CN102470079B - 递送系统 - Google Patents
递送系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102470079B CN102470079B CN201080036535.4A CN201080036535A CN102470079B CN 102470079 B CN102470079 B CN 102470079B CN 201080036535 A CN201080036535 A CN 201080036535A CN 102470079 B CN102470079 B CN 102470079B
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- agglomerate
- delivery system
- wax
- active component
- oil
- Prior art date
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- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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Abstract
包含易碎附聚物的递送系统,所述易碎附聚物包含油、熔点为至少50℃的蜡和活性成分,其特征在于该易碎附聚物在其内具有气穴,和这种递送系统的制造方法。
Description
本发明涉及活性成分的易碎递送系统(delivery system)和制造这种递送系统的方法。
本发明还涉及易碎递送系统在个人护理组合物,特别是口腔护理组合物中的用途和它们用于递送香料、香精和着色剂的用途。
WO
08/01586 (Groves)公开了包含具有芯和涂层的胶囊的口腔护理组合物,该涂层包含熔点为至少70℃的蜡(was)、油和乳浊剂,该芯包含油、颜料和剪切稀化结构化剂。
US
4,071,614 (Grimm)公开了含有包囊香料的牙粉。
US
6,060,084 (Sullivan等人)公开了制备包含软化温度高于大约70ºF的壳材料的芯-壳容纳(containment)系统的方法。
GB
1,381,444 (Blendex-Werke R. Schneider & Co.)公开了包含具有透明壳并包封着色剂的微囊(microcapsule)的牙膏制剂。
US
3,914,405 (Shepherd和Gould)公开了包含包封在亲水聚合物中的香料的牙膏组合物。
WO
2005/123023 (Ribi)公开了包含能在pH改变时变色的材料的牙膏组合物。
在本发明的第一方面中,提供包含易碎附聚物的递送系统,所述易碎附聚物包含油、熔点至少50℃的蜡和活性成分,其特征在于该易碎附聚物在其内具有气穴(air pockets)。
在本发明的第二方面中,提供递送活性成分的方法,包括在包含油和熔点至少50℃的蜡的易碎附聚物中掺入所述活性成分,将所述易碎附聚物施加至所需递送位置,接着是剪切或压力诱发的所述易碎颗粒的破裂,由此释放该活性成分,其特征在于该易碎附聚物在其内具有气穴。
在本发明的第三方面中,提供递送系统制造方法,包括形成油、熔点至少50℃的蜡和活性成分的均匀混合物,将所述均匀混合物添加到水中并且将气泡引入所述均匀混合物中,该均匀混合物及其所添加至的水都在大于该蜡的熔点的温度下,将所得水分散体冷却至低于该蜡的熔点的温度,接着干燥所得蜡质附聚物。
本发明的递送系统常用于实现活性成分的延缓释放(delayed release),通过该递送系统内所含的附聚物上的剪切或压力引发该释放。该附聚物内的气穴有助于该附聚物的破裂,由此释放活性成分。
