CN102458430A - 人工泪液及治疗用途 - Google Patents
人工泪液及治疗用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了适于治疗人类或其他哺乳动物(例如狗或猫)患有的干眼症的眼用组合物(例如人工泪液),其包含蓖麻油与另一种油(如食物油,例如橄榄油、芝麻油、玉米油等)的混合物。
Description
互相参引
本申请要求于2009年6月5日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号61/184,339的权益,该临时专利申请的全部公开内容以该具体引用的方式纳入本说明书。
发明背景
技术领域:
本发明涉及适于治疗人类或其他哺乳动物的干眼症的人工泪液,其包含蓖麻油与至少一种其他油——例如天然存在的油(例如橄榄油、芝麻油、玉米油等)——的混合物。
现有技术的描述:
角膜结膜炎或干眼的典型症状包括干燥感、灼热感和可在白天恶化的沙质-砂质眼感觉(sandy-gritty eye sensation)。症状也可描述为眼睛搔痒、发痒、刺痛或疲劳。其他症状包括疼痛、发红、拖拽感和眼后压迫。由干眼所造成的对眼表面(eye surface)的损害增加了对亮光的不适和敏感性并且两只眼睛通常都被感染。
由于眨眼用泪液覆盖眼睛,所以其中由于长期用眼而导致眨眼频率降低的活动使症状恶化。这些活动包括长期阅读、使用电脑、驾驶或看电视。在有风、有灰尘或有烟的地区中、在干燥环境中、高海拔地区(包括飞机)中、在湿度低的日子、以及在正使用空调、电扇或加热器的区域中,症状会增强。在凉爽、有雨或有雾的天气、以及在潮湿的地方症状会有所减轻。大多数患有干眼的人会体验到轻微的刺激而无长期影响。但是,如果这种情况不进行治疗或变得严重,则它可产生可造成眼损伤的并发症,导致视力受损或可能导致视力丧失。
长时间地患有干眼可导致眼表面的微小磨损。在加重的情况下,上皮细胞发生病变,即鳞状上皮化生(squamous metaplasia)和有时由于T细胞定向活化导致的杯状细胞丧失。一些严重的情况导致角膜表面增厚、角膜糜烂、点状角膜炎、上皮缺损、角膜溃疡、角膜新生血管形成、角膜瘢痕形成、角膜变薄甚至角膜穿孔。形成不稳定泪膜的三层泪液中任何一层的异常都可能导致干燥性角膜炎(keratitis sicca)。
干燥性角膜结膜炎通常是由于泪液产生不足。水性泪液层受感染,导致水性泪液缺乏或泪液分泌不足(lacrimal hyposecretion)。泪腺未产生足够的泪液以保持整个结膜和角膜被完整的泪液层覆盖。这通常发生于原本健康的人群中。泪液减少与年龄增大有关。这是在绝经后妇女中发现的最常见的类型。原因包括自发性、先天性无泪症、眼球干燥症、泪腺摘除和感觉性去神经支配(sensory denervation)。在罕见情况下,这可为一种胶原血管病的症状,所述胶原血管病包括类风湿性关节炎、韦格纳肉芽肿病(Wegener’s granulomatosis)和系统性红斑狼疮。斯耶格伦综合征(syndrome)以及与斯耶格伦综合征有关的自体免疫性疾病也为与水性泪液不足有关的症状。药物,例如异维生素A酸(isotretinoin)、镇静剂、利尿剂、三环抗抑郁药、抗高血压药、口服避孕药、抗组胺剂、鼾粘膜充血消除药(nasal decongestant)、β-阻滞剂、吩噻嗪、阿托品(atropine)和镇痛鸦片制剂(pain relievingopiate)(如吗啡),可导致或恶化这种症状。泪腺被肉状瘤或肿瘤渗透或者泪腺的放射后纤维化也可导致这种症状。
