CN101809148B - 神经元和脑肿瘤的新型免疫疗法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于免疫治疗方法的肽、核酸和细胞。特别是,本发明涉及癌症的免疫疗法。本发明还涉及单独使用或与其他肿瘤相关肽(刺激抗肿瘤免疫反应疫苗复合物的活性药物成分)联合使用的肿瘤相关细胞毒性T辅助细胞(CTL)肽表位。本发明涉及11种新型肽序列及其变体,它们源自可用于引发抗肿瘤免疫反应的疫苗组合物中的人肿瘤HLA-I类和II类分子。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于免疫治疗方法的肽、核酸和细胞。特别是,本发明涉及癌症的免疫疗法。本发明还涉及单独使用或与其他肿瘤相关肽(刺激抗肿瘤免疫反应疫苗复合物的活性药物成分)联合使用的肿瘤相关细胞毒性T辅助细胞(CTL)肽表位。本发明涉及11种新型肽序列及其变体,它们源自可用于引发抗肿瘤免疫反应的疫苗组合物中的人肿瘤HLA-I类和II类分子。
背景技术
神经胶质瘤是源自神经系统胶质细胞的脑肿瘤。神经胶质细胞(Glial cell),通常称为神经胶质(neuroglia)或简单称为胶质(glia),是提供支持和营养、保持动态平衡、形成髓鞘和参与神经系统信号传输的非神经元细胞。神经胶质瘤的两个最重要的亚群为星形细胞瘤和少突胶质细胞瘤,根据其来源的正常胶质细胞类型(分别为星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞)而得名。多形性胶质母细胞瘤(以下简称胶质母细胞瘤)属于星形细胞瘤的亚群,是成人中最常见的恶性脑肿瘤,约占所有恶性脑肿瘤的40%,胶质瘤的大约50%(CBTRUS,2006)。它对中枢神经系统有很强的浸润性,在所有胶质瘤中的恶性程度最高(IV级)。由于神经影像学、显微外科学、各种治疗方案(如替莫唑胺)以及放射学的进步,在该疾病的治疗方法上已经取得了稳步发展,虽然如此,但是胶质母细胞瘤仍无法治愈(Macdonald,2001;Burtonand Prados,2000;Prados and Levin,2000)。该类型的脑肿瘤致死率非常高:自首次确诊后的预期平均存活时间为9至12个月。1986年到1990年的5年生存率为8.0%。截至目前,侵入性治疗(包括肿瘤全切除)后的5年生存率仍然不足10%(Burton and Prados,2000;Niederet al.,2000;Napolitano et al.,1999;Dazzi et al.,2000)。因此,医学上,对于一种替代性的有效治疗方法有着强烈的需求。
胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤细胞是脑肿瘤中分化最低的肿瘤细胞,所以,肿瘤细胞很可能迁移和增殖,并且具有高度的浸润性,从而导致预后非常差。由于胶质母细胞瘤在大脑中呈快速、侵袭性及浸润性生长,因此可导致死亡。浸润性生长模式导致这些肿瘤具有不可切除的特性。同时,胶质母细胞瘤对放疗、化疗也具有相对的抗性,因此,治疗后复发率高。此外,在手术切除和放疗后,肿瘤细胞的免疫反应对彻底消除肿瘤细胞无效(Roth and Weller,1999;Dix et al.,1999;Sablotzki et al.,2000)。
胶质母细胞瘤分为原发性胶质母细胞瘤(新肿瘤)和继发性胶质母细胞瘤,这取决于在未分化星形胶质细胞或胶质前体细胞在恶性转化过程中的基因机制的差异。继发性胶质母细胞瘤发生的人群年龄最大为45岁。平均4到5年时间里,继发性胶质母细胞瘤从低级别的星形细胞瘤发展为未分化的星形细胞瘤。相比之下,原发性胶质母细胞瘤主要发生的人群年龄较大,平均为55岁。一般来说,原发性胶质母细胞瘤的发生暴发性,其特点是在3个月内就可从无任何临床或病理异常状态进展为胶质母细胞瘤(Pathology and Genetics of theNervous Systems.29-39(IARC Press,Lyon,France,2000))。
胶质母细胞瘤沿有髓神经迁移并在中枢神经系统中广泛扩散。对于大多数病例,手术治疗只显示出有限的持续疗效(Neurol.Med.Chir.(Tokyo)34,91-94,1994;Neurol.Med.Chir.(Tokyo)33,425-458,1993;Neuropathology 17,186-188,1997)(Macdonald,2001;Prados andLevin,2000)。
恶性胶质瘤细胞通过产生免疫抑制物、削弱T细胞的增殖以及免疫刺激因子IL-2的产生,从而从宿主免疫系统侦测中逃逸(Dix et al.,1999)。
颅内肿瘤可起源于CNS的任何结构或细胞类型,包括脑、脑膜、脑垂体、头骨、甚至残留的胚胎组织。在美国,原发性脑肿瘤每年的发病率是每10万人中14例。最常见的原发性脑肿瘤为脑膜瘤(占所有原发性脑肿瘤的27%)和胶质母细胞瘤(占所有原发性脑肿瘤的23%),而成人中,胶质母细胞瘤占恶性脑瘤的40%。这些肿瘤中,很多都具有侵袭性,并且分型级别高。原发性脑肿瘤是儿童中最常见的实体瘤,是仅次于儿童白血病的位于第二位最常见的癌症死亡原因。