该递送系统可选择地可被视为包囊系统,活性成分容纳在该附聚物内直至它们破裂。但是,必须记住,与许多包囊系统中的情况不同,活性成分一般均匀遍布在该附聚物中。
该递送系统可用于一系列组合物。其特别适用于施加到人体表面上的个人护理组合物。在这种组合物的使用过程中,通常通过手摩擦或将该附聚物压在皮肤上来提供使该附聚物破裂所需的剪切或压力。
该递送系统尤其适用于口腔护理组合物,如牙膏。在牙膏中,通常由人工或电动牙刷提供使该附聚物破裂所需的剪切或压力。该递送系统可用于在使用牙膏时实现香料的延缓释放。在特别优选的应用中,该递送系统能从牙膏中延缓释放着色剂,特别是颜料。
在某些优选用途中,该附聚物的破裂和活性成分的随之释放可用作产生剪切或压力的活动已进行了“所需”时间的指示。例如,当在牙膏中使用递送系统并且产生剪切或压力的活动是刷牙时,活性成分的释放可指示消费者其已经刷牙达到所需时间。在这种实例中,该活性成分可以是在其从该附聚物中释放时改变牙膏-唾液混合物的颜色的着色剂。公认的是,大多数人的刷牙时间不到2分钟的最低推荐时间。本发明能通过向人们清楚指示其何时刷到推荐时间而助于解决这种问题。
最通常通过该递送附聚物贴着硬表面剪切来引起该附聚物的破裂。当用在牙膏中时,该附聚物旨在贴着牙齿剪切。
该附聚物具有优选1 x 104至1 x
107 Pa,更优选1 x 105至1 x 106 Pa的平均屈服应力。可以通过调节引入其中的气穴的体积和/或通过改变蜡:油比率来改变该附聚物的机械强度。该附聚物的平均屈服应力是它们的易碎性的量度。
该附聚物可以以使用它们的组合物的0.01至50重量%的量存在。它们优选占该组合物的0.5至10重量%。当用在个人产品中时,这样的量可提供在使用过程中的最佳感官益处以及在附聚物破裂时该活性成分的最佳释放模式。
该附聚物的粒度优选使得至少90体积%在300至800微米的范围内。可以通过激光散射技术进行该附聚物的粒度分布的测量。已经发现,小于300微米的附聚物在优选用途中没有充分破裂。还已经发现,大于800微米的附聚物在优选用途中倾向于具有递送问题。牙膏中的使用是优选用途,特别是使着色剂在刷牙过程中延缓释放到口腔中。
该附聚物通常具有主要地球形。
油优选获自动物、植物或矿物来源。优选来源是植物来源,如水果和植物种子。优选的油是橄榄油、琉璃苣油、樱草油、落花生油、低芥酸菜籽油(canola oil)、红花油、米糠油、花生油和其它植物籽油,包括葵花籽油。最优选的油是葵花籽油,特别是具有较高抗酸败性的所谓高油酸葵花籽。当该递送系统用在化妆品中时,油的选择特别重要,当该递送系统用在牙膏中时,这尤其重要。
该附聚物中油的量优选为30至70重量%,更优选40至60重量%,最优选43至53重量%。
蜡优选是熔点大于70℃,更优选大于80℃的蜡。优选的蜡包括巴西棕榈蜡、中国虫蜡、小烛树蜡(candililla wax)、蓖麻蜡、日本蜡和合成蜡,如高分子量石蜡和微晶蜡。特别优选的蜡是蓖麻蜡80(熔点:80℃)和巴西棕榈蜡(熔点:80-85℃),巴西棕榈蜡最优选。
在该递送系统用在某些组合物中时,选择正确的蜡可产生令人惊讶的益处。例如,已经发现,巴西棕榈蜡在也包含阴离子型表面活性剂,如十二烷基硫酸钠的组合物中产生具有惊人好的稳定性的附聚物。当使用单硬脂酸甘油酯作为附聚物中的蜡时,该附聚物不适于用在包含阴离子型表面活性剂的组合物中,该表面活性剂倾向于使这种附聚物失稳定(destabilize)。
该附聚物中蜡的量优选为20至60重量%,更优选25%至50重量%,最优选30至40重量%。蜡用于使该附聚物结构化,将它们结合在一起。
蜡和油之间的优选重量比为20:80至80:20,更优选30:70至50:50。当所用的蜡是巴西棕榈蜡且所用的油是葵花籽油时,蜡/油的优选比率优选为大约40:60。蜡和油之间的比率影响该附聚物的易碎性,并对赋予该附聚物在加工过程中的最佳抗破裂性以及最佳活性成分释放模式而言是重要的。
