CN103747803B - 抗axl抗体及其用途 - Google Patents
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- CN103747803B CN103747803B CN201280039593.1A CN201280039593A CN103747803B CN 103747803 B CN103747803 B CN 103747803B CN 201280039593 A CN201280039593 A CN 201280039593A CN 103747803 B CN103747803 B CN 103747803B
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Classifications
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- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
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Abstract
本发明涉及抗Axl抗体及其在诊断和治疗方法中的用途。更具体来说,本发明涉及对Axl具有特异性的单克隆抗体,其包含在H‑CDR1区中包含SEQ ID NO:2、在H‑CDR2区中包含SEQ ID NO:3并在H‑CDR3区中包含SEQ ID NO:4的重链可变区,以及在L‑CDR1区中包含SEQ ID NO:6、在L‑CDR2区中包含SEQ ID NO:7并在L‑CDR3区中包含SEQ ID NO:8的轻链可变区。所述单克隆抗体通过SEQ ID NO:9和SEQ ID NO:10结合于Axl的细胞外结构域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及抗Axl抗体及其在诊断和治疗方法中的用途。
背景技术
Axl属于受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK)的TAM亚家族,所述亚家族还包括Tyro3和Mer。TAM受体的特征在于细胞外区中的两个免疫球蛋白样结构域和双重纤连蛋白III型重复序列的组合及细胞质激酶结构域。TAM受体的配体是Gas6(生长停滞特异性因子6)和蛋白S,两种维生素K依赖性蛋白,其显示出43%的氨基酸序列同一性并共有相似的结构域结构。每种蛋白具有含11个γ-羧基谷氨酸残基的N-端Gla结构域,随后为4个表皮生长因子(EGF)样模块,以及由两个串联的层粘连蛋白G结构域构成的C-端性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)样结构。SHBG结构域对于TAM受体结合和激活来说是必要且充分的,而Gla结构域结合带负电的膜磷脂并在凋亡细胞的TAM介导的胞吞作用中发挥重要作用。TAM激活和信号传导参与多种细胞应答,包括细胞存活、增殖、迁移和粘附。
Axl或其配体Gas6的调节异常参与各种人类癌症的发病机理。Axl的过表达已在广泛的各种人类癌症(肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、甲状腺癌、血癌、肾细胞癌以及成胶质细胞瘤……)中报道,并与侵入性、转移和不良预后有关。这些发现表明,Axl可能涉及肿瘤发生的多个方面(包括肿瘤生长、侵入和血管发生)的调控,因此代表了用于癌症的治疗性干预,特别是用于抗转移癌疗法的开发和用于其他多种癌症治疗(包括耐药性的治疗)的靶标。
因此,已描述了抗Axl单克隆抗体在癌症治疗中的使用。例如,与抗Axl抗体相关的出版物包括WO2009/063965、WO2009/062690和WO2011/014457。
依赖或不依赖于其配体的Axl的其他功能,例如免疫功能的抑制、血小板凝集的激活和病毒感染诱导者(举例来说,埃博拉和拉沙病毒的摄入被Axl促进),突出了Axl作为治疗靶标用于肿瘤学之外的其他应用的潜力。
发明概述
本发明涉及对Axl具有特异性的单克隆抗体,所述抗体包含在H-CDR1区中含SEQ ID NO:2、在H-CDR2区中含SEQ ID NO:3并在H-CDR3区中含SEQ ID NO:4的重链可变区,以及在L-CDR1区中含SEQ ID NO:6、在L-CDR2区中含SEQ ID NO:7并在L-CDR3区中含SEQ ID NO:8的轻链可变区。所述单克隆抗体通过SEQ IDNO:9和SEQ ID NO:10结合于Axl的细胞外结构域。
发明详述
定义:
术语“Axl”具有其在本技术领域中的通常含义,并且是指人类Axl。Axl也被称为“Ark”、“Tyro-7”、“ufo”或“jtk11”。
术语“抗Axl抗体”是指针对Axl的抗体。
根据本发明,“抗体”或“免疫球蛋白”具有相同的意义,并且在本发明中等同地使用。当在本文中使用时,术语“抗体”是指免疫球蛋白分子和免疫球蛋白分子的免疫活性部分,即含有免疫特异性结合抗原的抗原结合位点的分子。因此,术语抗体不仅涵盖完整抗体分子,而且涵盖抗体片段以及抗体和抗体片段的变体(包括衍生物)。在天然抗体中,两条重链通过二硫键彼此连接,并且每条重链通过二硫键与轻链连接。存在两种类型的轻链,λ(l)和κ(k)。存在5种主要的重链类别(或同种型),其决定抗体分子的功能活性:IgM,IgD,IgG,IgA和IgE。每条链含有独特的序列结构域。轻链包括两个结构域,可变结构域(VL)和恒定结构域(CL)。重链包括4个结构域,可变结构域(VH)和3个恒定结构域(CH1、CH2和CH3,合称为CH)。轻链(VL)和重链(VH)两者的可变区决定对抗原的结合识别和特异性。轻链(CL)和重链(CH)的恒定区结构域提供重要的生物学性质例如抗体链缔合、分泌、跨胎盘移动性、补体结合以及与Fc受体(FcR)的结合。Fv片段是免疫球蛋白的Fab片段的N-端部分,并且由一条轻链和一条重链的可变部分构成。抗体的特异性在于抗体结合位点与抗原决定簇之间的结构互补性。抗体结合位点由主要来自于高变区或互补决定区(CDR)的残基构成。有时,来自于非高变区或框架区(FR)的残基影响总体结构域结构,并因此影响结合位点。互补决定区或CDR是指合在一起限定天然免疫球蛋白结合位点的天然Fv区的结合亲和性和特异性的氨基酸序列。免疫球蛋白的轻链和重链各自具有3个CDR,分别命名为L-CDR1、L-CDR2、L-CDR3和H-CDR1、H-CDR2、H-CDR3。因此,抗原结合位点包括6个CDR,包含来自于各重链和轻链V区域的CDR集。框架区(FR)是指插置在CDR之间的氨基酸序列。
术语“嵌合抗体”是指包含源自于3E3E8抗体的抗体VH结构域和VL结构域以及人抗体的CH结构域和CL结构域的抗体。
根据本发明,术语“人源化抗体”是指具有来自于人抗体的可变区框架区和恒定区,但保留了3E3E8抗体的CDR的抗体。
术语“Fab”是指具有约50,000的分子量和抗原结合活性的抗体片段,其中在用蛋白酶(木瓜蛋白酶)处理IgG而获得的片段中H链N-端侧的约一半与整个L链通过二硫键结合在一起。
术语“F(ab’)2”是指具有约100,000的分子量和抗原结合活性的抗体片段,在用蛋白酶(胃蛋白酶)处理IgG而获得的片段中,其略大于通过铰链区的二硫键结合的Fab。
术语“Fab’”是指具有约50,000的分子量和抗原结合活性的抗体片段,其通过切割F(ab’)2的铰链区的二硫键而获得。
单链Fv(“scFv”)多肽是共价连接的VH::VL异二聚体,其通常从包括通过肽编码连接体相连的VH和VL编码基因的基因融合体来表达。“dsFv”是通过二硫键稳定化的VH::VL异二聚体。二价和多价抗体片段可以通过单价scFv的缔合自发形成,或者可以通过用肽连接物偶联单价scFv来产生,例如二价sc(Fv)2。
术语“双特异抗体”是指具有两个抗原结合位点的小抗体片段,所述片段包含与同一多肽链中的轻链可变结构域(VL)相连的重链可变结构域(VH)(VH-VL)。通过使用过短而不允许同一链上的两个结构域之间配对的连接物,迫使结构域与另一条链的互补结构域配对,并产生两个抗原结合位点。
“纯化的”或“分离的”当指称本发明的抗体或指称核苷酸序列时,意味着所指分子在基本上不存在相同类型的其他生物大分子的情况下存在。当在本文中使用时,术语“纯化的”优选地是指存在至少75重量%、更优选地至少85重量%、更优选地至少95重量%、最优选地至少98重量%的相同类型的生物大分子。编码特定多肽的“分离的”核酸分子是指基本上不含不编码所述多肽的其他核酸分子的核酸分子,但是,所述分子可以包括对组合物的基本特征没有有害影响的一些另外的碱基或部分。
本发明的抗体:
本发明提供了分离的抗Axl抗体或其片段。具体来说,本发明人培育了产生鼠抗Axl抗体(3E3E8)的杂交瘤。本发明人克隆并鉴定了所述mAb3E3E8的轻链和重链的可变结构域,并因此确定了所述抗体的互补决定区(CDR)结构域,如表1中所描述:
因此,本发明涉及对Axl具有特异性的单克隆抗体,其包含重链,在所述重链中可变结构域包含具有选自H-CDR1的SEQ ID NO:2、H-CDR2的SEQ ID NO:3和H-CDR3的SEQ ID NO:4的序列的至少一个CDR。
本发明还涉及对Axl具有特异性的单克隆抗体,其包含轻链,在所述轻链中可变结构域包含具有选自L-CDR1的SEQ ID NO:6、L-CDR2的SEQ ID NO:7和L-CDR3的SEQ ID NO:8的序列的至少一个CDR。
本发明的单克隆抗体可以包含重链,其中可变结构域包含具有选自H-CDR1的SEQ ID NO:2、H-CDR2的SEQ ID NO:3和H-CDR3的SEQ ID NO:4的序列的至少一个CDR,以及轻链,其中可变结构域包含具有选自L-CDR1的SEQ ID NO:6、L-CDR2的SEQ ID NO:7和L-CDR3的SEQ ID NO:8的序列的至少一个CDR。
特别地,本发明提供了一种抗Axl单克隆抗体,所述抗体包含:
-重链可变区,其在H-CDR1区中包含SEQ ID NO:2,在H-CDR2区中包含SEQ ID NO:3,并在H-CDR3区中包含SEQ ID NO:4;以及
-轻链可变区,其在L-CDR1区中包含SEQ ID NO:6,在L-CDR2区中包含SEQ ID NO:7,并在L-CDR3区中包含SEQ ID NO:8。
在特定实施方式中,所述抗体的重链可变区具有如SEQ ID NO:1所示的氨基酸序列,和/或轻链可变区具有如SEQ ID NO:5所示的氨基酸序列。
在另一种实施方式中,本发明的单克隆抗体是嵌合抗体,优选地是嵌合小鼠/人抗体。特别地,所述小鼠/人嵌合抗体可以包含如上定义的3E3E8抗体的可变结构域。
在另一种实施方式中,本发明的单克隆抗体是人源化抗体。特别地,在所述人源化抗体中,可变结构域包含人类受体的框架区和任选的人恒定结构域(在存在的情况下),以及非人类供体的CDR,例如上面定义的小鼠CDR。
本发明还提供了所述抗体的针对Axl的抗Axl片段,其包括但不限于Fv、Fab、F(ab’)2、Fab’、dsFv、scFv、sc(Fv)2和双特异抗体。
本发明还提供了结合于Axl的细胞外部分中的氨基酸序列SEQID NO:9和SEQ ID NO:10的抗Axl抗体或片段。
mAb3E3E8 | 人Axl序列(表位) |
FN3结构域1 | NLHLVSR(SEQ ID NO:9) |
FN3结构域2 | VLMDIGLRQEVTLE(SEQ ID NO:10) |