如今,对胶质母细胞瘤患者有效治疗方法的探究工作仍在进行。对抗这些肿瘤细胞的免疫疗法或通过免疫系统募集的治疗方法,已经在研究。首先,在针对人类的免疫治疗研究中获得了令人鼓舞的成果,其中,可诱导抗原特异性CTL反应,与正在采用的标准治疗相比,延长了中位生存时间,同时最大限度地降低了毒性(Heimberger et al.,2006)。
因此,目前应用方法所要解决的问题是:在不使用可能导致严重副作用的化疗药物或其它药物的情况下,建立一个新的有效和安全的脑肿瘤治疗方案,并提高患者的健全情况。
发明内容
除非另有说明,否则本文使用的所有术语定义如下。
本文所用“肽”这一术语,系指一系列氨基酸残基,通常以α-氨基酸与相邻氨基酸的羰基团之间的肽键相互连接。这些肽的长度通常为9个氨基酸,但短的可只有8个氨基酸长,长的可为14个氨基酸的长度。
本文所用“寡肽”这一术语,系指一系列氨基酸残基,通常以α-氨基酸与相邻氨基酸的羰基团之间的肽键相互连接。寡肽的长度对于本发明来说并不十分关键,只要该寡肽有恰当的抗原表位即可。通常,寡肽短于小于大约30个氨基酸,长于14个氨基酸。
“多肽”这一术语系指一系列氨基酸残基,通常以α-氨基酸与相邻氨基酸的羰基团之间的肽键相互连接。多肽的长度对于本发明来说并不十分关键,只要该寡肽有恰当的抗原表位即可。与术语肽或寡肽相比,“多肽”系指长于大约30个氨基酸残基的蛋白质分子。
肽、寡肽、蛋白质或编码此类分子的核苷酸如果能诱导免疫反应,则具有“免疫原性”(因此是本发明中的一种“免疫原”)。在本发明的情况下,更具体地,免疫原性系指诱导CTL介导的反应的能力。因此,“免疫原”是一种分子,具有诱导免疫反应的能力,并且在本发明的情况下,是一种能诱导CTL反应的分子。
T细胞“表位”是一种短肽分子,可与MHC-I或II类分子结合,随后被T细胞识别。与MHC-I类分子结合的T细胞表位通常长度为8-14个氨基酸,最典型者长度为9个氨基酸。与MHC-II类分子结合的T细胞表位通常长度为12-30个氨基酸。对于与MHC-II类分子结合的表位,同一种T细胞表位可能有一个共同的核心部分,但是羧基和氨基末端侧翼序列的长度不同,这是因为肽分子的两端未包埋于MHC-II类分子的肽结合槽裂结构中,但是却包埋于MHC-I类分子的肽结合槽裂中。
编码MHC-I类分子的三种不同基因位点:HLA-A、HLA-B和HLA-C。HLA-A1、HLA-A2和HLA-A11是可从这些基因位点表达不同MHC-I类分子的例子。
本文提到的DNA序列既包括单链DNA也包括双链DNA。因此,除非本文另有所指,否则具体的序列是该序列的单链DNA、该含序列及其互补序列的双工(双链DNA)以及该序列的互补序列。术语“编码区”系指在自然基因组环境中自然或正常编码基因表达产物的该基因部分,即,体内编码该基因的天然表达产物的区域。
编码区可来自正常基因、突变基因或异常基因,甚至还可以来自DNA序列,完全可在实验室中使用本领域熟知的DNA合成方法合成。
术语“核苷酸序列”系指脱氧核苷酸的杂聚物。
编码特定肽、寡肽或多肽的核苷酸序列可为天然核苷酸序列,也可为合成核苷酸序列。一般来说,编码肽、多肽以及本发明蛋白的DNA片段由cDNA片段和短寡核苷酸衔接物,或一系列寡核苷酸组成,从而提供能一种合成基因,该基因能表达于含微生物或病毒操操纵子衍生的调节成分的重组转录单元。
术语“表达产物”系指多肽或蛋白,它是基因序列和任何核酸序列的翻译产物,这些序列编码遗传密码退化所造成的同等物,从而编码同样的氨基酸。
术语“片断”当指的是一种编码序列时,表示含非完整编码区的一种核酸,其表达产物与完整编码区表达产物基本上具有相同的生物学功能或活性。
术语“DNA片段”系指一种DNA聚合物,以单独的片段形式或一种较大DNA结构的组分形式存在,它们至少从分离过一次的DNA中以基本纯净的形式获得,即,未污染内源性材料并且其数量或浓度使得能使用标准生化方法(如,使用克隆载体)识别、处理和回收片段及其组分核苷酸序列准。此类片段以开放阅读框架(未被内部未翻译序列打断)或内含子(通常提呈于真核基因中)的形式存在。未翻译DNA序列可能存在于开放阅读框架的下游,在那里同样不会干预编码区的操控或表达。
术语“引物”表示一种短核酸序列,可配有一个DNA链,并在DNA聚合酶开始合成脱氧核糖核酸链的地方含有一个游离的3′OH端。
术语“启动子”表示参与RNA聚合酶的结合从而启动转录的DNA区域。
术语“分离”表示一种物质从其原来的环境(例如,如果是天然发生的则是天然环境)中被移走。例如,活体动物中的天然核苷酸或多肽不能分离,但是,从天然系统中一些或所有共存物质中分离出来的核苷酸或多肽就可以进行分离。此类多核苷酸可能是载体的一部分和/或多核苷酸和多肽可能是一种组合物的一部分,并且在非属天然环境一部分的载体或组合物中,仍然可以进行分离。
