CN102214906B - 用于将弹性包覆元件组装在电导体上的设备 - Google Patents
用于将弹性包覆元件组装在电导体上的设备 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102214906B CN102214906B CN201110034273.4A CN201110034273A CN102214906B CN 102214906 B CN102214906 B CN 102214906B CN 201110034273 A CN201110034273 A CN 201110034273A CN 102214906 B CN102214906 B CN 102214906B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- sealing element
- pin
- opening
- elastic sealing
- electrical conductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 157
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
- H01R43/005—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for making dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof connection, coupling, or casing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
- H01R43/28—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for wire processing before connecting to contact members, not provided for in groups H01R43/02 - H01R43/26
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R2201/00—Connectors or connections adapted for particular applications
- H01R2201/26—Connectors or connections adapted for particular applications for vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G15/00—Cable fittings
- H02G15/013—Sealing means for cable inlets
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49204—Contact or terminal manufacturing
- Y10T29/49208—Contact or terminal manufacturing by assembling plural parts
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49204—Contact or terminal manufacturing
- Y10T29/49208—Contact or terminal manufacturing by assembling plural parts
- Y10T29/49217—Contact or terminal manufacturing by assembling plural parts by elastic joining
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49204—Contact or terminal manufacturing
- Y10T29/49208—Contact or terminal manufacturing by assembling plural parts
- Y10T29/49218—Contact or terminal manufacturing by assembling plural parts with deforming
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
- Y10T29/49938—Radially expanding part in cavity, aperture, or hollow body
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
- Y10T29/49938—Radially expanding part in cavity, aperture, or hollow body
- Y10T29/4994—Radially expanding internal tube
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
- Y10T29/5313—Means to assemble electrical device
- Y10T29/532—Conductor
- Y10T29/53209—Terminal or connector
- Y10T29/53213—Assembled to wire-type conductor
- Y10T29/53239—Means to fasten by elastic joining
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
- Y10T29/53657—Means to assemble or disassemble to apply or remove a resilient article [e.g., tube, sleeve, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
- Y10T29/53678—Compressing parts together face to face
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)
- Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (15)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP10001148.5A EP2362508B1 (de) | 2010-02-04 | 2010-02-04 | Verfahren zum ummanteln eines elektrischen Leiters mit einem elastischen Dichtungselement |
EP10001148.5 | 2010-02-04 | ||
EP10003072.5A EP2355279B1 (de) | 2010-02-04 | 2010-03-23 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur verwendung bei der montage eines elastischen dichtungselements auf einem elektrischen Leiter |
EP10003072.5 | 2010-03-23 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN102214906A CN102214906A (zh) | 2011-10-12 |
CN102214906B true CN102214906B (zh) | 2015-10-21 |
Family
ID=42229025
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201110034273.4A Active CN102214906B (zh) | 2010-02-04 | 2011-02-01 | 用于将弹性包覆元件组装在电导体上的设备 |
CN201110034943.2A Active CN102195262B (zh) | 2010-02-04 | 2011-02-09 | 用弹性包覆元件包覆电导体的方法以及所包覆的电导体 |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201110034943.2A Active CN102195262B (zh) | 2010-02-04 | 2011-02-09 | 用弹性包覆元件包覆电导体的方法以及所包覆的电导体 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US8713771B2 (zh) |