另一方面,本发明涉及具有选自SEQ ID NO:1、SEQ ID NO:2、SEQ ID NO:3、SEQ ID NO:4、SEQ ID NO:5、SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:7和SEQ ID NO:8的序列的多肽。
产生本发明抗体的方法:
本发明的抗Axl抗体可以通过本领域中已知的任何技术来产生,例如但不限于单独或组合的任何化学、生物学、遗传学或酶学技术。
知道所需序列的氨基酸序列后,本领域技术人员可以通过产生多肽的标准技术容易地产生所述抗体。例如,可以使用公知的固相方法,优选地使用可商购的肽合成装置(例如由Applied Biosystems,Foster City,California制造的)并按照制造商的说明书来合成它们。或者,本发明的抗体可以通过本领域公知的重组DNA技术来合成。例如,可以在将编码抗体的DNA序列并入表达载体中并将这样的载体引入到表达所需抗体的适合的真核或原核宿主中之后,作为DNA表达产物来获得抗体,随后可以使用公知的技术从所述宿主分离抗体。
因此,本发明的另一个目的涉及编码本发明抗体的核酸序列。更具体来说,所述核酸序列编码本发明抗体的重链或轻链。
通常,所述核酸是DNA或RNA分子,其可以包含在任何适合的载体例如质粒、黏粒、附加体、人工染色体、噬菌体或病毒载体中。
术语“载体”、“克隆载体”和“表达载体”是指可以借以将DNA或RNA序列(例如外来基因)引入到宿主细胞中以便转化宿主并促进引入序列的表达(例如转录和翻译)的媒介。
因此,本发明的另一个目的涉及包含本发明核酸的载体。
这样的载体可以包含调控元件例如启动子、增强子、终止子等,以在施用于受试者后引起或指导所述抗体的表达。在用于动物细胞的表达载体中使用的启动子和增强子的实例包括SV40的早期启动子和增强子(Mizukami T.等,1987)、Moloney小鼠白血病病毒的LTR启动子和增强子(Kuwana Y等,1987)、免疫球蛋白H链的启动子(Mason JO等,1985)和增强子(Gillies SD等,1983)等等。
用于动物细胞的任何表达载体都可以使用,只要可以插入并表达编码人类抗体C区域的基因即可。适合的载体的实例包括pAGE107(Miyaji H等,1990)、pAGE103(Mizukami T等,1987)、pHSG274(Brady G等,1984)、pKCR(O’Hare K等,1981)、pSG1beta d2-4-(Miyaji H等,1990)等。
质粒的其他实例包括包含复制起点的复制型质粒或整合型质粒,例如pUC、pcDNA、pBR等。
病毒载体的其他实例包括腺病毒、反转录病毒、疱疹病毒和AAV载体。这样的重组病毒可以通过本领域已知的技术来生产,例如通过转染包装细胞或通过用辅助质粒或病毒瞬时转染。病毒包装细胞的典型实例包括PA317细胞、PsiCRIP细胞、GPenv+细胞、293细胞等。产生这样的复制缺陷型重组病毒的详细方案可以在例如WO95/14785、WO96/22378、US5,882,877、US6,013,516、US4,861,719、US5,278,056和WO94/19478中找到。
本发明的另一个目的涉及用本发明的核酸和/或载体转染、感染或转化的宿主细胞。
术语“转化”是指将“外来”(即外部或细胞外的)基因、DNA或RNA序列引入宿主细胞中,以便宿主细胞表达引入的基因或序列以产生所需物质,通常为引入的基因或序列编码的蛋白质或酶。接受并表达引入的DNA或RNA的宿主细胞被“转化”。
本发明的核酸可用于在适合的表达系统中产生本发明的抗体。术语“表达系统”是指在适合条件下的宿主细胞和相容载体,例如用于由载体携带并引入宿主细胞的外来DNA编码的蛋白的表达的条件。
常用表达系统包括大肠杆菌宿主细胞和质粒载体,昆虫宿主细胞和杆状病毒载体,以及哺乳动物宿主细胞和载体。宿主细胞的其他实例包括但不限于原核细胞(例如细菌)和真核细胞(例如酵母细胞、哺乳动物细胞、昆虫细胞、植物细胞等)。具体实例包括大肠杆菌、克鲁维酵母属或酵母属酵母、哺乳动物细胞系(例如Vero细胞、CHO细胞、3T3细胞、COS细胞等)以及原代或建立的哺乳动物细胞培养物(例如从成淋巴细胞、成纤维细胞、胚胎细胞、上皮细胞、神经细胞、脂肪细胞等产生的)。实例还包括小鼠SP2/0-Ag14细胞(ATCC CRL1581)、小鼠P3X63-Ag8.653细胞(ATCC CRL1580)、二氢叶酸还原酶基因(在后文中称为“DHFR基因”)缺陷的CHO细胞(Urlaub G等,1980)、大鼠YB2/3HL.P2.G11.16Ag.20细胞(ATCCCRL1662,在后文中称为“YB2/0细胞”)等。
本发明还涉及产生表达本发明抗体的重组宿主细胞的方法,所述方法包括下列步骤:(i)在体外或离体将上述重组核酸或载体引入到感受态宿主细胞中,(ii)在体外或离体培养获得的重组宿主细胞,以及(iii)任选地,选择表达和/或分泌所述抗体的细胞。这样的重组宿主细胞可用于生产本发明的抗体。
在另一种特定实施方式中,该方法包括下列步骤:
(i)在适合于允许3E3E8抗体表达的条件下培养杂交瘤3E3E8,以及
(ii)回收表达的抗体。
通过常规免疫球蛋白纯化程序,例如蛋白A-琼脂糖凝胶、羟基磷灰石层析、凝胶电泳、透析或亲和层析,适当地从培养基分离本发明的抗体。
在特定实施方式中,本发明的人嵌合抗体可以如下产生:获得如前所述编码VL和VH结构域的核酸序列,通过将它们插入到具有编码人抗体CH和人抗体CL的基因的用于动物细胞的表达载体中来构建人嵌合抗体表达载体,并通过将所述表达载体引入到动物细胞中来表达所述编码序列。
对于人嵌合抗体的CH结构域,它可以是属于人免疫球蛋白的任何区域,但是IgG类的区域是适合的,并且也可以使用属于IgG类的任一亚类,例如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4。此外,对于人嵌合抗体的CL,它可以是属于Ig的任何区域,并且可以使用κ类或λ类的区域。
用于生产嵌合抗体的方法包括本领域中公知的常规重组DNA和基因转染技术(参见Morrison SL.等,(1984)和专利文献US5,202,238和US5,204,244)。
本发明的人源化抗体可以如下产生:获得如前所述的编码CDR结构域的核酸序列,通过将它们插入到具有编码(i)与人抗体相同的重链恒定区和(ii)与人抗体相同的轻链恒定区的基因的用于动物细胞的表达载体中构建人源化抗体表达载体,并通过将所述表达载体引入到动物细胞中来表达所述基因。
人源化抗体表达载体可以是其中抗体重链编码基因和抗体轻链编码基因存在于单独的载体上的类型,或者是两个基因存在于同一载体上的类型(串联类型)。就构建人源化抗体表达载体的简易性、引入动物细胞的简易性以及抗体H和L链在动物细胞中的表达水平之间的平衡而言,串联类型的人源化抗体表达载体是优选的(ShitaraK等,1994)。串联类型的人源化抗体表达载体的实例包括pKANTEX93(WO97/10354)、pEE18等。
基于常规的重组DNA和基因转染技术产生人源化抗体的方法在本领域中是公知的(参见例如Riechmann L.等,1988;Neuberger MS.等,1985)。抗体可以使用本领域中已知的各种技术进行人源化,所述技术包括例如CDR-嫁接(EP239,400;PCT公布号WO91/09967;美国专利号5,225,539、5,530,101和5,585,089)、镶饰或表面重修(EP592,106;EP519,596;Padlan EA(1991);Studnicka GM等,(1994);Roguska MA.等,(1994))和链改组(美国专利号5,565,332)。用于制备这样的抗体的通用重组DNA技术也是已知的(参见欧洲专利申请EP125023和国际专利申请WO96/02576)。
本发明的Fab可以通过用蛋白酶(木瓜蛋白酶)处理与Axl特异性反应的抗体来获得。此外,也可以通过将编码抗体的Fab的DNA插入到用于原核表达系统或用于真核表达系统的载体中,并将载体引入到原核生物或真核生物中(视情况而定)以表达Fab来产生Fab。
本发明的F(ab’)2可以通过用蛋白酶(胃蛋白酶)处理与Axl特异性反应的抗体来获得。此外,也可以通过将如下所述的Fab’经由硫酯键或二硫键连接来产生F(ab’)2。
本发明的Fab’可以通过用还原剂二硫苏糖醇处理与Axl特异性反应的F(ab’)2来获得。此外,也可以通过将编码抗体的Fab’片段的DNA插入到用于原核生物的表达载体或用于真核生物的表达载体中,并将载体引入到原核生物或真核生物中(视情况而定)以进行其表达来产生Fab’。
本发明的scFv可以如下生产:获得编码如前所述的VH和VL结构域的cDNA,构建编码scFv的DNA,将所述DNA插入到用于原核生物的表达载体或用于真核生物的表达载体中,并随后将所述表达载体引入到原核生物或真核生物中(视情况而定)以表达scFv。为了产生人源化的scFv片段,可以使用公知的被称为CDR嫁接的技术,所述技术包括从供体scFv片段选择互补决定区(CDR),并将它们嫁接到三维结构已知的人类scFv片段框架上(参见例如W098/45322、WO87/02671、US5,859,205、US5,585,089、US4,816,567、EP0173494)。
考虑了本文描述的抗体的氨基酸序列修饰。例如,可能希望改进抗体的结合亲和性和/或其他生物学性质。已知当仅仅通过简单地将源自于非人类动物抗体的VH和VL中的CDR嫁接到人抗体的VH和VL的FR中来产生人源化抗体时,与源自于非人类动物的原始抗体相比,抗原结合活性降低。考虑到非人抗体的VH和VL的几个氨基酸残基(不仅在CDR中而且在FR中)与抗原结合活性直接或间接相关。因此,用源自于人抗体的VH和VL的FR的不同氨基酸残基替代这些氨基酸残基将降低结合活性。为了解决这一问题,在使用人CDR嫁接的抗体中,必须尝试在人抗体的VH和VL的FR的氨基酸序列中鉴定与结合到抗体直接相关、或者与CDR的氨基酸残基相互作用、或者维持抗体的三维结构并且与抗原结合直接相关的氨基酸残基。通过用源自于非人类动物的原始抗体的氨基酸残基替换所鉴定的氨基酸可以提高所述降低的抗原结合活性。
修饰和改变可以在本发明抗体的结构中以及在编码它们的DNA序列中进行,并且仍获得编码具有所需特性的抗体的功能分子。
在氨基酸序列中进行改变时,可以考虑氨基酸的亲疏水性指数。氨基酸亲水指数(hydropathic index)在赋予蛋白质相互作用性生物功能中的重要性在本领域中是广泛理解的。公认的是氨基酸的相对亲水特征对得到的蛋白质的二级结构有影响,其进而决定了所述蛋白质与其他分子例如酶、底物、受体、DNA、抗体、抗原等的相互作用。在其疏水性和电荷特征的基础上为每种氨基酸指定了亲水指数,它们是:异亮氨酸(+4.5);缬氨酸(+4.2);亮氨酸(+3.8);苯丙氨酸(+2.8);半胱氨酸/胱氨酸(+2.5);甲硫氨酸(+1.9);丙氨酸(+1.8);甘氨酸(-0.4);苏氨酸(-0.7);丝氨酸(-0.8);色氨酸(-0.9);酪氨酸(-1.3);脯氨酸(-1.6);组氨酸(-3.2);谷氨酸(-3.5);谷氨酰胺(-3.5);天冬氨酸(-3.5);天冬酰胺(-3.5);赖氨酸(-3.9);和精氨酸(-4.5)。
本发明的另一个目的还涵盖本发明的抗体的功能保守性变体。