本发明中披露的多核苷酸和重组或免疫原性多肽也可能以“纯化”的形式存在。术语“纯化”并非要求绝对的纯度;它只是一个相对的定义,可以包括高度纯化或部分纯化的制剂,相关领域技术人员能理解这些术语。例如,各个从已用传统方法纯化为具有电泳同质性的cDNA库中分离出的各种克隆物。起始材料或天然物质纯化为至少一个数量级,优选为两或三个数量级,更优选为四或五个数量级,这一点明确在考虑范围之内。此外,权利要求所述的多肽的纯为99.999%,或至少为99.99%或99.9%;甚至以重量计必须为99%或以上,这一点明确在考虑范围之内。
根据本发明披露的核酸和多肽表达产物,以及包含此类核酸和/或多肽的表达载体可能以“浓缩的形式”存在。本文中所使用的术语“浓缩”系指材料的浓度至少是其自然浓度的大约2、5、10、100或1000倍,更方便地来说,即按体重计为0.01%,优选为至少0.1%。同也明确设定,按重量计,约为浓缩制剂的0.5%、1%、5%、10%和20%。序列、构型、载体、克隆物以及含本发明的其他材料可有利于以浓缩或分离形式存在。
术语“活性片段”系指可产生免疫反应的片段(即具有免疫原性活性),不论是单独或选择性与合适的佐剂给予一种动物(比如,哺乳动物,如:兔子或小鼠,也包括人);这种免疫反应的发生形式是在接受动物(如:人)体内刺激CTL反应。另外,“活性片段”也可以用于诱导体外CTL反应。
本文中所使用的术语“部分”(portion)、“段”(segment)、“片段”(fragment),如果与多肽相关,指的是残基的连续序列(如:氨基酸残基),其序列是构成较大序列的一部分。例如,如果一个多肽受到任一种肽链内切肽酶(如胰蛋白酶或糜蛋白酶)的处理,则来自该处理结果的寡肽会代表其实多肽的部分、段或片段。这意味着,任何此类片段一定会包含大致相同的一个段、片段或部分作为其氨基酸序列的一部分,如果不是全相同,则与SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:11序列相同,其对应于SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:11的天然蛋白或“亲本”蛋白。当与多核苷酸使用时,这些术语系指用任何共同核酸内切酶处理上述多核苷酸所产生的产物。
根据本发明,术语“百分比同一度”或“百分比同一”,如果指的是序列,则表示在拟对比序列(“对比序列”)与所述序列或权利要求的序列(“参考序列”)排队比对后,把一种序列与所述序列或权利要求的序列进行比较。“百分比同一度”根据下列公式计算:
根据本发明,术语“百分比同一度”或“百分比同一”,如果指的是序列,则表示在拟对比序列(“对比序列”)与所述序列或权利要求的序列(“参考序列”)排队比对后,把一种序列与所述序列或权利要求的序列进行比较。然后根据下列公式计算“百分比同一度”:
百分比同一度=100[I-(C/R)]
其中C为参考序列与对比序列超过两者间排列长度间差异的数字,其中
(i)在对比序列中没有对应排列碱基或氨基酸的参考序列中的每个碱基或氨基酸序列;
(ii)参考序列中的每个空隙;
(iii)参考序列中的与对比序列中的排列碱基或氨基酸不同的每个碱基或氨基酸序列、构成的差异;
R是指参考序列超过对比序列排列长度的碱基或氨基酸的数目,参考序列中的任何空隙也计算为一个碱基或氨基酸。
如果“对比序列”和“参考序列”间存在一个排列,且其按上述计算方法计算的百分比同一度大致等于或大于规定的最低百分比同一度,则对比序列与参考序列具有规定的最低百分比同一度,虽然在本文中按上述计算的百分比同一度比指定百分比同一度要低且上述计算的百分比同一度可能进行排队比对。
如果无另有说明,那么本文披露的原肽能通过被一个或多个残基取代肽链内的不同位点(如有可能,则为选择性位点)而被修饰。此类取代可能具有保守性质,例如,其中一个氨基酸被具有类似结构和特点的另一个氨基酸所取代,如:一个疏水性氨基酸被另一疏水性氨基酸取代。更保守的取代是具有相同或类似的大小和化学性质的氨基酸间的取代,例如,亮氨酸被异亮氨酸取代。在天然同源蛋白质家族序列变异的研究中,某些氨基酸的取代往往比其他氨基酸更具有耐受性,这些氨基酸往往表现出与原氨基酸的大小、电荷、极性和疏水性之间的相似性相关,这是确定“保守取代”的基础。
在本文中,保守取代定义为与以下五种基团的一种进行交换:基团1-小脂肪族、非极性或略具极性的残基(Ala,Ser,Thr,Pro,Gly);基团2-极性、带负电荷的残基及其酰胺(Asp,Asn,Glu,Gln);基团3-极性、带正电荷的残基(His,Arg,Lys);基团4-大脂肪族非极性残基(Met,Leu,Ile,Val,Cys)以及基团5-大芳香残基(Phe,Tyr,Trp)。
低保守取代可能涉及一个氨基酸被另一个具有类似特点但在大小有所不同的氨基酸所取代,如:丙氨酸被异亮氨酸残基取代。非保守高度取代可能会涉及一个酸性氨基酸被另一个具有极性或甚至具碱性性质的物质所取代。然而,这种“激进”取代不能认为是无效的而不予考虑,因为化学作用是不完全可预测的,激进取代可能会带来其简单化学原理中无法预见的偶然效果。
