CN105232529A - 长效的可注射的莫昔克丁配制剂和新的莫昔克丁晶型 - Google Patents
长效的可注射的莫昔克丁配制剂和新的莫昔克丁晶型 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105232529A CN105232529A CN201510629669.1A CN201510629669A CN105232529A CN 105232529 A CN105232529 A CN 105232529A CN 201510629669 A CN201510629669 A CN 201510629669A CN 105232529 A CN105232529 A CN 105232529A
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- moxidectin
- implant
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- amorphous
- crystals
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Abstract
本发明提供新的抗寄生物形式和农药形式的莫昔克丁,包括长效的聚合物植入物。所得化合物可以用于兽医学组合物中,其用于处理、控制和预防动物中的内源和外源寄生物感染。
Description
本申请是母案为中国发明专利申请201280067425.3的分案申请。
与有关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2011年12月2日提交的U.S.临时申请号61/566,336的益处,和通过援引并入本文。
发明领域
本发明涉及莫昔克丁的新的抗寄生物多晶型和溶剂化物(假多晶型),以及产生其的方法。新的莫昔克丁形式可以用于口服、肠胃外或局部的兽医学配制剂,其用于处理、控制和预防哺乳动物、鸟类或鱼类,比如马和家居伴侣动物中的内源和外源寄生物感染/侵袭。本发明还涉及这些形式在新的杀寄生物莫昔克丁聚合物配制剂中的用途,其可以给予至动物,包括狗和猫,进行内源寄生物包括犬恶丝虫的长效控制。本发明也涉及控制有益试剂从配制剂释放的方法和用配制剂来将有益试剂给予至动物的方法。
发明背景
动物和人类罹患内寄生物感染包括例如蠕虫病,其最频繁地由一类描述为线虫或蠕虫的寄生虫引起。这些寄生物导致猪,绵羊,马,和牛以及家禽中的严重经济损失。动物和人类胃肠道中存在的其它寄生物包括钩口线虫属(Ancylostoma),板口线虫属(Necator),蛔虫属(Ascaris),类圆线虫属(Strongyloides),毛线虫属(Trichinella),毛细线虫属(Capillaria),弓蛔虫属(Toxocara),弓蛔线虫属(Toxascaris),鞭虫属,蛲虫属(Enterobius)和血液或其它组织和器官存在的寄生物比如丝虫和类圆线虫属,弓蛔虫属(Toxocara)和毛线虫属(Trichinella)的肠外阶段。
出于生物利用度、效力或给药舒适度考虑,许多有益试剂优选经肠胃外给予。由于接受者一生中能接受数种剂型,关键的是所述剂型几乎不余留或不余留不希望的残余物。生物可蚀解的聚合物剂型理想地适用于这些应用,和提供单一剂型的药物递送可以在延长的时间段有效地处理病害状态的额外优势。
已知的生物可蚀解聚合物受控释放装置能够一般地归类为包囊装置或基质装置。在包囊装置中,有益试剂(例如药物)被控制有益试剂释放的聚合物层围绕。然而在基质装置中,有益试剂溶解或悬浮在聚合物基质中并通过基质扩散,或者随着基质的溶解、崩解、分解或侵蚀而释放。
采用基质装置,有益试剂能够通过物理捕集或化学结合至基质而掺入基质。在暴露于使用的生物学环境中时,聚合物基质溶解、崩解、分解或侵蚀(也即降解)从而释放有益试剂。需要大量实验劳动来"微调"聚合物/有益试剂配制剂以使其可以稳定和以所希望的速率释放。
虑及寄生物侵染的处理和预防时,特别重要类别的有益试剂是大环内酯,其可以用于处理哺乳动物和鸟类中的内源和外源寄生物感染。属于该类的化合物包括阿维菌素类(avermectins)和密比霉素类(milbemycins)。这些化合物是对宽范围内部和外部寄生物有效的抗寄生物剂。阿维菌素类和密比霉素类都具有相同的16-元大环内酯环;然而,密比霉素类不具有内酯环13-位上的二糖取代基。除了处理寄生物昆虫之外,阿维菌素类和密比霉素类还用来处理温血动物中的内源寄生物例如线虫感染。
阿维菌素类可以分离自除虫链霉菌(Streptomycesavermitilis)及其衍生物的产阿维菌素菌株的发酵肉汤。阿维菌素类的生产、分离和结构确定记载于Albers-Schonberg,et.al,J.Am.Chem.Soc.1981,103,4216-4221和所引参考文献中。该培养物的形态学特征描述于U.S.专利号4,310,519,通过援引将其并入本文。
密比霉素类是阿维菌素类的配糖基衍生物,比如描述于例如U.S.专利号4,144,352;4,791,134;和6,653,342中的那些。该类别中特别重要的驱虫剂包括莫昔克丁,如例如U.S.专利号7,348,417;US4900753;US4988824;US5106994;US7645863;和4,916,154(及其所引参考文献)中的描述。对于密比霉素类,尤其可以参考Vercruysse,J.andRew,R.S.,editors,MacrocyclicLactonesinAntiparasiticTherapy,CABIInternational2002;Campbell,WilliamC.,editor,IvermectinandAbamectin,Springer-Verlag,1989;DaviesH.G.etal.,1986,"AvermectinsandMilbemycins",Nat.Prod.Rep.,3,87-121,MrozikH.etal.,1983,SynthesisofMilbemycinsfromAvermectins,TetrahedronLett.,24,5333-5336,U.S.专利号4,134,973和EP0677054。如许多参考文献中所证实,无定形莫昔克丁是本领域熟知的,但是其它固体形式、包括结晶的多晶型和溶剂化物/水合物(假多晶型)并未被描述。
US6,162,820(Merial)公开氟虫腈和依维菌素(一种阿维菌素(avermectin))的长效组合。
US6,733,767(Merck)公开用于依立诺克丁的受控释放的液体聚合物组合物,基本上由活性成分、PLGA和溶剂混合物组成。组合物在注射入动物中时形成贮库制剂。
US6,797,701(Pfizer)公开阿维菌素(avermectin)13-单糖5-肟配制剂,其基本上由活性成分和二醇醚组成。
US7,326,428(Rutgers大学)公开(背景部分)包囊在PLGA(50:50)微球中的依维菌素。该试剂在体内的随后的脉冲释放显示取决于聚合物基质的降解速率。
US2004/0241204(Martinod等人)公开持续释放小型植入物或丸剂可以组合提供优选1至4周具有活性的依维菌素血液水平。公开了一系列适宜聚合物,包括PLGA、聚氨基酸、PGS和Biopol。
依维菌素也成功地与PLGA相组合,产生用于狗中的生物可降解的药物递送基质(Clarketal.,AJVR2004)。
ProHeart6(Pfizer的持续释放莫昔克丁产品)提供莫昔克丁无菌微球,然而,该产品在2004年9月3日由于包括死亡的不良事件被召回,从而展示了制备能够在长时间段安全递送有益试剂特别是莫昔克丁的配制剂的显著挑战。
鉴于上述参考文献,存在大环内酯"微球(microsphere)"配制剂以及"液体聚合物贮库制剂-类型"配制剂的数种实例,但在该申请提交时发明人并不知晓任何聚合物莫昔克丁固体植入物剂型。
全部这些文献及其所引参考文献,以及本文引用的参考文献,都通过援引并且并入。
虽然抗寄生物研究存在优异进展,但是越来越多的兽医学寄生物抗性的报告仍然导致顾虑(Parasitology2005,131,S179-190)。涉及对粪便降解必需的粪栖昆虫潜在不良作用的其它顾虑被杀内外寄生物剂(endectocide)所提高。从而,在兽医学药物中一直需要新的杀内外寄生物剂和驱虫剂处理。本发明的目的是提供新的杀内外寄生物剂和驱虫剂化合物和配制剂,以及使用所述化合物的处理方法。如本文所描述,本发明是令人惊讶、出乎意料且非显而易见的。
将本文引用或参考的全部文献(“本文所引文献”),和本文所引文献中引用或参考的全部文献,以及本文或通过援引加入本文中的任意文献中提及的任意产品的任意生产商指南、说明书、产品说明书和产品说明页,通过援引并入本文,并且可以用于实施本发明。
对本申请中任意文献的引用或指明并非承认该文献是本发明的现有技术。
发明概要
本发明尤其提供莫昔克丁的新晶型,其有效地对抗侵染温血动物包括人类的内源和外源寄生物。从而,本发明的目的是描述所述新的固体形式。
在又一方面,本发明涉及药物和/或兽医学组合物和制备和使用莫昔克丁的备择形式的方法。在一个方面,莫昔克丁多晶型具有约210℃的熔点。
在又一方面,本发明也提供从无定形莫昔克丁制备[莫昔克丁·丁醇n],[莫昔克丁·IPAn],和[莫昔克丁·乙醇n]溶剂化物的方法。在又一方面,本发明涉及制备莫昔克丁多晶型的方法,包括例如但不仅是下述的一般步骤:A)将[莫昔克丁·1.5丁醇]溶剂化物快速地去溶剂化;或B)在特定的温度和时间条件下加热无定形莫昔克丁。
本发明的第二目的是提供长效的含莫昔克丁的聚合物配制剂,其有效地预防内源寄生物包括犬恶丝虫对动物的侵染,持续至少数月,和多至6个月或更长。本发明也公开用于制备长效的聚合物配制剂的方法。在一种实施方式中,在适当的溶剂例如二氯甲烷中制备莫昔克丁、任选地抗氧化剂(包括BHT),和聚d丙交酯-乙交酯(约75:25L:G至约25:75L:G)的溶液,和喷雾干燥,随后在约118℃挤出。在一种实施方式中,从所得聚合物丝条切割出可植入丸剂。
本发明的第三目的是提供处理动物的寄生物感染的方法,其包括用有效的抗寄生物和驱虫量的新描述的莫昔克丁形式或其长效的聚合物配制剂或组合来处理受感染的动物。
应注意的是,本发明并不意图在本发明范围内涵盖符合USPTO(35U.S.C.112,第一段)或EPO(EPC第83条)的书面说明和实施要求的任意预先公开的化合物、产品、制备所述产品的方法或使用所述产品的方法,因此申请人保留权利并由此公开对任意预先描述的产品、制备所述产品的方法或使用所述产品的方法的放弃权利声明。因此,本发明意图是不明确地涵盖现有技术明确公开或现有技术破坏其新颖性的化合物、产品、制备产品或化合物的方法或者使用产品或化合物的方法,所述现有技术包括但不限于本文提及的任意现有技术;并且申请人明确地保留在任意权利要求中引入对任意在先公开的化合物、产品、制备产品的方法或使用产品的方法的具体放弃的权利。特别地,本发明化合物并不期望涵盖阿维菌素(avermectin)/密比霉素(milbemycin)或预先公开的阿维菌素(avermectin)/密比霉素(milbemycin)的衍生物。