“功能保守性变体”是蛋白质或酶中的给定氨基酸残基已被改变而不改变所述多肽的总体构象和功能的变体,包括但不限于将氨基酸用具有相似性质(例如极性、氢键形成潜力、酸性、碱性、疏水性、芳香性等)的氨基酸置换。在蛋白质中除了被指明为保守的那些之外的氨基酸可以不同,以使得功能相似的任何两个蛋白质之间的蛋白质或氨基酸序列相似性百分数可以变化,并且当通过例如根据其中相似性基于MEG ALIGN算法的Cluster方法按照比对方案进行测定时,可以为例如70%至99%。“功能保守性变体”还包括当通过BLAST或FASTA算法确定时具有至少60%、优选地至少75%、更优选地至少85%、更优选地至少90%、甚至更优选地至少95%的氨基酸同一性,并且具有与进行比较的原始或母体蛋白质相同或基本上相似的性质或功能的多肽。
当在较短序列的整个长度上超过80%、优选地超过85%、优选地超过90%的氨基酸相同,或者超过约90%、优选地超过95%的氨基酸相似(功能上相同)时,两个氨基酸序列是“基本上同源的”或“基本上相似的”。优选地,使用例如GCG(Genetics ComputerGroup,GCG软件包程序手册,第7版,Madison,Wisconsin)堆积程序或任何序列比较算法例如BLAST、FASTA等,通过比对来鉴定相似或同源的序列。
例如,蛋白质结构中的某些氨基酸可以被其他氨基酸置换而没有可察觉的活性损失。由于蛋白质的相互作用能力和特性限定蛋白质的生物学功能活性,因此可以在蛋白质序列中以及当然在其DNA编码序列中做出某些氨基酸置换而同时仍获得具有类似性质的蛋白质。因此,设想了可以在本发明的抗体序列或编码所述抗体的相应DNA序列中做出各种改变而没有其生物活性的可察觉的损失。
在本领域中已知,某些氨基酸可以被具有相似亲水指数或分值的其他氨基酸置换并仍产生具有相似生物活性的蛋白质,即仍然获得生物学功能等同的蛋白质。
因此,正如上面概括的,氨基酸替换一般基于氨基酸侧链取代基的相对相似性,例如它们的疏水性、亲水性、电荷、尺寸等。将各种上述特性考虑在内的示例性置换对于本领域技术人员来说是公知的,并且包括:精氨酸和赖氨酸;谷氨酸和天冬氨酸;丝氨酸和苏氨酸;谷氨酰胺和天冬酰胺;以及缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸。
因此,本发明还提供了一种包含重链的抗体,其中可变结构域包含:
-与如SEQ ID NO:2所示的序列具有至少90%或95%同一性的H-CDR1,
-与如SEQ ID NO:3所示的序列具有至少90%或95%同一性的H-CDR2,
-与如SEQ ID NO:4所示的序列具有至少90%或95%同一性的H-CDR3,
-与如SEQ ID NO:6所示的序列具有至少90%或95%同一性的L-CDR1,
-与如SEQ ID NO:7所示的序列具有至少90%或95%同一性的L-CDR2,
-与如SEQ ID NO:8所示的序列具有至少90%或95%同一性的L-CDR3,并且
-所述抗体特异性结合于Axl,其亲和性与下述抗体基本上相同,所述抗体包含其中可变结构域包含H-CDR1的SEQ ID NO:2、H-CDR2的SEQ ID NO:3和H-CDR3的SEQ ID NO:4的重链,以及其中可变结构域包含L-CDR1的SEQ ID NO:6、L-CDR2的SEQ IDNO:7和L-CDR3的SEQ ID NO:8的轻链,并且更优选地其亲和性与鼠抗Axl抗体3E3E8基本上相同。
因此,本发明还提供了结合于Axl的细胞外部分的FN3结构域1和FN3结构域2(Axl的表位氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:9和SEQ ID:10)的抗体。
可以通过本领域已知的任何方法来测定所述抗体的特异性结合。许多不同的竞争性结合分析形式可用于表位框并(epitopebinning)。可以使用的免疫测定法包括但不限于使用例如western印迹的技术的竞争性测定系统、放射免疫测定法、ELISA、“夹心”免疫测定法、免疫沉淀测定法、沉淀素测定法、凝胶扩散沉淀素测定法、免疫放射测量分析、荧光免疫测定法、蛋白A免疫测定法和补体固定测定法。这样的测定法在本领域中是常规且公知的(参见例如Ausubel等主编,1994,《分子生物学现代方法》(Current Protocolsin Molecular Biology),Vol.1,John Wiley&sons,Inc.,New York)。例如,BIACORE(GE Healthcare,Piscaataway,NJ)是常规用于单克隆抗体的表位框并组的多种表面等离子体共振测定法形式之一。另外,可以进行常规的交叉阻断测定法,例如在《抗体实验指南》(Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Ed Harlow and David Lane,1988)中所描述的。
本发明的工程化抗体包括对VH和/或VL内的框架残基进行修饰以例如改进抗体性质的抗体。做出这样的框架修饰通常是为了降低抗体的免疫原性。例如,一种方法是将一个或多个框架残基“回复突变”成相应的种系序列。更具体来说,已经历体细胞突变的抗体可能含有与抗体所源自的种系序列不同的框架残基。这样的残基可以通过将抗体框架序列与抗体所源自的种系序列进行比较来鉴定。为了使框架区序列返回到它们的种系构造,可以通过例如定点诱变或PCR介导的诱变将体细胞突变“回复突变”成种系序列。这样的“回复突变的”抗体也打算被本发明所涵盖。另一种类型的框架修饰包括对框架区内或甚至一个或多个CDR区内的一个或多个残基进行突变以除去T细胞表位,从而降低抗体的潜在免疫原性。这种方法也被称为“脱免疫(deimmunization)”,并且更详细描述在Carr等的美国专利公布号20030153043中。
除了在框架或CDR区内进行的修饰之外或替代这种修饰,可以对本发明的抗体进行工程化改造以在Fc区中包括修饰,通常用于改变抗体的一种或多种功能性能,例如血清半衰期、补体固定、Fc受体结合和/或抗原依赖性细胞性细胞毒性。此外,可以对本发明的抗体进行化学修饰(例如可以将一个或多个化学部分连接于抗体)或进行修饰以改变其糖基化,同样地用于改变抗体的一种或多种功能性质。这些实施方式中的每一种在下面进一步详细描述。Fc区中残基的编号方式是Kabat的EU索引的编号方式。
在一种实施方式中,对CH1的铰链区进行修饰以改变、例如增加或减少铰链区中半胱氨酸残基的数目。这种方法进一步描述在Bodmer等的美国专利号5,677,425中。改变CH1的铰链区中的半胱氨酸残基数量是为了例如便于轻链和重链的组装或提高或降低抗体的稳定性。
在另一种实施方式中,对抗体的Fc铰链区进行突变以降低抗体的生物半衰期。更具体来说,将一个或多个氨基酸突变引入到Fc-铰链片段的CH2-CH3结构域界面区中,以使得抗体相对于原始Fc-铰链结构域的葡萄球菌蛋白A(SpA)结合来说具有减弱的SpA结合。这种方法进一步详细描述在Ward等的美国专利号6,165,745中。
在另一种实施方式中,对抗体进行修饰以增加其生物半衰期。各种不同方法是可能的。例如,如Ward的美国专利号6,277,375中所述,可以引入一个或多个下列突变:T252L,T254S,T256F。或者,为了增加生物半衰期,可以在CH1或CL区中对抗体进行改变以包含从IgG的Fc区的CH2结构域的两个环获取的挽救受体结合表位,如Presta等的美国专利号5,869,046和6,121,022中所述。
在再其他的实施方式中,通过将至少一个氨基酸残基用不同的氨基酸残基替换对Fc区进行改变,以改变抗体的效应子功能。例如,可以将一个或多个氨基酸用不同氨基酸残基替换,以使得抗体对效应配体具有改变的亲和性,但仍保留亲本抗体的抗原结合能力。亲和性被改变的效应配体可以是例如Fc受体或补体的C1组分。这种方法进一步详细描述在Winter等的美国专利号5,624,821和5,648,260中。
在另一种实施方式中,选自氨基酸残基的一个或多个氨基酸可以被不同的氨基酸残基替换,以使得抗体具有改变的C1q结合和/或降低或消除的补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)。这种方法进一步详细描述在Idusogie等的美国专利号6,194,551中。
在另一种实施方式中,改变一个或多个氨基酸残基从而改变抗体固定补体的能力。这种方法进一步描述在Bodmer等的PCT公布WO94/29351中。
在再另一种实施方式中,通过修饰一个或多个氨基酸对Fc区进行修饰以提高抗体介导抗体依赖性细胞性细胞毒性(ADCC)的能力和/或提高抗体对Fc受体的亲和性。这种方法进一步描述在Presta的PCT公布WO00/42072中。此外,人IgG1上对于FcγRI、FcγRII、FcγRIII和FcRn的结合位点已被作图,并且具有提高的结合的变体已被描述(参见Shields,R.L.等,2001J.Biol.Chem.276:6591-6604,WO2010106180)。
在再另一种实施方式中,改变抗体的糖基化。例如,可以制备脱糖基化抗体(即抗体缺少糖基化)。可以改变糖基化以例如提高抗体对抗原的亲和性。这样的糖修饰可以通过例如改变抗体序列内的一个或多个糖基化位点来实现。例如,可以进行一个或多个氨基酸置换,其导致一个或多个可变区框架糖基化位点的消除,从而取消该位点处的糖基化。这样的脱糖基化可以提高抗体对抗原的亲和性。这样的方法进一步详细描述在Co等的美国专利号5,714,350和6,350,861中。
另外地或可选地,可以制备具有改变的糖基化类型的抗体,例如具有减少量或没有岩藻糖基残基的低岩藻糖基化或非岩藻糖基化抗体,或具有增加的对分GlcNac结构的抗体。已证实,这样改变的糖基化模式提高抗体的ADCC能力。这样的糖修饰可以通过例如在具有改变的糖基化机制的宿主细胞中表达所述抗体来实现。具有改变的糖基化机制的细胞在本领域中已有描述,并且可以用作在其中表达本发明的重组抗体的宿主细胞,从而产生具有改变的糖基化的抗体。例如,Hang等的EP1,176,195描述了具有功能破坏的编码岩藻糖基转移酶FUT8基因的细胞系,使得在这样的细胞系中表达的抗体表现出低岩藻糖基化或不含岩藻糖基残基。因此,在一种实施方式中,可以通过在表现出低岩藻糖基化或非岩藻糖基化模式的细胞系(例如编码岩藻糖基转移酶的FUT8基因表达缺陷的哺乳动物细胞系)中重组表达来产生本发明的抗体。Presta的PCT公布WO03/035835描述了一种变体CHO细胞系Lecl3细胞,其具有降低的将岩藻糖连接于Asn(297)连接糖的能力,也导致在该宿主细胞中表达的抗体的低岩藻糖基化(也参见Shields,R.L.等,2002J.Biol.Chem.277:26733-26740)。Umana等的PCT公布WO99/54342描述了经工程化以表达糖蛋白修饰的糖基化转移酶(例如β(1,4)-N乙酰葡萄糖胺基转移酶III(GnTIII))的细胞系,使得在所述工程化细胞系中表达的抗体表现出增加的对分GlcNac结果,其导致抗体的ADCC活性提高(也参见Umana等,1999Nat.Biotech.17:176-180)。Eureka Therapeutics进一步描述了遗传工程改造的CHO哺乳动物细胞,其能够生产具有不含岩藻糖基残基的改变的哺乳动物糖基化模式的抗体(http://www.eurekainc.com/ a&boutus/companyoverview.html)。或者,可以在被工程化以具有哺乳动物样糖基化模式并且能够产生作为糖基化模式缺少岩藻糖的抗体的酵母或丝状真菌中产生本发明的抗体(参见例如EP1297172B1)。