当然,这种取代可能涉及普通L-氨基酸之外的其它结构。因此,D-氨基酸可能被本发明中抗原肽中常见的L-氨基酸取代,也在本文中披露。此外,具有非标准R基团的氨基酸(即,除了天然蛋白的20个常见氨基酸之外的R基团)也可以用于取代之目的而制成根据本发明所述的免疫原和免疫原性多肽。
如果一个以上位置的取代发现导致肽的抗原活性基本上等于或大于以下定义值,则对这些替代物的组合物进行测试,以确定组合替代是否产生对肽抗原性的叠加或协同效应。肽内被同时取代的位置最多不能超过4个。
术语“T细胞反应”是指一种肽体外或体内诱导的效应子功能特异性扩散和激活。对于MHC-I类限制CTL,效应子功能可能为溶解肽脉冲的、肽前体脉冲的或自然肽提呈的靶细胞、分泌细胞因子,优选为肽诱导的干扰素γ、TNF-α或IL-2,分泌效应分子、优选为肽或脱颗粒作用诱导的颗粒酶或穿孔素。对于MHC-II类限制辅助性T细胞效应子功能可能为肽诱导的细胞因子分泌,优选为,IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-4、IL5、IL-10或IL-2或肽诱导的脱颗粒作用。CTL和辅助性T细胞的可能效应子功能不仅限于此列表所述功能。
在细胞毒试验的基础上,如果表位具有参考肽10%的抗原活性(由取代肽与参考肽相比较具有重组能被CTL识别的表位的能力所确定),那么该表位被认为基本上与参考肽相同)。因此,当在含参考肽和被取代肽的等摩尔浓度的效应子细胞:靶细胞曲线直线部分中对溶解活性进行比较时,如果效应子细胞:靶细胞比不高于被比较的参考肽效应子细胞:靶向细胞比10倍以上,则所观察到的对取代肽培养的靶向细胞特异性杀灭百分比应与对参考肽培养的的靶向细胞特异性杀灭百分比相等。
优选情况是,当SEQ ID NO:1至SEQ ID NO:11的肽特异性CTL相比于取代肽受到检测时,如果取代肽在相对于背景肽溶解度增加达到最大值的一半,则该肽浓度不超过约1mM,优选为不超过约1μM,更优选为不超过约1nM,再优选为不超过约100pM,最优选为不超过约10pM。也优选为,取代肽被一个以上的CTL识别,最少为2个,更优选为3个。
因此,本发明所述的表位可能与天然肿瘤相关表位或肿瘤特异性表位相同,也可能包括来自参考肽的不超过4个残基的不同肽,只要它们有基本相同的抗原活性即可。
是否能刺激免疫反应取决于是否存在被宿主免疫系统视为异物的抗原。发现肿瘤相关抗原的存在增加了运用宿主免疫系统促进免疫反应的可能性,该免疫反应对表达于肿瘤细胞表面的靶向抗原有特异性并且通过该作用机制可诱导肿瘤消退、生长停止或放缓。对于癌症免疫疗法,目前正在探索控制免疫系统中的体液和细胞免疫的各种机制。
细胞免疫反应的特定元素能特异性地识别和破坏肿瘤细胞。从肿瘤浸润细胞群或外周血中分离出的细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)表明,这些细胞在癌症的天然免疫防御中发挥了重要作用(Cheever et al.,1993;Zeh,III et al.,1999)。根据对415份来自结直肠癌患者的样本的分析结果,Galon等人证明了肿瘤组织中免疫细胞的类型、密度和来源位置,实际上比广泛采用的肿瘤TNM分期方法更好地预测患者的生存期(Galon et al.,2006)。特别是CD8阳性T细胞(TCD8+)在这种反应中发挥重要作用,TCD8+能识别通常8至10个源自蛋白、缺损核糖体产物(DRIPS)(Schubert et al.,2000)的氨基酸残基的主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)所载的肽中所含的I类分子。同时,文献中还描述了源自剪接蛋白的肽。人MHC分子也是指定的人白细胞抗原(HLA)。
MHC分子有两类:大部分有细胞核的细胞上都可发现的MHC-I类分子。MHC分子分别由一条α重链和β-2-微球蛋白(MHC-I类受体)或α和β链(MHC-II类受体)组成。其三位构造形成一个结合槽,用于与肽进行非共价相互作用。MHC-I类分子提呈主要由内源性蛋白、DRIPS和较大肽裂解生成的肽。MHC-II类分子,主要发现于专职抗原提呈细胞(APC)并且主要提呈内吞作用过程中APC摄取并且随后进行加工的外源性或跨膜蛋白的肽(Cresswell,1994)。肽和MHC-I类分子的复合物由载有相应TCR(T细胞受体)的CD8阳性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞识别,肽和MHC-II类分子的复合物由载有相应TCR的CD4阳性辅助T细胞识别。本领域已熟知TCR、肽和MHC的化学计量为1∶1∶1。