这些和其它实施方式由下述详述部分公开或阐明并被其涵盖。
附图说明
下述详述通过实例提供,但并不期望将本发明仅限制于所描述的特定实施方式,其可以与附图结合得到最佳理解,其中:
图1描述流程图,其概括所公开的莫昔克丁晶型及其相互转化;
图2A描述莫昔克丁(批号S090601,无定形形式)的DSC;
图2B描述莫昔克丁(批号S080701,无定形形式)的DSC;
图3描述莫昔克丁(批号S090601,无定形形式)的PRXD;
图4描述莫昔克丁(批号S090601)的加热-冷却-加热(20-193-20-250℃)DSC循环;
图5描述莫昔克丁(批号S090601)的加热-冷却-加热(20-198-20-250℃)DSC循环;
图6描述莫昔克丁(批号S090601)的加热-冷却-加热(20-220-20-250℃)DSC循环;
图7描述莫昔克丁(批号S090601)的MDSC曲线;
图8描述在190℃加热之后(批号S090601)莫昔克丁(目前的形式A)的X射线粉末衍射图谱(PXRD);
图9描述莫昔克丁的IR谱图(顶部:无定形莫昔克丁,批号S090601;底部:热转化的结晶莫昔克丁,形式A);
图10描述莫昔克丁的拉曼谱图(黑色:无定形莫昔克丁,批号S090601;灰色:热转化的结晶莫昔克丁);
图11展示热阶段莫昔克丁(批号S090601)的微观图像;
图12是自MeOH重结晶的莫昔克丁晶体(莫昔克丁.(MeOH)x的图像;
图13展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/MeOH晶体(莫昔克丁.(MeOH)x的PXRD;
图14是空气干燥的莫昔克丁/MeOH晶体的TGA;
图15是空气干燥的莫昔克丁/MeOH晶体的DSC;
图16展示(批号S090601)从EtOH重结晶所形成的莫昔克丁晶体(无定形形式)的图像;
图17展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/EtOH晶体(莫昔克丁.(EtOH)x)的PXRD;
图18展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/EtOH晶体的TGA;
图19展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/EtOH晶体的DSC;
图20展示真空干燥莫昔克丁/EtOH晶体的DSC;
图21展示在95℃真空干燥之后莫昔克丁/EtOH晶体的PXRD;
图22展示莫昔克丁/EtOH的分子结构,显示其成氢键连接;
图23展示堆积图解,显示其沿[100]方向的多孔的通道;
图24展示(批号S090601)(无定形)从IPA重结晶获得的莫昔克丁晶体(莫昔克丁.(iPrOH)x)的图像;
图25展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/IPA晶体(莫昔克丁.(iPrOH)x)的PXRD;
图26展示从IPA重结晶的莫昔克丁晶体(批号070201)的图像;
图27展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/IPA晶体的TGA;
图28展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/IPA晶体的DSC;
图29展示真空干燥的莫昔克丁/IPA晶体的DSC;
图30展示从正丁醇重结晶的莫昔克丁晶体(莫昔克丁.(正-BuOH)x)的图像;
图31展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/正丁醇晶体(莫昔克丁.(正-BuOH)x)的PXRD;
图32展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/正丁醇晶体的TGA;
图33展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/正丁醇晶体的DSC;
图34展示在60℃真空干燥的莫昔克丁/正丁醇晶体的DSC;
图35展示在65℃真空干燥之后莫昔克丁/正丁醇晶体的PXRD;
图36展示在RT真空干燥的莫昔克丁/正丁醇晶体(莫昔克丁.(正-BuOH)x)的DSC;
图37展示从甲基环己烷重结晶的莫昔克丁晶体(莫昔克丁.(MCH)x)的图像;
图38展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/MCH晶体(莫昔克丁.(MCH)x)的PXRD;
图39展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/MCH晶体的TGA;
图40展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/MCH晶体的DSC;
图41展示空气干燥的莫昔克丁/MCH、莫昔克丁/MeOH和热转化的莫昔克丁的PXRD的重叠;
图42描述根据本发明的聚合物植入物;
图43描述2种不同聚合物植入物的热流DSC;
图44展示含有无定形莫昔克丁的长效配制剂(批号438-148)的体外释放,75:25DLG,0.4iv;
图45展示含有结晶莫昔克丁(形式A)的长效的配制剂(批号588-17)的体外释放,75:25DLG,0.4iv;
图46展示植入无定形莫昔克丁长效配制剂的狗的莫昔克丁血浆水平。
发明详述
本发明的莫昔克丁(moxidectin)的晶体形式和包含所述晶体形式的组合物高度有效地处理或预防哺乳动物、鱼类和鸟类,尤其是猫、狗、马、鸡、猪、绵羊和牛体内或体表的寄生物,目的是为这些宿主除去哺乳动物、鱼类和鸟类一般会遇到的全部寄生物。
本发明的化合物和组合物也对损害农业物质的病虫害有活性,并且可以有效地用来处理和保护植物、作物、植物繁殖材料、含木或自木衍生的财物,使其免于有害病虫害侵袭。
相应地,本发明提供预防和处理在动物体内和体表的寄生物的方法,包括将杀寄生物有效量的新的莫昔克丁形式给至动物。本发明也提供用于抗击或控制病虫害和用于保护作物、生长中的植物、植物繁殖材料和含木材料或源自木的材料免于病虫害侵染的方法,包括将病虫害、植物、植物繁殖材料,或者植物于其中生长的土壤或水,或含木材料或源自木的材料与农药有效量的新的莫昔克丁形式接触。
如本文所用,下述术语具有赋予它们的含义,除非另有指定。在本公开和在权利要求中,术语比如"包含"、"包括"、"含有"和"具有"等可以具有美国专利法中赋予它们的含义,并且能够意指"包括"、"涵盖"等;"基本上由……组成"或"基本上由……构成"类似地具有美国专利法中赋予它们的含义,并且该术语是开放式的,允许存在所述特征以外的特征,只要所述的基本的或新的特征不因额外特征的存在而变化,但排除现有技术实施方式。
除非另外特别指出或者从上下文中明显可知,"活性剂"或"活性成分"或"处理剂"如本说明书中所用,意指莫昔克丁,包括但不限于无定形、结晶和溶剂化物/水合物形式。
本发明第二目的的一种实施方式提供用于处理或预防动物中寄生物感染的组合物,其包含惰性载体和有效量的莫昔克丁的形式。
莫昔克丁
本发明也提供用于抗击或控制病虫害和用于保护作物、生长中的植物、植物繁殖材料、和含木材料或源自木的材料免受病虫害侵染的组合物,包含农药有效量的莫昔克丁的形式,和与之组合的农业上可接受的载体。
本发明的第三目的的一种实施方式提供用于处理或预防寄生物感染/侵袭动物的方法,其包括将有效量的式(I)化合物给至有需要的动物。
在本发明的又一实施方式中,提供用于在处所处理或预防寄生物的侵染的方法,其包括向该处所给予或施用杀寄生物有效量的莫昔克丁,或其药学上可接受的盐。关于动物健康施用,"处所"期望意指生境、育种地、区域、物质或寄生物生长或可以生长的环境,包括动物体内或体表。
本发明目的的又一实施方式如本文所描述而变得明显。
式(I)的形式和溶剂化物制备如下:运用或调整已知方法(也即迄今所用过的或描述于化学文献中的方法);或描述于U.S.专利4,199,569;4,310,519;4,423,209;4,427,663;4,457,920,4,806,527;4,831,016;4,855,317;4,859,657;4,871,719;4,873,224;4,874,749;4,895,837;4,906,619,4,920,148;4,963,582;4,973,711;4,978,677;5,015,630,5,023,241,5,030,622;5,055,454;5,055,596;5,057,499;5,077,308;5,089,490;5,162,363;5,169,839;5,208,222;5,244,879;5,262,400;5,830,875;7,250,402;和EP0214731中一种或多种的方法,通过援引将其全部并入本文。本领域技术人员应认识到所采用的合成转化的顺序可以加以改变,和取决于各种因素比如特定底物中存在的其它官能团的性质,关键中间体的可获得性,和待采用的保护基团策略。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,莫昔克丁形式可以根据概括于图1中的程序制备。
在本发明的又一实施方式中,将无定形莫昔克丁转化为新的晶型:将莫昔克丁浸入在190℃的油浴约2至约10分钟,随后冷却。无定形莫昔克丁可以通过例如X射线晶体学(图2A)区别于新的结晶莫昔克丁(多晶型A)。
在一种实施方式中,随着温度增加,无定形莫昔克丁展示在115℃的玻璃化转变,在175℃结晶为多晶型A,在206℃熔化,和最终在230℃分解。熔化的莫昔克丁在冷却时变为无定形。莫昔克丁(批号090601)在175℃结晶,而莫昔克丁(批号080701)不结晶。
本文所用的术语将具有本领域中它们的常规含义,除非另有指定。式(I)的变量定义中提及的有机部分是如术语卤素那样用于单独组成员的单独列表的集合术语。前缀Cn-Cm在各情况下是指基团中碳原子的可能个数。
本文所用的术语"动物"包括全部哺乳动物,鸟类和鱼类并且包括全部脊椎动物,包括人类。还包括全部发育阶段的各动物,包括胚胎和胎儿阶段。
术语"植物繁殖材料"是指可繁殖的任意植物部分。通常,植物繁殖材料包括裸子植物和被子植物在受精之后发生的成熟胚珠的产物和生长在母体植物内的某些且包括种子、果实、假果、果序以及根茎、球茎、块茎、鳞茎和接穗。
术语"植物繁殖材料"应理解为表示全部植物的生殖部分比如种子和无性植物材料比如插条和块茎(例如马铃薯),其能够用于植物的增殖。该包括种子,根,果实,块茎,鳞茎,根茎,茎枝,芽和其它植物部分。还可以包括有待在发芽之后或在自土壤出苗之后移植的幼苗和秧苗。这些植物繁殖材料可以在种植或移植时或在其之前用植物保护化合物预防性地处理。