干燥性角膜结膜炎也可由异常的泪液组成造成,所述组成可导致泪液快速蒸发或过早破坏。如果由快速蒸发导致,这被称为蒸发过强型干眼(evaporative dry eye)。这种情况下,尽管泪腺产生足够量的泪液,但泪液的蒸发速率过快。存在泪液中的水损失,从而导致泪液过“咸”或者高渗(hypertonic)。结果,整个结膜和角膜在某些活动中或在某些环境中无法保持被完整的泪液层覆盖。
老年化是干眼的最常见的原因之一。这是由于泪液的产生随年龄而减少的事实。这可能是由热或化学性灼伤导致,或者由腺病毒导致。糖尿病患者患干眼的风险也在增加。
眼损伤或者眼球或眼睑的其他问题,如眼球突出(bulging eye)或眼睑下垂,可导致干燥性角膜结膜炎。眼睑疾病可损害铺展(spread)泪液所需的复杂的眨眼动作。
所有佩戴隐形眼镜的人群中约有一半患有干眼。这是因为浮在覆盖角膜的泪膜上的软性隐形眼镜吸收眼中的泪液。屈光矫正手术(其中在制作角膜瓣时切断角膜神经)后也会产生干眼或使其恶化,因为角膜神经刺激泪液分泌。由这些行为造成的干眼一般在几个月后消失。
由睑炎和红斑痤疮造成的脂质泪层异常以及由维生素A缺乏、沙眼、白喉性结膜炎(diphtheric keratoconjunctivitis)、粘膜皮肤疾病和某些局部用药疗法所造成的粘蛋白泪层异常可导致干眼或干燥性角膜结膜炎。
干眼通常仅通过症状即可诊断。测试可测定泪液的量和质。可进行裂隙灯检查以诊断干眼并证明任何眼损伤。希尔默试验(Schirmer’stest)可测量浸泡眼睛的水分的量。这项测试可用于检测症状的严重程度。
可采用多种方法用于治疗,如:避免恶化因素、泪液刺激和补充、增加泪液保持力和眼睑清洁以及治疗眼睛炎症。
对于轻微和中度的病例,补充性润滑法(supplemental lubrication)是治疗最重要的部分。每几小时施用人工泪液可提供暂时的缓解。
可在白天使用润滑性眼膏,但由于施用后视力变差,它们通常在睡觉前使用。所述润滑性眼膏含有白凡士林、矿物油和类似的润滑剂。它们用作润滑剂和润肤剂(emollient)。根据症状的严重程度,眼膏可每小时施用至仅在睡觉前施用。在戴隐形眼镜时不应使用眼膏。泪膜高渗引起的炎症可通过温和的局部类固醇或用局部免疫抑制剂(如环孢霉素(cyclosporine))进行抑制。
发明概要
本发明提供了这样的人工泪液,其包含蓖麻油与另一种油(即食物油或健康油(healthy oil),如橄榄油、芝麻油、玉米油、大豆油、红花油、棉籽油、花生油等)的掺混物或混合物。这种油的掺混物可在水相(例如水)中乳化或分散,以提供一种适于局部施用至患有干眼的哺乳动物的眼睛的组合物,以缓解其症状。此外,本发明提供了一种治疗干燥性角膜结膜炎(KCS)的方法,其包含:提供上述组合物,并将所述组合物局部给药予至患者的眼睛的眼表面或眼睛的紧邻部位(immediatevicinity)。
附图说明
图1显示了蓖麻油和橄榄油的不同混合物在25℃和37℃的粘度。在此图中x轴表示蓖麻油在油混合物中的百分比。
具体实施方式
蓖麻油由于其铺展特性,可用于治疗眼睛疾病和症状的眼用乳液制剂中。例如,认为这种铺展于水性表面上的能力使蓖麻油能够在眼表面形成一个薄层从而减少蒸发并有助于缓解干眼症状。在用于干眼治疗的眼用制剂中使用其他油(称作“健康油”或食物油,如橄榄油)受到很高水平的关注。但是人们发现这些油的铺展能力与蓖麻油相比很差。(食物油或健康油记载于美国专利申请公布文本No.US 2008/0070834A1,其内容以引用的方式纳入本文。)
当一滴蓖麻油加入到水或模拟泪液溶液(model tear solution)的表面上时,它迅速铺展,在水性流体的表面上形成一层薄层。与之相比,其他油,如大豆油、橄榄油、红花油、玉米油、芝麻油、花生油和棉籽油在水或模拟泪液溶液的表面上并不铺展,即使在施用过夜后也是如此。