本发明能使活性成分具有延缓释放模式。当活性成分是香料或香精时,这可产生特别的益处。
本发明还可用于保护该活性成分以隔绝其所处的组合物的环境。因此,在一些实施方案中,该活性成分是与想要使用其的组合物不相容的组分。
在某些实施方案中,该活性成分可以是着色剂,在通过剪切或压力使该附聚物破裂时释放颜色。对于消费者这可充当产生剪切或压力的活动已进行了“所需”时间的可见信号。
当活性成分是着色剂时,其优选是颜料。颜料通常不溶于水和不溶于该附聚物中所含的油-蜡混合物中。
优选颜料是蓝色、红色、绿色、黄色、紫色或橙色的。最优选的是蓝色。尤其优选的是选自CI 14720、CI 15985、CI 16035、CI 16255、CI 19140、CI 42051、CI 42053、CI 42090、CI 47005、CI 73360、CI 74160、CI 74260、CI 75470、CI 75810、CI 77007、CI 77491和CI 77492的那些。当该附聚物在牙膏中用于此用途时,这些颜料提供刷牙已进行了所需时间的最佳视觉信号。
该附聚物中活性成分的量优选为0.1至30重量%,更优选1重量%至25重量%,最优选5至20重量%。
当活性成分是颜料时,总组合物中的颜料量优选为最多0.3重量%,更优选最多0.2重量%。
活性成分通常均匀遍布在该附聚物中。活性成分优选不溶于该附聚物的其它组分。
该附聚物内的气穴可以由用于制备该附聚物的蜡和油的熔融混合物内的气泡产生。在将该熔融混合物冷却至低于其熔点时,该气泡作为气穴夹带在该固体附聚物中。
该气穴通常占该附聚物的10至50体积%。该气穴优选占该附聚物的15体积%,更优选20体积%,最优选30体积%。该气穴优选占该附聚物的最多45体积%,更优选最多40体积%,最优选最多35体积%。按体积计的这些量应被理解为是平均值并造成颗粒的最佳易碎性。
附聚物内的各个气穴的体积通常不均匀,也就是说,气穴的尺寸不等。气穴倾向于大部分是球形的,尽管卵形气穴也可能。大多数,即至少90体积%的气穴倾向于具有它们所处的附聚物的最大尺寸或直径的1至30%的最大尺寸或直径。此数字作为该递送系统中的附聚物的平均值应用。这种尺寸的气穴倾向于优化该附聚物的易碎性。
附聚物内的各个气穴的分布通常不均匀,也就是说,该分布倾向于没有规则型式。
该附聚物中可能存在其它组分。可用的特定组分是热解法二氧化硅(fumed silica),含量通常为该附聚物的1至10重量%。这种组分可产生制造益处。
该附聚物的优选附加组分是表面涂层。该涂层可用于降低活性成分透过附聚物表面漏出或渗出。其还用于遮蔽活性成分的颜色,特别是当活性成分是着色剂时。
该递送系统制造方法包括形成油、熔点至少50℃的蜡和活性成分的均匀混合物。通常,将蜡加热至高于其熔点的温度,并将油和活性成分混入其中。独立地,也将水加热至高于蜡的熔点。
将蜡和油的均匀混合物添加到水中或反之亦然,同时将气泡引入到所述均匀混合物中,在整个添加过程中使温度保持高于蜡的熔点。
可以通过本领域已知的任何方式将气泡引入该油-蜡混合物中。典型方法包括以充足速率搅拌水以使其含有气泡,随后在连续搅拌下添加到该油-蜡混合物中。
随后将附聚物在水中的所得水分散体冷却至低于该蜡的熔点的温度。这优选以可被称作急冷(crash cooling)的方式快速进行。该冷却优选包括在少于30分钟内降温大于30℃。通常,通过将冷水(环境温度或更低)添加到该分散体中来实现冷却。
最后,将该附聚物干燥以除去至少一部分与其结合的水。