药学上可接受的载体的选择依据是组合物的形式,其可以包括口服配制剂,饵料,膳食补充剂,粉末,香波,糊剂,浓缩液,悬浮液,微乳剂和乳液。期望用于药物用途的组合物可以根据本领域已知用于制备药物组合物的任意方法制备。Remington-TheScienceandPracticeofPharmacy(21stEdition)(2005),Goodman&Gilman’sThePharmacologicalBasisofTherapeutics(11thEdition)(2005)和Ansel’sPharmaceuticalDosageFormsandDrugDeliverySystems(8thEdition),editedbyAllenetal.,LippincottWilliams&Wilkins,(2005)。
本发明组合物能够呈包括但不限于口服配制剂,可注射配制剂,和局部、皮肤或皮下配制剂的各种形式。
本发明组合物可以呈适于口服用途的形式,例如作为饵剂(参见例如美国专利号4,564,631,通过援引并入本文),膳食补充剂,含锭,糖锭,咀嚼剂,片剂,硬或软胶囊,乳液,含水或含油悬浮液,水溶液或油溶液,口服汤剂,可分散粉剂或颗粒剂,预混物、糖浆剂或酏剂,肠衣配制剂或糊剂。期望用于口服用途的组合物可以根据本领域用于制备药物组合物已知的任意方法来制备并且所述组合物可以含有选自甜味剂,苦味剂,矫味剂,着色剂和防腐剂的一种或多种试剂以提供药学上美观和好吃的制剂。
片剂可以含有活性成分,其与无毒的药学上可接受的适于制备片剂的赋形剂混合。这些赋形剂可以是例如,惰性稀释剂,比如碳酸钙,碳酸钠,乳糖,磷酸钙或磷酸钠;造粒和崩解剂,例如,玉米淀粉,或藻酸;结合试剂,例如淀粉,明胶或阿拉伯胶,和润滑剂,例如,硬脂酸镁,硬脂酸或滑石,所述片剂可以是未经包覆的或它们可以通过已知技术包覆以延缓在胃肠道中的崩解和吸收并由此提供在更长时间段内的持续作用。例如,可以使用延时物质比如甘油单硬脂酸酯或甘油二硬脂酸酯。它们还可以通过美国专利号4,256,108;4,166,452;和4,265,874(通过援引将其全部并入本文)中描述的技术进行包覆以形成用于受控释放的渗透性治疗片剂。
口服用途的配制剂可以是硬明胶胶囊,其中活性成分与惰性固体稀释剂例如碳酸钙、磷酸钙或白陶土混合。胶囊还可以是软明胶胶囊,其中活性成分与水或可与水混合的溶剂比如丙二醇、各种PEG和乙醇,或油介质例如花生油、液状石蜡或橄榄油混合。
本发明组合物还可以是水包油或油包水乳液形式。油相可以是植物油,例如,橄榄油或花生油,或矿物质油,例如,液状石蜡或这些的混合物。适宜的乳化剂可以是天然磷脂,例如,大豆卵磷脂,和衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇脱水物的酯或偏酯,例如去水山梨糖醇单油酸酯,和所述偏酯与环氧乙烷的缩合产物,例如聚氧乙烯去水山梨糖醇单油酸酯。所述乳液还可以含有甜味剂,苦味剂,矫味剂,和/或防腐剂。
适于通过加水制备含水悬浮液的可分散粉剂和颗粒剂提供与分散或润湿剂,助悬剂和一种或多种防腐剂混合的活性成分。适宜的分散或润湿剂和助悬剂诸如上文已经提及的那些。还可以存在额外的赋形剂,例如甜味剂,苦味剂,矫味剂和着色剂。
糖浆剂和酏剂可以用甜味剂例如甘油、丙二醇、山梨醇或蔗糖进行配制。所述配制剂还可以含有缓和剂、防腐剂、矫味剂和/或着色剂。
在本发明的又一实施方式中,所述组合物能够是糊剂形式。糊剂形式实施方式的实例包括但不限于美国专利号6,787,342和7,001,889中描述的那些,将其各自通过援引并入本文。除了本发明活性剂之外,糊剂还能够含有煅制二氧化硅;粘度调节剂;载体;任选地,吸收剂;和任选地,着色剂,稳定剂,表面活性剂,或防腐剂。
制备糊剂配制剂的过程典型地包括下述步骤:
(a)通过混合将活性剂溶解或分散入载体;
(b)将煅制二氧化硅加入含有溶解的活性剂化合物的载体并混合直至二氧化硅分散于载体中;
(c)使得(b)中形成的中间体沉降足以允许在步骤(b)期间包埋的空气逸出的时间;并且
(d)在搅拌下将粘度调节剂加入至中间体以产生均匀的糊剂。
上述步骤是示例性,并非意在限制。例如,步骤(a)可以是最终步骤。
在配制剂的一种实施方式中,配制剂是糊剂,其含有活性化合物,蒸气沉积二氧化硅,粘度调节剂,吸收剂,着色剂;和亲水载体,其是三乙酸甘油酯,一甘油酯,甘油二酯,或甘油三酯。
糊剂还可以包括粘度调节剂,包括但不限于聚乙二醇(PEG)比如PEG200,PEG300,PEG400,PEG600;一乙醇胺,三乙醇胺,甘油,丙二醇,聚氧乙烯(20)去水山梨糖醇一油酸酯(聚山梨酸酯80或吐温80),和泊洛沙姆(例如,普流罗尼克L81);选自碳酸镁、碳酸钙、淀粉和纤维素及其衍生物的吸收剂。
可以将着色剂加入本发明配制剂。本发明预期的着色剂是本领域一般已知的那些。特定的着色剂包括例如染料,FD&C蓝色#1铝色淀,焦糖,基于铁氧化物的着色剂或前述中任意的混合物。特别优选的是有机染料和二氧化钛。优选范围包括约0.5%至约25%。
作为媒介物或稀释剂,可以提及植物油比如但不限于大豆油,花生油,蓖麻油,玉米油,棉花油,橄榄油,葡萄籽油,向日葵油等;矿物质油比如但不限于矿脂,石蜡,有机硅等;脂族或环状烃或另选地例如中链(比如C8至C12)甘油三酯。
在本发明的又一实施方式中,将加入软化剂和/或铺展和/或成膜剂。软化剂和/或铺展和/或成膜剂的一种实施方式是选自下述的那些试剂:
(a)聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,聚乙烯醇,乙酸乙烯酯和乙烯基吡咯烷酮的共聚物,聚乙二醇,苯甲醇,甘露醇,甘油,山梨醇,聚氧基亚乙基化的去水山梨糖醇酯;卵磷脂,羧甲纤维素钠,硅油,聚二有机硅氧烷油(比如聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)油),例如含有硅烷醇官能的那些,或45V2油,
(b)阴离子表面活性剂比如碱性硬脂酸盐,硬脂酸钠、硬脂酸钾或硬脂酸铵;硬脂酸钙,硬脂酸三乙醇胺盐;松香酸钠;硫酸烷基酯的盐(例如硫酸月桂基酯的钠盐和硫酸鲸蜡基酯的钠盐);十二烷基苯磺酸钠,二辛基磺基琥珀酸钠;脂肪酸(例如衍生自椰子油的那些),
(c)阳离子表面活性剂比如水可溶的式N+R'R"R"'R""Y-季铵盐,其中残基R是任选羟基化的烃残基而Y-是强酸的阴离子比如卤化物、硫酸和磺酸阴离子;十六烷基三甲基溴化铵属于可以使用的阳离子表面活性剂,
(d)式N+R'R"R'"胺盐,其中R残基是任选羟基化的烃残基;十八烷基胺盐酸盐属于可以使用的阳离子表面活性剂,
(e)非离子表面活性剂比如去水山梨糖醇酯,其是任选地聚氧基亚乙基化的(例如聚山梨酯80),聚氧基亚乙基化的烷基醚;聚氧基丙基化的脂肪醇比如聚氧丙烯-苯乙烯醚;聚乙二醇硬脂酸酯,蓖麻油的聚氧基亚乙基化的衍生物,聚甘油酯,聚氧基亚乙基化的脂肪醇,聚氧基亚乙基化的脂肪酸,环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的共聚物,
(f)两性表面活性剂比如经取代的内铵盐月桂基化合物,和
(g)这些试剂中至少两种的混合物。
溶剂与活性剂化合物及其在该溶剂中的溶解度成比例地使用。一般地,应寻求可能的最低体积。用媒介物将差异补足至100%。
在软化剂量的一种实施方式中,软化剂可以以约0.1至约10%,和约0.25至约5%体积的比例使用。
配制剂还能够包含期望抑制空气氧化的抗氧化剂,该试剂一般以约0.005至约1%(w/v),和尤其优选的约0.01至约0.05%(w/v)的比例存在。
在抗氧化剂的一种实施方式中,所述试剂本领域中常规的那些并且包括但不限于丁羟茴醚,丁羟甲苯,维生素C,焦亚硫酸钠,棓酸丙酯,硫代硫酸钠或者它们中不超过两种的混合物。
配制助剂是本领域从业者所熟知的并且可以商业购得或通过已知技术获得。这些浓缩的组合物一般通过简单混合如前文所定义的组分来制备。有利地,首先将活性物质混入主要溶剂中,然后加入其它成分或助剂。
额外地,本发明配制剂可以含有其它惰性成分比如抗氧化剂,防腐剂,或pH稳定剂。这些化合物是配制剂领域所熟知的。抗氧化剂比如α生育酚,抗坏血酸,棕榈酸抗坏血酸酯,富马酸,苹果酸,抗坏血酸钠,焦亚硫酸钠,正没食子酸丙酯,BHA(丁基化的羟基茴香醚),BHT(丁基化的羟基甲苯)一硫代甘油等,可以加入本发明配制剂。一般地,抗氧化剂以按配制剂总重量计约0.01至约2.0%的量加入配制剂,特别优选约0.05至约1.0%。防腐剂比如羟苯酯类(羟苯甲酯和/或羟苯丙酯)以约0.01至约2.0%的量适宜地用于配制剂中,特别优选约0.05至约1.0%。其它防腐剂包括苯扎氯铵,苄索氯铵,苯甲酸,苄醇,溴硝醇,羟苯丁酯,溴化十六烷基三甲铵,氯己定,氯丁醇,氯甲酚,甲酚,羟苯乙酯,咪脲,羟苯甲酯,酚,苯氧基乙醇,苯基乙醇,乙酸苯基汞,硼酸苯基汞,硝酸苯基汞,山梨酸钾,苯甲酸钠,丙酸钠,山梨酸,硫柳汞等。这些化合物的优选范围包括约0.01至约5%。
还预期稳定化配制剂pH的化合物。再次,所述化合物及其用法是本领域从业者所熟知的。缓冲体系包括例如选自下述的系统:乙酸/乙酸盐,苹果酸/苹果酸盐,柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐,酒石酸/酒石酸盐,乳酸/乳酸盐,磷酸/磷酸盐,甘氨酸/甘氨酸盐,tris,谷氨酸/谷氨酸盐和碳酸钠。pH的优选范围包括约4至约6.5。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,活性剂以约0.05至约60%(w/v)的浓度存在于配制剂中。在本发明的又一实施方式中,活性剂以约1至约50%或约35至约50%(w/v)的浓度存在于配制剂中。在本发明的又一实施方式中,活性剂以约50%(w/v)的浓度存在于配制剂中。在本发明的又一实施方式中,活性剂以约35%(w/v),约45%(w/v)或约50%(w/v)的浓度存在于配制剂中。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,活性剂在配制剂中存在的浓度为约0.05至10%重量/体积。在本发明的又一实施方式中,活性剂在配制剂中存在的浓度为约0.1至2%重量/体积。在本发明的又一实施方式中,活性剂在配制剂中存在的浓度为约0.25至约1.5%重量/体积。在本发明的又一实施方式中,活性剂在配制剂中存在的浓度为约1%重量/体积。
本发明的含有活性剂的组合物可以通过已知方法连续地给予用于处理或预防。一般地,尽管指出了较高或较低的剂量范围,作为单次给药或分开给药提供约0.001至约100mg每kg体重的剂量,持续数天、数周或数月的时间段,并且属于本发明范围之内。本领域技术人员完全可以为特定的宿主和寄生物确定特别的给药方案。
在一种实施方式中,进行处理以便在单次时机向动物给予含有约0.001和约100mg/kg活性剂的剂量。
在又一实施方式中,处理经由直接局部给药比如糊剂,泼浇剂,即用,涂抹剂等类型的配制剂。可以提供较高的量,用于在动物体内或体表的大大延长的释放。在又一实施方式中,用于小型鸟类和动物的活性成分的量是大于约0.01mg/kg,而在用于处理小型鸟类和动物的又一实施方式中,活性剂的量是约1至约100mg/kg动物体重。
其它给药途径包括糊剂,可咀嚼剂和凝胶配制剂。
