CN102150376A - Signal quality estimation - Google Patents

Abstract

There is provided a method of processing signals in a network node or user equipment in a communication network, the signals comprising data symbols for a plurality of users, and wherein joint or multi-user detection is used to determine the data symbols in the received signals, the method comprising estimating a signal quality from the received signals prior to performing the joint or multi-user detection.

Description

Signal quality is estimated

Technical field

The present invention relates to communication network, and specifically, relate in communication network and come estimated signal quality from up link or down link signal.

Background technology

In TD SDMA (TD-SCDMA) system, portable terminal communicates with wireless mode and home base stations (being called Node B), and home base stations itself is connected to the controller of being responsible for the control base station and carrying out provided for radio resources management.

One of function that controller is carried out is the quality that control commutes communications of Mobile Terminals.Particularly, adjust the corresponding delivering power of portable terminal and base station to satisfy a certain predetermined or adjustable desired value.

Uplink inner-loop power control is that portable terminal can be dynamically adapted to its delivering power the process of appropriate level by it.Measure signal interference noise ratio (SINR) is come from the signal of receiving from portable terminal in the base station, and this value and target SINR value are compared.The base station relatively generates control signal (being called delivering power control-TPC-order) based on this, and the TPC order is sent to portable terminal.Portable terminal is adjusted its delivering power according to the TPC order of receiving subsequently.

Uplink outer-loop control is that controller is provided with the process of echo signal interference-to-noise ratio (SINR) by it for each base station in the network.Controller is intended to keep the quality of communication link between portable terminal and the base station, drops to the delivering power that uses minimum simultaneously.

Be to realize inner loop power control in cdma system, the base station must obtain the estimation of the SINR of up link from portable terminal, and relatively this estimates and target SINR orders to generate TPC.Also require SINR for soft value convergent-divergent.Obtaining accurately, SINR estimates that the performance for inner loop power control and decoder is important.

In the TD-SCDMA system, transmission comprises middle synchronous code (midamble) part and data division.Middle synchronous code partly is used for channel estimating, and channel estimating is used for the data symbol of demodulating data part.Usually, joint-detection is arranged in data division, and need estimate SINR for data symbol.Be that Multiuser Detection (MUD) is used least mean-square estimate (MMSE) and ZF (ZF) in TD-SCDMA.

Current, from estimating SINR by the soft value of data of joint-detection output, shown in following equation 1, it is the variance of the average of soft value u divided by soft value u:

$\mathrm{SI}\hat{N}R=\frac{{\left|\right|E\left[u\right]\left|\right|}^2}{\mathrm{Var}\left[u\right]}---\left(1\right)$

Because therefore the joint-detection complexity, estimates that the current solution of SINR is very slow.In addition, if the quantity of soft value is big, then estimation even more complicated.Yet,, estimate more inaccurate if soft value quantity is little.

Therefore, the purpose of this invention is to provide improving one's methods of a kind of estimation such as Signal Interference and Noise Ratio uplink signal quality such as (SINR), this method overcomes at least some restrictions of current method, and also can be used in the estimating down-ward link signal quality.

Summary of the invention

Therefore, provide a kind of in communication network subscriber equipment or network node in the method for processing signals, described signal comprises and is used for a plurality of user's data symbols, and wherein associating or Multiuser Detection are used for determining the data symbol of received signal, and this method is come estimated signal quality from received signal before being included in and carrying out associating or Multiuser Detection.

Preferably, the step of estimated signal quality comprises the characteristic of using received signal to estimate to have transmitted by it channel of signal.

Preferably, the step of evaluation characteristic comprises that the middle synchronous code of using received signal partly estimates the characteristic of channel.

In a preferred embodiment, the step of estimated signal quality also comprises from received signal r comes the constructing system matrix A, and wherein A is provided by r=Ad+V, and d is the data symbol that transmits, and V is noise and interference.