本发明设想的本文中抗体的另一种修饰是聚乙二醇化。可以将抗体聚乙二醇化以例如提高抗体的生物(例如血清)半衰期。为了将抗体聚乙二醇化,通常将抗体或其片段与聚乙二醇(PEG)、例如PEG的反应性酯或醛衍生物,在使一个或多个PEG基团变为连连于抗体或抗体片段的条件下进行反应。聚乙二醇化可以使用反应性PEG分子(或类似的反应性水溶性聚合物),通过酰化反应或烷基化反应来进行。当在本文中使用时,术语“聚乙二醇”打算涵盖已被用于衍生化其他蛋白质的任何PEG形式,例如单(C1-C10)烷氧基-或芳氧基-聚乙二醇或聚乙二醇-马来酰亚胺。在某些实施方式中,待聚乙二醇化的抗体是脱糖基化抗体。蛋白质聚乙二醇化的方法在本领域中是已知的,并且可以适用于本发明的抗体。参见例如Nishimura等的EP0154316和Ishikawa等的EP0401384。
本发明设想的抗体的另一种修饰是本发明的抗体的至少抗原结合区与血清蛋白质例如人血清白蛋白或其片段的偶联或蛋白质融合以提高得到的分子的半衰期。这样的方法描述在例如Ballance等,EP0322094中。
另一种可能性是本发明的抗体的至少抗原结合区与能够结合血清蛋白质例如人血清白蛋白的蛋白质的融合体,以提高得到的分子的半衰期。这样的方法描述在例如Nygren等的EP0486525中。
免疫偶联物:
本发明的抗体可以与可检测标记物偶联以形成抗Axl的免疫偶联物。适合的可检测标记物包括例如放射性同位素、荧光标记物、化学发光标记物、酶标记物、生物发光标记物或胶体金。制造和检测这样的可检测地标记的免疫偶联物的方法对于本领域的普通技术人员来说是公知的,并且在下面更详细地描述。
可检测标记物可以是通过放射自显影检测的放射性同位素。出于本发明的目的,特别有用的同位素是3H、125I、131I、35S和14C。
抗Axl免疫偶联物也可以用荧光化合物标记。通过将免疫偶联物暴露于适当波长的光并检测得到的荧光来确定荧光标记的抗体的存在。荧光标记化合物包括荧光素异硫氰酸酯、罗丹明、藻红蛋白、藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白、邻苯二甲醛和荧光胺。
或者,可以通过将抗体与化学发光化合物偶联而对抗Axl免疫偶联物进行可检测地标记。通过检测在化学反应期间产生的化学发光的存在来确定带有化学发光标签的免疫偶联物的存在。化学发光标记化合物的实例包括发光氨、异发光氨、芳香族吖啶酯、咪唑、吖啶盐(acridinium salt)和草酸酯。
类似地,可以使用生物发光化合物来标记本发明的抗Axl免疫偶联物。生物发光是在生物系统中发现的化学发光类型,在所述系统中催化蛋白提高化学发光反应的效率。通过检测发光的存在来确定生物发光蛋白的存在。可用于标记的生物发光化合物包括萤光素、萤光素酶和水母发光蛋白。
或者,可以通过将抗Axl单克隆抗体与酶连接来可检测地标记抗Axl免疫偶联物。当将抗Axl抗体-酶偶联物在适当底物存在下温育时,酶部分与底物反应以产生可以通过例如分光光度、荧光测量或目测手段检测的化学部分。可用于可检测地标记多特异性免疫偶联物的酶的实例包括β-半乳糖苷酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、过氧化物酶和碱性磷酸酶。
本领域技术人员知道可按照本发明使用的其他适合标记物。标志物部分与抗Axl单克隆抗体的结合可以使用本领域已知的标准技术来实现。就此而言,典型的方法描述在下列文献中:Kennedy等,Clin.Chim.Acta70:1,1976;Schurs等,Clin.Chim.Acta81:1,1977;Shih等,Int’l J.Cancer46:1101,1990;Stein等,Cancer Res.50:1330,1990;和Coligan,同上。
此外,免疫化学检测的方便性和通用性可以通过使用与亲和素、链霉亲合素和生物素偶联的抗Axl单克隆抗体来提高(参见例如Wilchek等主编,“亲和素-生物素技术”(Avidin-BiotinTechnology),Methods In Enzymology(Vol.184)(Academic Press1990);Bayer等,“亲和素-生物素技术的免疫化学应用”(Immunochemical Applications of Avidin-Biotin Technology),Methods In Molecular Biology(Vol.10)149-162(Manson主编,TheHumana Press,Inc.1992))。
执行免疫测定的方法是已确立的(参见例如Cook和Self,“诊断免疫测定法中的单克隆抗体”(Monoclonal Antibodies inDiagnostic Immunoassays),在《单克隆抗体:生产、工程化改造和临床应用》(Monoclonal Antibodies:Production,Engineering,andClinical Application)中,180-208(Ritter和Ladyman主编,CambridgeUniversity Press1995);Perry,“单克隆抗体在免疫测定技术发展中的作用”(The Role of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Advancementof Immunoassay Technology),在《单克隆抗体:原理和应用》(Monoclonal Antibodies:Principles and Applications)中,107-120(Birch和Lennox主编,Wiley-Liss,Inc.1995);Diamandis,《免疫测定法》(Immunoassay)(Academic Press,Inc.1996))。
另一方面,本发明提供了抗Axl单克隆抗体-药物偶联物。当在本文中使用时,“抗Axl单克隆抗体-药物偶联物”是指与治疗剂偶联的本发明的抗Axl单克隆抗体。这样的抗Axl单克隆抗体-药物偶联物在施用于受试者例如患有表达Axl的癌症的受试者时,通常是在单独施用时,但也在与其他治疗剂组合施用时,对表达Axl的细胞产生临床有益的效果。
在典型的实施方式中,将抗Axl单克隆抗体与细胞毒性剂偶联,以便所得到的抗体-药物偶联物在被表达Axl的细胞(例如表达Axl的癌细胞)摄取或内化时对该细胞发挥细胞毒性或细胞抑制性效应。用于与抗体偶联的特别适合的部分是化疗剂、前药转化酶、放射活性同位素或化合物或者毒素。例如,可以将抗Axl单克隆抗体与细胞毒性剂偶联,例如化疗剂或毒素(例如细胞抑制剂或杀细胞剂,例如相思豆毒素、蓖麻毒素A、假单胞菌外毒素或白喉毒素)。
有用的细胞毒性剂种类包括例如抗微管蛋白剂、奥瑞斯他汀类(auristatins)、DNA小沟结合剂、DNA复制抑制剂、烷化剂(例如铂复合物如顺铂、单铂、双铂及三核铂复合物和卡铂)、蒽环类、抗生素、抗叶酸剂、抗代谢物、化疗敏化剂、倍癌霉素(duocarmycins)、依托泊苷类、氟代嘧啶类、离子载体、lexitropsins、亚硝基脲类、顺铂类、预形成化合物、嘌呤抗代谢物、嘌呤霉素类、辐射敏化剂、甾类、紫杉烷类、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、长春花生物碱类或类似的种类。
个体细胞毒性剂包括例如雄激素、安曲霉素(AMC)、天冬酰胺酶、5-氮杂胞苷、硫唑嘌呤、博来霉素、白消安、丁硫氨酸亚砜胺、喜树碱、卡铂、卡莫司汀(BSNU)、CC-1065(Li等,Cancer Res.42:999-1004,1982)、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、秋水仙碱、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷、细胞松弛素B、氮烯唑胺、更生霉素(前称为放线菌素)、道诺霉素、氨烯咪胺、多烯紫杉醇、阿霉素、雌激素、5-氟脱氧尿苷、磷酸依托泊苷(VP-16)、5-氟尿嘧啶、短杆菌肽D、羟基脲、伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、伊立替康、洛莫司汀(CCNU)、二氯甲基二乙胺、美法仑、6-巯基嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、光神霉素、丝裂霉素C、米托蒽醌、硝基咪唑、紫杉醇、普卡霉素、丙卡巴肼、链脲霉素、替尼泊苷(VM-26)、6-硫鸟嘌呤、噻替派(thioTEPA)、托泊替康、长春碱、长春新碱和长春瑞滨。
特别适合的细胞毒性剂包括例如多拉司他汀类(例如奥瑞斯他汀E、AFP、MMAF、MMAE)、DNA小沟结合剂(例如烯二炔类和lexitropsins)、倍癌霉素类、紫杉烷类(例如紫杉醇和多烯紫杉醇)、嘌呤霉素类、长春花生物碱类、CC-1065、SN-38(7-乙基-10-羟基-喜树碱)、托泊替康、吗啉并阿霉素、根霉素、氰基吗啉并阿霉素、棘霉素、考布他汀、纺锤菌素、埃博霉素A和B、雌氮芥、隐藻素类(cryptophysins)、西马多丁、美登木素类、圆皮海绵内酯(discodermolide)、五加苷素(eleutherobin)和米托蒽醌。
在某些实施方式中,细胞毒性剂是常规化疗药剂,例如阿霉素、紫杉醇、美法仑、长春花生物碱、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素C或依托泊苷。此外,可以将强力药剂例如CC-1065类似物、卡奇霉素、美登木素、多拉司他汀10的类似物、根霉素和海葵毒素连接到抗Axl表达抗体上。
在特定变化形式中,细胞毒性或细胞抑制剂是奥瑞斯他汀E(在本领域中也称为多拉司他汀-10)或其衍生物。奥瑞斯他汀E衍生物通常是例如奥瑞斯他汀E与酮酸之间形成的酯。例如,可以将奥瑞斯他汀E与对乙酰基苯甲酸或苯甲酰基戊酸反应以分别产生AEB和AEVB。其他典型的奥瑞斯他汀衍生物包括AFP(二甲基缬氨酸-缬氨酸-多拉异亮氨酸-多拉脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸-对苯二胺)、MMAF(朵缬氨酸(dovaline)-缬氨酸-多拉异亮氨酸-多拉脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸)和MAE(单甲基奥瑞斯他汀E)。奥瑞斯他汀E及其衍生物的合成和结构描述在美国专利申请公布号20030083263、国际专利公布号WO2002/088172和WO2004/010957以及美国专利号6,884,869、6,323,315、6,239,104、6,034,065、5,780,588、5,665,860、5,663,149、5,635,483、5,599,902、5,554,725、5,530,097、5,521,284、5,504,191、5,410,024、5,138,036、5,076,973、4,986,988、4,978,744、4,879,278、4,816,444和4,486,414中。
在其他变化形式中,细胞毒性剂是DNA小沟结合剂(参见例如美国专利号6,130,237)。例如,在某些实施方式中,小沟结合剂是CBI化合物。在其他实施方式中,小沟结合剂是烯二炔类(例如卡奇霉素)。
在某些实施方式中,抗体-药物偶联物包含抗微管蛋白剂。抗微管蛋白剂的实例包括例如紫杉烷类(例如Taxol(紫杉醇)、Taxotere(多烯紫杉醇))、T67(Tularik)、长春花生物碱(例如长春新碱、长春碱、长春地辛和长春瑞滨)和多拉司他汀类(例如奥瑞斯他汀E、AFP、MMAF、MMAE、AEB、AEVB)。其他抗微管蛋白剂包括例如浆果赤霉素衍生物、紫杉烷类似物(例如埃博霉素A和B)、诺考达唑、秋水仙素和秋水仙胺、雌氮芥、隐藻素类、西马多丁、美登木素类、康普立停类、圆皮海绵内酯和五加苷素。在某些实施方式中,细胞毒性剂是美登木素类,另一组抗微管蛋白剂。例如,在特定实施方式中,美登木素类是美登木素或DM-1(ImmunoGen,Inc.;也参见Chari等,Cancer Res.52:127-131,1992)。