现在出人意料地发现向“健康油”中即使加入少量的蓖麻油也可改善这些油的铺展特性。本发明人相信通过使用蓖麻油与健康油的混合物所得到的分散方面的改善有助于这些更需要的油当在干眼治疗中置于眼表面上时的递送。
使用上述油的掺混物或混合物的另一个优点是蓖麻油与其他粘度较低的油混合时粘度降低。出人意料地,发现这种粘度的降低是非线性的并使得可对油混合物的配方进行选择,从而使其具有对于干眼治疗的用途有利的改善的铺展性和更低的粘度。
本发明的油混合物包含至少5重量%的蓖麻油,优选至少20重量%的蓖麻油。特别地,本发明的油混合物包含5至80重量%的蓖麻油和20至95重量%的另一种油(选自健康油或食物油,例如选自大豆油、橄榄油、红花油、玉米油、芝麻油、花生油和棉籽油),更优选地20至80重量%的蓖麻油和20至80重量%的所述其他油。
最优选地,本发明的油混合物包含5至50重量%的蓖麻油和50至95重量%的大豆油,或者本发明的油混合物包含20至80重量%的蓖麻油和20至80重量%的橄榄油,例如本发明的油混合物可包含70重量%的蓖麻油和30重量%的橄榄油.
油混合物优选以乳液——包括微乳液或所述油在一个连续水相中的分散体,即作为一种包含约0.1至50重量%的油和99.9至50重量%的水相、更优选约0.1至约30重量%的油和约99.9至70重量%的水相,例如约0.25重量%的油和约99.75重量%的水相的乳液——形式递送至眼睛。
本发明的乳液可根据现有技术中已知的方法制备。例如,乳液可通过美国专利No.4,649,047、4,839,342和5,411,952(其中公开了蓖麻油的乳液)中公开的方法制备。也即是,本发明的乳液可通过美国专利号4,649,047、4,839,342和5,411,952中公开的方法制备,其中上述油混合物代替了蓖麻油。这些专利以引用的方式纳入本文。
如美国专利No.4,649,047、4,839,342和5,411,952所公开的,所述蓖麻油的乳液作为环孢霉素的赋形剂公开。类似地,本发明的油混合物也可用作环孢霉素的赋形剂。这些专利以引用的方式纳入本文。
另外,美国专利No.5,474,979公开了制备可用于治疗干眼的乳液的方法。该专利的乳液通过使用特别适于制备本发明乳液的表面活性剂和分散剂而制备。这些专利以引用的方式纳入本文。
最后,美国专利申请公开号US 2006/0106104A1公开了这样的眼用组合物,其包括相容性溶质组分,例如张力组分,如多元醇和氨基酸,并且特别为丙三醇(甘油)、赤藻糖醇(erythritol)和肉毒碱(carnitine)。该公开的专利申请的眼用组合物可用于治疗遭受高渗损伤的眼睛并且可用于改善需要改善视力的人的视力的方法中,该方法包含:向所述人局部给药有效量的包含分散于水性载体组分中的蓖麻油的混合物的所述眼用组合物;以及有效量的包含选自相容性溶质剂的结合物的物质的张力组分。例如,所述相容性溶质剂的结合物可包含两个多元醇组分和一个氨基酸组分并且其中所述多元醇组分可为赤藓糖醇和丙三醇而所述氨基酸组分可为肉毒碱。在本发明的实施方案中,其中该组合物包括公开于该公开的专利申请中的张力组分,并且特别地,当张力组分为赤藓糖醇、丙三醇和肉毒碱时,本发明的组合物可用于治疗遭受高渗损伤的眼睛。类似地,这些张力组分,以及优选地赤藓糖醇、丙三醇和肉毒碱,可包括在本发明的乳液中以提供可局部施用以改善视力的眼用组合物。这些专利申请以引用的方式纳入本文。
本发明的组合物可如以下实施例1中所述制备。
实施例1
本发明乳液组合物的制备方法:
如下文所公开,本发明的乳液组合物可使用或不用张力组分(如赤藓糖醇、丙三醇、肉毒碱等)制备。