Preferably, the step of estimated signal quality comprises that also the using system matrix A determines signal quality from following equation:

$\mathrm{\γ}(k,n)=\frac{{\left|E\left({\hat{d}}_n^{\left(k\right)}\right)\right|}^2}{E\left({|\mathrm{ISI}+\mathrm{MAI}+\mathrm{noise}|}^2\right)}$

Wherein k=1...K, and n=1...N, d _nBe the data symbol that subscriber equipment or network node transmit, disturb between the ISI is-symbol, and MAI is that multiple access disturbs.

In one embodiment, network node or subscriber equipment are realized whitened matched filter, ZF piece linear equalizer or least mean-square error piece linear equalizer.

Preferably, this method is further comprising the steps of: by the constructing system matrix A, make it comprise the element that only is used for three continuous data symbols of received signal, thereby simplify matrix A.

Preferably, in the estimation of signal quality, use the simplification matrix A.

Signal quality can be Signal Interference and Noise Ratio or signal to noise ratio, and communication network can be the TD-SCDMA network.

In a preferred embodiment, this method is used for estimating the signal quality of the up link from the subscriber equipment to the network node, and the step in this method is carried out by network node.

According to a further aspect in the invention, provide a kind of method of between network node and one or more subscriber equipment, carrying out inner loop power control, comprised the signal quality of estimating the uplink signal from the subscriber equipment to the network node as mentioned above.

Alternative is, this method is used for estimating the signal quality of the down link from the network node to the subscriber equipment, and the step in this method is carried out by subscriber equipment.

Still have on the other hand according to the present invention, a kind of equipment of using at communication network of being used for is provided; Described equipment is fit to handle the signal that comprises the corresponding data symbol that receives from multiple source, and be fit to use associating or Multiuser Detection to come the specified data symbol from received signal, wherein, this equipment is applicable to before carrying out associating or Multiuser Detection and comes estimated signal quality from received signal.

Description of drawings

To only pass through example now, with reference to the accompanying drawings to describe the present invention, wherein:

Fig. 1 is the block diagram according to TD SDMA of the present invention (TD-SCDMA) network;

Fig. 2 is the flow chart that step in the method according to this invention is shown;

Fig. 3,4 and 5 illustrates the structure of the sytem matrix A that is used for a plurality of users and a plurality of receivers; And

Fig. 6 illustrates and is used for the simplified system matrix A used in another embodiment of the present invention.

Embodiment

Though describe the present invention with reference to TD SDMA (TD-SCDMA) communication network below, but will understand, the present invention can be applicable to the network of any other type of using associating or Multiuser Detection, and Signal Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) or signal to noise ratio (snr) are estimated.

The invention provides the method for a kind of estimation such as uplink qualities such as Signal Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) that can in up link internal power control ring for example, use or signal to noise ratio (snr)s.This method can be carried out in such as base stations such as Node B or analogs or in such as higher network control nodes such as radio network controllers, and accounts for when leading effective especially in the interference from subscriber equipment itself.

Fig. 1 illustrates according to TD-SCDMA network 2 of the present invention.Network 2 comprises a plurality of portable terminals or the subscriber equipment 4 that the corresponding data symbol is sent to base station (Node B) 6 by wireless channel.

Each portable terminal 4 comprises frequency multiplier (spreader) 8 and scrambler 10, and frequency multiplier 8 is expressed as d for mobile terminal user receives _kThe corresponding set of symbol, wherein, the k identifying user, scope is from 1 to K, scrambler 10 is by corresponding scrambler V _kOutput scrambling with frequency multiplier 8.Transmitter circuit 12 and antenna 14 are by being expressed as h _{K, m}The wireless channel of (wherein, m is a m receiver antenna 16) is sent to Node B 6 with consequential signal.

Node B comprises one group antenna 16 and the acceptor circuit 18 of reception from the signal of each portable terminal 4.Be expressed as r _kCorresponding received signal stream be provided to combined detector 20, this detector is carried out joint-detection with specified data symbol d on received signal stream _kThe output of combined detector 20 is provided to the treatment circuit of demodulator 22 and back.

Node B 6 also comprises channel estimator 24, and this channel estimator is estimated wireless channel h from received signal _K.mCharacteristic, and the estimation of channel is provided to combined detector 20.