在其他实施方式中,细胞毒性剂是抗代谢物。抗代谢物可以是例如嘌呤拮抗剂(例如硫唑嘌呤或麦考酚酸吗乙酯)、二氢叶酸还原酶抑制剂(例如甲氨蝶呤)、阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、齐多夫定、阿糖胞苷、雷巴威林、叠氮胸苷、胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷、金刚烷胺、双脱氧尿苷、碘代脱氧尿苷、膦甲酸(poscarnet)或曲氟胸苷。
在其他实施方式中,将抗Axl单克隆抗体与前药转化酶偶联。前药转化酶可以使用已知方法与抗体重组融合或与抗体化学偶联。示例性的前药转化酶是羧肽酶G2、β-葡萄糖醛酸酶、青霉素-V-酰胺酶、青霉素-G-酰胺酶、β-内酰胺酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、硝基还原酶和羧肽酶A。
用于将治疗剂与蛋白质、特别是抗体偶联的方法是公知的(参见例如Arnon等,“在癌症治疗中用于药物免疫定向的单克隆抗体”(Monoclonal Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of Drugs In CancerTherapy),在《单克隆抗体和癌症治疗》(Monoclonal Antibodies AndCancer Therapy)中,(Reisfeld等主编,Alan R.Liss,Inc.,1985);Hellstrom等,“用于药物递送的抗体”(Antibodies For DrugDelivery),在《受控药物递送》(Controlled Drug Delivery)中,(Robinson等主编,Marcel Deiker,Inc.,第二版,1987);Thorpe,“癌症治疗中细胞毒性剂的抗体载体:综述)(Antibody Carriers OfCytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy:A Review),在《单克隆抗体’84:生物和临床应用》(Monoclonal Antibodies’84:Biological AndClinical Applications)中,(Pinchera等主编,1985);“放射性标记的抗体在癌症治疗中的治疗性应用的分析、结果和未来前景”(Analysis,Results,and Future Prospective of the Therapeutic Use ofRadiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy),在《用于癌症检测和治疗的单克隆抗体》(Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection AndTherapy)中,(Baldwin等主编,Academic Press,1985);以及Thorpe等,1982,Immunol.Rev.62:119-58。也参见例如PCT公布WO89/12624)。
诊断用途:
本发明的另一个目的涉及本发明的抗Axl抗体用于诊断和/或监测其中Axl水平改变(提高或降低)的癌症疾病和其他疾病。
在优选实施方式中,可以如上所述的将本发明的抗体用可检测分子或物质例如荧光分子、放射活性分子或本领域中已知的任何其他标记物标记。例如,可以通过本领域已知的任何方法将本发明的抗体用放射活性分子标记。例如,放射活性分子包括但不限于用于闪烁法研究的放射活性原子,例如I123、I124、In111、Re186、Re188。本发明的抗体还可以用核磁共振(NMR)成像(也称为磁共振成像,mri)的自旋标记物例如碘-123、碘-131、铟-111、氟-19、碳-13、氮-15、氧-17、钆、锰或铁来标记。在抗体施用后,检测抗体在患者体内的分布。检测任何特定标记物的分布的方法对于本领域技术人员来说是已知的,并且可以使用任何适合的方法。一些非限制性的实例包括计算机断层扫描(CT)、正发射断层扫描(PET)、磁共振成像(MRI)、荧光、化学发光和超声波描记术。
本发明的抗体可用于与Axl过表达相关的癌症疾病的诊断和分期(例如在放射成像中)。与Axl过表达相关的癌症疾病通常包括但不限于鳞状细胞癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、神经胶质细胞肿瘤例如成胶质细胞瘤和神经纤维瘤、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、膀胱癌、肝细胞瘤、乳腺癌、结肠癌、黑素瘤、结肠直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、唾液腺癌、肾癌、肾的癌、前列腺癌、外阴癌、甲状腺癌、肝的癌、肉瘤、血液癌(白血病)、星形细胞瘤和各种类型的头颈癌或其他表达或过表达Axl的过度增生殖性疾病。
本发明的抗体可用于诊断癌症之外的Axl表达提高或降低(可溶性或细胞内Axl形式)的疾病。
所述诊断方法通常包括使用从患者获得的生物样品。当在本文中使用时,术语“生物样品”涵盖从受试者获得的各种样品类型,并且可用于诊断或监测分析中。生物样品包括但不限于血液和生物来源的其他液体样品、固体组织样品例如活检样本或组织培养物或源自于它的细胞及其后代。例如,生物样品包括从怀疑患有与Axl过表达相关的癌症疾病的个体收集的组织样品获得的细胞,并且在优选实施方式中从神经胶质瘤、胃、肺、胰腺、乳腺、前列腺、肾、肝和子宫内膜获得的细胞。因此,生物样品涵盖临床样品、培养物中的细胞、细胞上清液、细胞裂解液、血清、血浆、生物流体和组织样品。
在特定实施方式中,本发明包括通过使用本发明的抗体检测来自于受试者的细胞上的Axl,诊断受试者中与Axl过表达相关的癌症疾病的方法。特别地,所述诊断方法可以包括下列步骤:
(a)将可能患有与Axl过表达相关的癌症疾病的受试者的生物样品在足以使抗体与生物样品的表达Axl的细胞形成复合物的条件下与本发明的抗体相接触;
(b)检测和/或定量所述复合物,从而所述复合物的检测指示与Axl过表达相关的癌症疾病。
为了监测癌症疾病,可以以不同的时间间隔重复本发明的诊断方法,以便确定结合于样品的抗体是增加还是减少,由此确定癌症疾病是发展还是减退。
在特定实施方式中,本发明涉及与Axl的表达或过表达或者Axl的可溶性形式的减少或增加相关的疾病的诊断方法,例如,人类免疫障碍、血栓性疾病(血栓形成和动脉粥样硬化性血栓形成)和心血管疾病也可以通过本发明的抗Axl抗体来诊断。
治疗性用途:
本发明的抗体片段或免疫偶联物可用于治疗与Axl表达偏好性的癌症相关的任何疾病。本发明的抗体可以单独地或与任何适合药剂组合使用。
1)本发明的抗Axl抗体可用作与Axl和/或Gas6的表达、过表达或激活相关的过度增殖性疾病的治疗。对肿瘤组织没有特别限制,且其实例包括鳞状细胞癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、神经胶质细胞肿瘤例如成胶质细胞瘤和神经纤维瘤、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、膀胱癌、肝细胞瘤、乳腺癌、结肠癌、黑素瘤、结肠直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、唾液腺癌、肾癌、肾的癌、前列腺癌、外阴癌、甲状腺癌、肝的癌、肉瘤、血液癌(白血病)、星形细胞瘤和各种类型的头颈癌。更优选的癌症是神经胶质瘤、胃癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肾癌、肝癌和子宫内膜癌。
2)本发明的抗Axl抗体是先天性免疫应答的潜在激活剂,并且可用于治疗人类免疫障碍例如脓毒症,可以作为佐剂用于免疫如用于疫苗,并且可以用作抗感染剂(对抗细菌、病毒、寄生虫)。
3)本发明的抗Axl抗体可以防护或治疗血栓性疾病例如静脉和动脉血栓形成和动脉粥样硬化性血栓形成。
4)本发明的抗Axl抗体可以保护、预防或治疗心血管疾病。
5)本发明的抗Axl抗体可以防止或抑制病毒例如拉沙病毒和埃博拉病毒的进入,并且可用于治疗病毒感染。
在本文中描述的治疗方法的每种实施方式中,抗Axl单克隆抗体或抗Axl单克隆抗体-药物偶联物以与治疗所寻求的疾病或障碍的控制相关的常规方法相一致的方式来递送。根据本公开,将有效量的抗体或抗体-药物偶联物在足以预防或治疗疾病或障碍的时间和条件下施用于需要这种治疗的受试者。
因此,本发明的目的涉及与Axl的表达相关的疾病的治疗方法,所述方法包括向需要的受试者施用治疗有效量的本发明的抗体、片段或免疫偶联物。
在本发明的上下文中,术语“治疗”或“疗法”当在本文中使用时,意味着逆转、缓解所述术语所应用的障碍或病症或者这样的障碍或病症的一种或多种症状、抑制其发展或预防。
根据本发明,术语“患者”或“需要的患者”意图指患有或可能患有与Axl的过表达相关的疾病的人。
本发明的抗体的“治疗有效量”意味着足以以适用于任何医学治疗的合理利益/风险比治疗所述癌症的抗体的量。然而,应该理解,本发明的抗体和组合物的每日总用量将由主治医师在合理的医疗判断的范围内决定。任何特定患者的具体治疗有效剂量水平取决于多种因素,包括待治疗的障碍和障碍的严重性,所使用的具体抗体的活性,所使用的具体组合物,患者的年龄、体重、总体健康、性别和饮食,施用的时间、施用途径和所使用的具体抗体的排泄速率,治疗的持续时间,与所使用的具体抗体组合或同时使用的药物,以及医学技术领域中公知的类似因素。例如,在本领域技术中公知的是,化合物的剂量以低于实现所希望的疗效所需的水平开始,并逐渐增加剂量直至实现所希望的疗效。
在某些实施方式中,将抗Axl单克隆抗体或抗体-药物偶联物与用于治疗疾病或障碍的第二药剂组合使用。当用于治疗癌症时,本发明的抗Axl单克隆抗体或抗体-药物偶联物可以与常规的癌症疗法组合使用,所述常规疗法例如手术、放疗、化疗或其组合。在某些情况下,可用于与本发明的抗Axl抗体或抗体-药物偶联物的组合癌症治疗中的其他治疗剂包括抗血管生成药剂。在某些情况下,本发明的抗体或抗体-药物偶联物与细胞因子(例如刺激针对肿瘤的免疫应答的细胞因子)共同施用。
在某些实施方式中,本文所描述的抗Axl单克隆抗体或抗体-药物偶联物与酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)组合使用。
在某些实施方式中,本文所描述的抗Axl单克隆抗体或抗体-药物偶联物与另一种治疗性单克隆抗体(mAb)组合使用。曲妥珠单抗(赫塞汀,Roche)、贝伐珠单抗(阿瓦斯汀,Roche)和西妥昔单抗(Erbitux,Merck)是已批准的三种这样的mAb。其他mAb包括但不限于:英夫利昔单抗(Remicade,Johnson&Johnson),利妥昔单抗(Rituxan,Roche),阿达木单抗(Humira,Abbott)和那他珠单抗(Tysabri,Biogen)。
药物组合物:
为了施用,将抗Axl单克隆抗体或抗体-药物偶联物配制成药物组合物。包含抗Axl单克隆抗体或抗体-药物偶联物的药物组合物可以按照制备可药用组合物的已知方法来配制,由此将治疗性分子与可药用载体合并在混合物中。如果组合物的施用可以被受体患者耐受,它被称为是“可药用载体”。无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水是可药用载体的一个实例。其他适合的载体对于本领域技术人员来说是公知的(参见例如Gennaro主编的《Remington制药学》(Remington’sPharmaceutical Sciences)(Mack Publishing Company,第19版,1995))。制剂还可以包括一种或多种赋形剂、防腐剂、增溶剂、缓冲剂、防止病毒表面上的蛋白损失的白蛋白等。