批料基于重量计由预先已称重的药典(compendial)原料分5部分制备:
部分1:含有蓖麻油和橄榄油的混合物的油相(有菌的)。
部分2:含有纯净水、聚山梨醇酯80和丙三醇的水相。部分2采用一个带0.2μm PES膜的无菌Nalgene过滤单元进行无菌过滤。
部分4:含有纯净水和羧甲基纤维素钠的水性聚合物分散体。(5X母液,2.5%)。部分4通过在121℃、15psig下高压灭菌15分钟进行灭菌。
部分5:含有纯净水、赤藓糖醇、左肉毒碱(levocarnitine)、硼酸、氢氧化钠(pH调节剂)和purite(防腐剂)的水相。部分5采用一个带0.2μm PES膜的无菌Nalgene过滤单元进行无菌过滤。部分5可基于制剂赋形剂进行改性,见表1。
方法:将部分1加入到部分2中,并将该混合物在60-70℃以14-15Krpm均化~60分钟。将部分1和部分2采用带有转子-定子类型工具(~30mm搅拌头)的Polytron PT 3100均化器进行混合。均化步骤与随后的所有制备步骤一样都在一个层流通风橱(laminar flow hood)中进行。将该预混合料冷却至30℃并且在使用磁力搅拌棒低速混合时加入部分3。然后在使用磁力搅拌棒低速类似地混合时加入部分4。采用类似的混合模式在光保护下加入部分5。乳液从这一刻起受到保护而避光,低速混合一段指定的时间(~30分钟)以形成最终的主体乳液。
根据上文所描述的制备方法,合并以下物质:
部分1&2:800g(油/丙三醇/聚山梨醇酯80)
部分3:400g(0.5%(w/w)Pemulen TR-2-5X母液)
部分4:400g(2.5%(w/w)羧甲基纤维素钠5X母液)
部分5:400g(缓冲液/无离子/purite-5X母液)
批量大小:2,000g
表1乳液的组成
用于本发明眼用组合物中的油的混合物可如下文实施例2所述进行评价。
实施例2
测试油混合物在眼表面上铺展的能力
液滴分散方法:
1.将“模拟泪液溶液”(如下表2中所描述的)加入到一个小细胞培养皿(25mm x 10mm型号)中,加入量足够覆盖其底部。量应为~2.5mL;
2.将一滴油混合物(10至50μl液滴大小)加入到所述培养皿中,观察该液滴在泪液溶液的表面上分散的容易程度,观察不少于60秒;
3.将分散在泪液溶液表面上的液滴用刮勺(spatula)混合并观察该液滴在泪液溶液中分散的容易程度;并且
4.观察混合的油和泪液溶液数分钟/小时以判断油是否融合。
表2模拟泪液溶液的组成
采用上述方法,测试下列油和油混合物并且结果记录于下表3中。
表3:当加入到模拟泪液溶液中时观察到的油的铺展特性
如表2中所示,将少量蓖麻油加入到在眼表面的模型上不铺展的油中,造成铺展整个眼表面。特别地,将少至5重量%的蓖麻油加入到大豆油中造成所得油混合物铺展整个眼表面。将少至20重量%的蓖麻油加入到橄榄油中造成所得油混合物铺展整个眼表面。
本发明的眼用组合物在体内实验中如以下实施例3所述进行评价。
实施例3
实施例2的乳液在兔子中1天眼睛耐受性研究的概要
将包含0.25重量%的70/30蓖麻油/橄榄油混合物的乳液(根据实施例1制备的)在兔子中进行1天眼睛耐受性研究。该油混合物用作张力组分肉毒碱、丙三醇和赤藓糖醇的赋形剂。雌性新西兰白兔(5只兔子/组)通过局部眼睛滴注左眼(OS)给予1滴(每滴~40μL)的所述乳液或一种市售的对比眼药水,其包含乳化于水相中的1.25重量%的蓖麻油,每天6次(大约1小时间隔)持续一天。对侧的右眼(OD)用作未滴注眼药水的对照组。评估了下列参数:生活能力(viability)、临床观察、眼睛不适、总的眼观察(刺激)和眼科检查(裂隙灯生物显微镜方法,瞳孔反射)。本发明乳液的眼睛滴注造成最小的不适反应,持续时间最高达30秒(70%频率)或30至60秒(7%频率)。对比眼药水造成最小的不适反应,持续时间最高达30秒(57%频率)或30至60秒(13%频率)。上述乳液的眼睛滴注对于总的眼观察(刺激)没有影响。对比眼药水导致分别为50%或3%频率的轻微(+1)或中度(+2)的结膜充血(充血)。总之,与市售的对比眼药水相比,本发明的乳液造成相当的最小短暂不适以及明显较轻微的结膜充血。