本发明固体形式能够以各种方式配制,取决于主要的生物学和/或理化参数。可能的配制剂的实例是:可湿性粉剂(WP),水可溶性粉剂(SP),水可溶性浓缩物,乳油(EC),乳液(EW)比如水包油和油包水乳液,浓悬浮剂(SC),油基或水基分散液,微囊悬浮剂(CS),粉剂(DP),拌种产品,撒施和土壤施用的颗粒剂,微粒形式的颗粒剂(GR),喷雾颗粒剂,包衣颗粒剂和吸附颗粒剂,水可分散性粒剂(WG),水可溶性颗粒剂(SG),ULV配制剂,微胶囊和蜡。
这些单独的配制剂类型是原则上已知的并描述于例如:Winnacker-Küchler,"ChemischeTechnologie"[ChemicalTechnology],Volume7,C.HauserVerlag,Munich,4thEdition1986;WadevanValkenburg,"PesticideFormulations",MarcelDekker,N.Y.,1973;K.Martens,"SprayDryingHandbook",3rdEd.1979,G.GoodwinLtd.London。
必需的配制辅剂比如惰性物质,表面活性剂,溶剂和其它添加剂也是已知的并描述于例如:Watkins,"HandbookofInsecticideDustDiluentsandCarriers",2ndEd.,DarlandBooks,CaldwellN.J.;H.v.Olphen,"IntroductiontoClayColloidChemistry",2ndEd.,J.Wiley&Sons,N.Y.;C.Marsden,"SolventsGuide",2ndEd.,Interscience,N.Y.1963;McCutcheon's"DetergentsandEmulsifiersAnnual",MCPubl.Corp.,RidgewoodN.J.;SisleyandWood,"EncyclopediaofSurfaceActiveAgents",Chem.Publ.Co.Inc.,N.Y.1964; [Surface-activeethyleneoxideadducts],Wiss.Verlagsgesell.,Stuttgart1976;Winnacker-Küchler,"ChemischeTechnologie"[ChemicalTechnology],Volume7,C.HauserVerlag,Munich,4thEd.1986。
额外的药物活性剂可以用于本发明组合物中。包括但不限于杀螨剂、驱蠕虫剂、抗寄生物剂和杀昆虫剂的包括农药或兽医学活性成分的活性剂,还可以加入本发明组合物中。抗寄生物剂能够包括杀外寄生物剂和杀内寄生物剂。
可以用于本发明组合物中的本领域熟知的其它活性剂(参见例如Plumb’VeterinaryDrugHandbook,5thEdition,ed.DonaldC.Plumb,BlackwellPublishing,(2005)或TheMerckVeterinaryManual,9thEdition,(January2005))包括但不限于阿卡波糖,乙酰丙嗪马来酸酯,对乙酰氨基酚,乙酰唑胺,乙酰唑胺钠,乙酸,醋羟胺酸,乙酰半胱氨酸,阿维A,阿昔洛韦,丙硫多菌灵,沙丁胺醇硫酸酯,阿芬太尼,别嘌醇,阿普唑仑,烯丙孕素,金刚烷胺,阿米卡星硫酸盐,氨基己酸,氨戊酰胺氢硫酸盐,氨茶碱/茶碱,胺碘酮,双甲脒,阿米替林,苯磺酸氨氯地平,氯化铵,钼酸铵,阿莫西林,阿莫西林,克拉维酸钾,两性霉素B脱氧胆酸盐,基于脂质的两性霉素B,氨苄西林,安普罗铵,抗酸剂(口服),抗蛇毒血清,阿扑吗啡,安普霉素硫酸盐,维生素C,天冬酰胺酶,阿司匹林,阿替洛尔,阿替美唑,苯磺阿曲库铵,阿托品硫酸盐,金诺芬(aurnofin),金硫葡糖,阿扎哌隆,硫唑嘌呤,阿奇霉素,巴氯芬,巴比妥酸盐,贝那普利,倍他米松,氯贝胆碱,比沙可啶,碱式水杨酸,博来霉素硫酸盐,十一烯酸勃地酮,溴化物,甲磺酸溴隐亭,budenoside,盐酸丁丙诺啡,盐酸丁螺环酮,白消安,酒石酸布托啡诺,卡麦角林,鲑鱼降钙素,骨化三醇,钙盐,卡托普利,卡茚西林钠,卡比马唑,卡铂,卡尼汀,卡洛芬,卡维地洛,头孢羟氨苄,头孢唑林钠,头孢克肟,头孢哌酮钠,头孢噻肟钠,头孢替坦二钠,头孢西丁钠,头孢泊肟酯,头孢他啶,头孢噻呋钠,头孢噻呋,头孢三嗪钠,头孢氨苄,头孢菌素,头孢匹林,炭(活性炭),苯丁酸氮芥,氯霉素,氯氮,氯氮+/-克利溴铵,氯噻嗪,马来酸氯苯那敏,盐酸氯丙嗪,氯磺丙脲,金霉素,绒促性素(HCG),铬,西咪替丁,环丙沙星,西沙必利,顺铂,柠檬酸盐,克拉霉素,氯马斯汀富马酸盐,克仑特罗,克林霉素,氯法齐明,盐酸氯米帕明,氯硝西泮,可乐定,氯前列醇钠,氯氮二钾,氯舒隆,氯唑西林,可待因磷酸盐,秋水仙碱,促皮质激素(ACTH),替可克肽,环磷酰胺,环胞素,赛庚啶,阿糖胞苷,达卡巴嗪,放线菌素D/放线菌素D,达肝素钠,达那唑,丹曲林钠,氨苯砜,地考喹酯,去铁胺甲磺酸盐,地拉考昔,地洛瑞林乙酸盐,去氨加压素乙酸盐,去氧皮质酮特戊酸盐,地托咪定,地塞米松,右泛醇,右雷佐生,右旋糖酐,地西泮,二氮嗪(口服),双氯非那胺,敌敌畏,双氯芬酸钠,双氯西林,枸橼酸乙胺嗪,己烯雌酚(DES),二氟沙星,地高辛,双氢速甾醇(DHT),地尔硫,茶苯海明,二巯丙醇/BAL,二甲亚砜,地诺前列素氨丁三醇,二苯基羟基胺,丙吡胺磷酸盐,盐酸多巴酚丁胺,多库酯/DSS,甲磺酸多拉司琼,多潘立酮,盐酸多巴胺,多拉克丁,盐酸多沙普仑,盐酸多塞平,盐酸多柔比星,多西环素,依地酸盐钙二钠,乙二胺四乙酸钙,依酚氯铵,依那普利/依那普利拉,依诺肝素钠,恩氟沙星,硫酸麻黄碱,肾上腺素,依泊汀/红细胞生成素,依立诺克丁,依西太尔,红霉素,盐酸艾司洛尔,环戊丙酸雌二醇,依他尼酸/依他尼酸钠,乙醇(乙醇),依替膦酸钠,依托度酸,依托咪酯,安乐死剂w/戊巴比妥,法莫替丁,脂肪酸(必需/omega),非尔氨酯,芬苯达唑,芬太尼,硫酸亚铁,非格司亭,非那雄胺,氟虫腈,氟苯尼考,氟康唑,氟胞嘧啶,氟氢可的松乙酸盐,氟马西尼,氟米松,氟尼辛葡甲胺,氟尿嘧啶(5-FU),氟西汀,丙醋氟替卡松,氟伏沙明马来酸盐,甲吡唑(4-MP),呋喃唑酮,呋塞米,加巴喷丁,吉西他滨HCL,庆大霉素硫酸盐,格列美脲,格列吡嗪,高血糖素,糖皮质类固醇试剂,氨基葡萄糖/软骨素硫酸盐,谷氨酰胺,格列本脲,甘油(口服),格隆溴铵,戈那瑞林,灰黄霉素,愈创甘油醚,氟烷,谷他血红蛋白-200肝素,羟乙基淀粉,透明质酸钠,肼苯哒嗪,氢氯噻嗪,氢可酮二酒石酸盐,氢化可的松,氢吗啡酮,羟基脲,羟嗪,异环磷酰胺,吡虫啉,咪多卡二丙酸盐,亚胺硫霉素-西司他丁钠,丙米嗪,氨力农乳酸盐,胰岛素,干扰素alfa-2a(人类重组),碘化物(钠/钾),吐根(糖浆),碘泊酸钠,右旋糖酐铁,异氟烷,异丙肾上腺素,异维A酸,异克舒令HCl,伊曲康唑,依维菌素,白陶土/果胶,氯胺酮,酮康唑,酮洛芬,酮咯酸氨丁三醇,乳果糖,亮丙立德,保松噻,左乙拉西坦,左甲状腺素钠,利多卡因,林可霉素,碘塞罗宁钠,赖诺普利,洛莫司汀(CCNU),虱螨脲,赖氨酸,镁,甘露醇,马波沙星,氮芥,美克洛嗪,甲氯芬那酸,美托咪定,中链甘油三酯,醋酸甲羟孕酮,甲地孕酮乙酸盐,美拉索明,褪黑激素,美洛昔康,美法仑,麦啶,巯嘌呤,美罗培南,二甲双胍,美沙酮,醋甲唑胺,乌洛托品扁桃酸盐/马尿酸盐,甲巯咪唑,甲硫氨酸,美索巴莫,美索比妥钠,甲氨蝶呤,甲氧氟烷,亚甲蓝,哌甲酯,甲泼尼龙,甲氧氯普胺,美托洛尔,metronidaxole,美西律,米勃酮,咪达唑仑密比霉素(milbemycin)肟,矿物质油,米诺环素,米索前列醇,米托坦,米托蒽醌HCl,莫仑太尔酒石酸盐,吗啡硫酸盐,莫昔克丁(moxidectin),纳洛酮,癸酸诺龙,萘普生,麻醉药(鸦片)激动剂镇痛药,新霉素硫酸盐,新斯的明,烟酰胺,硝唑尼特,烯啶虫胺,呋喃妥因,硝酸甘油,硝普钠,尼扎替丁,新生霉素钠,制霉菌素,奥曲肽乙酸盐,奥沙拉秦钠,奥美拉唑,昂丹司琼,鸦片止泻药,奥比沙星,苯唑西林钠,奥沙西泮,奥芬达唑,奥昔布宁氯化物,羟吗啡酮,氧四环素,缩宫素,帕米膦酸二钠,pancreplipase,泮库溴铵,巴龙霉素硫酸盐,parozetine,青霉胺,一般信息青霉素类,青霉素G、青霉素V钾,喷他佐辛,戊巴比妥钠,木聚硫钠,己酮可可碱,培高利特甲磺酸酯,苯巴比妥,酚苄明,保泰松,去氧肾上腺素,苯基丙醇胺,苯妥英钠,信息素类,非经肠道磷酸,维生素K1/维生素K-1,匹莫苯,哌嗪,吡利霉素,吡罗昔康,聚硫酸化的糖胺聚糖,泊那珠利,氯化钾,氯解磷定,吡喹酮,哌唑嗪,泼尼松龙/泼尼松,扑米酮,普鲁卡因胺,丙卡巴肼,丙氯拉嗪,溴丙胺太林,疮疱丙酸杆菌(propionibacteriumacnes)注射剂,丙泊酚,普萘洛尔,硫酸鱼精蛋白,伪麻黄碱,欧车前亲水胶,噻嘧啶双羟萘酸盐,溴吡斯的明,美吡拉敏马来酸盐,乙胺嘧啶,米帕林,奎尼丁,雷尼替丁,利福平,s-腺苷基-甲硫氨酸(SAMe),盐水/高渗性泻药,司拉克丁(selamectin),司来吉兰/l-得普尼林,舍曲林,司维拉姆,七氟烷,水飞蓟素/水飞蓟,碳酸氢钠,聚磺苯乙烯钠,葡萄糖酸锑钠,硫酸钠,硫代硫酸钠,垂体生长激素,索他洛尔,大观霉素,螺内酯,司坦唑醇,链激酶,链佐星,二巯丁二酸,琥珀酰氯化胆碱,硫糖铝,舒芬太尼柠檬酸盐,磺胺氯达嗪钠,磺胺嘧啶/trimethroprim,磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶,磺胺地索辛(sulfadimentoxine),磺胺地索辛/奥美普林,柳氮磺吡啶,牛磺酸,替泊沙林,terbinafline,特布他林硫酸盐,睾酮,四环素,噻菌灵,硫胂胺钠,维生素B1,硫鸟嘌呤,硫喷妥钠,thiotepa,促甲状腺素,硫姆林,替卡西林二钠,替来他明/唑拉西泮,tilmocsin,硫普罗宁,妥布霉素硫酸盐,妥卡尼,妥拉唑林,托芬那酸,托吡酯,曲马多,曲安奈德,曲恩汀,曲洛司坦,阿利马嗪酒石酸盐w/泼尼松龙,曲吡那敏,泰洛星,urdosiol,丙戊酸,钒,万古霉素,加压素,维库溴铵,维拉帕米,长春碱硫酸盐,长春新碱硫酸盐,维生素E/硒,杀鼠灵钠,赛拉嗪,育亨宾,扎鲁司特,齐多夫定(AZT),乙酸锌/硫酸锌,唑尼沙胺及其混合物。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,芳基吡唑化合物比如苯基吡唑例如氟虫腈是本领域已知的并且适于与本发明化合物组合。所述芳基吡唑化合物的实例包括但不限于描述于U.S.专利号6,001,384;6,010,710;6,083,519;6,096,329;6,174,540;6,685,954和6,998,131的那些-各自均授予Merial,Ltd.,Duluth,GA。
在本发明的又一实施方式中,上文描述的充当杀螨剂、驱虫剂和杀昆虫剂的一种或多种大环内酯(除了莫昔克丁)能够加入本发明组合物。大环内酯包括但不限于,阿维菌素类,比如阿维菌素,地马待克丁,多拉克丁,甲氨基阿维菌素,依立诺克丁,依维菌素,拉替待克丁,lepimectin,司拉克丁(selamectin),ML-1,694,554和密比霉素类,比如milbemectin,密比霉素(milbemycin)D,和奈马克丁。还包括的是所述阿维菌素类和密比霉素类的5-氧代和5-肟衍生物。芳基吡唑化合物与大环内酯的组合的实例包括但不限于描述于U.S.专利号6,426,333;6,482,425;6,962,713和6,998,131的那些(通过援引全部并入本文-各自赋予Merial,Ltd.,Duluth,GA)。
