CN103262311B - 负极活性材料和包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池 - Google Patents
负极活性材料和包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103262311B CN103262311B CN201180059982.6A CN201180059982A CN103262311B CN 103262311 B CN103262311 B CN 103262311B CN 201180059982 A CN201180059982 A CN 201180059982A CN 103262311 B CN103262311 B CN 103262311B
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- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SWAIALBIBWIKKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium titanium Chemical compound [Li].[Ti] SWAIALBIBWIKKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)nickel Chemical group [Li+].[O-][Ni]=O VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种二次电池用负极活性材料和包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池,所述负极活性材料能够嵌入和脱嵌离子并包含:核,所述核包含结晶性碳基材料;和复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料以及含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料,其中所述复合涂层包含:基质,所述基质包含选自如下的一种组分:(a)选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料以及(b)含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料;以及填料,所述填料包含另一种组分且引入至所述基质中。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及负极活性材料和包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池。更具体地,本发明涉及一种二次电池用负极活性材料,所述负极活性材料能够嵌入和脱嵌离子并包含:核,所述核包含结晶性碳基材料;和复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料以及含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料,其中所述复合涂层包含:基质,所述基质包含选自如下的一种组分:选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料,以及含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料;以及填料,所述填料包含另一种组分且引入至所述基质中。
背景技术
移动装置的技术开发和需求的增加,导致对作为能源的二次电池的需求快速增加。在这些二次电池中,具有高能量密度和电压、长循环寿命和低自放电的锂二次电池可商购获得并被广泛使用。
另外,对环境问题的关注的增加导致与作为使用化石燃料的车辆如汽油车辆和柴油车辆的替代品的电动车辆、混合动力车辆和插电式混合动力车辆相关的大量研究,所述使用化石燃料的车辆是空气污染的主要原因。这些电动车辆通常将镍-金属氢化物(Ni-MH)二次电池用作电源。然而,目前正在进行与具有高能量密度、放电电压和功率稳定性的锂二次电池的使用相关的大量研究且其一部分可商购获得。
锂二次电池具有其中将包含锂盐的非水电解质浸渗到包含正极和负极以及设置在其间的多孔隔膜的电极组件中的结构,所述正极和负极各自包含涂布在集电器上的活性材料。
通常将锂钴氧化物、锂锰氧化物、锂镍氧化物、锂复合氧化物等用作锂二次电池的正极活性材料,并通常将碳基材料用作其负极活性材料。还已经考虑使用硅化合物、硫化合物等。
然而,锂二次电池具有各种问题,尤其是与负极的制造和驱动性质相关的问题。
首先,关于负极的制造,用作负极活性材料的碳基材料高度疏水并由此具有如下问题:在制备用于制造电极的浆料的过程中与亲水溶剂的互溶性低、以及固体组分的分散均匀性低。另外,负极活性材料的这种疏水性使得电池制造过程中的高极性电解质的浸渗复杂。电解质浸渗过程在电池制造过程中是一种瓶颈,由此大大降低了生产率。