表4.油混合物乳液和对比乳液制剂的组成
在本发明组合物和方法中所用的油混合物的粘度如下文实施例4中所述进行测定。
实施例4
测定蓖麻油与其他油的混合物的粘度
制备蓖麻油与橄榄油的混合物并测定其粘度。结果记录于图1中。如图所示,粘度的变化是非线性的,即非连续地。出人意料地,少量的橄榄油降低粘度的程度比更大的量降低的程度更大。也就是说,10重量%和20重量%的橄榄油使蓖麻油的粘度在25℃时从675cps分别降至510cps和390cps,以及在37℃时从305cps分别降至230cps和195cps。与之相比,60重量%和40重量%的橄榄油在37℃时将蓖麻油的粘度分别进一步降低至105cps和95cps,在25℃时将蓖麻油的粘度分别进一步降低至220cps和150cps。因此,单独地使用蓖麻油、同时显著降低其粘度的优点,是通过加入少量的另一种油(例如橄榄油)而获得。
本发明的组合物可以有效量局部给药至多种患有干眼的哺乳动物(例如人类、猫、狗等等)以缓解干眼症状,根据需要或按照方案(regimen)以单剂量或2至4个日剂量给药。
前述说明书详述了可用来实施本发明的具体方法和组合物,并代表想到的最佳方式。虽然上述发明已结合上述组合物进行了描述,下文所述的油可包括在本发明的范围内:
亚麻籽油,
桉叶油,
葵花油,
薄荷油,
迷迭香油,
草贡蒿油(caraway oil),
菜籽油,
玉米油,
棉籽油,
花生油(arachis oil),
杏仁油。
另外,蓖麻油与健康油的上述混合物可有利地与多种张力改善化合物联合使用。特别地,上述油混合物中的一种与张力组分的结合物可用于治疗干眼并改善需要所述治疗的人的视力,通过向所述人局部给药有效量的包含分散于水性载体组分中的所述油混合物的眼用组合物;和有效量的包含选自相容性溶质剂的结合物的物质的张力组分,其中所述相容性溶质剂的结合物包含两个多元醇组分和一个氨基酸组分并且其中所述多元醇组分为赤藓糖醇和丙三醇而所述氨基酸组分为肉毒碱。
因此,无论前述文本有多详细,其不应理解为限制其全部范围;更确切地说,本发明的范围将仅由所附权利要求法律上的解释所决定。
Claims (32)
1.一种用作人工泪液的组合物,其包含蓖麻油与另一种油的混合物。
2.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述其他油为食物油或健康油。
3.权利要求2的组合物,其中所述食物油或健康油选自橄榄油、芝麻油、玉米油、大豆油、红花油、棉籽油和花生油。
4.权利要求3的组合物,其中所述混合物包含5至80重量%的蓖麻油。
5.权利要求1的组合物,其中蓖麻油与所述其他油的所述混合物在水相中乳化。
6.权利要求2的组合物,其中蓖麻油与所述其他油的所述混合物在水相中乳化。
7.权利要求3的组合物,其中蓖麻油与所述其他油的所述混合物在水相中乳化。
8.权利要求4的组合物,其中蓖麻油与所述其他油的所述混合物在水相中乳化。
9.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述其他油为大豆油。
10.权利要求9的组合物,其中所述混合物包含5至50重量%的蓖麻油。