在本发明的又一实施方式中,称为昆虫生长调节剂(IGRs)的杀螨剂或杀昆虫剂类别还能够加入本发明组合物。属于该类的化合物是从业者熟知的并且涵盖宽范围的不同化学类别。这些化合物全都通过干扰昆虫病虫害的发育或生长起作用。昆虫生长调节剂描述于例如U.S.专利号3,748,356,3,818,047,4,225,598,4,798,837,4,751,225,EP0179022或U.K.2140010以及U.S.专利号6,096,329和6,685,954(通过援引全部并入本文,均赋予MerialLtd.,Duluth,GA)。适于使用的IGRs的实例包括但不限于烯虫酯,吡丙醚,烯虫乙酯,灭蝇胺,啶蜱脲,虱螨脲,氟酰脲,拟除虫菊酯,甲脒和1-(2,6-二氟苯甲酰基)-3-(2-氟-4-(三氟甲基)苯脲。
在本发明的又一实施方式中,还能够将杀成虫剂杀昆虫剂和杀螨剂加入本发明组合物。这些包括除虫菊素(其包括瓜叶菊素I,瓜叶菊素Ⅱ,茉酮菊素I,茉酮菊素Ⅱ,除虫菊素I,除虫菊素Ⅱ及其混合物)和拟除虫菊酯,和氨基甲酸酯类(其包括但不限于苯菌灵,氯苯虫威(carbanolate),甲萘威,克百威,甲硫威,速灭威,蜱虱威,残杀威,涕灭威,丁酮威,杀线威,氰乙肟威(thiocarboxime)和久效威)。
在某些实施方式中,本发明组合物可以包括一种或多种抗线虫剂,包括但不限于苯并咪唑、咪唑并噻唑、四氢嘧啶、有机磷酸酯化合物类别中的活性剂。在某些实施方式中,组合物中可以包括苯并咪唑,包括但不限于,噻菌灵,噻苯咪唑酯,丁苯咪酯,丙氧苯唑,甲苯咪唑,氟苯哒唑,硫苯唑,硫氧苯唑,丙硫多菌灵,环苯达唑,苯硫氨酯,硫菌灵及其o,o-二甲基类似物。
在其它实施方式中,组合物可以包括咪唑并噻唑化合物,包括但不限于,驱虫净,保松噻和丁咪唑。在其它实施方式中,本发明的组合物可以包括四氢嘧啶活性剂,包括但不限于,噻嘧啶,间酚嘧啶,和噻烯氢嘧啶。适宜的有机磷酸酯活性剂包括但不限于蝇毒磷,敌百虫,皮虫磷,萘肽磷和敌敌畏,庚烯磷,速灭磷,久效磷,TEPP,和杀虫畏。
在其它实施方式中,组合物可以包括抗线虫化合物,吩噻嗪,作为中性化合物的哌嗪及其各种盐形式,乙胺嗪,酚类比如二碘硝基酚,含砷制剂比如硫乙胂氨酸,乙醇胺比如苄酚宁,氯苯磺酸噻苯氧铵,和甲氧乙吡啶;菁类染料包括氯化扑蛲灵,双羟萘酸扑蛲灵和碘二噻宁;异硫氰酸酯包括对双异硫氰基苯,苏拉明钠,酞己炔酯,和各种天然产品包括,但不限于,潮霉素B,α-茴蒿素和红藻氨酸。
在其它实施方式中,本发明的组合物可以包括抗吸虫剂。适宜的抗吸虫剂包括,但不限于,米来西类比如米来西D和mirasan;吡喹酮,氯硝安定及其3-甲基衍生物,吡噻硫酮,胺甲硫蒽酮,羟胺硫蒽酮,羟氨喹,硝硫氰胺,硝噻哒唑,硝羟碘苄腈,本领域已知的各种双酚化合物包括毒菌酚,硫氯酚,硫氯酚亚砜和联硝氯酚;各种防霉胺(salicylanilide)化合物包括三溴柳苯胺,羟氯柳苯胺,氯碘酰胺,雷复沙奈(rafoxanide),溴硫柳酰胺,溴氟硝柳胺和氯生太尔;三氯苯咪唑,双醋氨苯氧乙醚,clorsulon,海妥林和吐根碱。
也可以有利地用于本发明组合物中的驱绦虫化合物包括但不限于,各种盐形式的槟榔碱,丁萘脒,杀螺胺,硝异硫氰二苯醚,巴龙霉素和巴龙霉素II。
在其它实施方式中,本发明的组合物可以包括有效对抗节肢动物寄生物的其它活性剂。适宜的活性剂包括但不限于溴西克林,氯丹,滴滴涕,硫丹,林丹,甲氧滴滴涕,毒杀芬,溴硫磷,乙基溴硫磷,三硫磷,毒虫畏,毒死蜱,巴毒磷,畜蜱磷,二嗪磷,除线磷,,乐果,敌噁磷,乙硫磷,伐灭磷,杀螟硫磷,倍硫磷,磷吡酯(fospirate),碘硫磷,马拉硫磷,二溴磷,伏杀硫磷,亚胺硫磷,辛硫磷,胺丙畏,皮蝇磷,stirofos,烯丙菊酯,氯氟氰菊酯,氯氰菊酯,溴氰菊酯,氰戊菊酯,氟氰戊菊酯,氯菊酯,苯醚菊酯,除虫菊素,苄呋菊酯,苯甲酸苄酯,二硫化碳,克罗米通,除虫脲,二苯胺,双硫仑,异冰片基氰硫基乙酸酯,烯虫酯,舒非仑,pirenonylbutoxide,鱼藤酮,乙酸三苯基锡,氢氧化三苯基锡,避蚊胺,避蚊酯,和化合物1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-六氢-4a(4H)-二苯并呋喃甲醛(MGK-11),2-(2-乙基己基)-3a,4,7,7a-四氢-4,7-桥亚甲基-1H-异吲哚-1,3(2H)二酮(MGK-264),二丙基-2,5-吡啶二羧酸酯(MGK-326)和2-(辛硫基)乙醇(MGK-874)。
能够与本发明化合物相组合以形成组合物的抗寄生剂可以是生物学上活性的肽或蛋白质,包括但不限于缩肽,其通过刺激属于胰泌素受体类的突触前受体作用于神经肌肉接点引起寄生物的麻痹和死亡。在缩肽的一种实施方式中,所述缩肽是艾莫德斯(emodepside)(参见Willsonetal.,Parasitology,Jan.2003,126(Pt1):79-86)。
能够与本发明化合物相组合以形成组合物的杀昆虫剂可以是多杀霉素(spinosyn)(例如多杀霉素)或取代的吡啶基甲基衍生物化合物比如吡虫啉。该类试剂在描述于上文中,并且例如于美国专利号4,742,060中或EP0892060中,通过援引将两者并入本文。从业者的技术水平将足以确定何种单独的化合物可用于本发明配制剂以治疗特别的昆虫感染。
在某些实施方式中,能够与本发明组合物相组合的杀昆虫剂是缩氨脲比如氰氟虫腙。
在又一实施方式中,本发明组合物可以有利地包括异噁唑啉类化合物的一种或多种化合物。这些活性剂描述于WO2007/079162,WO2007/075459和US2009/0133319,WO2007/070606和US2009/0143410,WO2009/003075,WO2009/002809,WO2009/024541,WO2005/085216和US2007/0066617和WO2008/122375,通过援引将其全部并入本文。
在本发明的又一实施方式中,能将结袍酸(nodulisporicacid)及其衍生物(一类已知杀螨剂,驱虫剂,抗寄生剂和杀昆虫剂)加入本发明组合物。这些化合物用来治疗或预防人类和动物中的感染且描述于例如U.S.专利号5,399,582,5,962,499,6,221,894和6,399,786,通过援引将其全部并入本文。组合物可以包括本领域已知结袍酸(nodulisporicacid)衍生物中的一种或多种,包括全部立体异构体,比如描述于上文所引文献中的那些。
在又一实施方式中,可将氨基乙腈类(AAD)化合物的驱虫化合物比如monepantel(ZOLVIX)等加入本发明组合物。这些化合物描述于例如WO2004/024704;Sager等人,VeterinaryParasitology,2009,159,49-54;Kaminsky等人,Naturevol.452,13March2008,176-181。本发明组合物还可以包括芳基并吡咯-2-基氰基乙基氨基化合物比如描述于Soll等人的US2008/0312272的那些(将其全部并入本文)和这些化合物的硫代酰胺衍生物(描述于2009年10月20日提交的U.S.专利申请号12/582,486,通过援引将其并入本文)。
本发明组合物还可以与副梅花状青霉酰胺(paraherquamide)化合物和这些化合物的衍生物相组合,包括derquantel(参见Ostlind等人,ResearchinVeterinaryScience,1990,48,260-61;和Ostlind等人,MedicalandVeterinaryEntomology,1997,11,407-408)。副梅花状青霉酰胺类化合物是已知类别的具有对抗某些寄生物的活性的化合物,其包括螺二氧杂环庚二烯并吲哚核心(参见Tet.Lett.1981,22,135;J.Antibiotics1990,43,1380,和J.Antibiotics1991,44,492)。此外,结构上有关的marcfortine类化合物,比如marcfortinesA-C,也是已知的并且可以与本发明配制剂相组合(参见J.Chem.Soc.-Chem.Comm.1980,601和Tet.Lett.1981,22,1977)。副梅花状青霉酰胺衍生物的其他描述可以参见例如WO91/09961,WO92/22555,WO97/03988,WO01/076370,WO09/004432,美国专利5,703,078和美国专利5,750,695,通过援引将其全部并入本文。
在又一方面中,本发明涉及处理牲畜以预防内源和/或外源寄生物感染或降低内源和/或外源寄生物感染水平的方法,其可以包括向牲畜给予如本文描述的抗寄生物配制剂。
在将驱虫剂加至本发明组合物的情况下,所述组合物还能够用来处理对抗内源寄生物比如选自下述的那些蠕虫:裸头绦虫属(Anaplocephala),钩口线虫属(Ancylostoma),Anecator,蛔虫属(Ascaris),毛细线虫属(Capillaria),古柏线虫属(Cooperia),复孔属(Dipylidium),恶丝虫属(Dirofilaria),棘球属(Echinococcus),蛲虫属(Enterobius),吸虫属(Fasciola),血矛线虫(Haemonchus),Oesophagostumum,奥斯特线虫属(Ostertagia),弓蛔虫属(Toxocara),类圆线虫属(Strongyloides),弓蛔线虫属(Toxascaris),毛线虫属(Trichinella),鞭虫属(Trichuris),和毛圆线虫属(Trichostrongylus)。
在本发明的又一实施方式中,本发明的化合物和组合物适于防治病虫害比如选自下述的昆虫:德国小蠊(Blattellagermanica),烟芽夜蛾(Heliothisvirescens),马铃薯叶甲(Leptinotarsadecemlineata),铺道蚁(Tetramoriumcaespitum)及其组合。
植物寄生性线虫包括,例如瘿线虫属(Anguinaspp.),滑刃线虫属(Aphelenchoidesspp.),Belonolaimusspp.,伞滑刃线虫属(Bursaphelenchusspp.),起绒草茎线虫(Ditylenchusdipsaci),球异皮线虫属(Globoderaspp.),Helicotylenchusspp.,异皮线虫属(Heteroderaspp.),长针线虫属(Longidorusspp.),根结线虫属(Meloidogynespp.),短体线虫属(Pratylenchusspp.),相似穿孔线虫(Radopholussimilis),盘旋线虫属(Rotylenchusspp.),毛刺线虫属(Trichodorusspp.),矮化线虫属(Tylenchorhynchusspp.),小垫刃线虫属(Tylenchulusspp.),半穿刺线虫(Tylenchulussemipenetrans),剑线虫属(Xiphinemaspp.)