可以使用流化床干燥器将表面涂层施加到附聚物上。在这样的方法中,可以将附聚物与涂布剂(例如二氧化钛)共混,使用温度足以使该附聚物开始熔融的热空气“流化”该混合物。随着附聚物熔融,该涂布剂粘着到附聚物表面上并由此涂布它们。该附聚物一经涂布,使它们冷却,随后任选筛分以获取所需粒度(size)。
在如上所述进行涂布时,涂布剂的量需要大于附聚物的量。优选使用按重量计至少10:1的涂布剂与附聚物的比率。
通常将该附聚物配制到组合物中。在所述组合物的制造中,该附聚物优选作为最后组分添加以避免该附聚物的过早破裂。
在其中使用该附聚物的组合物通常具有其它组分。通常,存在一定形式的附聚物载体。该载体通常在附聚物的使用温度下能流动,即其是流体。其更通常是流体、糊剂或凝胶。为使附聚物留存在该载体中,要求附聚物不溶于该载体。
在其中使用该附聚物的许多组合物中,优选组分是表面活性剂,特别是阴离子型表面活性剂。当该组合物中存在阴离子型表面活性剂时,该附聚物优选包含巴西棕榈蜡。
在优选实施方案中,该附聚物用作口腔护理组合物,特别是牙膏组合物的一部分。
口腔护理组合物可包含本领域中常见的其它成分。它们可包括:
抗微生物剂,例如三氯生、氯己定、铜-、锌-和亚锡盐,如柠檬酸锌、硫酸锌、甘氨酸锌、柠檬酸钠锌和焦磷酸亚锡,血根碱提取物、甲硝唑、季铵化合物,如十六烷基氯化吡啶
;双胍,如氯己定二葡糖酸盐、海克替啶、奥替尼啶、阿来西定;和卤化双酚化合物,如2,2'亚甲基双-(4-氯-6-溴酚);
抗炎药,如布洛芬、氟比洛芬、阿司匹林、消炎痛等;
防龋药,如氟化钠和氟化亚锡、氟化胺类、单氟磷酸钠、三偏磷酸钠和酪蛋白;
菌斑缓冲剂,如脲、乳酸钙、甘油磷酸钙和多丙烯酸锶;
维生素,如维生素A、C和E;
植物提取物;
脱敏剂,例如柠檬酸钾、氯化钾、酒石酸钾、碳酸氢钾、草酸钾、硝酸钾和锶盐;
防牙垢剂,例如碱金属焦磷酸盐、含次磷酸盐的聚合物、有机膦酸盐和磷酸柠檬酸盐(phosphocitrates)等;
生物分子,例如细菌素、抗体、酶等;
香料,例如薄荷和留兰香油;
蛋白质材料,如胶原;
防腐剂;
乳浊剂;
着色剂;
pH-调节剂;
甜味剂;
可药用载体,例如淀粉、蔗糖、水或水/醇体系等;
表面活性剂,如阴离子型、非离子型、阳离子型和两性离子型或两性表面活性剂;
微粒磨料,如二氧化硅、氧化铝、碳酸钙、磷酸氢钙、焦磷酸钙、羟磷灰石、三偏磷酸盐、不可溶六偏磷酸盐等,包括附聚的微粒磨料,其量通常为口腔护理组合物的3至60重量%;
湿润剂,如甘油、山梨糖醇、丙二醇、木糖醇、乳糖醇(lactitol)等;
粘合剂和增稠剂,如羧甲基纤维素钠、黄原胶、阿拉伯胶等以及合成聚合物,如聚丙烯酸酯和羧基乙烯基聚合物,如Carbopol®;
还可以包括可增强活性成分,如抗微生物剂的递送的聚合化合物。此类聚合物的实例是聚乙烯基甲基醚与马来酸酐的共聚物和其它类似的递送增强聚合物,例如DE-A-3,942,643(Colgate)中描述的那些;
缓冲该口腔护理组合物的pH和离子强度的缓冲剂和盐;和
可包括的其它任选成分是例如漂白剂,如过氧化合物,例如过二磷酸钾,发泡体系,如碳酸氢钠/柠檬酸体系、变色体系等。
也可以使用脂质体改进活性成分的递送或稳定性。
该口腔护理组合物可以是本领域中常见的任何形式,例如牙膏、凝胶、摩丝、气溶胶、胶、锭剂、粉末、霜等,也可以配制到用在双隔室型分配器中的体系中。
实施例
附聚物的制造
以下列方式制备根据本发明使用的附聚物。
将Keyplast Blue KG颜料(20克)(来自Keystone Europe Limited)搅拌到高油酸葵花油(48克)中并将该均匀分散体添加到熔融的巴西棕榈蜡(32克)中,进一步加热以防止巴西棕榈蜡固化。
独立地,用Heidolph混合机搅拌4升85℃的水。将颜料、葵花油和巴西棕榈蜡的混合物倒入在搅拌的热水中产生的漩涡中,并继续搅拌大约10秒。在水中制造油滴分散体。
通过添加1升冷水,急冷该油滴分散体。将所得的固化附聚物干燥并筛分产生所需粒度范围。
