CN104126413B - Method for producing straw mushrooms by utilizing cassava residues, mulberry stems and sugarcane leaves - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for producing straw mushroom by using cassava residue, mulberry stems and sugarcane leaves comprises the steps of carrying out high-temperature fermentation on straw mushroom cultivation materials in advance, smashing the cassava residue, the mulberry stems and the sugarcane leaves, adding lime and high-temperature bacteria, fully mixing, then spraying water, covering a film for fermentation, turning over piles, scattering peanut bran and fish meal into compost, uniformly stirring, piling again, covering the film for fermentation for 2 days, turning over the piles for 2-3 times in this way, uniformly stirring, heating to 70-80 ℃, sterilizing for 15 hours, cooling to room temperature, keeping the room temperature at 30-35 ℃, inoculating strains, and growing the straw mushroom after 8-10 days. According to the invention, the high-temperature bacteria are used for fermenting the raw materials, so that the raw materials are easy to decompose, the biological efficiency of the raw materials is improved, the yield of the straw mushrooms is increased, the temperature in the high-temperature period is increased, the growth temperature of the straw mushrooms can be quickly reached, the straw mushrooms are suitable for annual cultivation, and the energy consumption of mushroom houses is reduced.

Description

Method for producing straw mushrooms by using cassava residue, mulberry stalks and sugarcane leaves

technical field

The invention belongs to edible fungus cultivation technology, and relates to a method for producing straw mushrooms by using high-temperature bacteria to ferment cassava residue, mulberry stalks and sugarcane leaves.

Background technique

Straw mushroom (Fructificatio Volvariella volvacea) originated in Nanhua Temple in Shaoguan, Guangdong. my country began to cultivate artificially 300 years ago. It was introduced to countries around the world by overseas Chinese in the 1930s. It is an important tropical and subtropical mushroom. It is the third largest mushroom in the world. Large-scale cultivation of edible fungi, my country's straw mushroom production ranks first in the world, mainly distributed in South China. Straw mushrooms are nutritious and delicious. Every 100g fresh mushroom contains 207.7mg vitamin C, 2.6g sugar, 2.68g crude protein, 2.24g fat and 0.91g ash. Straw mushroom protein contains 18 kinds of amino acids, of which essential amino acids account for 40.47-44.47%. In addition, it also contains phosphorus, potassium, calcium and other mineral elements, which can lower blood pressure, prevent and fight cancer, and inhibit tumor growth.

Straw mushroom is a high-temperature grass-rot fungus, also known as Chinese mushroom and orchid mushroom, and is most suitable for cultivation in summer.

Straw mushroom cultivation growth conditions:

⑴Temperature: Straw mushroom is a high-temperature fungus, and its growth and development temperature is 10-44°C. The temperature requirements vary with varieties and growth and development periods. Basidiospores: The germination temperature is 30-40°C, the germination rate is the highest at 40°C, followed by 35°C, the lowest germination rate is below 30°C, and no germination occurs above 45°C or below 25°C. Mycelium growth: It can grow at a temperature of 10-44°C, but it grows slowly when it is lower than 20°C, grows very little at 15°C, and almost stops growing at 10°C, and the mycelium will die below 5°C or above 45°C . Fruiting body development: Fruiting body development temperature is 24-33°C, and 28-32°C is the most suitable temperature. When it is lower than 20°C or higher than 35°C, the fruiting body is difficult to form.

⑵Moisture: Straw mushrooms are suitable for growth under relatively high humidity conditions. The moisture content of the compost is about 70%, and the relative air humidity is 90-95%. When the air humidity is lower than 80%, the fruit body grows slowly and the surface is rough and dull. When the air humidity is higher than 96%, the mushroom body is prone to necrosis and disease.

(3) Illumination: The vegetative growth stage of straw mushrooms does not have strict requirements on light, and it can grow normally in the absence of light. It needs light induction to produce fruiting bodies in the reproductive growth stage. But avoid strong light, suitable light 50-100lx. The color of the fruiting body is related to the intensity of light. Under strong light, the color of straw mushroom is dark black and shiny, and under weak light, the color is dull or even white.

⑷Nutrition: Studies have shown that glucose, fructose, sucrose, peptone, asparagine, glutamine, etc. are all good sources of carbon and nitrogen for straw mushrooms.

⑸Acidity (pH): Straw mushroom requires a pH between 4-10.3. The germination rate of basidiospores is highest at pH 7.5, and pH 4.7-6.5 and 8 are suitable for mycelium and fruiting body stages.