EP (2) | EP2362508B1 (zh) |
CN (2) | CN102214906B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2392128T3 (es) * | 2009-11-09 | 2012-12-04 | Schäfer Werkzeug- und Sondermaschinenbau GmbH | Máquina para el montaje de manguitos |
ITPD20120392A1 (it) * | 2012-12-20 | 2014-06-21 | Wirmec Srl | Macchina per il fissaggio di elementi elastici su cavi elettrici |
CN104972288B (zh) * | 2015-06-26 | 2017-03-08 | 德韧干巷汽车系统(上海)有限公司 | 一种弹性零部件的穿装机及其穿装方法 |
CN105643235B (zh) * | 2016-04-12 | 2019-01-01 | 江西丰临医疗科技股份有限公司 | 一种留置针隔离塞组装机 |
CN107297705B (zh) * | 2017-08-24 | 2023-08-01 | 上海翊科聚合物科技有限公司 | 一种套管的制作装置及制作方法 |
CN109695445B (zh) * | 2017-10-24 | 2023-04-18 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 电缆密封穿越洗井工具 |
US20210218238A1 (en) * | 2018-06-12 | 2021-07-15 | Commscope Technologies Llc | Cable installation method and system |
DE102020118691A1 (de) * | 2019-07-30 | 2021-04-08 | Metzner Holding GmbH | Verfahren, Vorrichtung und System zur Konfektionierung eines elektrischen Kabels |
DE102020127605A1 (de) * | 2019-10-25 | 2021-04-29 | Metzner Holding GmbH | Vorrichtung, Verfahren und System zur Montage eines elektrischen Steckverbinders |
DE102021127845B4 (de) * | 2021-10-26 | 2024-05-29 | BRUSS Sealing Systems GmbH | Elektrischer Leiter für die Leitung elektrischen Stroms durch eine Öffnung einer Gehäusewand und Verfahren zur Herstellung |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2436319A1 (fr) * | 1978-09-15 | 1980-04-11 | Studsvik Energiteknik Ab | Procede et dispositif pour ignifuger une ouverture de passage d'un conduit |
JP2635480B2 (ja) * | 1992-04-23 | 1997-07-30 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | ゴム栓の電線への装着方法 |
JP3032256B2 (ja) * | 1990-08-21 | 2000-04-10 | 三菱電線工業株式会社 | シールドピン自動組立装置 |
CN1518175A (zh) * | 2003-01-21 | 2004-08-04 | ס�ѵ�װ��ʽ���� | 电线用防水密封件的输送装置、嵌装方法及电线加工设备 |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2657454A (en) * | 1947-12-24 | 1953-11-03 | Atlas Powder Co | Strand insertion |
GB8917145D0 (en) * | 1989-07-27 | 1989-09-13 | Amp Gmbh | Applying a bung seal to an electrical lead |
JP3003014B2 (ja) * | 1992-03-23 | 2000-01-24 | 新明和工業株式会社 | ワイヤシール取付方法 |
CH689272A5 (de) * | 1993-05-06 | 1999-01-15 | Komax Holding Ag | Einrichtung zur Tuellenbestueckung von elektrischen Kabeln. |
US5617619A (en) * | 1994-08-11 | 1997-04-08 | Knudson; Gary A. | Rivet fastening apparatus and method |
JP3028748B2 (ja) * | 1995-04-10 | 2000-04-04 | 住友電装株式会社 | 防水ゴム栓への電線挿通方法および電線挿通用治具 |
JPH08288044A (ja) * | 1995-04-10 | 1996-11-01 | Sumitomo Wiring Syst Ltd | 防水ゴム栓への電線挿通方法および電線挿通用治具 |
JPH10271638A (ja) * | 1997-03-27 | 1998-10-09 | Sumitomo Wiring Syst Ltd | グロメットへの電線挿入装置 |
WO2002092256A1 (de) * | 2001-05-11 | 2002-11-21 | Tox Pressotechnik Gmbh & Co Kg | Verkzeug zum mechanischen verbinden von platten |
JP2007288966A (ja) * | 2006-04-19 | 2007-11-01 | Sumitomo Wiring Syst Ltd | ゴム栓挿入装置 |
FR2920599B1 (fr) * | 2007-09-05 | 2009-12-18 | Mecatraction | Cosse pour connexion electrique et son procede d'assemblage. |
JP5299149B2 (ja) | 2009-07-30 | 2013-09-25 | アイコム株式会社 | 無線通信装置及び無線通信システム |
-
2010
- 2010-02-04 EP EP10001148.5A patent/EP2362508B1/de active Active
- 2010-03-23 EP EP10003072.5A patent/EP2355279B1/de active Active
-
2011
- 2011-01-24 US US13/011,956 patent/US8713771B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-01-31 US US13/017,733 patent/US8646176B2/en active Active
- 2011-02-01 CN CN201110034273.4A patent/CN102214906B/zh active Active
- 2011-02-09 CN CN201110034943.2A patent/CN102195262B/zh active Active
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2436319A1 (fr) * | 1978-09-15 | 1980-04-11 | Studsvik Energiteknik Ab | Procede et dispositif pour ignifuger une ouverture de passage d'un conduit |