CD4阳性辅助T细胞在诱导和维持CD8阳性细胞毒性T细胞的有效反应中发挥重要作用(Wang and Livingstone,2003;Sun and Bevan,2003;Shedlock and Shen,2003)。由于这种原因,肿瘤相关抗原(TAA)衍生的CD4阳性T细胞表位的识别对开发能引发抗肿瘤免疫反应的药物产品可能非常重要(Kobayashi et al.,2002;Qin et al.,2003;Gnjatic et al.,2003)。
在没有炎症的情况下,MHC-II类分子的表达主要局限于免疫系统细胞,尤其是专职抗原提呈细胞(APC),例如,单核细胞、单核细胞源性细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞。令人吃惊的是,在癌症患者的肿瘤细胞中发现有MHC-II类分子的表达(Dengjel et al.,2006)。
哺乳动物(如小鼠)模型显示,即使没有细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)效应细胞(如,CD8阳性T淋巴细胞),CD4阳性T细胞也能通过分泌干扰素-γ(IFNγ)抑制血管生成从而抑制肿瘤的出现(Qin and Blankenstein,2000)。此外,研究还显示,CD4阳性T细胞可识别HLA-II类分子所提呈的肿瘤相关抗原中的肽,这样可通过诱导抗体(Ab)反应而阻止肿瘤进展(Kennedy et al.,2003)。与肿瘤相关肽和HLA-I类分子相结合相比较而言,迄今只对TAA的少量II类配体有过描述(www.cancerimmunity.org,www.syfpeithi.de)。
由于HLA-II类分子的组成性表达通常仅限于免疫系统的细胞(Mach et al.,1996),因此,直接从原发肿瘤中分离II类肽被认为是不可能的事。然而,Dengjel等人最近成功地在肿瘤中直接识别了MHC-II类抗原的表位(WO 2007/028574,EP 1760088B1;(Dengjel et al.,2006)。
对于触发(引发)细胞免疫反应的肽,它必须与MHC分子结合。这一过程依赖于MHC分子的等位基因以及肽氨基酸序列的特异性多态性。MHC-I类-结合肽的长度通常为8-10个氨基酸残基,并且在其与MHC分子相应结合沟槽相互作用的序列中通常包含两个保守残基(“锚”)。这样,每个MHC的等位基因都有“结合基序”,从而确定哪些肽能与结合沟槽特异性结合(Rammensee et al.,1997)。
在MHC-I类依赖性免疫反应中,肽不仅能与肿瘤细胞表达的某些MHC-I类分子结合,而且它们还必须能被T细胞特异性T细胞受体(TCR)识别。
肿瘤特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞所识别的抗原,即它们的表位,可以是源自所有类蛋白的分子,如酶、受体、转录因子等,这些分子在各个肿瘤的细胞中表达,与同源正常细胞相比,其表达上调。
目前将肿瘤相关肽分类为以下几组(Novellino et al.,2005):
1.癌-睾丸抗原:T细胞可识别的最先确认的TAA(van der Bruggen et al.,1991)属于这一类抗原,由于其成员表达于组织学各异的人肿瘤中、正常组织中、仅在睾丸的精母细胞/精原细胞中、偶尔在胎盘中,因此,其原名为癌-睾丸(CT)抗原。由于睾丸细胞不表达HLA-I和II类分子,所以,在正常组织中,这些抗原不能被T细胞识别,因此在免疫学上可考虑为具有肿瘤特异性。CT抗原大家熟知的例子是MAGE家族成员或NY-ESO-1。
2.分化抗原:肿瘤和正常组织(肿瘤源自该组织)都含有TAA,大多数TAA发现于黑色素瘤和正常黑色素细胞中。许多此类黑色素细胞谱系相关蛋白参与黑色素的生物合成,因此这些蛋白不具有肿瘤特异性,但是仍然被广泛用于癌症的免疫治疗。例子包括(但不仅限于)黑色素瘤的酪氨酸酶和Melan-A/MART-1或前列腺癌的PSA。
3.过量表达的TAA在组织学各异的肿瘤中以及许多正常组织中都检测到了基因编码的普遍表达的TAA,并且一般表达水平较低。有可能许多正常组织加工和潜在提呈的表位低于T细胞识别的阈值水平,但是其在肿瘤细胞中过量表达能通过打破先前确定的耐受性而引发抗癌反应。这类TAA的典型例子为Her-2/neu、生存素、端粒酶或WT1。
4.肿瘤特异性抗原:这些独特的TAA产生于正常基因(如β-catenin、CDK4等)的突变。这些分子的有些变化与致瘤性转化和/或进展相关。肿瘤特异性抗原一般可在不对正常组织带来自体免疫反应风险的情况下诱导很强的免疫反应。另一方面,这些TAA在多数情况下只与表面确认有TAA的肿瘤相关,并且通常在个体肿瘤中并不是都是有相同的TAA。
5.由异常翻译后修饰产生的TAA:此类TAA可能由肿瘤中既不具有特异性也不过量表达的蛋白产生,但其仍然具有肿瘤相关性(该相关性由主要对肿瘤具有活性的翻译后加工所致)。此类TAA产生于变糖基化模式的改变,导致肿瘤产生针对MUC1的新型表位或在降解过程中导致诸如剪接的事件,这可能具有也可能不具有肿瘤特异性(Hanada et al.,2004;Vigneron et al.,2004)。