It can be seen from the above that straw mushrooms are rich in nutrition, delicious in taste, and have a large market supply, but the requirements for straw mushroom cultivation materials, temperature, and moderation are particularly high. The best cultivation materials are waste cotton. At present, straw mushroom cultivation materials generally require More than 50% of waste cotton can better cultivate good straw mushrooms. The waste cotton is waste cotton tires, processed cotton tires or pulverized cotton wool or short-fiber cotton, because no matter it is in the south or the north, it is necessary to keep The cultivation temperature of straw mushrooms between 35°C and 45°C is very difficult, so the straw mushroom houses in the south can only grow out of harsh conditions such as adjusting and controlling the accurate temperature, humidity and pH, and using waste cotton as straw mushroom cultivation materials. High-quality straw mushrooms are really not easy.

With the development of edible fungi industry, its demand for raw materials is also increasing, so it is imperative to take the road of diversification and localization of raw materials for edible fungi cultivation. At present, people have also tested the raw materials and methods of cultivating straw mushrooms.

For example: Chinese patent: Straw mushroom cultivation material and its stacking method and the cultivation method of straw mushroom, application (patent) number: CN02138390.1 application date: 2002.10.08 application publication number: CN1402963 application publication date: 2003.03.19, application ( Patent rights) person: Jiang Jianxin; inventor (designer): Jiang Jianxin; address: 212364 Xinshang Village, Jiangshu Town, Danyang City, Jiangsu Province, Abstract: The invention belongs to edible fungus cultivation technology, and relates to a straw mushroom cultivation material and its stacking system method and the cultivation method of straw mushroom. The cultivation material contains 9-10 parts of broken seed cotton, 1 part of quicklime and proper amount of water. The stacking method is as follows: the first step is to mix the broken seed cotton and quicklime evenly, then add water and stir, so that the broken seed cotton can absorb enough water, and then pile it into a square material pile and make it firm, and then cover the material pile with a plastic film and stack it for 72 Hours of fermentation; the second step is to turn the fermented cultivation material into piles, loosen it, transport it into the mushroom house, place it on the mushroom bed on the cultivation frame, close the mushroom house, and use heating equipment to heat up the indoor temperature to 65-65℃. 70°C, and keep it for 6-8 hours, then lower the temperature to 50-55°C, keep it for another 6-8 hours, and complete the composting process after secondary fermentation. The invention can increase the average output per unit area of the straw mushroom, the cultivation process is not restricted by season, climate and region, the growth period is short, and the output is stable.

Another example is a Chinese patent: a method for cultivating straw mushrooms that adds yield-increasing agents, application (patent) number: CN201210381800.3 application date: 2012.10.10 application publication number: CN102845231A application publication date: 2013.01.02, the applicant (patent) : Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province; Inventor (designer): Hou Lijuan; Song Jinyu; Li Huiping; Lin Jinsheng; The invention relates to a method for cultivating straw mushrooms with an agent and belongs to a method for cultivating straw mushrooms. Because the output of straw mushroom is compared with other edible fungi, there is the problem that output and biological efficiency are low. At present, one of the ways to solve the low yield of straw mushroom is to use yield-increasing agent, but there is no report of using calcium acetate as yield-increasing agent in the cultivation of straw mushroom. The calcium acetate aqueous solution of the present invention is applied in the mixing period, which can significantly increase the output of straw mushrooms. At the same time, it also has the advantages of strong mycelium growth, white and dense mycelium, fast time for covering the material surface, and reducing the incidence of diseases and insect pests. The production increasing agent is convenient for production and application, has low cost, good effect and simple operation.

Another example is the Chinese patent: a straw mushroom cultivation substrate and its circular cultivation method for straw mushrooms, application (patent) number: CN201110043802.7 application date: 2011.02.23 application publication number: CN102173949A application publication date: 2011.09.07, application (patent) Author: Nanjing Institute of Vegetable Science; Inventor (Designer): Mao Jiugeng; Cai Lusha; Tang Maohua; Zhang Yanyan; Rui Shanya; Li Ying; Chen Lili; Address: Nanjing Vegetable Science, Hengxi Town, Jiangning District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province Research Institute Science and Technology Park, Abstract: The invention discloses a straw mushroom cultivation substrate and a method for circularly cultivating straw mushrooms. The matrix contains traditional Chinese medicine dregs, rice straw and yield increasing agent, wherein the ratio of traditional Chinese medicine dregs and rice straw is 70%-90% of traditional Chinese medicine dregs and 10%-30% of straw, and the yield increasing agent is added in an amount of 5-10kg/m3 , the production-increasing agent is composed of 10.006% to 0.01% of vitamin B, 15% to 20% of common calcium, 40% to 60% of quicklime, 1.5% to 2% of magnesium sulfate and 0.2% of zinc sulfate by weight percentage. ～0.4%, boron fertilizer 0.2%～0.3%, triacontanol 0.2%～0.4%, starch 22%～37%. The invention realizes resource recycling; the substrate fermentation time is short and energy is saved; the substrate can improve the output and quality of straw mushrooms, and increase the content of flavonoids in straw mushrooms; the multiple cycle cultivation method is adopted to improve substrate utilization and reduce production cost.