为了解决这些问题,提出向负极、电解质等中添加表面活性剂。然而,不利地,表面活性剂会对电池的驱动性质带来负面影响。
同时,关于负极的驱动性质,不利地,碳基负极活性材料诱发初始不可逆反应,原因在于,在初始充放电过程(活化过程)期间在碳基负极活性材料的表面上形成固体电解质界面(SEI)层,且由于连续充放电过程期间的SEI层的除去(破损)和再生所造成的电解质耗尽,电池容量下降。
为了解决这些问题,已经尝试了各种方法如通过更强的键形成SEI层或者在负极活性材料的表面上形成氧化物层。这些方法具有不适用于商业化的性质如因氧化物层而造成电导率下降和因附加的工艺而造成生产率下降。另外,还存在的问题是,在负极活性材料的表面上生长锂树枝状晶体会造成短路。
因此,越来越需要能够解决这些问题的二次电池。
发明内容
技术问题
因此,为了解决上述技术问题和尚待解决的其他技术问题而完成了本发明。
作为用于解决如上所述问题的各种广泛且细致的研究和实验的结果,本发明人发现,当通过在结晶性碳基核上形成复合涂层来制造负极活性材料时,能够解决与负极制造和电池驱动性质相关的各种问题。基于该发现,完成了本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,提供一种二次电池用负极活性材料,所述负极活性材料能够嵌入和脱嵌离子并包含:核,所述核包含结晶性碳基材料;和复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料以及含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料,其中所述复合涂层包含:基质,所述基质包含选自如下的一种组分:(a)所述选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料,以及(b)所述含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料;以及填料,所述填料包含另一种组分且引入至所述基质中。
照这样,基于特定的活性材料结构和组分,具有如下结构的负极活性材料能够解决相关技术中的问题,在所述结构中,包含结晶性碳基材料的核涂布有具有基质/填料结构的复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料以及含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料。
首先,在复合涂层中作为基质或填料组分包含的能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的表面,根据所用材料的类型,对负极制造用浆料中的亲水溶剂显示高互溶性,由此提高了固体组分在浆料中的分散性。因此,当通过将该浆料涂布至集电器而制造负极时,能够提高诸如粘合剂的组分与负极活性材料之间的分布均匀性并由此能够获得优异的电极性质。
由亲水材料造成的均匀性的提高能够使得在不均匀电极上发生的浆料与部分集电器之间的结合强度的下降最小化。亲水材料提高了活性材料层与集电器表面之间的亲合力以及活性材料层与集电器之间的结合强度,并由此解决了由活性材料层与集电器的分离所造成的内阻升高的问题。
类似地,在复合涂层中包含的含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料对至少一部分负极活性材料赋予相对高的亲水性,由此在电极制造过程中大大缩短了高极性电解质的浸渗时间并显著提高了电池的生产率。
第二,在复合涂层中包含的含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料形成功能与具有强化学键的SEI相同且对负极表面的结合更强的层,由此降低了形成SEI层所需要的不可逆离子的量,使得重复充放电期间的SEI层的破裂最小化并最终提高了电池的寿命。
第三,作为基质或填料在复合涂层中包含的能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物使得可能由不能嵌入和脱嵌离子的材料的存在引起的电导率的下降最小化。
此外,在锂二次电池的情况中,因为充当核的结晶性碳基材料具有与锂类似的电位,所以可能发生锂树枝状晶体的生长,但通过在高氧化-还原电位下在结晶性碳基材料表面上涂布亲水材料能够抑制这种生长。
具体实施方式
下文中,将对本发明进行详细说明。
如上所述,根据本发明的负极活性材料包含:核,所述核包含结晶性碳基材料;和复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含:基质,所述基质包含选自如下的一种组分(例如无定形碳):选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料,以及含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料;以及填料,所述填料包含另一种组分(例如含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料)且引入至所述基质中。