The transmission of 6 data-signal can be written as from portable terminal 4 to Node B

r＝Ad+V (2)

Wherein

$A={\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{A}_1^T& A_2^T& ...& A_M^T\end{array}\right]}^T---\left(3\right)$

r＝[r ₁?r ₂...r _NQ+W-1] ^T (5)

d＝[d ₁?d ₂...d _NK] ^T (6)

With

R is the received signal in the Node B;

A is the sytem matrix that is used for multi-user and multiple collector;

D is-symbol, the symbol that transmits by the multi-user;

V is from the interference of other sector and noise;

N is the symbol quantity that a user transmits;

Q is a spreading factor;

W is the length of channel window;

b _{K, m}Be the result of the convolution of channel response from user k to m reception antenna and spreading code; And

The quantity of the unified spreading code that K is to use.

Fig. 2 is the flow chart that the method for Node B 6 execution is shown.Therefore, Node B 6 is calculated the SINR of Multiuser Detection (MMSE, ZF etc.) by utilizing signal before the despreading and/or relevant channel information.Synchronous code is partly come estimating channel information (step 50) from received signal, and can obtain channel response h and noise correlation matrix R _nAccording to configuration or measurement, therefrom synchronous code is partly come the relevant channel information of calculated data.

Subsequently, shown in top equation 3, constructing system matrix A (step 52).

Subsequently, sytem matrix A is sent to combined detector 20 (step 54) and is used for detection signal so that demodulator data d ' to be provided, and the demodulator data are provided to demodulator 22 and decoder (step 56).

Sytem matrix A also is provided to SINR estimator (step 60) so that estimate SINR.Channel information by obtaining can calculate the SINR that is used for data division according to theoretical formula.

In a preferred embodiment, can simplified system matrix A (step 58), this makes the estimation of SINR faster, simpler.Will be further described below this simplification.

Fig. 3,4 and 5 shows from element b _{K, m}Come the constructing system matrix A.Particularly, as shown in equation 4 and Fig. 3, A _{K, m}Be from element b _{K, m}The vector that forms, wherein, 1≤k≤K.Fig. 4 illustrates how from vectorial A _{K, m}Make up A _m, and Fig. 5 illustrates from A _mFor each antenna from 1 to M makes up A.

The SINR of demodulator data (that is, sending to the data of demodulator 22 from combined detector 20) can be expressed as:

$\mathrm{\γ}(k,n)=\frac{{\left|E\left({\hat{d}}_n^{\left(k\right)}\right)\right|}^2}{E\left({|\mathrm{ISI}+\mathrm{MAI}+\mathrm{noise}|}^2\right)}---\left(7\right)$

Wherein, k=1...K, and n=1...N disturb between the ISI is-symbol, and MAI is that multiple access disturbs.

The SINR of whitened matched filter (WMF), ZF piece linear equalizer (ZF-BLE) and least mean-square error piece linear equalizer (MMSE-BLE) draws and illustrates below from equation 7.

For whitened matched filter (WMF):

${\hat{d}}_{c,\mathrm{WMF}}={\hat{A}}^H{\hat{R}}_n^{-1}e$

$={\hat{A}}^H{\hat{R}}_n^{-1}\mathrm{Ad}+{\hat{A}}^H{\hat{R}}_n^{-1}n---\left(8\right)$

Wherein, d _nBe the signal (before it carries out spread spectrum) that will transmit, R _dBe signal d _nCross-correlation matrix, n is illustrated in the noise of receiver, R _nBe the correlation matrix of noise n, and e is a received signal.

The SINR that estimates can be written as

${\mathrm{\γ}}_{\mathrm{WMF}}(k,n)=\frac{E\left\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\right\}{\left({\left[F\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2}{{\left[{(F-F_{j,j})}^H(F-F_{j,j})\right]}_{j,j}+{\left[F\right]}_{j,j}}$

$=\frac{E\left\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\right\}{\left({\left[F\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2}{{\left[{\mathrm{FR}}_{d}F\right]}_{j,j}-2\mathrm{Re}\left\{{\left[{\mathrm{FR}}_d\right]}_{j,j}\right\}{\left[F\right]}_{j,j}\}+E\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\}{\left({\left[F\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2+{\left[F\right]}_{j,j}}---\left(9\right)$