6.肿瘤病毒蛋白:这些TTA是病毒蛋白,可在致癌过程中发挥关键作用,并且由于它们是外源蛋白(非人源蛋白),所以可以引起T细胞反应。这类蛋白的例子有人乳头状瘤16型病毒蛋白、E6和E7,它们在宫颈癌中表达。
对于被细胞毒性T淋巴细胞识别为肿瘤特异性抗原或相关性抗原并用于治疗的蛋白,必须具备特殊的条件。该抗原应主要由肿瘤细胞表达,而正常健康组织根本不表达或表达数量较少。此外,必要时,各个抗原不仅出现于一种肿瘤中而且浓度(即,每细胞肽的拷贝数)高。肿瘤特异性抗原和肿瘤相关抗原往往是源于由于细胞周期调控或凋亡抑制等功能在正常细胞转化为肿瘤细胞中直接受累的蛋白。另外,这些直接导致转化事件的蛋白的下游靶标也可能会被上调,因此可能与肿瘤间接相关。这些间接肿瘤相关抗原也可能是预防接种方法的靶标(Singh-Jasuja et al.,2004)。在这两种情况中,至关重要的是,都要存在抗原氨基酸序列的表位,所以这种来自肿瘤相关抗原的肽(“免疫原性肽”)可导致体外或体内T细胞反应。
基本上,任何能与MHC分子结合的肽都可能充当一个T细胞表位。诱导体外或体内T细胞反应的前提是存在有着相应TCR的T细胞并且没有这个特定表位的免疫耐受性。
因此,TAA是开发肿瘤疫苗的出发点。识别和标记TAA的方法基于对患者或健康受试者CTL的使用情况,或基于差别转录特性或肿瘤与正常组织肽差别表达模式情况(Lemmelet al.,2004;Weinschenk et al.,2002)。
然而,识别肿瘤组织或人肿瘤细胞株中过量或选择性表达的基因,不能提供免疫疗法中使用这些基因所转录抗原的准确信息。这是因为,有着相应TCR的T细胞必须要存在而且对这个特定表位的免疫耐受性需要不存在或达到最低水平,因此,这些抗原表位只有一部分适用于这种情况。因此,只选择那些蛋白过量或选择性表达的肽,并且这些肽与可发现功能性T细胞的MHC分子一起提呈,这一点非常重要。这种功能性T细胞被定义为“效应T细胞”,在特异性抗刺激后,可复制扩增并可执行效应功能。T细胞的典型效应功能包括分泌干扰素包括分泌干扰素-γ、穿孔素和颗粒酶。
辅助T细胞在安排抗肿瘤免疫方面的CTL效应子功能中发挥着重要作用。触发TH1细胞反应的辅助T细胞表位支持CD8阳性杀伤T细胞的效应子功能,其中包括直接作用于肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性功能(该类肿瘤细胞表面显示有肿瘤相关肽/MHC复合物)。这样,肿瘤相关T辅助细胞表位单独使用或与其他肿瘤相关肽结合使用可作为刺激抗肿瘤免疫反应疫苗化合物的活性药物成分。
由于CD8及CD4依赖型反应共同和协同促进抗肿瘤作用,因此,CD8+CTL(配体:MHC-I分子+肽表位)或CD4阳性T辅助细胞(配体:MHC-II类分子)对肿瘤相关抗原的识别和鉴定对开发肿瘤疫苗非常重要。
因此,本发明的一个目标是为可与任一类MHC复合物结合的肽提供新型氨基酸序列。
附图说明
图1a和b显示了ESI液相色谱质谱确定的胶质母细胞瘤样本GB1006中的肿瘤相关肽(TUMAP)PTP-001以及胶质母细胞瘤样本GB6003中的PTP-002,两者均以MHC-II类限制性方式存在。
图2描述了编码表1中胶质母细胞瘤相关肽的PTPRZ1基因的mRNA表达谱。这两种基因在正常组织中不表达或表达很低,而在胶质母细胞瘤样本(GB1006T至GB1011T;NCH359T和NCH361T)中表达量大大增加。
图3显示了用PTP-002刺激后流式细胞术分析得出的一个健康HLA-A*0201供体中PTP-002-特异性CD8+T细胞的代表性实例。CD8+T细胞使用载有共刺激分子的“人工抗原提呈细胞”(分子学定义)和A*0201/PTP-002(左图)或不相关A*0201肽从健康供体PBMC分离并在体外启动而得(Walter et al.,2003)。经过3个周期的刺激后,用PTP-002-+不相关肽四聚体染色对肽反应性细胞进行检测。细胞在CD8+淋巴细胞上得到门控,并且百分比代表该细胞群内四聚体阳性细胞的频率。
图4显示了本发明肽对HLA-A*0201的亲和力。HLA-I类肽和病毒标志物肽HBV-001的解离常数(KD)用基于ELISA的测定法测得(见实施例4)。
发明详述