通常,将碳基材料分为:具有完全层状晶体结构的石墨如天然石墨;具有低结晶性层状晶体结构的软碳(石墨烯结构,其中以层的形式排列碳的六边形蜂巢状面);以及具有其中低结晶性结构与非结晶性部分混合的结构的硬碳。
在优选实施方式中,本发明的核组分即结晶性碳基材料可以为石墨或者石墨与低结晶性碳的混合物,且复合涂层组分中的一种组分可以为低结晶性碳、无定形碳或其混合物。
同时,对作为构成本发明复合涂层的另一种组分的含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料没有限制,只要其对选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料显示相对高的亲水性和极性且对电池的驱动特性没有负面影响即可。优选地,亲水材料为能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的金属氧化物、锂金属复合氧化物等。这种物质可单独使用或以其组合的方式使用。
所述金属优选为钛、准金属或其混合物,且更优选钛,但不限于此。
在一个实施方式中,能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物为由下式1表示的物质。
Li4Ti5-xMxO12-y-zAy(1)
其中M为选自Mo、W、Zr、Hf、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zn、Al和Mg中的至少一种,A为选自S、Se和Te中的至少一种,并且0≤x≤1,0≤y≤2且0≤z≤0.02。
所述物质在氧位置中具有缺陷。当缺陷量过高时,不利地,不能保持稳定的晶体结构。优选地,z为0.02以下。
在另一个实施方式中,能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物为TiO2或LiTi2O4,但不限于此。
钛氧化物或锂钛氧化物是相对于锂金属标准电极形成不低于0V且低于2V的电压并具有比石墨的电压更高的电压的物质,其中石墨具有与锂基本相等的电压。因此,当由于相对高的电压而在低温下瞬时施加功率时,钛氧化物或锂钛氧化物使得锂离子在氧化物中嵌入和脱嵌,且会提供碳基负极活性材料所不能实现的瞬时功率。
此外,在锂二次电池的情况中,钛氧化物或锂钛氧化物能够因电压差而抑制锂树枝状晶体。
在本发明中,根据基质和填料组分,可确定复合涂层的结构。
在第一例示性结构中,将包含含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料的填料引入至包含选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的基质中。
在第二例示性结构中,将包含选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的填料引入至包含含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料的基质中。
在复合涂层中,由于基质具有其组分具有连续相的结构、且填料具有其组分具有独立相的结构,所以基质组分的含量不必大于填料组分的含量。
在复合涂层中,选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的含量以及含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料的含量没有特别限制,只要能够发挥(上述)本发明的预期效果即可。在优选实施方式中,基于复合涂层的总量,选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的含量可以为10~95重量%,且基于复合涂层的总量,含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料的含量可以为5~90重量%。
基于负极活性材料的总量,复合涂层的量(涂布量)优选为0.1~20重量%。当复合涂层的量过低或其厚度过小时,可能不能获得由复合涂层的形成所造成的效果,另一方面,当复合涂层的量过高或其厚度过大时,不利地,可能不能形成期望的核-复合涂层结构且容量可能下降。
本发明还提供包含所述负极活性材料的负极混合物。
基于负极混合物的总重量,根据本发明的负极混合物包含1~20重量%的粘合剂并任选地包含0~20重量%的导电材料。
粘合剂的实例包括聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)、纤维素、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶、各种共聚物、和聚合物皂化的聚乙烯醇。