当然,药物组合物的形式、施用途径、剂量和方案取决于待治疗的病症、疾病的严重性、患者的年龄、体重和性别等。
本发明的药物组合物可以被配制成用于局部、经口、肠胃外、鼻内、静脉内、肌肉内、皮下或眼内施用等。
优选地,药物组合物含有对于能够注射的制剂的可药用介质。它们尤其可以是等渗的、无菌的盐水溶液(磷酸二氢钠或磷酸氢二钠、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙、氯化镁等或这样的盐的混合物),或者是干燥的、特别是冷冻干燥的组合物,其在根据情况添加无菌水或生理盐水后,允许构成可注射溶液。
用于施用的剂量可以随着各种参数而变化,尤其是随着所使用的施用方式、相关病理或所需的治疗持续时间而变化。
为了制备药物组合物,可以将有效量的抗体溶解或分散在可药用载体或水性介质中。
适合于注射使用的药物形式包括无菌水性溶液或分散液,包括芝麻油、花生油或水性丙二醇的制剂,以及用于临时制备无菌注射溶液或分散液的无菌粉剂。在所有情况下,所述形式必须是无菌的并且必须为达到存在容易的可注射性能的程度的流体。它必须在制造和储存条件下稳定,并且必须被防护以对抗微生物例如细菌和真菌的污染作用。
作为游离碱或可药用盐的活性化合物的溶液可以在与表面活性剂例如羟丙基纤维素适当地混合的水中制备。分散液也可以制备在甘油、液体聚乙二醇及其混合物中,以及制备在油中。在通常的储存和使用条件下,这些制备物含有防腐剂以防止微生物的生长。
本发明的抗体可以以中性或盐形式配制成组合物。可药用盐包括酸加成盐(与蛋白质的游离氨基形成),并且与无机酸例如盐酸或磷酸或者有机酸例如乙酸、草酸、酒石酸、扁桃酸等形成。与游离羧基形成的盐也可以衍生于无机碱例如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化铵、氢氧化钙或氢氧化铁以及如异丙胺、三甲胺、组氨酸、普鲁卡因等的有机碱。
载体也可以是溶剂或分散介质,其含有例如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇和液体聚乙二醇等)、其适合的混合物和植物油。可以例如通过使用包衣例如卵磷脂,在分散体的情况下通过维持所需颗粒尺寸以及通过使用表面活性剂,来维持适当的流动性。微生物作用的预防可以通过各种抗细菌和抗真菌剂例如对羟基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸、硫柳汞等来实现。在许多情况下,包含等渗剂例如糖类或氯化钠将是优选的。可注射组合物的延长吸收可以通过在组合物中使用延迟吸收的试剂例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶来实现。
通过将活性化合物以所需量并入到按照需要具有上面列举的各种其他成分的适合溶剂中,然后过滤除菌来制备无菌注射溶液。一般来说,通过将各种除菌活性成分并入到含有基本分散介质和选自上面列举的所需其他成分的无菌介质中来制备分散体。在用于制备无菌注射溶液的无菌粉剂的情况下,优选的制备方法是真空干燥和冷冻干燥技术,其从事先无菌过滤的溶液产生活性成分加上任何其他所需成分的粉末。
还考虑到了制备更加或高度浓缩的用于直接注射的溶液,其中设想使用DMSO作为溶剂以产生极快的穿透,从而将高浓度活性药剂递送到小的肿瘤区域。
在配制后,将溶液以与剂量制剂相容的方式和以治疗有效的量施用。制剂以各种剂型例如上面描述的可注射溶液的类型容易地施用,但是也可以使用药物释放胶囊等。
对于例如在水性溶液中肠胃外施用来说,如果需要,溶液应该被适当缓冲,并首先用足够的盐水或葡萄糖为液体稀释剂提供等渗性。这些特殊的水性溶液尤其适合于静脉内、肌肉内、皮下和腹膜内施用。就此而言,可以使用的无菌水性介质根据本公开对于所属领域的技术人员来说是已知的。例如,可以将一个剂量溶解在1ml等渗NaCl溶液中,然后添加到1000ml皮下输注流体或注射到建议输注位点(参见例如《Remington制药学》(Remington’s PharmaceuticalSciences)第15版,1035-1038和1570-1580页)。取决于待治疗受试者的状况,必需对剂量进行一些改变。在任何情况下,负责施用的人决定单个受试者的适合剂量。
本发明的抗体可以配制在治疗性混合物中以在每剂中包含约0.0001至1.0毫克,或约0.001至0.1毫克,或约0.1至1.0或甚至约10毫克左右。也可以施用多个剂量。
除了为肠胃外施用例如静脉内或肌肉内注射配制的化合物之外,其他可药用形式包括例如用于口服施用的片剂或其他固体、时间释放胶囊以及目前使用的任何其他形式。
在某些实施方式中,考虑到了使用脂质体和/或纳米颗粒将抗体引入宿主细胞中。脂质体和/或纳米颗粒的形成和使用对于本领域技术人员来说是已知的。
纳米胶囊(nanocapsule)通常可以以稳定且可重复的方式捕集化合物。为了避免由细胞内聚合物过载造成的副作用,通常使用能够在体内降解的聚合物来设计这样的超细颗粒(尺寸在0.1μm左右)。设想了将满足这些要求的可生物降解的聚烷基-氰基丙烯酸酯纳米颗粒用于本发明,这样的颗粒可以容易地制造。
脂质体从分散在水性介质中并自发形成多片层同心双层囊泡(也被称为多层囊泡(MLV))的磷脂形成。MLV一般具有25nm至4μm的直径。MLV的超声处理导致形成小的单层囊泡(SUV),其直径在200至500的范围内,在核心中含有水性溶液。脂质体的物理性质取决于pH、离子强度和二价阳离子的存在。
试剂盒:
最后,本发明还提供了包含至少一种本发明的抗体的试剂盒。含有本发明抗体的试剂盒可用于检测Axl表达(提高或降低),或用于治疗性或诊断性分析。本发明的试剂盒可以含有与固相支持物例如组织培养板或珠(例如琼脂糖凝胶珠)偶联的抗体。可以提供含有用于在体外(例如在ELISA或Western印迹中)进行Axl检测和定量的抗体的试剂盒。这样的可用于检测的抗体可以具有标记例如荧光或放射性标记。
本发明将通过下面的附图和实施例进一步说明。然而,这些实施例和附图不应被解释为以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
图例说明
图1:研究针对hAxl的小鼠单克隆抗体的亲和性和特异性的ELISA实验。将用人Axl-Fc(h-Axl)、小鼠Axl-Fc(m-Axl)或人Mer-Fc(h-Mer)、Tyro-3-Fc(h-Tyro-3)涂覆的板与抗Axl抗体(mAb1、mAb2、mAb3、mAb4或3E3-E8)一起温育。在清洗后,加入HRP偶联的抗小鼠IgG抗体。3E3-E8不与h-Tyro-3或h-Mer或m-Axl交叉反应。
图2:A549中细胞表面Axl的流式细胞分析。将A549用单克隆抗Axl抗体(mAb1、mAb2、mAb3、mAb4或3E3-E8)和荧光素偶联的抗小鼠IgG染色。用3E3-E8染色导致一个数量级的偏移,并证实了在这些细胞表面上的Axl过表达。
图3:使用BIAcore在存在或不存在Gas6的情况下3E3-E8的亲和性测量。(A)无Gas6,结合速率(ka)和解离速率(kd)使用简单的一对一Langmuir结合模型来计算。作为ka/kd的比率得到平衡解离常数(KD)。3E3-E8以高亲和性结合人Axl,其KD为约1.6nM,(B)3E3-E8不阻断配体Gas6与Axl的结合。
图4:研究3E3-E8mAb对Axl受体磷酸化的影响的ELISA实验。将BXPC3、Capan-1、PANC1和MIAPaCa-2胰腺癌细胞进行血清饥饿,与小鼠抗Axl抗体预温育,并用Gas6配体处理。将细胞裂解液转移至PathScanPhospho-Axl(PanTyr)夹心ELISA板(RDSystems,Minneapolis,MN)。与其他抗体相比,3E3-E8能够在四种细胞系中阻断或显著降低Gas6介导的Axl活化,如由Gas6刺激的细胞中AxL磷酸化水平的降低所指示的。
图5:研究小鼠抗Axl抗体对细胞迁移和增殖的影响的伤口愈合/刮擦分析。在生长至汇合后,将A549细胞饥饿并用移液器尖头创伤。3E3E8小鼠抗Axl抗体与mAb1相比更显著地减少被清除区域的再增殖,即使将细胞用Gas6进行处理。
图6:研究抗Axl3E3-E8的抗增殖效能的细胞存活性分析。将Capan-1、PANC1和MIAPaCa-2胰腺癌细胞在培养基中生长,并在所标明浓度的mAb1或3E3-E8下处理5天。通过MTS测量细胞存活力。与mAb1相比,3E3-E8更多地抑制所有测试细胞系的生长,并且抑制百分率是浓度依赖性的。
图7:单克隆抗Axl3E3-E8抗体诱导Axl受体的快速下调并抑制Akt途径。将Panc1-细胞与100μg/ml mAb3E3-E8温育不同时间。将细胞裂解,并使用总蛋白通过western印迹进行检测。如图7A中所示,mAb3E3-E8在Panc1细胞中快速下调Axl受体的表达。在与mAb3E3-E8温育1小时后,将细胞与Gas6温育30分钟,并通过western印迹来分析Axl受体在酪氨酸702上的磷酸化(Axl激活)和Akt在丝氨酸473上的磷酸化(Akt激活)的存在。如图7B中所示,mAb3E3-E8温育导致Gas6诱导的Axl和Akt蛋白磷酸化的降低。
图8:在裸鼠中研究小鼠抗Axl抗体对人类三阴性乳腺癌和人类胰腺癌的效应的异种移植模型。将MDA-MB-231(三阴性乳腺癌细胞)或MIAPaca-2、BXPC3(胰腺癌细胞)植入到无胸腺裸鼠的右胁内。动物每次注射接受300μg小鼠抗Axl抗体。在处理期间,每周一次使用卡尺监测肿瘤生长。与mAb1相比,3E3-E8更多地降低裸鼠中胰腺肿瘤和三阴性肿瘤的总体生长(A、B、C),并且在胰腺BXPC3异种移植小鼠中,与媒介或吉西他滨相比显著提高总体存活率(D)。在接受两次注射的移出MIAPaca-2异种移植肿瘤上,也观察到mAb3E3-E8引起的Axl受体的显著表达降低(E)。
图9:hAxl-hFc的序列和抗Axl mAb3E3-E8的表位定位/序列。
使用胰蛋白酶或GluC蛋白酶和MALDI质谱分析,通过限制性蛋白水解分析鉴定抗Axl抗体3E3-E8的表位。该图示出了在这一实验中使用的抗原(hAxl-hFc)的组成,其由与人IgG1的Fc部分和组氨酸标签融合的Axl的细胞外结构域的33至440位氨基酸构成。在序列上标出了Axl蛋白的各个免疫球蛋白样结构域和纤连蛋白3结构域。mAb3E3-E8结合定位在第一和第二纤连蛋白结构域(序列在蛋白质序列中加框并在表中详细描述)中的两个肽(构象表位)。
图10:人Axl的胞外结构域模型以及抗Axl小鼠单克隆抗体3E3-E8的表位和Gas6结合结构域的定位示意图。图10A显示了带有标出的所有4个结构域的人Axl的整个细胞外结构域的模型的卡通型示意图。在图10B中,将来自于Gas6的305至315位氨基酸的片段作为浅灰色β-折叠片添加,示出了Axl的免疫球蛋白样结构域1中的Gas6结合结构域。最后,图10C将III型纤连蛋白结构域1和2内的3E3-E8表位显示为灰色表面。首先证实了表位的两个部分定位于各结构域的外部表面上。其次,图10C还说明,Gas6和表位的相互作用位点在人Axl胞外结构域上的位置彼此远离。
实施例
实施例1:小鼠抗AXL单克隆抗体的产生