Another example is Chinese patent: Straw mushroom cultivation method, application (patent) number: CN200910192785.6 application date: 2009.09.28 application publication number: CN101692771A application publication date: 2010.04.14, applicant (patent right) person: Guangzhou Baiyun District Agriculture Scientific Experiment Center; Yongchun Garden Edible Mushroom (Huizhou) Co., Ltd.; inventors (designers): Cao Xuewen; Hu Zesheng; Guan Yantao; Cai Yuecai; Xie Yanhua; It relates to a method for cultivating straw mushrooms, and belongs to the cultivation technology of edible fungi. The composition of the compost of the present invention includes 7-8 parts of fresh corn coats and 2-3 parts of fresh corn silks, and the fresh corn coats and fresh corn silks are simultaneously processed by a crushing and kneading machine, and the corn coats are processed into soft silk respectively shape, cut the corn silk short and break it, and mix the two processed raw materials at the same time, the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 65-70%; after the compost is processed, it can be used for straw mushroom cultivation or put into storage , Compressed and sealed in the storage room. The present invention utilizes the waste after processing sweet corn to produce pollution-free straw mushrooms, turns waste into treasure, recycles resources, saves water resources, reduces sewage discharge, protects the ecological environment, reduces production costs, improves product quality, and increases economic benefits .

Another example is the Chinese patent: a method for cultivating straw mushrooms using Pleurotus eryngii slag, application (patent) number: CN201110310156.6 application date: 2011.10.13 application publication number: CN102498930A application publication date: 2012.06.20, application (patent) Right) person: Chengdu Rongzhen Mushroom Industry Co., Ltd.; inventor (designer): Li Zongtang; address: Group 5, Zhanqi Village, Tangchang Town, Pixian County, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 610000, Abstract: the present invention relates to the field of edible fungus production technology, especially The invention relates to a method for cultivating Straw Mushrooms by using Pleurotus eryngii dregs, which comprises the following steps in turn: processing Pleurotus eryngii dregs, preparing a culture medium, fermenting the culture medium, sowing straw mushrooms, cultivating fungi, and managing mushroom production , Harvest. The beneficial effects of the invention are: the invention realizes the reutilization of the pleurotus eryngii fungus residue, and reduces the environmental pollution caused by the stacking of the fungus residue. The invention increases the types of straw mushroom cultivation raw materials, and the newly added cultivation raw materials are edible fungus waste materials of the factory, which reduces the high cost brought by transportation from other places.

Another example is the Chinese patent: straw mushroom layered high-efficiency cultivation method, application (patent) number: CN200510033303.4 application date: 2005.02.28 application publication number: CN1826859 application publication date: 2006.09.06, applicant (patent right) person: Guangdong Provincial Institute of Microbiology; inventor (designer): Yang Xiaobing; address: 510070, Biotechnology Building, No. 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for cultivating straw mushrooms, especially a method for cultivating straw mushrooms with rice straw and meal Seed cotton and other materials are the main raw materials of the straw mushroom layered high-efficiency cultivation method. The raw materials are according to the traditional formula. In addition, vegetable garden soil, pond mud and other soil and quicklime are added to mix, and the mixture is mixed with water or nutrient solution for centralized sterilization. After cooling, add the strains and mix well, put it on a bed frame or in a custom-made plastic basket, cover the entire surface of the material with a thick plastic film that has been uniformly punched in advance and tighten it, and the temperature of the material can be cultivated at 28-38°C for 8-10 days to produce mushroom. The invention can increase the output and quality of the straw mushroom, improve the production operation efficiency, clean the operation environment, improve the thermal insulation and water retention performance of the culture material, and easily realize the mechanized production operation.

Another example is the Chinese patent: the method for cultivating straw mushrooms with whole corncob raw material as substrate, application (patent) number: CN201310486073.1 application date: 2013.10.17 application publication number: CN103503696A application publication date: 2014.01.15 application (patent) Author: Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences; Inventor (designer): Ma Qingfang; Zhang Jiechi; Zhang Piqi; Dai Xiaodong; Liu Jianing; Kong Xianghui; The invention relates to a method for cultivating straw mushrooms with whole corncob raw material as substrate, which belongs to the field of straw mushroom cultivation. The invention aims to solve the technical problem of the long growth period of straw mushrooms cultivated with fermented materials. The method of the present invention is to expose the dry and mildew-free whole corncobs to the sun, soak them in quicklime water until the corncobs have no white cores, and at the same time crush the dried cow dung and add water to accumulate and ferment to obtain fermented cow dung; The furrow, the furrow bed is soaked with water, first spread a layer of whole cob corncobs treated with quicklime water in the furrow bed, sprinkle a layer of fermented cow dung, then sprinkle a layer of second-grade strains of straw mushroom and wheat grains, and spread a layer of seasoned corncobs. The whole cob of corncobs treated with quicklime water is covered with a layer of mixture, and then evenly sprinkled with a layer of second-level strains of straw mushrooms and wheat grains, and then sprayed with pyrethroid pesticides, covered with plastic film, and the sowing is completed. The mushrooms are harvested after management; wherein the mixture is formed by mixing 98% fermented cow dung and 2% bran by weight percentage. The production period of the present invention is only 20-25 days.