此外,无论含或不含加入组合物的其它农药试剂,本发明还能够用来治疗其它病虫害,其包括但不限于下述病虫害:
(1)等足目(Isopoda),例如潮虫(Oniscusasellus),Armadillidiumvulgare和鼠妇(Porcellioscaber);
(2)倍足纲(Diplopoda),例如Blaniulusguttulatus;
(3)唇足目(Chilopoda),例如Geophiluscarpophagus和蚰蜒属(Scutigeraspp.);
(4)综合纲(Symphyla),例如白松虫(Scutigerellaimmaculata);
(5)缨尾目(Thysanura),例如西洋衣鱼(Lepismasaccharina);
(6)弹尾目(Collembola),例如武装棘跳虫(Onychiurusarmatus);
(7)蜚蠊目(Blattaria),例如东方蜚蠊(Blattaorientalis),美洲大蠊(Periplanetaamericana),马德拉蜚蠊(Leucophaeamaderae)和德国小蠊(Blattellagermanica);
(8)膜翅目(Hymenoptera),例如松叶蜂属(Diprionspp.),实叶蜂属(Hoplocampaspp.),毛蚁属(Lasiusspp.),小家蚁(Monomoriumpharaonis)和胡蜂属(Vespaspp.);
(9)蚤目(Siphonaptera),例如印鼠客蚤(Xenopsyllacheopis)和角叶蚤属(Ceratophyllusspp.);
(10)虱目(Anoplura)(Phthiraptera),例如,畜虱属(Damaliniaspp.),血虱属(Haematopinusspp.),长颚虱属(Linognathusspp.),人虱属(Pediculusspp.),嚼虱属(Trichodectesspp.);
(11)蛛形纲(Arachnida),例如,粗脚粉螨(Acarussiro),柑橘瘤瘿螨(Aceriasheldoni),刺皮瘿螨属(Aculopsspp.),针刺瘿螨属(Aculusspp.),花蜱属(Amblyommaspp.),锐缘蜱属(Argasspp.),牛蜱属(Boophilusspp.),短须螨属(Brevipalpusspp.),苜蓿苔螨(Bryobiapraetiosa),痒螨属(Chorioptesspp.),鸡皮刺螨(Dermanyssusgallinae),始叶螨属(Eotetranychusspp.),梨上瘿螨(Epitrimeruspyri),真叶螨属(Eutetranychusspp.),瘿螨属(Eriophyesspp.),半跗线螨属(Hemitarsonemusspp.),璃眼蜱属(Hyalommaspp.),硬蜱属(Ixodesspp.),红斑蛛(Latrodectusmactans),Metatetranychusspp.,小爪螨属(Oligonychusspp.),钝缘蜱属(Ornithodorosspp.),全爪螨属(Panonychusspp.),柑橘皱叶刺瘿螨(Phyllocoptrutaoleivora),侧多食跗线螨(Polyphagotarsonemuslatus),瘙螨属(Psoroptesspp.),扇头蜱属(Rhipicephalusspp.),根嗜螨属(Rhizoglyphusspp.),疥螨属(Sarcoptesspp.),中东金蝎(Scorpiomaurus),Steneotarsonemusspp.,跗线螨属(Tarsonemusspp.),叶螨属(Tetranychusspp.),番茄斜背瘤瘿螨(Vasateslycopersici);
(12)Bivalva,例如,饰贝属(Dreissenaspp.);
(13)鞘翅目(Coleoptera),例如,菜豆象(Acanthoscelidesobtectus),喙丽金龟属(Adoretusspp.),蓝毛臀萤叶甲(Agelasticaalni),叩甲属(Agriotesspp.),马铃薯鳃金龟(Amphimallonsolstitialis),家具窃蠹(Anobiumpunctatum),星天牛属(Anoplophoraspp.),花象属(Anthonomusspp.),圆皮蠹属(Anthrenusspp.),阿鳃金龟属(Apogoniaspp.),隐食甲属(Atomariaspp.),毛皮蠹属(Attagenusspp.),Bruchidiusobtectus,豆象属(Bruchusspp.),龟象属(Ceutorhynchusspp.),卑微楤象虫(Cleonusmendicus),宽胸叩甲属(Conoderusspp.),根颈象属(Cosmopolitesspp.),褐新西兰肋翅鳃角金龟(Costelytrazealandica),象虫属(Curculiospp.),杨干隐喙象(Cryptorhynchuslapathi),皮蠹属(Dermestesspp.),叶甲属(Diabroticaspp.),食植瓢虫属(Epilachnaspp.),Faustinuscubae,裸蛛甲(Gibbiumpsylloides),黑异爪蔗金龟(Heteronychusarator),Hylamorphaelegans,北美家天牛(Hylotrupesbajulus),紫苜蓿叶象(Hyperapostica),褐小蠹属(Hypothenemusspp.),甘蔗大褐齿爪鳃金龟(Lachnosternaconsanguinea),马铃薯叶甲(Leptinotarsadecemlineata),稻水象(Lissorhoptrusoryzophilus),筒喙象属(Lixusspp.),粉蠹属(Lyctusspp.),菜花露尾甲属(Meligethes)aeneus,五月鳃金龟(Melolonthamelolontha),Migdolusspp.,墨天牛属(Monochamusspp.),Naupactusxanthographus,黄蛛甲(Niptushololeucus),椰蛀犀金龟(Oryctesrhinoceros),锯谷盗(Oryzaephilussurinamensis),黑葡萄耳象(Otiorrhynchussulcatus),小青花金龟(Oxycetoniajucunda),辣根猿叶甲(Phaedoncochleariae),食叶鳃金龟属(Phyllophagaspp.),日本弧丽金龟(Popilliajaponica),Premnotrypesspp.,蚤跳甲属(Psylliodes)chrysocephala,蛛甲属(Ptinusspp.),暗色瓢虫(Rhizobiusventralis),谷蠹(Rhizoperthadominica),米象属(Sitophilusspp.),尖隐喙象属(Sphenophorusspp.),茎干象属(Sternechusspp.),综合目(Symphyletesspp.),黄粉甲(Tenebriomolitor),拟谷盗属(Triboliumspp.),斑皮蠹属(Trogodermaspp.),籽象属(Tychiusspp.),脊虎天牛属(Xylotrechusspp.),距步甲属(Zabrusspp.);
(14)双翅目(Diptera),例如,伊蚊属(Aedesspp.),按蚊属(Anophelesspp.),花园毛蚊(Bibiohortulanus),丽蝇属(Calliphoraerythrocephala),地中海实蝇(Ceratitiscapitata),金蝇属(Chrysomyiaspp.),锥蝇属(Cochliomyiaspp.),噬人瘤蝇(Cordylobiaanthropophaga),库蚊属(Culexspp.),黄蝇属(Cuterebraspp.),油橄榄果实蝇(Dacusoleae),人肤蝇(Dermatobiahominis),果蝇属(Drosophilaspp.),厕蝇属(Fanniaspp.),胃蝇属(Gastrophilusspp.),黑蝇属(Hylemyiaspp).,虱蝇属(Hyppoboscaspp.),皮蝇属(Hypodermaspp.),斑潜蝇属(Liriomyzaspp.),绿蝇属(Luciliaspp.),家蝇属(Muscaspp.),绿蝽属(Nezaraspp.),狂蝇属(Oestrusspp.),瑞典麦秆蝇(Oscinellafrit),菠菜泉蝇(Pegomyiahyoscyami),草种蝇属(Phorbiaspp.),螫蝇属(Stomoxysspp.),虻属(Tabanusspp.),Tanniaspp.,欧洲大蚊(Tipulapaludosa),污蝇属(Wohlfahrtiaspp.);
(15)腹足纲(Gastropoda),例如,阿勇蛞蝓属(Arionspp.),双脐螺属(Biomphalariaspp.),泡螺属(Bulinusspp.),灰蛞蝓属(Derocerasspp.),土蜗属(Galbaspp.),椎实螺属(Lymnaeaspp.),钉螺属(Oncomelaniaspp.),琥珀螺属(Succineaspp.);
(16)蠕虫,例如,十二指肠钩虫(Ancylostomaduodenale),Ancylostomaceylanicum,Ancylostomabraziliensis,钩口线虫属(Ancylostomaspp.),蛔虫属(Ascaris)lubricoides,蛔虫属(Ascarisspp.),马来布鲁线虫(Brugiamalayi),Brugiatimori,仰口线虫属(Bunostomumspp.),夏伯特线虫属(Chabertiaspp.),支睾吸虫属(Clonorchisspp.),古柏线虫属(Cooperiaspp.),双腔吸虫属(Dicrocoeliumspp),丝状网尾线虫(Dictyocaulusfilaria),心形裂头绦虫(Diphyllobothriumlatum),Dracunculusmedinensis,细粒棘球绦虫(Echinococcusgranulosus),Echinococcusmultilocularis,蛲虫(Enterobiusvermicularis),Faciolaspp.,血矛线虫(Haemonchusspp.),异刺属(Heterakisspp.),微小膜壳绦虫(Hymenolepisnana),Hyostrongulusspp.,罗阿丝虫属(Loa)罗阿丝虫属(Loa),细颈线虫属(Nematodirusspp.),结节线虫属(Oesophagostomumspp.),后睾吸虫属(Opisthorchisspp.),盘尾丝虫(Onchocercavolvulus),奥斯特线虫属(Ostertagiaspp.),并殖吸虫属(Paragonimusspp.),Schistosomenspp.,Strongyloidesfuelleborni,粪类圆线虫(Strongyloidesstercoralis),Stronyloidesspp.,牛带绦虫(Taeniasaginata),猪带绦虫(Taeniasolium),旋毛形线虫(Trichinellaspiralis),Trichinellanativa,Trichinellabritovi,Trichinellanelsoni,Trichinellapseudopsiralis,Trichostrongulusspp.,鞭虫(Trichuristrichuria),班氏吴策线虫(Wuchereriabancrofti);
(17)半翅目(Heteroptera),例如,南瓜缘蝽(Anasatristis),Antestiopsisspp.,土长蝽属(Blissusspp.),俊盲蝽属(Calocorisspp.),Campylommalivida,异背长蝽属(Caveleriusspp.),臭虫属(Cimexspp.),Creontiadesdilutus,Dasynuspiperis,Dichelopsfurcatus,胡椒网蝽(Diconocorishewetti),棉红蝽属(Dysdercusspp.),美洲蝽属(Euschistusspp.),扁盾蝽属(Eurygasterspp.),Heliopeltisspp.,Horciasnobilellus,稻缘蝽属(Leptocorisaspp.),Leptoglossusphyllopus,草盲蝽属(Lygusspp.),Macropesexcavatus,盲蝽科(Miridae),绿蝽属(Nezaraspp.),Oebalusspp.,Pentomidae,方背皮蝽(Piesmaquadrata),壁蝽属(Piezodorusspp.),棉跳盲蝽(Psallusseriatus),Pseudacystapersea,红猎蝽属(Rhodniusspp.),可可褐盲蝽(Sahlbergellasingularis),Scotinophoraspp.,梨冠网蝽(Stephanitisnashi),Tibracaspp.,椎猎蝽属(Triatomaspp.);