可以使用任意导电材料而没有特别限制,只要其具有合适的电导率而不会在制造的电池中造成化学变化即可。导电材料的实例包括:石墨:碳黑如碳黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法碳黑、炉黑、灯黑和热裂法碳黑;导电纤维如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末如氟化碳粉末、铝粉末和镍粉末;导电晶须如氧化锌和钛酸钾;导电金属氧化物如二氧化钛;和聚亚苯基衍生物。商购可获得的导电材料的具体实例可包括各种乙炔黑产品(可得自雪佛龙化工公司(ChevronChemicalCompany)、DenkaSingaporePrivateLimited和海湾石油公司(GulfOilCompany))、科琴黑EC系列(可得自ArmakCompany)、VulcanXC-72(可得自卡博特公司(CabotCompany))和SuperP(特密高公司(TimcalCo.))。
如果期望,则任选地添加填料以抑制负极的膨胀。可以使用任意填料而没有特别限制,只要其不会在制造的电池中造成不利的化学变化且为纤维状材料即可。填料的实例包括烯烃聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;以及纤维状材料如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
可单独或以组合的方式添加其他组分如粘度控制剂或粘附促进剂。
粘度控制剂是用于控制电极混合物的粘度并由此促进电极混合物的混合及其到集电器上的涂布的组分,且基于负极混合物的总重量,粘度控制剂以30重量%以下的量存在。粘度控制剂的实例包括但不限于,羧甲基纤维素和聚偏二氟乙烯。在某些情况中,上述溶剂也可以充当粘度控制剂。
粘附促进剂是用于提高活性材料对集电器的粘附的辅助成分,且基于粘合剂,粘附促进剂以10重量%的量存在,并且粘附促进剂的实例包括草酸、己二酸、甲酸、丙烯酸衍生物和衣康酸衍生物。
本发明还提供一种二次电池用负极,其中在集电器上涂布有所述负极混合物。
例如,通过如下制造负极:将包含负极活性材料、粘合剂等的负极材料添加到诸如NMP的溶剂中以制备浆料,并将浆料涂布至负极集电器,随后进行干燥和压制。
通常将负极集电器制成具有3~500μm的厚度。可以使用任意负极集电器而没有特别限制,只要其具有合适的电导率而不会在制造的电池中造成不利的化学变化即可。负极集电器的实例包括铜;不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;和经碳、镍、钛或银表面处理过的铜或不锈钢;以及铝-镉合金。负极集电器在其表面包含细小的不规则,从而提高对负极活性材料的粘附。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用集电器。
本发明还提供包含所述负极的二次电池且所述电池优选为锂二次电池。
所述锂二次电池具有其中将含锂盐的非水电解质浸渗到包含设置在正极与负极之间的隔膜的电极组件中的结构。
例如,通过将正极活性材料涂布至正极集电器,随后进行干燥和压制而制备正极,且所述正极还任选地包含其他组分如关于负极的构造在上文所述的粘合剂或导电材料。
通常将正极集电器制成具有3~500μm的厚度。可使用任意正极集电器而没有特别限制,只要其具有合适的电导率而不会在制造的电池中造成不利的化学变化即可。正极集电器的实例包括不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;和经碳、镍、钛或银表面处理过的铝或不锈钢。与负极集电器类似,正极集电器在其表面上包含细小的不规则,从而提高对正极活性材料的粘附。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用正极集电器。
正极活性材料为包含两种以上过渡金属作为引起电化学反应的物质的锂过渡金属氧化物,且其实例包括但不限于,被一种或多种过渡金属置换的层状化合物如锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)或锂镍氧化物(LiNiO2);被一种或多种过渡金属置换的锂锰氧化物;由式LiNi1-yMyO2表示的锂镍氧化物(其中M=Co、Mn、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zn或Ga,包含所述元素中的一种或多种元素的锂镍氧化物,0.01≤y≤0.7);由式Li1+zNibMncCo1-(b+c+d)MdO(2-e)Ae如Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2或Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2(其中-0.5≤z≤0.5,0.1≤b≤0.8,0.1≤c≤0.8,0≤d≤0.2,0≤e≤0.2,b+c+d<1,M=Al、Mg、Cr、Ti、Si或Y,A=F、P或Cl)表示的锂镍钴锰复合氧化物;由式Li1+xM1-yM’yPO4-zXz(其中M=过渡金属,优选Fe、Mn、Co或Ni,M’=Al、Mg或Ti,X=F、S或N,-0.5≤x≤+0.5,0≤y≤0.5且0≤z≤0.1)表示的橄榄石锂金属磷酸盐。