Another example is the Chinese patent: a method of utilizing sugarcane blades and leaf tips to make straw mushroom cultivation materials, application (patent) number: CN201310559268.4 application date: 2013.11.12 application publication number: CN103553827A application publication date: 2014.02.05 application ( Patent rights) person: Wu Fangcheng; Inventor (designer): Wu Fangcheng; Address: No. 111, Zhennan Road, Xiwu Street Industrial Park, Fenghua City, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, 315505, Abstract: The present invention is a kind of straw mushroom cultivation material, which is characterized in that Sugarcane leaves and leaf tips are the main raw materials, supplemented by pond mud, fungus residue, lime powder, gypsum powder and other auxiliary materials. The water content of the cultivation material is 60%-62%. The content of the present invention also includes the preparation method of the cultivation material. The advantages of the present invention are as follows: firstly, sugarcane leaves and sugarcane shoots are fermented through sunlight exposure, lime water pre-wetting and aeration stacking, so that macromolecular substances such as crude fibers are decomposed into simple substances that are beneficial to the absorption of straw mushroom hyphae, which promotes the growth of straw mushrooms. The growth of mushroom hyphae; the second is that the ratio of cultivation materials is reasonable, the nutrition is balanced, the growth of straw mushroom is good, the yield is high, and its biological efficiency reaches 26.4%-28.5%; the third is not only for the harmless treatment of sugarcane leaves. The solution has also found a new substrate for straw mushroom cultivation. Another example is Chinese patent: a multi-branch straw mushroom cultivation base and preparation method thereof, application (patent) number: CN201310383532.3 application date: 2013.08.29 application publication number: CN103497038A application publication date: 2014.01.08, application (patent right ) person: Hefei Qianxi Shanzhuang Agricultural Ecological Park Co., Ltd.; inventor (designer): Liu Xuesong; address: 231200 Nantang Village, Huagang Town, Feixi County, Hefei City, Anhui Province, abstract: the present invention relates to a kind of straw mushroom with many branches The cultivation base is prepared from the following components by weight: 30-40 parts of peach branches, 20-30 parts of pear tree sawdust, 10-20 parts of tea branch powder, 12-15 parts of vinegar grains, 14-15 parts of wheat bran, and 5 parts of purple sweet potato powder. -7, black bean skin 3-5, onion skin 2-3, angelica powder 1-2, spatha powder 1-2, saponin powder 1-2, heather powder 1-3, Moringa seed 1-2, Shrimp shell powder 6-7, zeolite powder 1-2, lepidolite powder 4-6, beet leaf powder 1-2, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2-0.3, quicklime 2-3, fish soup 16-19, gypsum powder 1- 4. Nutrient soil 2-4. Straw mushrooms cultivated with this medium have the characteristics of high content of minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and amino acids, and at the same time reduce the pollution of heavy metals. Long-term consumption has the effects of nourishing blood and beauty; and has a fast growth rate and high yield.

Another example is the Chinese patent: a method of utilizing Zizania sheath leaves to make straw mushroom cultivation material, application (patent) number: CN201310515427.0, application date: 2013.10.28 application publication number: CN103524248A application publication date: 2014.01.22 application (patent) Author: Wu Fangcheng; Inventor (designer): Wu Fangcheng; Address: No. 111, Zhennan Road, Xiwu Street Industrial Park, Fenghua City, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, 315505. Abstract: The present invention is a straw mushroom cultivation material, which is characterized in that it is made of asparagus The sheath leaf is the main raw material, supplemented with auxiliary materials such as cottonseed hulls, cow dung, lime, and gypsum powder. The moisture content of the cultivation material is 60%-62%. The content of the present invention also includes the preparation method of the cultivation material. The advantages of the present invention are as follows: firstly, the leaves of Zizania zizania sheaths are exposed to sunlight, soaked in lime water and stacked and fermented, so that macromolecular substances such as cellulose and hemicellulose are decomposed into simple substances that are beneficial to the absorption of straw mushroom mycelium, which promotes the absorption of grass mushrooms. The growth of mushroom hyphae; the second is that the proportion of cultivation materials is reasonable, the fungus material has good air permeability and strong water retention, the mushrooms are neatly produced, and the yield is high, and its biological efficiency reaches 26.7%-30.4%; The harmless treatment of leaves provides a solution, and also finds a new substrate for straw mushroom cultivation.

The patent documents disclosed above have their own advantages, and they all provide different methods and culture substrates for cultivating Straw Mushrooms, and also meet different requirements. Patents cannot solve the problem of planting straw mushrooms in spring, autumn and winter. It is necessary to use advanced medium such as old cotton wool or rely on temperature control in greenhouses or artificial temperature control to meet the growth needs of straw mushrooms, and the degradation of organic matter in raw materials is slow. Efficiency is low, and straw mushroom output is low.