JP3032256B2 (ja) * | 1990-08-21 | 2000-04-10 | 三菱電線工業株式会社 | シールドピン自動組立装置 |
JP2635480B2 (ja) * | 1992-04-23 | 1997-07-30 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | ゴム栓の電線への装着方法 |
CN1518175A (zh) * | 2003-01-21 | 2004-08-04 | ס�ѵ�װ��ʽ���� | 电线用防水密封件的输送装置、嵌装方法及电线加工设备 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2362508B1 (de) | 2016-02-03 |
US20110185549A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
US8646176B2 (en) | 2014-02-11 |
US8713771B2 (en) | 2014-05-06 |
EP2355279B1 (de) | 2016-02-17 |
EP2362508A1 (de) | 2011-08-31 |
CN102195262B (zh) | 2016-02-24 |
CN102214906A (zh) | 2011-10-12 |
EP2355279A1 (de) | 2011-08-10 |
CN102195262A (zh) | 2011-09-21 |
US20110187057A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN102214906B (zh) | 用于将弹性包覆元件组装在电导体上的设备 | |
US10475558B2 (en) | Cable processing equipment for processing cable cores of a multi-core cable | |
CN109792136B (zh) | 编织物加工装置以及带编织物线缆的加工方法 | |
CN1182892C (zh) | 在静脉导管上制作端头的方法 | |
EP3193411B1 (en) | Apparatus and method for splaying at least one cable layer of a shielded cable | |
US11159003B2 (en) | Method of removing foil shield from cable | |
EP3163697B1 (en) | Separating a shielding of a coaxial cable | |
US10434675B2 (en) | Apparatus for removing a coating | |
WO2013069247A2 (en) | Electric wire processing device and method for processing electric wire | |
CN113314925A (zh) | 用于去除电缆的屏蔽体的方法和装置 | |
JPH0743559A (ja) | 光ファイバコネクタ及びその製造方法 | |
EP2360500A1 (en) | Method of processing terminal of optical fiber and terminal processing member | |
CN1230947C (zh) | 高压电缆的插头侧连接器结构 | |
JP7181243B2 (ja) | 編組折返し装置及び編組折返し方法 | |
JP2012050175A (ja) | 電線皮剥ぎ装置 | |
JP2019107182A (ja) | バスケット型内視鏡装置用処置具 | |
JP3150305U (ja) | リングスリーブ | |
JP2016220346A (ja) | 多芯ケーブルのストリップ方法およびストリップ装置 | |
JP6469458B2 (ja) | 電線体加工装置 | |
CN113224691B (zh) | 编织物切割单元和编织物切割方法 | |
KR20250105369A (ko) | 차폐 전기 케이블의 차폐 호일의 단부를 제거하는 장치 및 공정 | |
JP2019140874A (ja) | 電線加工装置及び電線加工方法 | |
JP2005312257A (ja) | シールド線開き治具 | |
JPH0922746A (ja) | 電気機器の結線構造、端子構造および結線装置 | |
JPH0923525A (ja) | 編組み型シールドケーブルの端末処理方法および端末処理具 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
C06 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
TR01 | Transfer of patent right | ||
TR01 | Transfer of patent right |
Effective date of registration: 20190201 Address after: Babado J San Michaele Patentee after: Delphi Technologies, Inc. Address before: Michigan Patentee before: DELPHI TECHNOLOGIES, Inc. |
|
TR01 | Transfer of patent right | ||
TR01 | Transfer of patent right |
Effective date of registration: 20240814 Address after: Luxembourg Patentee after: Anbofu Technology (2) Co.,Ltd. Country or region after: Luxembourg Address before: Babado J San Michaele Patentee before: Delphi Technologies, Inc. Country or region before: Barbados |
|
TR01 | Transfer of patent right | ||
TR01 | Transfer of patent right |
Effective date of registration: 20241014 Address after: Luxembourg Patentee after: Anbofu Manufacturing Management Services Co.,Ltd. Country or region after: Luxembourg Address before: Luxembourg Patentee before: Anbofu Technology (2) Co.,Ltd. Country or region before: Luxembourg |
|
TR01 | Transfer of patent right | ||
TR01 | Transfer of patent right |
Effective date of registration: 20241029 Address after: Luxembourg Patentee after: Anbofu Manufacturing Management Services Co.,Ltd. Country or region after: Luxembourg Address before: Luxembourg Patentee before: Anbofu Technology (2) Co.,Ltd. Country or region before: Luxembourg |
|
TR01 | Transfer of patent right | ||
TR01 | Transfer of patent right |
Effective date of registration: 20241129 Address after: Schaffhausen, Switzerland, 5 Pedder Strasse Patentee after: Anbofu Technology Co.,Ltd. Country or region after: Switzerland Address before: Luxembourg Patentee before: Anbofu Manufacturing Management Services Co.,Ltd. Country or region before: Luxembourg |