(18)同翅目(Homoptera),例如,Acyrthosiphonspp.,Aeneolamiaspp.,Agonoscenaspp.,粉虱属(Aleurodesspp.),蔗裂粉虱(Aleurolobusbarodensis),粉虱属(Aleurothrixusspp.),杧果叶蝉属(Amrascaspp.),飞廉短尾蚜(Anuraphiscardui),肾圆盾蚧属(Aonidiellaspp.),梨矮蚜(Aphanostigmapiri),蚜属(Aphisspp.),葡萄叶蝉(Arboridiaapicalis),小圆盾蚧属(Aspidiellaspp.),圆盾蚧属(Aspidiotusspp.),Atanusspp.,土豆沟无网蚜(Aulacorthumsolani),粉虱属(Bemisiaspp.),李短尾蚜(Brachycaudushelichrysii),Brachycolusspp.,甘蓝蚜(Brevicorynebrassicae),小褐稻虱(Calligyponamarginata),Carneocephalafulgida,甘蔗粉角蚜(Ceratovacunalanigera),沫蝉科(Cercopidae),蜡蚧属(Ceroplastesspp.),草莓中瘤钉毛蚜(Chaetosiphonfragaefolii),Chionaspistegalensis,茶绿叶蝉(Chloritaonukii),核桃黑斑蚜(Chromaphisjuglandicola),褐圆盾蚧属(Chrysomphalusficus),玉米叶蝉(Cicadulinambila),Coccomytilushalli,软蚧属(Coccusspp.),茶藨隐瘤蚜(Cryptomyzusribis),Dalbulusspp.,粉虱属(Dialeurodesspp.),桔木虱属(Diaphorinaspp.),白背盾蚧属(Diaspisspp.),Dorsalisspp.,履绵蚧属(Drosichaspp.),西圆尾蚜属(Dysaphisspp.),灰粉蚧属(Dysmicoccusspp.),绿小叶蝉属(Empoascaspp.),绵蚜属(Eriosomaspp.),斑叶蝉属(Erythroneuraspp.),Euscelisbilobatus,咖啡地粉蚧(Geococcuscoffeae),假桃病毒叶蝉(Homalodiscacoagulata),桃大尾蚜(Hyalopterusarundinis),吹绵蚧属(Iceryaspp.),片角叶蝉属(Idiocerusspp.),扁喙叶蝉属(Idioscopusspp.),灰飞虱(Laodelphaxstriatellus),球蚧属(Lecaniumspp.),蛎盾蚧属(Lepidosaphesspp.),萝卜蚜(Lipaphiserysimi),长管蚜属(Macrosiphumspp.),Mahanarvafimbriolata,高梁蚜森林型(Melanaphissacchari),Metcalfiellaspp.,麦无网蚜(Metopolophiumdirhodum),黑缘平翅斑蚜(Monelliacostalis),Monelliopsispecanis,瘤蚜属(Myzusspp.),莴苣衲长管蚜(Nasonoviaribisnigri),黑尾叶蝉属(Nephotettixspp.),褐飞虱(Nilaparvatalugens),Oncometopiaspp.,Ortheziapraelonga,杨梅缘粉虱(Parabemisiamyricae),薯个木虱属(Paratriozaspp.),片盾蚧属(Parlatoriaspp.),瘿绵蚜属(Pemphigusspp.),玉米花翅飞虱(Peregrinusmaidis),绵粉蚧属(Phenacoccusspp.),杨平翅绵蚜(Phloeomyzuspasserinii),忽布疣蚜(Phorodonhumuli),倭蚜属(Phylloxeraspp.),百合并盾蚧(Pinnaspisaspidistrae),臀纹粉蚧属(Planococcusspp.),梨形原绵蚧(Protopulvinariapyriformis),桑白盾蚧(Pseudaulacaspispentagona),粉蚧属(Pseudococcusspp.),木虱属(Psyllaspp.),金小蜂属(Pteromalusspp.),Pyrillaspp.,笠圆盾蚧属(Quadraspidiotusspp.),Quesadagigas,平刺粉蚧属(Rastrococcusspp.),缢管蚜属(Rhopalosiphumspp.),黑盔蚧属(Saissetiaspp.),Scaphoidestitanus,麦二叉蚜(Schizaphisgraminum),苏铁刺圆盾蚧(Selenaspidusarticulatus),长唇基飞虱属(Sogataspp.),白背飞虱(Sogatellafurcifera),稻飞虱属(Sogatodesspp.),三角蝉(Stictocephalafestina),Tenalapharamalayensis,美国核桃黑蚜(Tinocalliscaryaefoliae),广胸沫蝉属(Tomaspisspp.),声蚜属(Toxopteraspp.),温室粉虱(Trialeurodesvaporariorum),个木虱属(Triozaspp.),小叶蝉属(Typhlocybaspp.),尖盾蚧属(Unaspisspp.),葡萄根瘤蚜(Viteusvitifolii.);
(19)等翅目(Isoptera),例如,散白蚁属(Reticulitermesspp.),土白蚁属(Odontotermesspp.);
(20)鳞翅目(Lepidoptera),例如,桑剑纹夜蛾(Acronictamajor),烦夜蛾(Aedialeucomelas),地夜蛾属(Agrotisspp.),Alabamaargillacea,干煞夜蛾属(Anticarsiaspp.),甘蓝夜蛾(Barathrabrassicae),Bucculatrixthurberiella,松粉蝶尺蛾(Bupaluspiniarius),黄尾卷叶蛾(Cacoeciapodana),Capuareticulana,苹果小卷蛾(Carpocapsapomonella),果园秋尺蛾(Cheimatobiabrumata),禾草螟属(Chilospp.),云杉色卷蛾(Choristoneurafumiferana),葡萄果蠹蛾(Clysiaambiguella),Cnaphalocerusspp.,埃及钻夜蛾(Eariasinsulana),地中海粉斑螟(Ephestiakuehniella),黄毒蛾(Euproctischrysorrhoea),切夜蛾属(Euxoaspp.),Feltiaspp.,蜡螟(Galleriamellonella),Helicoverpaspp.,实夜蛾属(Heliothisspp.),褐织蛾(Hofmannophilapseudospretella),茶长卷蛾(Homonamagnanima),苹果巢蛾(Hyponomeutapadella),贪夜蛾属(Laphygmaspp.),细蛾属(Lithocolletis)blancardella,绿果冬夜蛾(Lithophaneantennata),Loxagrotisalbicosta,毒蛾属(Lymantriaspp.),黄褐天幕毛虫(Malacosomaneustria),甘蓝夜蛾(Mamestrabrassicae),Mocisrepanda,Mythimnaseparata,Oriaspp.,水稻负泥虫(Oulemaoryzae),小眼夜蛾(Panolisflammea),棉红铃虫(Pectinophoragossypiella),柑橘叶潜蛾(Phyllocnistiscitrella),粉蝶属(Pierisspp.),小菜蛾(Plutellaxylostella),斜纹夜蛾属(Prodeniaspp.),伪碾夜蛾属(Pseudaletiaspp.),大豆尺夜蛾(Pseudoplusiaincludens),玉米螟(Pyraustanubilalis),贪夜蛾属(Spodopteraspp.),Thermesiagemmatalis,袋谷蛾(Tineapellionella),幕谷蛾(Tineolabisselliella),栎绿卷蛾(Tortrixviridana),粉夜蛾属(Trichoplusiaspp.);
(21)直翅目(Orthoptera),例如,居屋艾蟋(Achetadomesticus),东方蜚蠊(Blattaorientalis),德国小蠊(Blattellagermanica),蝼蛄属(Gryllotalpaspp.),马德拉蜚蠊(Leucophaeamaderae),飞蝗属(Locustaspp.),黑蝗属(Melanoplusspp.),美洲大蠊(Periplanetaamericana),沙漠蝗(Schistocercagregaria);
(22)缨翅目(Thysanoptera),例如,稻蓟马(Baliothripsbiformis),Enneothripsflavens,花蓟马属(Frankliniellaspp.),实夜蛾属(Heliothripsspp.),温室条蓟马(Hercinothripsfemoralis),卡蓟马属(Kakothripsspp.),葡萄蓟马(Rhipiphorothripscruentatus),硬蓟马属(Scirtothripsspp.),带蓟马属(Taeniothrips)cardamoni,蓟马属(Thripsspp.);
(23)原生动物,例如,艾美球虫属(Eimeriaspp.)。
在本发明各方面中,本发明的化合物和组合物能够针对单独病虫害或其组合进行施用。
本发明的上述描述期望是示例性而非进行限制。上述实施方式中的各种变化或修饰可以对本领域技术人员是明显的。能够进行这些变化和修饰而不背离本发明的范围或主旨。
比如说,本发明进一步描述于下述非限制性实施例中。从下述非限制性的示例性实施例中可以更佳理解本发明及其许多优势。对本领域技术人员来说明显的是,这些实施例是非限制性的,和可能用相似方法来实现下述转化。
下述实施例描述各种的制备
实施例1–莫昔克丁晶型的制备和分析
方法
示差扫描量热法(DSC)。使样品经受3种测试模式,采用TA设备’Q100来确定热可能性。
1.使用常规DSC方法,包括下述步骤:
a)在20℃平衡3分钟。
b)以10℃/分缓变至250℃[热]
2.调节的DSC,包括下述顺序步骤:
a)在200℃平衡。
b)每60秒调节±1℃。
c)等温5分钟。
d)以50℃/分缓变至200℃。
3.在较高温度范围的热-冷-热方法:
a)在20℃平衡3分钟。
b)以10℃/分缓变至200℃[热]
c)以10℃/分缓变至20℃[冷]
d)以10℃/分缓变至250℃[热]
热重分析(TGA)。在PerkinElmerPyris1TGA设备上进行TGA。样品在22℃平衡1分钟,然后加热以10℃/分缓变至300℃。
X射线粉末衍射(XRPD)。在室温下于Shimadzu’sXRD-6000上获得图谱。等温测量条件如下:
靶标:Cu
电压:40kV
目前的:40mA
散射狭缝:1.0mm
防散射狭缝:1.0mm
接受狭缝:0.15mm
单色器:无
检测器狭缝:0.15mm
扫描范围:2至40deg
扫描速度:1deg/分
步长:0.02deg
预设时间:1.20秒
比较样品的XRPD衍射图的峰位置和相对强度,峰位移,和某些角区域的峰的出现或缺少。
光学显微技术。在室温下于Zeiss的Axioskop40偏振光显微镜上获得光学显微照片。在反射光和掠射照射下,通过电荷耦合器件(CCD)照相机捕获5X放大的图像,和用Axiovision版本4.3软件处理和增强。
衰减全反射红外(ATR-IR)光谱。以下述设备条件来使用ThermoFisher的菱形ATR(SmartOrbit)配件和Nicolet6700FTIR:1)扫描范围:4000至650cm-1;2)32次扫描;和3)4cm-1分辨率。
拉曼光谱。以下述设备条件使用ThermoFisher的DXR拉曼显微镜:1)暴露时间=20s;2)32次扫描;3)24次样品扫描;和4)32次背景扫描。
吸水重量分析(SGA)。运用VTI的动力学SGA100,以下述条件获得吸附和解吸特征曲线:1)等温25℃;2)10分钟的最大平衡时间;3)5分钟内0.0010wt%;和4)5至95,和95至5的%RH(相对湿度)步骤5%增加。
商业莫昔克丁(批号#S090601)的热分析。批号S090601的常规DSC描述于图2A。在114℃显示吸热事件,其是由于莫昔克丁的玻璃化转变。起始自174℃,其展示在186℃居中的宽放热,其大致是橡胶态莫昔克丁的结晶。紧随结晶之后,在206℃出现尖锐吸热线,其展示结晶莫昔克丁形式A的熔点。高于230℃则莫昔克丁开始分解。PXRD确认最初的莫昔克丁(批号S090601)是无定形,如图3所示。
为了更佳地理解其热行为,进行数个加热-冷却-加热循环实验。在第一实验中,从恰高于结晶温度的193℃冷却莫昔克丁,如图4所示。再加热实验显示样品仍含有某些量的无定形物质,原因是存在105℃的玻璃化转变。与之相对,第二热循环展示不存在结晶证据的熔化吸热线。这指出莫昔克丁在初始热循环期间完成结晶。在从198℃冷却样品至温度低于预先观察的结晶温度之后,(图5),再加热并未显示预先观察的玻璃化转变的证据,这表明全部莫昔克丁在第一热循环期间结晶。这得到熔点观察的进一步支持,尽管在第二热循环期间未观察到结晶过渡。在从高于熔点但低于分解温度的220℃冷却样品之后(图6),第二热循环仅显示玻璃化转变,这表明样品在熔化物质冷却后变为无定形。
调节的DSC示于图7。该结果与得自常规DSC的那些相符。在可逆热流实验中出现玻璃化转变,而在不可逆热流条件下观察到弛豫焓、结晶和分解。在可逆和不可逆热流模式中均发生熔化。
热转化的莫昔克丁。将大约1g莫昔克丁(批号S090601)置于玻璃小瓶中,然后将其置于~190℃的热油浴中,并保持在该温度大约5分钟。在冷却后,物质稍变黄。收集淡黄色固体并在研钵和研棒中磨碎。为了评价经历这些条件的莫昔克丁的纯度,进行HPLC和LC-MS。通过粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)光谱分析粉末。PXRD图谱显示显著衍射峰,表明存在可观的量结晶物质,尽管仍余留某些量的无定形物质,如衍射图谱中的晕状包络所示。这指出无定形莫昔克丁在加热至190℃时结晶(图8)。