Contents of the invention

The object of the present invention is to above problem, utilizes the method for fermenting cassava slag, mulberry stalk and sugarcane leaf to produce straw mushroom with high-temperature bacteria, uses cassava slag, mulberry stalk and sugarcane leaf as straw mushroom substrate, increases the quantity of microorganism in nutrient matrix high-temperature period, Accelerate the rapid transformation of organic matter of refractory raw materials, promote the degradation of organic matter, increase the temperature in the high temperature period, prolong the high temperature period to accelerate the decomposition of raw materials, improve the biological efficiency of raw materials, and provide rich nutrients for straw mushrooms. The invention uses high-temperature bacteria to ferment cassava dregs, mulberry stalks and sugarcane leaves to produce straw mushrooms, can quickly reach the growth temperature of straw mushrooms, is suitable for annual cultivation, and simultaneously improves the output of straw mushrooms.

Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:

A method for producing straw mushrooms utilizing cassava residues, mulberry stalks and sugarcane leaves, characterized in that the process is as follows:

(1) Disinfection and feeding of mushroom houses: fumigate and disinfect with 40% formaldehyde one day before feeding, use 15g per cubic meter, ventilate after disinfection, and feed after the smell of formaldehyde disappears; thickness and dosage of straw mushroom cultivation materials : The thickness of the material is 10-15cm, and the dosage is 7.5-10kg/m ² ;

The straw mushroom cultivation material includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-40 cassava residues, 15-25 mulberry stalks, 30-50 sugarcane leaves, 5-8 peanut bran, and 3-5 fish meal;

(2) Sowing

According to the sowing rate of ^0.3-0.4kg /m2, spread the bacteria evenly on the surface of the straw mushroom cultivation material, and then cover it with plastic film, keep the room temperature at 28-30°C, and the material temperature at 33-36°C; Uncover all the plastic film covering the surface of the material, and use a nozzle to moisturize the bedside and the dry place on the surface of the material to keep the surface of the material moist. The relative humidity of the air is required to reach 90-95%;

(3) Spray mushroom water

Mushroom water is sprayed on the fifth day after sowing, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 80-85%. After water spraying, proper ventilation is maintained, and the temperature of the mushroom room is kept at 33-35°C;

(4) Fruiting period management

One day after spraying water, increase the light appropriately to promote the formation of the primordium of the fruiting body of the straw mushroom. During this period, the temperature of the material is controlled at 33-36°C, and the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house is controlled at 80-95%. Ventilate the mushroom house, avoid letting the wind blow directly on the bed surface, maintain a certain amount of scattered light in the mushroom house, the illumination is about 50-10OLUX, and avoid direct sunlight on the mushroom bed; during the mushrooming period, the respiration of the fruiting body is enhanced, and a large amount of carbon dioxide is released , Excessive accumulation will affect the development of fruiting bodies. Especially in high-temperature and high-humidity environments, poor ventilation can easily produce miscellaneous bacteria. Therefore, ventilation should be carried out in time during the fruiting body formation period to maintain sufficient fresh air in the mushroom house. Ventilation should be carried out according to climate change. When the temperature is low, it should be carried out in the morning and afternoon, and when the temperature is high, it should be carried out in the morning and evening.

(5) Strictly control the occurrence of ghost umbrellas

During the cultivation of straw mushrooms, the most common competing fungi are Coprinus nigra and Coprinus membranaceus. Coprinus generally appear about 7 days after the straw mushroom is sown. If it is not removed in time, the spores will spread quickly after maturity. The prevention method is to strictly disinfect the compost, especially the post-fermentation to strictly control the temperature. At the same time, the compost can be sprayed with 2.5% lime clarification solution 5-6 days after sowing and after fruiting to keep the pH of the compost at 8-9. , If the ghost umbrella is found, it should be removed in time.

(6) Mushroom picking

A small amount of young mushrooms can be seen 6-7 days after sowing. Harvesting begins at 8-10 days. When harvesting, hold the compost at the growing place with one hand, rotate the mushroom body left and right with the other hand, and gently pick it off. If it is clustered, apply Cut them one by one with a knife, or pick them all together when most of the clumps are suitable for harvesting. When picking mushrooms, avoid pulling them out, so as not to affect the hyphae and affect the future fruiting. After harvesting, remove impurities from mushroom feet, grade and package according to requirements, and put them in a cold storage at 10-15°C to keep fresh.