针对Axl的单克隆抗体通过Balb/c小鼠的顺序免疫来产生。将Balb/c小鼠用与人Fc结构域融合的人Axl细胞外结构域(hAxlECD)(hAxl-hFc蛋白;R&D system)超免疫。在第0、14和28天,在弗氏完全佐剂(第一次注射)或弗氏不完全佐剂(第二和第三次注射)存在下,用10μg可溶性hAxl-hFc对Balb/c小鼠进行皮下注射。使用以前描述的方案(Salhi等,Biochem.J.2004),将来自于小鼠的脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞(PX63.Ag8.653;ATCC,Rockville,MD)融合。将细胞在含有HAT培养基的板中培养(每个孔105个细胞)用于杂交瘤选择。在12天后,收获上清液,并通过直接酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)筛选Axl结合特异性(hAxl-hFc或单独的hFc)。将在通过有限稀释进行的第二轮亚克隆后显示出最高免疫结合的8个阳性克隆进行扩增用于mAb的大规模体外生产。条件化的上清液通过蛋白G亲和层析进行纯化。
实施例2:小鼠抗AXL单克隆抗体不与小鼠AXL或人TAM受体家族的其他成员交叉反应
实施例2.1:如通过ELISA确定的小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体不与小鼠Axl或人TAM受体家族的其他成员交叉反应
简单来说,将hAxl-hFc涂覆的板用含1%牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的PBS和0.1%Tween20(PBST)饱和。
对于交叉反应分析来说,将涂覆的板与人Axl-Fc(h-Axl)、小鼠Axl-Fc(m-Axl)或人Mer-Fc(h-Mer)、Tyro-3-Fc(h-Tyro-3)在37℃下温育1小时,并在PBST中清洗4次。将板与抗Axl mAb一起温育(37℃下2小时),并在PBST中清洗4次。将板与在PBST,1%BSA中以1:2000稀释的HRP偶联抗小鼠IgG(Sigma)温育(37℃下1小时)。最后,在室温下黑暗中加入邻苯二胺溶液(Sigma)30min,并在450nm处测量吸光度。
证明了所选的10种抗hAxlECD mAb针对h-Axl的剂量特异性方式的特异性(图1)。
实施例2.2:如通过FACS确定的小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体特异性结合表达Axl的细胞
使用标准技术,通过FACS确定本发明的小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体特异性识别表达Axl的细胞的能力。简单来说,收获A549细胞(ATCC编号:CCL-185),用本发明的纯化小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体在4℃下染色1小时,在PBS-BSA0.1%中清洗3次,然后用荧光素偶联的抗小鼠IgG(1:50)(Sigma)在4℃下在黑暗处染色45min。将样品在EPICS流式细胞仪(Beckman-Coulter,Fullerton,CA)上分析。如图2中所示,本发明的小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体特异性结合表达Axl的A549细胞。
实施例2.3:通过BIACore评估的小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体的亲和性测量
为了测定抗Axl抗体的结合亲和性,使用BIAcore-3000仪器(BIACORE AB,Uppsala,Sweden)进行表面等离子体共振测量。实验在位于实验室的蛋白质组成像和分子相互作用平台(platform ofProteomic Imaging and Molecular Interactions)(M.Pugniere)的设施处进行。为了测量抗Axl抗体与hAxl-hFc之间的亲和性,将小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体用涂覆有hAxl-hFc(使用胺偶联试剂盒(BIAcoreAB))的CM5生物传感器芯片捕获。为了进行动力学测量,将10mMHEPES,150mM NaCl,pH7.4,0.005%表面活性剂P20缓冲液中各种浓度的抗Axl mAb(从2至133nM)在25℃下以50μl/min的流速注射。使用简单的一对一Langmuir结合模型(BIAcore评估软件3.2版)来计算结合速率(ka)和解离速率(kd)。平衡解离常数(KD)被计算为ka/kd比率。正如标明的(图3A),3E3-E8显示出1.6x10-9M的KD。
实施例3:小鼠抗AXL单克隆抗体不阻断GAS6的结合
对于竞争研究,将饱和浓度的Gas6(625nM)注射到用hAxl-hFc涂覆(使用胺偶联试剂盒(BIAcore AB))的CM5生物传感器芯片上。不移除Gas6的情况下,注射小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体(666nM)。通过首先注射小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体(666nM),其次注射Gas6(625nM)进行相同的实验。结果显示,3E3-E8不与Gas6配体竞争hAxlECD(图3B)。
实施例4:本发明的小鼠抗AXL单克隆抗体在体外抑制配体诱导的AXL磷酸化
为了研究本发明的小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体是否能够阻断配体Gas6诱导的Axl磷酸化,进行了ELISA实验。简单来说,将BXPC3(ATCC编号:CRL-1687)、Capan-1(ATCC编号:HTB-79)、PANC1(ATCC编号:CRL-1469)和MIAPaCa-2(ATCC编号:CRL-1420)细胞接种在平底6孔板中的正常生长培养基中。第二天,将生长培养基用无血清培养基替换以使细胞饥饿过夜24小时。将细胞与100μg/mL本发明的纯化小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体预温育,然后用或不用250ng/mL Gas6处理,与Gas6在37℃下温育30min。随后除去培养基,将细胞在50μl补充有磷酸酶和蛋白酶抑制剂(Roche Diagnostics,Meylan,France)的裂解缓冲液(20mM Tris pH7.5,150mM NaCl,1.5mM MgCl2,1mM EDTA,1%Triton X-100(v/v),10%甘油(v/v),100mM氟化钠,0.1mM苯甲磺酰氟,1mM原钒酸钠(Sigma))中裂解30min。通过离心除去细胞碎片,并通过Bradford比色反应测定蛋白质浓度。按照制造商的描述使用PathScanPhospho-Axl(PanTyr)夹心ELISA试剂盒(RD Systems,Minneapolis,MN)来检测phospho-Axl水平,在比色测定法中测量450nm处的吸光度。
如图4中所示,在所有胰腺癌细胞系中,mAb3E3-E8强烈抑制Gas6配体诱导的Axl磷酸化。其他mAb在所有胰腺癌细胞系中不抑制或轻微抑制Gas6配体诱导的Axl磷酸化。
实施例5:本发明的小鼠单克隆抗体抗AXL抑制细胞迁移
进行伤口愈合分析来观察人造伤口边缘上的细胞朝向创伤区域迁移的愈合过程。将A549细胞在24孔板中培养至汇合或接近汇合(>90%)。在孔的中央处使用无菌移液器尖头产生创伤区。迁移性细胞能够延伸突出,最终侵入并封闭创伤区。将细胞用PBS非常轻柔地漂洗,并在含有或不含100μg/mL Gas6的情况下与本发明的纯化小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体(100μg/mL)一起温育。在处理24小时后,使用显微镜成像测定细胞迁移速率。如图5中所示,mAb3E3-E8强烈抑制细胞迁移,因为与mAb1或Gas6处理的细胞相反,愈合区域仍然可见。
实施例6:本发明的小鼠单克隆抗体抗AXL抑制细胞增殖
将MIAPaca-2、Capan-1和PANC1胰腺癌细胞以4000个细胞/孔的密度接种在96孔板中,并用小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体(25、50或100μg/mL)处理5天。使用MTS测定法(3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-5-(3-羧基甲氧基苯基)-2-(4-磺苯基)-2H-四氮唑)进行细胞增殖分析。MTS被细胞还原成在组织培养基中可溶的甲臜产物。使用分光光度计测量甲臜在490nm处的吸光度。如图6中所示,mAb3E3-E8强烈抑制胰腺细胞的增殖,而使用其他Axl特异性抗体(mAb1)观察到轻微抑制。
实施例7:本发明的小鼠抗人AXL单克隆抗体下调AXL表达并抑制AKT途径
为了解读mAb3E3-E8对细胞迁移和Axl磷酸化的抑制中涉及的机制,分析了它对Axl受体和下游信号传导途径的直接影响(已报道Gas6配体对Axl受体的活化诱导几种关键的信号传导级联,尤其是AKT途径)。Axl受体的下调以及Axl受体和Akt的磷酸化在用3E3-E8mAb处理的胰腺癌细胞系(Panc-1细胞)中通过western印迹来分析。
将胰腺癌细胞系Panc-1细胞接种于6孔板中(每孔1x106个细胞),并与100μg/ml3E3-E8在37℃下温育。将在不同时间点收获的细胞系使用含有2mM苯甲基磺酰氟、100mM氟化钠、10mM原钒酸钠和1片完全蛋白酶抑制剂混合物(Sigma,St Louis,MO)的缓冲液(150mM NaCl,10mM TRIS pH7.4,1mM EDTA,1%TRITONX100)裂解。在还原条件下在8%或10%SDS-PAGE上解析后,将蛋白质转移到聚偏二氟乙烯膜(Millipore,Bedford,MA)上,然后将所述膜在含有0.1%Tween20和5%脱脂奶粉的PBS中饱和。将膜与抗人AXL抗体(R&D systems)、来自于Cell Signaling Technology的抗磷酸(Y702)Axl或抗磷酸(S473)Akt的适当稀释液在4℃下温育过夜。使用针对GAPDH的抗体(Millipore)对免疫印迹进行归一化。然后将膜与适宜的辣根过氧化物酶偶联的第二抗体(Bio-Rad)温育并处理用于ECL检测(Amersham)和使用G:BOX iChemi(Syngene)进行的分析。
当细胞用mAb3E3-E8处理时,在90分钟后Axl表达快速下降,并且在24小时后几乎不可检测(图7A)。当细胞用Gas6刺激时,观察到phospho-Axl和phospho-Akt的量的诱导。两种信号都被mAb3E3-E8的预处理显著地抑制(图7B)。
实施例8:本发明的小鼠抗人AXL单克隆抗体与AXL受体的下调相关地在体内降低人三阴性乳腺癌和胰腺癌生长