上面已经结合负极对粘合剂、导电材料和任选添加的组分进行了说明。
隔膜设置在正极与负极之间。作为隔膜,使用具有高离子渗透率和机械强度的绝缘薄膜。隔膜典型地具有0.01~10μm的孔径和5~300μm的厚度。作为隔膜,使用由烯烃聚合物如聚丙烯和/或玻璃纤维或聚乙烯制成的片或无纺布,其具有耐化学性和疏水性。当使用诸如聚合物的固体电解质作为电解质时,所述固体电解质可充当隔膜和电解质两者。
如果合适,可将凝胶聚合物电解质涂布在隔膜上以提高电池的稳定性。凝胶聚合物的代表性实例可包括聚环氧乙烷、聚偏二氟乙烯和聚丙烯腈。当将诸如聚合物的固体电解质用作电解质时,所述固体电解质可还充当隔膜。
含锂盐的非水电解质由非水电解质和锂构成。
非水电解质的实例包括非质子性有机溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、四羟基franc(tetrahydroxyfranc)、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、4-甲基-1,3-二烷、乙醚、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯。
非水电解质的实例包括有机固体电解质如聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚搅拌赖氨酸(polyagitationlysine)、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯和含有离子离解基团的聚合物。
非水电解质的实例包括无机固体电解质如锂的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
锂盐是易溶于上述非水电解质中的材料且可包括例如LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、LiSCN、LiC(CF3SO2)3、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂和酰亚胺。
另外,为了提高充放电特性和阻燃性,例如,可以向非水电解质中添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六磷酸三酰胺(hexaphosphorictriamide)、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。如果需要,为了赋予不燃性,非水电解质可还包含含卤素的溶剂如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。此外,为了提高高温储存特性,非水电解质可另外包含二氧化碳气体且可还包含氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、丙烯磺酸内酯(PRS)等。
在优选实施方式中,通过向作为高介电性溶剂的环状碳酸酯如EC或PC与作为低粘度溶剂的线性碳酸酯如DEC、DMC或EMC的混合溶剂中添加锂盐如LiPF6、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiN(SO2CF3)2,能够制备含锂盐的非水电解质。
因此,本发明提供一种包含所述二次电池作为单元电池的中型或大型电池组。
所述中型或大型电池组与小电池组相比具有显著更大的电池单元(单元电池)尺寸以获得高容量,并由此更普遍地用于浸渗电解质等的过程。因此,根据本发明,考虑到浸渗时间的大大缩短,含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的负极是优选的。
优选地,电池组的实例包括但不限于用于电力存储的锂离子二次电池组。
使用二次电池作为单元电池的中型或大型电池组的结构及其制造方法在本领域中是熟知的并因此在本说明书中省略其详细说明。
现在,参考下列实施例对本发明进行更详细的说明。提供这些实施例仅用于说明本发明且不应将其解释为限制本发明的范围和主旨。
<实施例1>
以A:B:C=91:8:1的重量比将作为核材料(A)的具有约20μm平均粒径的石墨、作为低结晶性碳(B)用材料的具有50%碳化收率的沥青和作为亲水材料(C)的具有约100nm平均粒径的锂钛氧化物(Li4Ti5O12)均匀混合。在电炉中于1200℃下在氮气氛下将该混合物热处理2小时。在热处理期间,沥青软化并碳化而与锂钛氧化物形成复合物,并将所述复合物涂布在石墨表面上以制造涂布有碳/锂钛氧化物复合物的负极活性材料。
以活性材料:SBR:CMC=97.0:1.5:1.5的重量比将负极活性材料、SBR和CMC混合以制备浆料并将所述浆料涂布至Cu箔以制备电极。对所述电极进行辊压至具有约23%的孔隙率并对其进行冲切以制造硬币型半电池。将Li金属用作单电池的对电极并使用碳酸酯溶剂中的1MLiPF6电解液得到硬币形电池。
<实施例2>