The straw mushroom cultivation material mentioned above needs to carry out high-temperature fermentation in advance, and its process is as follows:

(1) First crush the cassava residue, mulberry stalks and sugarcane leaves, add 2-4% of lime and 2-4% of high-temperature bacteria in the total amount of compost, mix well and pour water, the water content is 65-70%, The pH value is 8-9, cover with a film, and ferment for 3-5 days;

(2) Turn over the fermented cultivation material, then sprinkle peanut bran and fish meal into the culture material, mix well, start the pile again, and cover with film to ferment for 2 days. After turning the pile 2-3 times in this way, mix well and heat up To 70-80°C, keep for 15 hours for sterilization, cool down and keep at 30-35°C.

The high-temperature bacteria are composite bacteria of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and cellulolytic bacteria, and the parts by weight are 1:1:1; the cultivation process requires high-temperature acclimation, and high-temperature acclimatization will be purchased from the microbiological center or the market. Lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and cellulolytic bacteria use 20-30% poultry and livestock manure by weight, 20-30% garbage sludge, add 2-6% ferrous sulfate, and the rest are sugarcane leaves, fermented to 50-70% After complete decomposing at ℃, the fermented mud obtained is used as high-temperature bacteria.

The present invention utilizes the principle of composting and the effects of various microorganisms to domesticate lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and cellulolytic bacteria through high temperature, and can mineralize, humify and harmless the organic residues of plants, and make poultry Various complex organic nutrients such as livestock manure and garbage sludge are converted into soluble nutrients and humus. At the same time, ferrous sulfate is used to deodorize. The high temperature generated during accumulation kills germs, insect eggs and Weed seeds to achieve the purpose of harmlessness.

The high temperature period of composting is the main stage for the destruction, fracture and decomposition of organic macromolecules, and it is also an important stage for ensuring the harmlessness of composting. However, due to the influence of temperature, the microbial population in the high temperature period of composting is greatly restricted, which greatly limits the rapid degradation of macromolecular refractory substances. High-temperature bacteria have the characteristics of fast metabolism, high activity, short generation time, high thermal stability of enzymes, and the creation of high-temperature conditions to kill pathogenic bacteria. They have an immeasurable effect on the biotransformation of organic substances in high-temperature environments. Higher microbial metabolic activity and organic matter degradation rate have broad application prospects in the field of solid waste utilization. By inoculating high-temperature degrading bacteria, the number of microorganisms in the high-temperature period of composting can be increased, and the rapid transformation of refractory organic matter can be accelerated, thereby effectively improving composting. efficiency. Previous studies have shown that inoculation of high-temperature degrading bacteria in compost can promote the degradation of organic matter, increase the temperature of compost high temperature period, prolong the high temperature period and accelerate compost maturity.

The cassava slag described in the present invention is the waste of the cassava starch processing factory, which is almost useless. The factory generally piles it in the pool, and the farmers transport it back as part of the raw material for fermented fertilizers. Odor pollutes the environment, but it also contains some sugar, starch, vitamins and rich organic matter. Vitamins, starch and rich organic matter are used as straw mushroom substrates, which is a good comprehensive utilization.

Mulberry stalks are also one of agricultural waste. In silkworm breeding areas, farmers need to cut in summer and autumn every year in order to grow mulberry leaves. The mulberry stalks are usually burned. The comprehensive utilization of mulberry stems can not only turn waste into treasure, but also make full use of the nutrients of mulberry stems to cultivate straw mushrooms. We also know that mulberry leaves and mulberry white in mulberry trees are a kind of good medicinal materials, and mulberry stems must also be beneficial to human health as raw materials for cultivating straw mushrooms.

In the same way, sugarcane leaves are agricultural waste. If farmers don’t use them as fuel, they pile them up in the ground to rot and stink. However, sugarcane leaves also contain some starch, vitamins and rich organic matter. As a substrate for straw mushrooms, they are also a good comprehensive utilization.

The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

The invention uses high-temperature bacteria to ferment cassava residue, mulberry stalks and sugarcane leaves as straw mushroom substrates, increases the number of microorganisms in the high-temperature period of the nutrient substrate, accelerates the rapid conversion of refractory raw material organic matter, promotes the degradation of organic matter, increases the temperature in the high-temperature period, and prolongs the high-temperature period Accelerate the maturity of raw materials, improve the biological efficiency of raw materials, provide rich nutrients for straw mushrooms, improve the quality of products, increase the output of straw mushrooms, increase economic benefits, and quickly reach the growth temperature of straw mushrooms, suitable for annual cultivation. Restricted by season, climate and region, the growth cycle is short.

detailed description

Example 1

Straw mushroom cultivation material stacking system:

A: First crush 200 kg of cassava residue, 150 kg of mulberry stalks and 300 kg of sugarcane leaves, add 20 kg of lime and 20 kg of high-temperature bacteria, mix well and pour water, the water content is 65-70%, and the pH value is 8-9 , cover with film and ferment for 3-5 days;

B: Turn over the fermented cultivation material, then sprinkle 50 kg of peanut bran and 30 kg of fish meal into the culture material, mix well, start the pile again, and cover with film to ferment for 2 days. After turning the pile 2-3 times in this way, mix Evenly, heat up to 70-80°C, keep for 15 hours to sterilize, cool down and keep at 30-35°C.