Wherein $F=A^H{R}_n^{-1}A$

j＝n+N(k-1)，k＝1...K，n＝1...N

For ZF piece linear equalizer (ZF-BLE):

${\hat{d}}_{c,\mathrm{ZF}-\mathrm{BLE}}={\left({\hat{A}}^H{\hat{R}}_n^{-1}\hat{A}\right)}^{-1}{\hat{A}}^H{\hat{R}}_n^{-1}e---\left(10\right)$

$=d+{\left({\hat{A}}^H{\hat{R}}_n^{-1}\hat{A}\right)}^{-1}{\hat{A}}^H{\hat{R}}_n^{-1}n$

The SINR that estimates can be written as:

${\mathrm{\γ}}_{\mathrm{WMF}}(k,n)=\frac{E\left\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\right\}{\left({\left[F\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2}{{\left[{(F-F_{j,j})}^H(F-F_{j,j})\right]}_{j,j}+{\left[F\right]}_{j,j}}$

$=\frac{E\left\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\right\}{\left({\left[F\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2}{{\left[{\mathrm{FR}}_{d}F\right]}_{j,j}-2\mathrm{Re}\left\{{\left[{\mathrm{FR}}_d\right]}_{j,j}\right\}{\left[F\right]}_{j,j}\}+E\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\}{\left({\left[F\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2+{\left[F\right]}_{j,j}}---\left(11\right)$

Wherein $F=A^H{R}_n^{-1}A$

j＝n+N(k-1)，k＝1...K，n＝1...N

${\mathrm{\γ}}_{\mathrm{ZF}-\mathrm{BLE}}(k,n)=\frac{E\left\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\right\}}{{\left[{\left(A^H{R}_n^{-1}A\right)}^{-1}\right]}_{j,j}}---\left(12\right)$

j＝n+N(k-1)，k＝1...K，n＝1...N

For least mean-square error piece linear equalizer (MMSE-BLE):

${\hat{d}}_{c,\mathrm{MMSE}-\mathrm{BLE}}={({\hat{A}}^H{\hat{R}}_n^{-1}\hat{A}+R_d^{-1})}^{-1}{\hat{A}}^H{\hat{R}}_n^{-1}e$

$=R_d{\hat{A}}^H{(\hat{A}{R}_d{\hat{A}}^H+{\hat{R}}_n)}^{-1}e$

$={(I+{\left(R_d{\hat{A}}^H{\hat{R}}_n^{-1}\hat{A}\right)}^{-1})}^{-1}{\hat{d}}_{c,\mathrm{ZF}-\mathrm{BLE}}---\left(13\right)$

${=\tilde{W}}_0{\hat{d}}_{c,\mathrm{ZF}-\mathrm{BLE}}$

The SINR that estimates can be written as

${\mathrm{\γ}}_{\mathrm{MMSE}-\mathrm{BLE}}(k,n)=\frac{E\left\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\right\}{\left({\left[W_0\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2}{{\left[{(W_0-W_{0j,j})}^H(W_0-W_{0j,j})\right]}_{j,j}+{\left[W_0{\left(A^H{R}_n^{-1}A\right)}^{-1}{A}^H{R}_n^{-1}{R}_n{R}_n^{-1}A{\left[{\left(A^H{R}_n^{-1}A\right)}^{-1}\right]}^H{W}_0^H\right]}_{j,j}}$

$=\frac{E\left\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\right\}{\left({\left[W_0\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2}{{\left[W_0{R}_d{W}_0\right]}_{j,j}-2\mathrm{Re}\left\{{\left[W_0{R}_d\right]}_{j,j}\right\}{\left[W_0\right]}_{j,j}\}+E\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\}{\left({\left[W_0\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2+{\left[W_0{\left[{\left(A^H{R}_n^{-1}A\right)}^{-1}\right]}^H{W}_0^H\right]}_{j,j}}$