所有体内实验遵从法国实验动物研究指南(French guidelines forexperimental animal studies)(协议号C34-172-27)来进行。6周龄雌性无胸腺裸鼠购自Harlan。将三阴性乳腺癌细胞(5x106;MDA-MB-231;ATCC编号:HTB-26)或胰腺癌细胞(3.5x106,BXPC3;5x106,MIAPaCa-2)植入到无胸腺裸鼠的右胁中。当肿瘤达到近似100mm3的体积时,将带瘤小鼠随机分配到不同处理组中。通过用媒介(0.9%NaCl)或300μg/注射(每周两次,连续4周)的单独本发明小鼠抗Axl单克隆抗体或吉西他滨(GEMZAR)进行腹膜内注射来处理小鼠。每周使用卡尺来测量肿瘤体积。BXPC3的结果也通过改良的Kaplan-Meier存活曲线来表示,使用肿瘤达到2,000mm3的预定体积所花费的时间。延迟中位数(median delay)被定义为50%的小鼠具有达到2,000mm3体积的肿瘤的时间。抗hAxl mAb3E3-E8降低MDA-MB-231和胰腺异种移植物的肿瘤生长(图8A、B、C),但mAb1不降低。改良的Kaplan-Meier曲线证明当小鼠用3E3E8抗体处理时,与NaCl处理的小鼠相比,达到50%存活率的时间延迟15天(图8D)。
在另一系列实验中,将用mAb3E3-E8或无关的鼠IgG1同种型mAb(Px)处理的MIAPaca-2异种移植物在两次mAb处理注射后取出,并用于Axl受体(抗Axl mAb,R&D systems)或GAPDH对照蛋白(抗GAPDH抗体,Millipore)的western印迹检测。mAb3E3-E8处理诱导肿瘤中Axl表达的显著降低(图8E)。
实施例9:小鼠抗人AXL单克隆抗体的表位是由两个肽构成的构象表位,一个肽位于人AXL的纤连蛋白3结构域1中,另一个肽位于纤连蛋白3结构域2中
为了确定表位结构,对固定化的抗原-抗体复合物进行有限蛋白水解分析。为了对3E3-E8表位作图,将hAxl-hFc在生理条件下亲和结合于固定化的3E3-E8单克隆抗体。然后进行一系列蛋白水解酶促切割(丝氨酸蛋白酶胰蛋白酶和内切蛋白酶GluC)以除去未被3E3-E8保护的hAxl-Fc残基。在洗脱后,如与固定的抗体亲和结合的肽的MALDI-MS分析所测确定的,根据分子量鉴定到被保护的残基,即3E3-E8表位。
按照供应商的程序在室温下,将3E3-E8单克隆抗体(250μg)与ProMag Magnetics Microsphere PMC3N(Bangs Laboratories)偶联1小时。将50μg3E3-E8微珠复合物与50μg抗原hAxl-hFc(R&Dsystem)一起温育,并允许在4℃下结合90分钟。通过用缓冲液洗涤三次来除去游离抗原。将3E3-E8与hAxl-hFc的免疫复合物用0.35μg胰蛋白酶或GluC在37℃下消化2h15。通过离心(2000g,4℃,3min)分离上清液并舍弃。将与3E3-E8和hAxl-hFc保护的残基结合的微珠用缓冲液清洗三次。使用0.1%TFA(三氟乙酸)在室温下处理40min使得解离。通过MALDI质谱术(ABSCIEX MALDI4800,带有355nm的Laser Nd/YAG,200Hz,20kV作为张力源(source oftension),提取时间为250ns),使用总共1500次激光发射来获得谱图。用于样品的基质是5mg/mL的α-氰基-4-羟基肉桂酸(CHCA)。抗原hAxl-hFc(R&D system)的序列组成和鉴定的3E3-E8的表位序列示出在图9中。小鼠单克隆3E3-E8抗体结合于由2个肽构成的构象3D表位,一个肽位于III型纤连蛋结构域1中(序列:“NLHLVSR”),和一个肽位于III型纤连蛋白结构域2中(序列:“VLMDIGLRQEVTLE”)。
实施例10:小鼠抗人AXL单克隆抗体的表位暴露于可达的溶剂表面区域并且在结构上远离GAS6的相互作用位点定位
分两步构建人Axl蛋白的细胞外结构域模型。首先,从可以在蛋白质数据库(Protein Data Bank)中以代码2C5D获得的晶体学结构提取出免疫球蛋白样结构域(结构域1和2)。该结构代表了Axl/Gas6复合物,其中Axl胞外结构域的两个免疫球蛋白样结构域通过Gas6的第一层粘连蛋白G样结构域交联。不幸的是,Axl的两个III型纤连蛋白(FN3)结构域尚未被结晶,因此需要进行建模。使用来自于人肌联蛋白(titin)A链(PDB id:3LPW)的FN3串联A77-A78的3D结构作为模板,通过同源性建模来建立模型。在比对后,两种蛋白质的序列共有22.8%的同一性。最后,将免疫球蛋白样结构域和III型纤连蛋白结构域在224位亮氨酸与225位脯氨酸之间连接在一起,从而改变双面角以便最小化两个结构域的侧链之间的空间位阻。
然后在人Axl的整个胞外结构域的这个模型上鉴定小鼠抗Axl抗体3E3-E8的表位以及Gas6结合结构域。这一模型证明了Axl上被3E3-E8识别的两个表面定位的抗原性位点的具体定位(图10)。该模型还证明,由2个肽(第一个在Axl的FN3结构域1中,第二个在FN3结构域2中)构成的3E3-E8表位定位远离配体结合位点(位于IgG样结构域1中的Gas6结合位点),这与进行的竞争研究(实施例3;图3B)相符。
参考文献:
在整个本申请中,各个参考文献描述了本发明所属技术领域的状态。这些参考文献的公开内容通过引用并入本公开中。
Claims (18)
1.一种对Axl具有特异性的单克隆抗体,其包含其中H-CDR1由SEQ ID NO:2组成、H-CDR2由SEQ ID NO:3组成并且H-CDR3由SEQ ID NO:4组成的重链可变区;以及其中L-CDR1由SEQ IDNO:6组成、L-CDR2由SEQ ID NO:7组成并且L-CDR3由SEQ IDNO:8组成的轻链可变区。
2.权利要求1的单克隆抗体,其中所述抗体的重链可变区由如SEQ ID NO:1所示的氨基酸序列组成。
3.权利要求1的单克隆抗体,其中所述轻链可变区由如SEQ IDNO:5所示的氨基酸序列组成。
4.权利要求2和3的单克隆抗体,其中所述抗体的重链可变区由如SEQ ID NO:1所示的氨基酸序列组成,并且所述轻链可变区由如SEQ ID NO:5所示的氨基酸序列组成。
5.权利要求4的单克隆抗体,其是嵌合抗体。
6.权利要求1的单克隆抗体,其是人源化抗体。
7.权利要求1的单克隆抗体,其通过SEQ ID NO:9和SEQ IDNO:10结合于Axl的细胞外结构域。
8.权利要求5的单克隆抗体,其是嵌合小鼠/人抗体。
9.权利要求1至8任一项的单克隆抗体的片段,其选自Fv、Fab、F(ab’)2、Fab’、dsFv、scFv和sc(Fv)2。
10.一种核酸序列,其编码权利要求1至8任一项的单克隆抗体的重链或轻链。
11.一种载体,其包含权利要求10的核酸。
12.一种宿主细胞,其包含权利要求10的核酸或权利要求11的载体。
13.对Axl具有特异性的双特异性抗体,其包含其中H-CDR1由SEQ ID NO:2组成、H-CDR2由SEQ ID NO:3组成并且H-CDR3由SEQ ID NO:4组成的重链可变区;以及其中L-CDR1由SEQ IDNO:6组成、L-CDR2由SEQ ID NO:7组成并且L-CDR3由SEQ IDNO:8组成的轻链可变区。
14.一种药物组合物,其包含权利要求1至8任一项的单克隆抗体、权利要求9的其片段或权利要求13的双特异性抗体。
15.权利要求1至8任一项的单克隆抗体、权利要求9的其片段或权利要求13的双特异性抗体在制备药物中的用途。
16.权利要求1至8任一项的单克隆抗体、权利要求9的其片段或权利要求13的双特异性抗体在制备用于治疗受试者的癌症的药物中的用途。
17.权利要求1至8任一项的单克隆抗体、权利要求9的其片段或权利要求13的双特异性抗体在制备用于诊断癌症的药物中的用途。
18.权利要求1至8任一项的单克隆抗体、权利要求9的其片段或权利要求13的双特异性抗体在制备用于在需要的受试者中激活先天免疫应答的药物中的用途。
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- 2012-06-22 WO PCT/EP2012/062115 patent/WO2012175692A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-06-22 US US14/127,416 patent/US9409988B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-06-22 EP EP12729604.4A patent/EP2723377B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2012-06-22 ES ES12729604.4T patent/ES2677367T3/es active Active
- 2012-06-22 CA CA2839480A patent/CA2839480A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-06-22 BR BR112013032899A patent/BR112013032899A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-06-22 CN CN201280039593.1A patent/CN103747803B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-06-22 KR KR1020147001809A patent/KR20140104945A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-06-22 JP JP2014516372A patent/JP6120833B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-06-22 RU RU2014101707/10A patent/RU2014101707A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-06-22 AU AU2012273955A patent/AU2012273955A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NZ618740A (en) | 2015-12-24 |
WO2012175692A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
KR20140104945A (ko) | 2014-08-29 |
BR112013032899A2 (pt) | 2017-01-24 |
CA2839480A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
ES2677367T3 (es) | 2018-08-01 |
JP6120833B2 (ja) | 2017-04-26 |
EP2723377B1 (en) | 2018-06-13 |
EP2723377A1 (en) | 2014-04-30 |
JP2014522639A (ja) | 2014-09-08 |
CN103747803A (zh) | 2014-04-23 |
RU2014101707A (ru) | 2015-07-27 |
US9409988B2 (en) | 2016-08-09 |
AU2012273955A1 (en) | 2014-01-09 |
US20140227283A1 (en) | 2014-08-14 |
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