High-temperature bacteria are composite bacteria composed of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and cellulolytic bacteria. The weight ratio is 1:1:1. The cultivation process requires high-temperature domestication. High-temperature domestication is the lactic acid bacteria purchased from the microbiology center or the market. , Bacillus subtilis and cellulolytic bacteria use 20-30% by weight of poultry and livestock manure, 20-30% of garbage sludge, add 2-6% of ferrous sulfate, and the rest is rice straw, fermented to 50-70 ° C to become decomposed After completion, the fermented mud obtained is used as a high-temperature bacteria.

Straw mushroom cultivation method:

A: Disinfection and feeding of mushroom house: fumigate and disinfect with 40% formaldehyde one day before feeding, use 15g per cubic meter, ventilate after disinfection, feed after the smell of formaldehyde disappears; thickness and dosage of culture material: material thickness 10-15cm, the dosage is 7.5-10kg/m2;

B: Sowing

Sprinkle the bacteria evenly on the surface of the culture material according to the seeding rate of 0.3-0.4kg/m2, and then cover it with a plastic film. The room temperature is maintained at 30°C, and the temperature of the material is kept at 35°C. Uncover all of them, use nozzles to moisturize the bedside and the dry place of the material surface to keep the material surface moist, and the relative humidity of the air is required to reach 90-95%;

C: spray mushroom water

Mushroom water is sprayed on the fifth day after sowing, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 80-85%. After water spraying, proper ventilation is maintained, and the temperature of the mushroom room is kept at 33-35°C;

D: Fruiting period management

One day after spraying water, increase the light appropriately to promote the formation of the primordium of the fruit body of the straw mushroom. During this period, the temperature of the material is controlled at 35-38°C, and the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house is controlled at 80-95%. Ventilate the mushroom house, avoid letting the wind blow directly on the bed surface, maintain a certain amount of scattered light in the mushroom house, the illumination is about 50-10OLUX, and avoid direct sunlight on the mushroom bed; during the mushrooming period, the respiration of the fruiting body is enhanced, and a large amount of carbon dioxide is released , Excessive accumulation will affect the development of fruiting bodies. Especially in high-temperature and high-humidity environments, poor ventilation can easily produce miscellaneous bacteria. Therefore, ventilation should be carried out in time during the fruiting body formation period to maintain sufficient fresh air in the mushroom house. Ventilation should be carried out according to climate change. When the temperature is low, it should be carried out in the morning and afternoon, and when the temperature is high, it should be carried out in the morning and evening.

E: Strictly control the occurrence of ghost umbrellas

During the cultivation of straw mushrooms, the most common competing fungi are Coprinus nigra and Coprinus membranaceus. Coprinus generally appear about 7 days after the straw mushroom is sown. If it is not removed in time, the spores will spread quickly after maturity. The prevention method is to strictly disinfect the compost, especially the post-fermentation to strictly control the temperature. At the same time, the compost can be sprayed with 2.5% lime clarification solution 5-6 days after sowing and after fruiting to keep the pH of the compost at 8-9. , If the ghost umbrella is found, it should be removed in time.

F: Mushroom picking

A small amount of young mushrooms can be seen 6-7 days after sowing. Harvesting begins at 8-10 days. When harvesting, hold the compost at the growing place with one hand, rotate the mushroom body left and right with the other hand, and gently pick it off. If it is clustered, apply Cut them one by one with a knife, or pick them all together when most of the clumps are suitable for harvesting. When picking mushrooms, avoid pulling them out, so as not to affect the hyphae and affect the future fruiting. After harvesting, remove impurities from mushroom feet, grade and package according to requirements, and put them in a cold storage at 10-15°C to keep fresh.

Example 2

Straw mushroom cultivation material stacking system:

A: First crush 400kg of cassava residue, 250kg of mulberry stalks and 500kg of sugarcane leaves, add 20kg of lime and 30kg of high-temperature bacteria, mix well and pour water, the water content is 65-70%, and the pH value is 8-9 , cover with film and ferment for 3-5 days;

B: Turn over the fermented cultivation material, then sprinkle 40 kg of peanut bran and 30 kg of fish meal into the culture material, mix well, start the pile again, and cover with film for fermentation for 2 days. After turning the pile 2-3 times in this way, mix Evenly, heat up to 70-80°C, keep for 15 hours to sterilize, cool down and keep at 30-35°C.

High-temperature bacteria are composite bacteria composed of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and cellulolytic bacteria. The weight ratio is 1:1:1. The cultivation process requires high-temperature domestication. High-temperature domestication is the lactic acid bacteria purchased from the microbiology center or the market. , Bacillus subtilis and cellulolytic bacteria use 20-30% by weight of poultry and livestock manure, 20-30% of garbage sludge, add 2-6% of ferrous sulfate, and the rest is corn stalks, fermented to 50-70°C After the decomposition is complete, the fermented mud obtained is used as a high-temperature bacteria.