$=\frac{E\left\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\right\}{\left({\left[W_0\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2}{{\left[W_0(R_d{W}_0+{\left[{\left(A^H{R}_n^{-1}A\right)}^{-1}\right]}^H{W}_0^H)\right]}_{j,j}-2\mathrm{Re}\left\{{\left[W_0{R}_d\right]}_{j,j}\right\}{\left[W_0\right]}_{j,j}\}+E\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\}{\left({\left[W_0\right]}_{j,j}\right)}^2}$

$=\frac{E\left\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\right\}{\left|{\left[W_0\right]}_{j,j}\right|}^2}{{\left[W_0{R}_d\right]}_{j,j}-2\mathrm{Re}\left\{{\left[W_0{R}_d\right]}_{j,j}\right\}{\left[W_0\right]}_{j,j}\}+E\{{\left|d_n^{\left(k\right)}\right|}^2\}{\left|{\left[W_0\right]}_{j,j}\right|}^2}$

Wherein $W_0={(I+{\left(R_d{A}^H{R}_n^{-1}A\right)}^{-1})}^{-1}$

j＝n+N(k-1)，k＝1...K，n＝1...N

(14)

In another embodiment of the present invention, have realized that because matrix A depends on the symbol quantity of transmission, and therefore, it is very big, but it can be simplified to reduce the complexity that SINR calculates.Particularly, suppose that all symbols that transmit have identical SINR, this means the size that can reduce A greatly in single time slot.

Fig. 6 illustrates a demonstration and simplifies matrix A, first three symbol that each antenna is received shown in it.Because all symbols of hypothesis run into identical SINR, therefore, this simplification matrix A can be used to all the sign computation SINR in the transmission.

Because having only first and the 3rd symbol will be the symbol that can disturb second symbol, therefore, simplification matrix A shown in Figure 6 can be represented all interference that second symbol will run into.According to what using is WMF, ZF-BLE or MMSE-BLE detection method, and the SINR of second symbol can calculate by a suitable equation of above-mentioned expression formula 9,12 or 14, and this SINR can be considered as be the SINR of all symbols in this time slot.

Though the present invention determines that with reference to being used for the method for the up link signal quality from the subscriber equipment to the base station is described, but will understand, identical method can be used in the signal quality the down link of estimation from base station or other network node to the subscriber equipment that uses associating or Multiuser Detection.

Because before carrying out joint-detection, carry out the method according to this invention, so can be than determining SINR quickly by conventional method.Therefore, provide the method for a kind of estimating uplink or downlink signal quality, it can provide the estimation of signal quality quickly than conventional method.

Though the present invention is shown specifically and describes in figure and front description, it is illustrative or exemplary rather than restrictive that this type of diagram and description will be considered as; The invention is not restricted to disclosed embodiment.

By research figure, the disclosure and the claim of enclosing, those skilled in the art can understand and realize the variation to disclosed embodiment in putting into practice described invention.In the claims, " comprising ", other element or step do not got rid of in a speech, and indefinite article " (a or an) " is not got rid of majority.Single processor or other unit can satisfy several the function of putting down in writing in the claim.The pure fact that some measure is put down in writing in mutually different dependent claims does not represent that the combination of these measures can not advantageously use.But the computer program stored/distributed is being fit on the medium, for example provide or as the solid state media or the optical storage media of its part, but also can in other form, distribute with other hardware, as through the internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication system distribute.Any reference numeral in the claim should not be considered as limited field.

Claims (23)

1. One kind in communication network subscriber equipment or network node in the method for processing signals, described signal comprises and is used for a plurality of user's data symbols, and wherein associating or Multiuser Detection are used for determining the described data symbol of the signal that received, and described method comprises:

   Before carrying out described associating or Multiuser Detection, come estimated signal quality from the signal that is received.
2. 2. the method for claim 1, wherein the step of estimated signal quality comprises:

   Use the signal that is received to estimate to transmit by it the characteristic of the channel of described signal.
3. 3. method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the step of evaluation characteristic comprises that the middle synchronous code of the signal that use receives partly estimates the characteristic of described channel.
4. 4. as claim 2 or 3 described methods, wherein the step of estimated signal quality also comprises:

   From the signal r constructing system matrix A that is received, wherein A is provided by r=Ad+V, and d is the data symbol that is transmitted, and V is noise and interference.
5. 5. method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the step of estimated signal quality also comprises:

   Use described sytem matrix A to determine described signal quality from following equation:

   $\mathrm{\γ}(k,n)=\frac{{\left|E\left({\hat{d}}_n^{\left(k\right)}\right)\right|}^2}{E\left({|\mathrm{ISI}+\mathrm{MAI}+\mathrm{noise}|}^2\right)}$

   Wherein k=1...K, and n=1...N, d _nBe the data symbol that described subscriber equipment or network node transmit, disturb between the ISI is-symbol, and MAI is that multiple access disturbs.
6. 6. method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said network node or subscriber equipment are realized whitened matched filter, ZF piece linear equalizer or least mean-square error piece linear equalizer.
7. 7. as each described method of claim 4 to 6, further comprising the steps of: as, to make it comprise the element that only is used for three continuous data symbols of signal of being received, thereby simplify described matrix A by making up described sytem matrix A.
8. 8. method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the matrix A of being simplified is used in the estimation of described signal quality.
9. 9. as each described method of front claim, wherein said signal quality is Signal Interference and Noise Ratio or signal to noise ratio.
10. 10. as each described method of front claim, wherein said communication network is the TD-SCDMA network.
11. 11. as each described method of front claim, wherein said method is used for estimating the signal quality of the up link from described subscriber equipment to described network node, the step in the described method is carried out by described network node.
12. 12. between network node and one or more subscriber equipment, carry out the method that inner loop power is controlled for one kind, comprise the signal quality of the uplink signal of estimation as claimed in claim 11 from described subscriber equipment to described network node.
13. 13. as each described method of claim 1 to 10, wherein said method is used for estimating the signal quality of the down link from described network node to described subscriber equipment, the step in the described method is carried out by described subscriber equipment.
14. 14. one kind is used for the equipment that uses at communication network; Described equipment is suitable for handling the signal that comprises the corresponding data symbol that receives from multiple source, and be suitable for using associating or Multiuser Detection to determine described data symbol from the signal that is received, wherein said equipment is applicable to before carrying out described associating or Multiuser Detection and comes estimated signal quality from the signal that is received.
15. 15. equipment as claimed in claim 14, wherein said equipment are applicable to that signal that use receives estimates to have transmitted by it characteristic of the channel of described signal.
16. 16. equipment as claimed in claim 15, wherein said equipment are applicable to that the middle synchronous code of the signal that use receives partly estimates described characteristic.
17. 17. as claim 15 or 16 described equipment, wherein said equipment is applicable to that wherein A is provided by r=Ad+V by coming estimated signal quality from the signal r constructing system matrix A that is received, and d is the data symbol that is transmitted, and V is noise and interference.
18. 18. equipment as claimed in claim 17, wherein said equipment also are applicable to by using described sytem matrix A to determine that from following equation signal quality estimates described signal quality:

    $\mathrm{\γ}(k,n)=\frac{{\left|E\left({\hat{d}}_n^{\left(k\right)}\right)\right|}^2}{E\left({|\mathrm{ISI}+\mathrm{MAI}+\mathrm{noise}|}^2\right)}$

    Wherein k=1...K, and n=1...N, d _nBe the data symbol that described subscriber equipment or network node transmit, disturb between the ISI is-symbol, and MAI is that multiple access disturbs.
19. 19. equipment as claimed in claim 18, wherein said equipment is realized whitened matched filter, ZF piece linear equalizer or least mean-square error piece linear equalizer.
20. 20. as each described equipment of claim 17 to 19, also be applicable to, make it comprise the element that only is used for three continuous data symbols of signal of being received, thereby simplify described matrix A by making up described sytem matrix A.
21. 21. equipment as claimed in claim 20, wherein said equipment are applicable in the estimation of described signal quality and use the matrix A of being simplified.
22. 22. as each described equipment of claim 14 to 21, wherein said equipment is used for using at the TD-SCDMA communication network.
23. 23. as each described equipment of claim 14 to 22, wherein said equipment is network node or subscriber equipment.

Images