除了使用具有约100nm平均粒径的二氧化钛(TiO2)代替锂钛氧化物(Li4Ti5O12)之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了负极活性材料并制造了硬币型半电池。
<比较例1>
除了不使用亲水材料(C)之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了负极活性材料并制造了硬币型半电池。
<比较例2>
通过以99:1的重量比对石墨和锂钛氧化物进行混合而制造了负极活性材料并以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了硬币型半电池。
<实验例1>
对根据实施例1和2以及比较例1~3制造的电极的电解质浸渗性质进行了评价。对电极进行辊压至具有约23%的孔隙率并对滴在电极表面上的碳酸酯溶剂中的1MLiPF6电解液1微升(μl)完全渗入到表面中所花费的时间进行了测量。将结果示于下表1中。
<表1>
实施例1 | 比较例1 | 比较例2 | 比较例3 | |
浸渗时间(秒) | 93 | 92 | 142 | 123 |
从表1能够看出,与根据比较例1的使用仅涂布有碳的负极活性材料的电极相比,根据本发明实施例1和2的使用涂布有碳/亲水材料复合物的负极活性材料的电极显示显著更短的电解质浸渗时间。其原因在于,负极活性材料的表面涂布有亲水材料,由此使得高极性电解质能够快速地渗入到粒子中。
另外,从比较例2能够看出,当使用石墨和亲水材料的混合物时,亲水材料未均匀分布在石墨的表面上且不能大大缩短电解质的浸渗时间。
<实验例2>
使用根据实施例1和2以及比较例1~2制造的硬币型半电池对充放电性质进行了评价。具体地,在充电期间,在0.1C的电流密度下以恒定电流(CC)模式将单电池充电至5mV并然后以恒定电压(CV)模式保持在5mV下,当电流密度达到0.01C时完成充电。在放电期间,在0.1C的电流密度下以恒定电流模式将单电池放电至1.5V。结果,获得了第一循环的充放电容量和效率。然后,除了将电流密度改为0.5C之外,在与上述相同的条件下重复充放电50次。将结果示于下表2中。
<表2>
从上表2能够看出,与根据比较例1的负极活性材料相比,根据本发明实施例1和2的涂布有碳/亲水材料复合物的负极活性材料显示高的50个充放电循环之后的容量保持率和高的效率。其原因在于,当功能与SEI相同的亲水材料经由碳与核材料形成强结合时,抑制了重复充放电过程中的SEI层的除去。此外,涂布了具有高充放电电压的材料,由此阻止了锂的沉淀并提高了离子传导率。
另外,在使用石墨和亲水材料的简单混合物的比较例2中,亲水材料未均匀分布并簇集,使得电极不均匀并降低了50个充放电循环之后的容量保持率。
工业实用性
根据上述显而易见,根据本发明的负极活性材料通过特定的核/复合涂层结构而大大改进了电池制造工艺、使得电导率的下降最小化、显著抑制了电池寿命的下降,并通过在活性材料的表面上存在具有高氧化-还原电位的材料而使得与锂沉淀相关的性能和安全问题最小化。
尽管出于例示性目的而公开了本发明的优选实施方式,但是本领域技术人员应理解,在不背离附属权利要求书中所公开的本发明的范围和主旨的条件下,各种变化、添加和替代是可能的。
Claims (8)
1.一种二次电池用负极活性材料,能够嵌入和脱嵌离子,所述负极活性材料包含:
核,所述核包含结晶性碳基材料;和
复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料,以及含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料,
其中所述复合涂层包含基质以及填料,
其中所述复合涂层具有如下结构:其中包含所述含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料的所述填料引入至包含所述选自低结晶性碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的所述基质中,
其中所述含有能够嵌入和脱嵌离子的氧化物的亲水材料为选自钛氧化物和锂金属复合氧化物中的至少一种,以及
其中所述氧化物为选自TiO2、Li4Ti5O12和LiTi2O4中的至少一种。
2.如权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述结晶性碳基材料包含石墨和低结晶性碳中的一种或多种。
3.如权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中基于所述负极活性材料的总量,所述复合涂层的量为0.1~20重量%。
4.一种负极混合物,包含权利要求1~3中任一项的负极活性材料。
5.一种二次电池用负极,其中在集电器上涂布有根据权利要求4的负极混合物。
6.一种二次电池,包含根据权利要求5的二次电池用负极。
7.如权利要求6所述的二次电池,其中所述电池为锂二次电池。
8.一种中型或大型电池组,包含根据权利要求7的二次电池作为单元电池。
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