Straw mushroom cultivation method is identical with embodiment 1.

Adopt above-mentioned embodiment to cultivate straw mushroom, even if winter temperature is low, still can utilize cassava residue, mulberry stalk and sugarcane leaf to cultivate and obtain high-yield straw mushroom, do not need to use advanced culture medium such as old cotton wool. In the south, even if the temperature drops to about 25 in spring and autumn, there is no need to rely on greenhouse temperature control or artificial temperature control.

So the present invention and waste cotton 60% compost, did not adopt cassava residue, mulberry stalk and sugarcane leaf compost of high temperature bacteria of the present invention to plant straw mushrooms for 10 days to the result of measuring the temperature of the central culture bed: atmospheric temperature 20°C Straw Mushroom Growth cost comparison The temperature of the culture material in the embodiment of the present invention 37°C good Low cost of compost Temperature of compost containing 60% waste cotton 38°C good High cost of compost Temperature of cassava residue, mulberry bar and sugarcane leaf compost without adopting high temperature bacteria of the present invention 31°C slow Low cost of compost

Claims (2)

1. a method utilizing cassava residues, mulberry stalks and sugarcane leaves to produce straw mushrooms is characterized in that the process is as follows: (1) Disinfection and feeding of mushroom houses: fumigate and disinfect with 40% formaldehyde one day before feeding, use 15g per cubic meter, ventilate after disinfection, and feed after the smell of formaldehyde disappears; thickness and dosage of straw mushroom cultivation materials : The thickness of the material is 10-15cm, and the dosage is 7.5-10kg/m ² ; The straw mushroom cultivation material includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-40 cassava residues, 15-25 mulberry stalks, 30-50 sugarcane leaves, 5-8 peanut bran, and 3-5 fish meal; The straw mushroom cultivation material needs to carry out high-temperature fermentation in advance, and its process is as follows: Step 1. First, crush the cassava residue, mulberry stalks and sugarcane leaves, add 2-4% of lime and 2-4% of high-temperature bacteria in the total amount of cultivation material, mix well and pour water, the water content is 65-70%, The pH value is 8-9, cover with a film, and ferment for 3-5 days; Step 2. Turn over the fermented cultivation material, then sprinkle peanut bran and fish meal into the cultivation material, mix well, start the pile again, and cover with film to ferment for 2 days. After turning the pile 2-3 times in this way, mix well and heat up To 70-80°C, keep for 15 hours to sterilize, cool down and keep at 30-35°C; (2) Sowing According to the sowing rate of ^0.3-0.4kg /m2, spread the bacteria evenly on the surface of the straw mushroom cultivation material, and then cover it with plastic film, keep the room temperature at 28-30°C, and the material temperature at 33-36°C; Uncover all the plastic film covering the surface of the material, and use a nozzle to moisturize the bedside and the dry place on the surface of the material to keep the surface of the material moist. The relative humidity of the air is required to reach 90-95%; (3) Spray mushroom water Spray mushroom water on the fifth day after sowing, control the moisture content of the cultivation material at 80-85%, properly ventilate after spraying water, and keep the temperature of the mushroom house at 33-35°C; (4) Fruiting period management After spraying water for one day, increase the light appropriately to promote the formation of the primordium of the fruiting body of the straw mushroom. The room is ventilated, and the wind should not blow directly on the bed surface. The mushroom room should maintain a certain amount of scattered light, with an illumination of 50-100LUX, and avoid direct sunlight on the mushroom bed; (5) Strictly control the occurrence of ghost umbrellas The cultivation material should be sprayed with 2.5% lime clarification solution 5-6 days after sowing and after fruiting to keep the pH of the cultivation material at 8-9, and the umbrella should be removed in time if it is found; (6) Mushroom picking A small amount of young mushrooms can be seen 6-7 days after sowing, and start to harvest after 8-10 days. When harvesting, hold the cultivation material at the growing place with one hand, rotate the mushroom body left and right with the other hand, and pick it off gently. The impurities of the feet are removed, graded and packaged according to the requirements, and put into a cold storage at 10-15°C for preservation. 2. the method for utilizing cassava residue, mulberry stalks and sugarcane leaves to produce straw mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that: said high-temperature bacteria are composite bacteria of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and cellulolytic bacteria, in parts by weight The ratio is 1:1:1; the cultivation process requires high-temperature acclimation, and high-temperature acclimatization is to use lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and cellulolytic bacteria purchased from the microbial center or the market with poultry and livestock manure containing 20-30% by weight. Add 20-30% of the garbage sludge, add 2-6% ferrous sulfate, and the rest are sugarcane leaves. After fermentation to 50-70°C, the obtained fermented sludge is used as a high-temperature bacteria.