本发明提出了有利于治疗胶质母细胞瘤的肽。这些肽由质谱分析法直接显示出,而由HLA分子自然提呈于人原发性胶质母细胞瘤样本中(请参见实施例1和图1)。与正常组织相比,胶质母细胞瘤显示高度过量表达源于十种此类肽(衍生性PTPRZ1)(请参见实施例2和图2),这表明这些肽与肿瘤关联程度高,即这些肽大量提呈于肿瘤组织,而不提呈于正常组织。来源于第十一个肽(衍生性CHI3L2-)的基因最初是由软骨细胞识别。HLA结合肽可被免疫系统识别,特别是T淋巴细胞/T细胞。T细胞可破坏提呈被识别的HLA/肽复合物(如:提呈PTPRZ1-或CHI3L2衍生肽的胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤细胞)的细胞。本发明的若干肽已被证明具有刺激T细胞反应的能力(见实施例3和图3)。因此,肽有利于在患者中产生免疫反应,通过这种作用破坏肿瘤细胞。直接给予患者所述肽或前体物质(如,加长肽、蛋白或编码这些肽的核酸),理想情况是与加强免疫原性的制剂相结合,这样可诱导患者的免疫反应。源自该治疗性疫苗的免疫反应预期对肿瘤具有高度特异性,因为本发明的靶向肽不提呈于正常组织,从而防止了患者正常细胞发生不良自体免疫反应的风险。
本发明中的肽除了用于治疗癌症,也可用于诊断。由于肽由胶质母细胞瘤产生,并且这些肽确定不在正常组织中出现,因此这些肽可用于诊断癌症是否存在。
组织切片中含权利要求中所述的TUMAP有助于病理师诊断癌症。用抗体、质谱或其它本领域内已知的方法检测某些TUMAP可使病理师判断该组织为恶性的、炎症还是一般病变。TUMAP的提呈使得能对病变组织进行分类或进一步分成子类。
对病变标本中TUMAP的检测使得能对免疫系统治疗方法的利益进行判断,特别是如果T淋巴细胞已知或预计与作用机制有关。MHC表达的缺失是一种机制,充分说明了哪些受感染的恶性细胞逃避了免疫监视。因此,TUMAP的提呈表明,分析过的细胞并没有利用这种机制。
TUMAP可用于分析淋巴细胞对TUMAP的反应(如T细胞反应),或抗体对TUMAP或MHC分子络合的TUMAP发生的反应。这些淋巴细胞反应可以作为预后指标,决定是否采取进一步的治疗。这些反应也可以用作免疫疗法中的替代指标,旨在以不同方式诱导淋巴细胞反应,如接种蛋白疫苗、核酸、自体材料、淋巴细胞过继转移。基因治疗中,淋巴细胞对TUMAP发生的反应可以在副作用的评估中考虑。淋巴细胞反应监测也可能成为移植疗法复查中的一种有价值的工具,如,用于检测移植物抗宿主和宿主抗移植物疾病。
TUMAP可用于生成和开发出针对MHC/TUMAP复合物的特定抗体。这些抗体可用于治疗,将毒素或放射性物质靶向作用于病变组织。这些抗体的另一用途是为了成像之目的(如PET)将病变组织作为放射性核素的靶标。这可有助于检测小转移灶或确定病变组织的大小和准确位置。
此外,可用这些TUMAP在活检样本的基础上验证病理师对癌症的诊断。
表1显示了根据本发明所述的肽、各个SEQ ID NO、各个肽所结合的HLA等位基因,以及这些肽的源蛋白。
表1:本发明中的肽
序列ID号 | 肽代码 | 序列 | HLA等位基因 | 源蛋白 |
1 | PTP-001 | ALTTLMHQL | A*0205 | PTPRZ1 |
2 | PTP-002 | FLYKVILSL | A*02 | PTPRZ1 |
3 | PTP-003 | AIIDGVESV | A*02 | PTPRZ1 |
45678910 | PTP-004PTP-005PTP-006PTP-007PTP-008PTP-009PTP-010 | FLLPDTDGLKVFAGIPTVQQSDYSAALTQDDYVLEVQHEGTVNIFSVFGDDNKALSKEIGWSYTGALNQKN | A*02A*02A*02#A*02#B*38未确定HLA-DR | PTPRZ1PTPRZ1PTPRZ1PTPRZ1,PTPRGPTPRZ1PTPRZ1PTPRZ1 |
11 | CHI-001 | SLWAGVVVL | A*02 | CHI3L2 |
#可能亚型A*205
令人惊讶的是,还发现SEQ ID 2提呈于原发性肺腺鳞癌(肺癌的一种形式),因此,根据本文上述内容,SEQ ID 2也用于治疗该种形式的癌症。
蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶受体型ζ-1(PTPRZ1,PTP-ξ)
PTPRZ1是受体型蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶家族的一员,编码一次通过(single-pass)I型膜蛋白,该被编码蛋白含两个细胞质酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶区域,一个α-碳酸酐酶区域和一个纤维连接蛋白III型区域。在缺氧情况下,PTPRZ1在以下细胞中表达:胃癌细胞(Wu et al.,2006)、乳腺癌细胞(Perez-Pinera et al.,2007)、多发性硬化病变的再髓鞘化少突胶质细胞(Harroch et al.,2002)、以及人胚胎肾细胞(Wang et al.,2005)。
蛋白和转录物都在胶质母细胞瘤细胞中过量表达,这促进了它们按络合点次序进行迁移(haptotactic migration)(Lu et al.,2005)。此外,PTRPZ1在胶质母细胞瘤中经常发生基因组DNA水平的扩增(Mulholland et al.,2006)。