11.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述其他油为橄榄油。
12.权利要求11的组合物,其中所述混合物包含20至80重量%的蓖麻油。
13.权利要求12的组合物,其中所述混合物包含70重量%的蓖麻油和30重量%的橄榄油。
14.权利要求6的乳液,包含0.1至50重量%的油混合物和99.9至50重量%的水相。
15.权利要求6的乳液,包含0.1至30重量%的油混合物和99.9至70重量%的水相。
16.权利要求6的乳液,包含0.25重量%的油混合物和97.5重量%的水相。
17.权利要求7的乳液,包含0.1至50重量%的油混合物和99.9至50重量%的水相。
18.权利要求7的乳液,包含0.1至30重量%的油混合物和99.9至70重量%的水相。
19.权利要求7的乳液,包含0.25重量%的油混合物和97.5重量%的水相。
20.权利要求9的乳液,包含0.1至30重量%的油混合物和99.9至50重量%的水相。
21.权利要求11的乳液,包含0.1至30重量%的油混合物和99.9至70重量%的水相。
22.权利要求13的乳液,包含0.25重量%的油混合物和97.5重量%的水相。
23.一种治疗干燥性角膜结膜炎(KCS)的方法,其包含:
提供权利要求6的组合物,和
将所述组合物局部给药予患者眼睛的眼表面或紧邻部位。
24.权利要求23的方法,其中在所述给药步骤中,所述治疗剂施用至眼睛的眼表面。
25.权利要求23的方法,其中在所述给药步骤中,所述治疗剂施用至邻近眼表面的眼睛部位。
26.一种通过测量油铺展整个眼表面的能力而测量所述油用于治疗干眼的适用性的方法,其包含以下步骤:
加入足够量的模拟泪液溶液以覆盖皿底部;
加入一滴油或油混合物至所述皿并观察该滴物质在所述溶液的表面上分散的容易程度;
观察不少于60秒;
用刮勺混合;
观察该滴物质在所述泪液溶液中分散的容易程度;以及
观察至少1分钟以判断油或油混合物是否融合。
27.一种降低蓖麻油的粘度以提供一种具有改善的铺展整个眼表面能力的油混合物的方法,其包含混合所述蓖麻油与另一种选自橄榄油、芝麻油、玉米油、大豆油、红花油、棉籽油和花生油的油。
28.权利要求27的方法,其中所述其他油为橄榄油。
29.权利要求28的方法,其中单独使用蓖麻油、同时显著降低其粘度的优点,是通过加入少量的橄榄油而获得。
30.权利要求29的方法,其中所述混合物包含30%或更少的橄榄油。
31.改善需要改善视力的人的视力的方法,其包含向所述人局部给药有效量的包含分散于水性载体组分中的蓖麻油与其他油的混合物的眼用组合物;和有效量的包含选自相容性溶质剂的结合物的物质的张力组分,其中所述相容性溶质剂的结合物包含两个多元醇组分和一个氨基酸组分并且其中所述多元醇组分为赤藓糖醇和丙三醇而所述氨基酸组分为肉毒碱。
32.权利要求31的方法,其中所述人患有干眼症。
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CN107106483A (zh) * | 2014-11-25 | 2017-08-29 | 阿勒根公司 | 稳定化的ω‑3眼用组合物 |
CN107106483B (zh) * | 2014-11-25 | 2021-04-16 | 阿勒根公司 | 稳定化的ω-3眼用组合物 |
CN107582605A (zh) * | 2016-07-07 | 2018-01-16 | 萨尔瓦特实验室股份有限公司 | 眼用组合物 |
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