无定形和热转化的结晶莫昔克丁的IR和拉曼谱图示于图9和图10。与无定形莫昔克丁相比,结晶莫昔克丁显示重叠于约3500cm-1宽峰上的2个尖峰,3471cm-1和3541cm-1。结晶莫昔克丁的羰基伸缩振动显示从1712cm-1至1707cm-1的轻度红移。这展示这些IR峰能够用来将该晶型区别于无定形莫昔克丁。
获得该热转变的温台微观图像(图11)。体相、无定形莫昔克丁在约120℃展示浸湿现象。随着温度升高浸湿显著增加而样品显得流动,指出样品已发生玻璃化转变。该与DSC观察平行。在120至170℃,样品保持该橡胶态。在约185℃白色斑点开始出现,而在190℃出现大块"棱晶晶体"。随着温度升高至205℃出现更多晶体。在210℃以上,晶体开始熔化,在218℃完成。化合物在约230℃分解。温台微观实验证实DSC结果,确认莫昔克丁从无定形态经玻璃化转变转化为橡胶态,随后结晶,随后熔化,然后分解。
莫昔克丁/MeOH的制备和表征。在50-60℃向0.5ml甲醇逐渐加入无定形莫昔克丁(lot#S090601)直至溶液变得饱和。将所得混合物冷却至室温和在短时间段之后形成棒状晶体。过滤固体,晶体图像展示于图12。晶体是双折射的、指示结晶度。空气干燥莫昔克丁/MeOH晶体1h。粉末X射线衍射确认其高度的结晶度(图13)。
空气干燥的莫昔克丁.MeOH晶体的热分析展示50-150℃的0.98%的重量损失(图14)。化合物在高于250℃分解。
DSC不显示相应的溶剂损失,原因是其低含量。展示约150℃的小放热,然后在214℃熔化(图15)。溶剂蒸发或相变导致150℃的小峰。熔点非常接近无定形莫昔克丁,表示它们可能是相同形式。
莫昔克丁.EtOH的制备和表征。在50-60℃,向1ml乙醇逐渐加入无定形莫昔克丁(lot#S090601)直至溶液饱和。所得混合物置于室温下,快速形成具有约2mmx2mmx0.5mm的大致尺度的大晶体。粉碎一个代表性晶体,拍摄晶体图像,其描述于图16。
分离莫昔克丁.EtOH晶体,空气干燥2h。用研钵和研棒磨碎晶体,通过粉末X射线衍射和热分析进行分析。PXRD显示强衍射图谱(图17),其不同于莫昔克丁.MeOH,这表明它们具有不同的晶型。
空气干燥的莫昔克丁.EtOH的热重分析展示随25至200℃加热的11.87%的重量损失(图18)。该重量损失大致相应于2摩尔乙醇/1摩尔莫昔克丁。基于莫昔克丁:乙醇=1:2的理论计算得出12.57%乙醇重量含量,这与实验值相符。化合物在高于250℃分解。
该物质的DSC展示肩部在90℃的尖锐吸热线,其可能相应于乙醇损失,如图19所示。
在100℃真空干燥莫昔克丁.EtOH晶体4h。DSC显示真空干燥的莫昔克丁变为无定形(图20)。该进一步由粉末X射线衍射确认。PXRD上仅出现一些小的散射峰(图21),原因可能是结构随溶剂除去的不完全塌缩。
结晶莫昔克丁.EtOH的单晶结构经测定展示单斜P21空间群,晶胞参数β=93.623(2)°,Z=2。
每不对称单元存在1个莫昔克丁和2个乙醇分子,如图22所述。这与TGA结果相符。一个乙醇与一个莫昔克丁羟基基团成氢键作为供体,而另一个乙醇与又一莫昔克丁羟基基团成氢键作为受体。莫昔克丁分子通过氢键一起连接,沿晶体学α方向形成通道,其中容纳乙醇分子(图23)。
莫昔克丁.IPA的制备和表征。在50-60℃向1ml异丙醇溶液,逐渐加入无定形莫昔克丁(lot#S090601)至饱和。冷却所得溶液,保持在室温下,引起大棱晶晶体的快速形成。拍摄晶体图像,描述于图24。分离莫昔克丁.IPA晶体,空气干燥2h。粉末X射线衍射显示这些晶体是高度结晶的(图25)。在莫昔克丁(lot#070201,不含BHT)用于结晶时,也形成晶体,如图26所示。空气干燥的莫昔克丁.IPA晶体的热分析显示从25-200℃的14.87%的单次重量损失(图27)。该重量损失大约相应于2摩尔IPA/1摩尔莫昔克丁。基于莫昔克丁:IPA=1:2的理论计算得出15.78%IPA重量含量,这良好地与实验数据相符。化合物在高于250℃分解。
该物质的DSC展示肩部在90℃的尖锐吸热线(图28),其可能相应于IPA的溶剂损失。溶剂蒸发或相变导致在130℃的小峰,需要进一步研究。
莫昔克丁.IPA晶体在100℃真空干燥30分钟。DSC显示真空干燥的莫昔克丁变为无定形(图29)。
莫昔克丁.正丁醇的制备和表征。向0.5ml正丁醇,逐渐加入无定形莫昔克丁(lot#S090601)至饱和(保持温度为50-60℃)。然后混合物转移至-10℃过夜,在此期间时间形成晶体(图30)。分离莫昔克丁/正丁醇晶体,空气干燥2h。粉末X射线衍射显示这些晶体是高度结晶的(图31)。
空气干燥的莫昔克丁.正丁醇的热分析显示随25至150℃加热的14.94%的重量损失(图32)。该重量损失相应于1.5摩尔正丁醇/1摩尔莫昔克丁。基于莫昔克丁:正丁醇=1:1.5的理论计算得出14.78%正丁醇重量含量。化合物在高于250℃分解。
DSC展示在65℃的尖锐吸热线(图33),可能相应于正丁醇损失。去溶剂化的莫昔克丁在215℃熔化,相应于多晶型A的熔点。去溶剂化温度与莫昔克丁.EtOH和莫昔克丁.IPA相比相对较低,表明正丁醇与莫昔克丁分子松散地结合。
为了确认莫昔克丁.正丁醇去溶剂化的过程,晶体在60℃真空干燥2h。DSC和PXRD显示真空干燥的莫昔克丁在干燥后变得无定形(图34和35)。较不严格的干燥条件未成功将该物质脱溶剂化物(图36)。
莫昔克丁.MCH的制备和表征。向1ml甲基环己烷(MCH)溶液加入约500mg无定形莫昔克丁(lot#S090601),同时加热至50-60℃,蒸发浓缩混合物。在冷却至室温之后,加入己烷,形成固体沉淀。用己烷洗涤固体,在室温下短时间段干燥(图像,图37)。粉末X射线衍射展示其结晶度(图38)。
空气干燥的莫昔克丁.MCH晶体的热分析展示随50至150℃加热的1.68%的重量损失(图39)。化合物在高于250℃分解。DSC展示在211℃的明显熔点(图40)。该熔化温度符合热转化的固体和莫昔克丁.MeOH,意味着它们是相同晶型。此外,得自甲醇和MCH的莫昔克丁晶体的PXRD图谱是等同的(MeOH的图13vs.MCH的图41)进一步确认来自两种溶剂系统的晶型的相似性。
结论。从醇溶剂包括甲醇、乙醇、IPA和丁醇等得到一系列结晶莫昔克丁形式。制备自甲醇和甲基环己烷的那些与热转化的那些具有基本相同的PXRD图谱,表明它们具有相似晶型。从乙醇、IPA和正丁醇的莫昔克丁的重结晶产生它们各自的溶剂化物。莫昔克丁.EtOH和莫昔克丁.IPA溶剂化物在损失溶剂后变为无定形,但是令人惊讶地和出乎意料地,莫昔克丁.正丁醇在快速除去溶剂后保持结晶。结晶莫昔克丁几乎是非吸湿性的,而无定形莫昔克丁稍有吸湿性。
实施例2-制备包含莫昔克丁和体外释放特征曲线的缓释聚合物植入物。
概要。莫昔克丁API的晶型特性描述于图2-8和10-12:包括玻璃转变温度,结晶和晶体熔化。制备含无定形或结晶莫昔克丁的聚合物植入物。对于无定形莫昔克丁植入物,过程温度保持在~120-170℃。发明人预见到高于120℃的任意温度(但是在莫昔克丁分解温度之下)均可接受,原因是莫昔克丁在其玻璃转变温度以上会流动并且随温度升高会更容易挤出(也即从120至170℃)。发明人令人惊讶地和出乎意料地发现,莫昔克丁在高于170℃结晶。从而,存在对制备本发明植入物最佳的窄温度范围,并且,尽管与预期相反,对于产生含有无定形莫昔克丁的植入物来说,在高于重结晶温度的温度进行是并不希望的。在180-210℃的温度处理时,无定形莫昔克丁发生结晶,而该转变具有改变所制备的任何聚合物植入物的释放特征曲线的效果。
聚合物植入物。在二氯甲烷中制备莫昔克丁(40%w/w),BHT(1.4%)和聚d丙交酯-乙交酯(75:25L:G;0.4iv)的溶液和在Buchi喷雾干燥器上喷雾干燥。将喷雾干燥的粉末置于TeniusOlsen塑性计,在118℃挤出。将所得~0.8mm直径的聚合物丝条切割为~2mm长度的小丸。将5个丸置于含有10mL2%SDS的pH7的PBS溶液的闪烁小瓶中。制备3个重复试样的小瓶和置于37℃的振摇(120rpm)水浴。在各采样点移除溶液,用新鲜的2%SDSPBS溶液替换和进行HPLC测试。结果示于图44。体外释放特征提供于图44中。额外地,样品通过DSC测试(图43)。在丸粒样品中莫昔克丁是无定形的。
在备择批次中,在二氯甲烷中制备莫昔克丁(40%w/w),BHT(1.4%),和聚d丙交酯/交酯-乙交酯(75:25L:G;0.4iv)的溶液和在Buchi喷雾干燥器上喷雾干燥。将喷雾干燥的粉末置于3/8"单螺旋挤出机(0.75mm短合模面,延伸的混合螺旋,K-Tron微供料器设至24g/hr)和在130℃挤出。将所得~0.8mm直径的聚合物丝条切割为~2mm长度的小丸。将5个丸剂置于含有10mL2%SDS的pH7的PBS溶液的闪烁小瓶中。制备3个重复试样的小瓶和置于37℃振摇(120rpm)水浴中。在各采样点移除溶液,用新鲜的2%SDS的PBS溶液替换,进行HPLC测试。体外溶解数据示于图45。
实施例3-注射聚合物植入物的狗中的莫昔克丁血浆特征曲线。
在第0天,对5只犬类动物经皮下给予1次注射的4个植入物(含有2000mcg无定形莫昔克丁,75:25DLG(0.4i.v.),如上述-lot#438-148制备),将分开的含适当数量植入物的植入物针用于各处理动物。血液样品(大约5至7mL)收集在单独标记的肝素化管中。回收血浆和以等分试样储存冷冻,直至测试需要。犬研究的数据结果示于图46。额外地,植入物样品也通过DSC和IR测试,其确定莫昔克丁在植入物中是无定形的。
虽已在本发明优选实施方式中详加描述,应理解的是本发明的上述描述期望是示例性而非局限于上述的特定细节,原因是其许多明显变化是可能的。所述实施方式的各种变化或修饰可以发生于本领域技术人员。这些改变、变化和修饰能够进行而不背离本发明的范围或主旨。
1.莫昔克丁的多晶型A形式,具有约210℃的熔点。
2.莫昔克丁·2EtOH溶剂化物,由下述参数表征:
a)单斜P21空间群,其中
b)
c)
d)
e)β=93.623(2)°;
f)
g)Z=2。
3.莫昔克丁·1.5BuOH溶剂化物。
4.莫昔克丁·2IPA溶剂化物。
5.制备段落1的莫昔克丁晶型的方法,包括下述步骤:在特定的温度和时间条件下加热无定形莫昔克丁,或者将段落2的莫昔克丁溶剂化物快速地去溶剂化,由此制得所述晶型。
6.用于非人类动物的长效的聚合物植入物,包含PLGA和无定形莫昔克丁。
7.段落6的植入物,其中PLGA具有约50-75%比约25-50%的L:G的L:G比率。
8.段落7的植入物,其中所述L:G比率是75:25。
9.段落8的植入物,其对内源寄生物具有活性的时间段大于3个月。
10.段落9的植入物,其对内源寄生物具有活性的时间段大于4个月。
11.段落10的植入物,其对内源寄生物具有活性的时间段大于6个月。
12.段落6的植入物,其中所述内源寄生物是犬恶丝虫。
13.段落6的植入物,其中所述动物是猫或狗或牛。
14.制备段落6的植入物的方法,包括下述步骤:
a)制备莫昔克丁和PLGA在适宜溶剂中的溶液;
b)加入0-1%(w/w)抗氧化剂;
c)用适宜的干燥手段除去溶剂;
d)使步骤c的经干燥物质在适宜温度挤出以产生聚合物丝条;
e)切割或者缩小聚合物丝条的尺寸,由此产生所述植入物。
15.段落14的方法,其中所述溶剂是二氯甲烷和所述干燥手段是Buchi喷雾干燥器。
16.段落14的方法,其中所述挤出在适于将莫昔克丁保持于无定形状态的温度进行。
17.段落16的方法,其中所述挤出不在高于180℃进行。
18.段落17的方法,其中所述挤出在约110℃至约180℃进行。
19.段落18的方法,其中所述挤出在约118℃进行。
20.用于处理或预防动物中的寄生物感染的组合物,包含段落1的莫昔克丁晶型或其药学上可接受的盐,和药学上可接受的载体。
Claims (13)
1.用于非人类动物的长效的聚合物植入物,包含PLGA和无定形莫昔克丁。
2.权利要求1的植入物,其中PLGA具有约50-75%比约25-50%的L:G的L:G比率。
3.权利要求2的植入物,其中所述L:G比率是75:25。
4.权利要求3的植入物,其对内源寄生物具有活性的时间段大于3个月。
5.权利要求4的植入物,其对内源寄生物具有活性的时间段大于4个月。
6.权利要求5的植入物,其对内源寄生物具有活性的时间段大于6个月。
7.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述内源寄生物是犬恶丝虫。
8.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述动物是猫或狗或牛。
9.制备权利要求1的植入物的方法,包括下述步骤:
a)制备莫昔克丁和PLGA在适宜溶剂中的溶液;
b)加入0-1%(w/w)抗氧化剂;
c)用适宜的干燥手段除去溶剂;
d)使步骤c的经干燥物质在适宜温度挤出以产生聚合物丝条;
e)切割或者缩小聚合物丝条的尺寸,由此产生所述植入物。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中所述溶剂是二氯甲烷和所述干燥手段是Buchi喷雾干燥器。
11.权利要求9的方法,其中所述挤出在适于将莫昔克丁保持于无定形状态的温度进行。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述挤出不在高于180℃进行。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中所述挤出在约110℃至约180℃进行。
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