将颜料、葵花油和巴西棕榈蜡的混合物以一系列搅拌器速率:250 rpm、500
rpm和1000 rpm倒入热水中。所得附聚物的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像分别显示在图1、2和3中。要指出,提高的搅拌器速度增加附聚物中的气穴引入。
在牙膏中掺入附聚物
通过本领域中已知的方法制备如表1中所示的牙膏组合物。如上所述制备颜料附聚物。该颜料附聚物是添加到牙膏中的最后组分。将它们混合以产生均匀分散体。
表
1
组合物1含有0.5%的附聚物,该附聚物又包含20%颜料,以使总组合物中的颜料量为0.1重量%。组合物2含有这种量的两倍的附聚物,等于总组合物中0.2重量%的颜料。
将该牙膏组合物在45℃下储存3个月并每周监测。观察到优异的储存稳定性,该牙膏明显与开始储存时相同,即没有表现出颜料渗漏迹象。此外,该牙膏在刷到牙齿上时保持相同的颜料释放模式。
Claims (20)
1.包含易碎附聚物的递送系统,所述易碎附聚物包含油、熔点为至少50℃的蜡和活性成分,其特征在于该易碎附聚物在其内具有气穴,其中该气穴占该附聚物的10至50体积%。
2.根据权利要求1的递送系统,其中该蜡具有至少70℃的熔点。
3.根据权利要求1或2的递送系统,其中该油是葵花籽油。
4.根据权利要求1或2的递送系统,其中该蜡是巴西棕榈蜡。
5.根据权利要求1或2的递送系统,其中该附聚物具有1 x 104至1 x 107 Pa的平均屈服应力。
6.根据权利要求1或2的递送系统,其中至少90体积%的该附聚物具有在300至800微米范围内的粒度。
7.根据权利要求1或2的递送系统,其中该附聚物包含表面涂层。
8.根据权利要求1或2的递送系统,其中该附聚物包含30至70重量%油、20至60重量%蜡和0.1至30重量%活性成分。
9.根据权利要求1或2的递送系统,其中该蜡与该油之间的重量比为30:70至50:50。
10.根据权利要求1至9任一项的递送系统用于递送香精或香料的用途。
11.根据权利要求1至9任一项的递送系统用于递送着色剂的用途。
12.包含根据权利要求1至9任一项的递送系统和该附聚物的载体的组合物。
13.根据权利要求12的组合物,其中该组合物是口腔护理组合物且该活性成分是着色剂。
14.根据权利要求13的组合物用于指示消费者其刷牙已达所需时间的用途。
15.递送活性成分的非治疗性方法,包括在包含油和熔点为至少50℃的蜡的易碎附聚物中掺入所述活性成分,将所述易碎附聚物施加至所需递送位置,接着是剪切或压力诱发的所述易碎颗粒的破裂,由此释放该活性成分,其特征在于该易碎附聚物在其 内具有气穴,其中该气穴占该附聚物的10至50体积%。
16.递送系统制造方法,包括形成油、熔点为至少50℃的蜡和活性成分的均匀混合物,将所述均匀混合物添加到水中并且将气泡引入所述均匀混合物中,该均匀混合物及添加所述均匀混合物的水都在高于该蜡的熔点的温度,将所得水分散体冷却至低于该蜡的熔点的温度,接着干燥所得蜡质附聚物,其中该附聚物在其内具有气穴,该气穴占该附聚物的10至50体积%。
17.根据权利要求16的方法,其中该冷却步骤包括在少于30分钟内降低大于30℃的温度。
18.根据权利要求16或权利要求17的方法,其中该冷却步骤包括将在环境温度或更低温度下的水添加到该分散体中。
19.根据权利要求16至18任一项的方法,包括使用流化床干燥器对该附聚物进行后继表面涂布。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,其中将该附聚物与涂布剂共混并使用温度足以使该附聚物开始熔融的热空气流化该混合物。
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