.5,5mM PBS,50mMNaCl,1mM EDTA)中,与链接反应2小时,而链接与抗体的摩尔比为6~10倍以上。反应混合物可通过Sephadex G25凝胶层析分离,其分子量较低的分子会被除去。(抗体的浓度通过分光光度法测定,连接物包含吡啶硫基。抗体在280nm处的消光系数为2067550M-1cm-1。修饰的抗体用过量的二硫苏糖醇(20倍以上当量)处理后,测定释放的2-硫吡啶基团,在343、280nm处的消光系数分别为8080和5100M-1cm-1)。向修饰抗体中加入1.2~1.5当量带有巯基基团的有丝分裂抑制剂分子。该反应在是室温下进行5~18小时。反应混合物通过Sephadex G25凝胶层析,除去未连接的药物或其他低分子量的物质。再通过测定280nm和252nm处的吸光度来测定连接产物的浓度。连接产物是单体形式,平均每个抗体分子连接3.2~4.5个药物分子。
例75.体外毒性试验
BJAB(伯基特淋巴瘤细胞),BT-474(乳腺癌细胞),Namalwa(人伯基特淋巴瘤细胞),Ramos(人伯基特淋巴瘤细胞),COLO 205(人结肠腺癌细胞)及A375(人恶性黑色素瘤细胞),都购自ATCC。乳腺肿瘤细胞系KPL-4由J.Kurebayashi博士惠赠(Kurebayashi,J.etal.Br J Cancer 1999;79:707–17)。上述细胞都在含10%已灭活胎牛血清(FBS)的RPMI1640培养基中生长,培养条件为37℃、6%CO2的培养箱中。克隆形成实验可作为毒性试验检测的一种方法,参见文献(Franken,et al,Nature Protocols 1,2315-2319(2006))。测试用的细胞按照每孔5000个细胞接种于6孔板中,加入1pM~50nM梯度稀释的药物(有丝分裂抑制剂或偶联物),孵育72小时。替换旧有的培养基,细胞继续培养,7~10天后会有克隆形成。固定细胞,然后用0.2%结晶紫(稀释于10%福尔马林或PBS中)染色,计数细胞克隆。未处理的细胞(只加培养基)的数目可通过孔中形成的克隆数来测定。细胞的存活率是用药物处理后与对照组(药物未处理)孔中形成的克隆数的比值来计算。
表1.通过固相合成产生的抗有丝分裂药物的结构以及它们的质谱的离子峰值和它们在体外测试中对Ramos细胞(ATCC,人源Burkitt淋巴瘤细胞)的毒杀作用(IC50)值。
表2.一些抗体-抗有丝分裂剂共轭体的结构式。
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Claims (13)
1.抗体药物共轭体或其可以药用的盐,所述抗体药物共轭体具有结构式(VII)所示的结构:
其中:
T是抗体;
L是可解离的连接于括号内的结构体的链接体;
n等于1~20;
m等于1~10;
括号内的结构体是一个抗有丝分裂剂,
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5和R7代表甲基;
R6和R8分别是甲基或乙基;
R9是-OCH3、-OC(=O)CH3或-OC(=O)NHCH3;
R11是-R14C(=O)OH,其中R14是亚乙基或亚异丙基;
R10和R12是H;
3.权利要求1或2的抗体药物共轭体或其可以药用的盐,其中链接体L具有如下分子式:-Ww-(Aa)r-Vv-,其中-W-是一个延伸单元,它将一个抗体单元T连接到一个氨基酸单元Aa,或者当Aa不存在时,W连接到V单元;W可以独立地包含一个肽基单元、一个腙、一个二硫键、一个硫醚键、一个酯或一个酰胺键;w可以是0或1;Aa单独表示1个天然的氨基酸单元;(Aa)r表示天然的氨基酸、二肽、三肽、四肽或五肽;
V是一个间隔单元,表示O、NH、S,C1~C6烷基或C1~C6杂烷基;C6芳基、C3~C6烷基磺酰基、C3~C6烷基羰基、或1个氨基酸单元;v表示0、1或2。
4.权利要求1或2的抗体药物共轭体或其可以药用的盐,其中抗体T选自:单克隆抗体。
5.抗体药物共轭体或其可以药用的盐,所述抗体药物共轭体的结构式由IIa,IIb,IId,IIe,IIf,IIg,IIh,IIi,IIj,IIk,IIl,IIm,IIn,IIo,IIp,IIq,IIr,IIIa,IIIb,IIIc,IIId,IIIe,IIIf,IIIg,IIIh,IIIi,IIIj,IVa,IVb,IVc,IVd,IVe,IVf,Va,Vb,Vc,Vd,Ve,Vf,Vg,Vh,VIb,VIc,VId,VIf,VIg,VIh,VIi,VIIa,VIIb,VIId,VIIe,VIIf,VIIg,VIIh,VIIi,VIIj,VIIk,VIIl,VIIm,VIIn,VIIo,VIIq,VIIr,VIIs,和VIIt所示
其中T是抗体;Aa是天然氨基酸;Ar是苯基;n等于1~20;q=1~5;X′是CH2、Y′是O和Z′是S;R22、R23、和R24分别代表C1~C6烷基;C3~C6烷基羰基;或(OCH2CH2)n,其中n等于1~20;R′和R″是H或CH3;圆括号内是抗有丝分裂剂,方括号内是抗有丝分裂剂通过链接体连接到抗体T上面。
8.权利要求1、2、5、6或7的抗体药物共轭体或其可以药用的盐,其靶细胞包含肿瘤细胞。
12.权利要求10的抗体药物共轭体或其可以药用的盐,其中一个抗有丝分裂剂D选自卡奇霉素、微管聚合物抑制剂、海兔毒素、CC-1065类似物、阿霉素和吡咯并苯并二氮杂二聚体。
13.权利要求11的抗体药物共轭体或其可以药用的盐,其中一个抗有丝分裂剂D选自卡奇霉素、微管聚合物抑制剂、海兔毒素、CC-1065类似物、阿霉素和吡咯并苯并二氮杂二聚体。
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