Kaplan等人克隆了3种人受体PTP基因,包括PTP-γ(Kaplan et al.,1990).结果表明,经测试,五分之三的肾癌细胞株和十分之五的肺癌样本中都有一个PTPG等位基因丢失。检测发现,PTP-γmRNA在肾脏细胞株和肺细胞株中表达,但未在几种造血细胞株中表达。因此,PTP-γ基因呈现的特征表明,它可能是肾癌和肺癌的一种抑癌基因。Gebbink等分离出了一种长度为5.7kb的小鼠cDNA,它编码受体样蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(称为RPTPμ)家族的一个“新”成员(Gebbink et al.,1991)。cDNA预测了1432个氨基酸(不包括信号肽)的蛋白,分子量计算为161636Da。此外,他们克隆了人同源基因,结果表明98.7%的氨基酸与小鼠蛋白同源。预测小鼠蛋白的组成为一个722个氨基酸的胞外区域,其含有13个潜在的N-糖基化位点和一个跨膜区;一个688个氨基酸的胞内区域,其含有两个与酪氨酸磷酸酶的催化结构域同源的串联重复序列。RNA印迹分析表明,有一种转录物在肺中含量最丰富,但在大脑和心脏中的提呈量要低得多。通过对人//啮齿类体细胞杂种克隆物进行Southern分析把PTPμ基因分配至18pter-qll。
Krueger等人分离了PTP-εcDNA(Krueger et al.,1990)。含700个氨基酸的蛋白有一个短的胞外区和两个串联重复细胞内PTP酶域。他们注意到了小鼠大脑和睾丸中PTP-e的转录水平高。PTP-ε-跨膜的两个异构体、受体型异构体和一个较短的细胞质异构体-似乎都通过使用选择启动子和5-引物外显子得到一个基因。
Barnea等人(Barnea et al.,1993)克隆了从脑cDNA库的人cDNA和小鼠PTP-γ基因(该组指定的PTP-γ),并分析了它们预测的多肽序列。人(1445个氨基酸)和小鼠(1442个氨基酸)序列的份额在氨基酸水平上具有95%的同一度,并预测了假定的胞外域、一个跨膜域和含2个串联催化酪氨酸磷酸酶域的细胞质区。胞外域包含266个氨基酸长的延伸区,与含有碳酸酐酶的锌(MIM 114800)非常相似,这表明PTP-γ和PTP-ξ(PTPRZ1)代表25个受体酪氨酸磷酸酶的亚族。PTP-γ的基因有30个外显子,大小约为780kb。这比其他受体PTP基因(含大小约为100kb的CD45基因(MIM 151460))以及其他更小的基因大得多。
另一种受体型酪氨酸磷酸酶-蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶ξ(PTPRZ1)[也称作PTP-ξ、HPTP-ZETA、HPTPZ、RPTP-BETA(β)或RPTPB]在20世纪90年代早期按两组分离为一种cDNA序列。Levy等人(Levy et al.,1993)从人类婴儿脑干mRNA表达库中分离出cDNA克隆物,并推导出含2307个氨基酸的大受体型蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶完整的氨基酸序列。
Levy发现,指定为PTPβ(PTPRZ1)的蛋白是一种跨膜蛋白,含两个细胞质PTP酶域和一个1616氨基酸胞外域。与PTP-γ(MIM 176886)一样,胞外域的266个N-端与碳酸酐酶具有高度的相似性(参见MIM 114880)。人类基因编码的PTPRZ1已通过染色体原位杂交被定位于染色体7q31.3-q32(Ariyama et al.,1995)。Northern印迹分析显示,PTP-ξ只表达于人类中枢神经系统。通过原位杂交方法(Levy et al.,1993),PTP-ξ在成人大脑中不同区域局部表达,包括小脑的浦肯野细胞层、齿状回、以及侧脑室前角室管膜下层。Levy陈述,这是第一个仅在神经系统中表达的哺乳动物酪氨酸磷酸酶。另外,在小鼠胚胎大脑中呈高水平表达表明其在中枢神经系统发育中的重要作用。
因此,PTP受体家族蛋白的特点为,有一个非常多元化的膜结合受体家族和非膜结合异构体,它们都有一个共同的PTP酶胞浆域结构。虽然它们在胎儿和胚胎组织中表达表明了对它们对蛋白质的发育生物学作用,但是它们在正常和疾病状态生物学中的完全功能还没有彻底了解。
美国6455026号专利把PTP-ξ(PTPRZ1)确定为脑肿瘤治疗和肿瘤肉眼可见的靶标。申请中提出了专门针对脑肿瘤细胞治疗和成像的方法和试剂。提出了用于治疗患者脑肿瘤的基于PTP-ξ亲和性的化合物和组合物,该组合物和化合物总体分为两个组群:PTP-ξ结合共轭化合物,其中包括一个细胞毒素基元,能抑制肿瘤细胞的生长;PTP-ξ结合化合组合物,其中PTP-ξ结合基元能改变肿瘤细胞中PTP-ξ的正常功能,从而抑制细胞生长。
在第一组群中,提出了PTPξ结合的治疗性共轭化合物。这些化合物的通式为α(Pz)C,其中α(Pz)为一个或多个基元,专门与人类蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶-ξ结合,C为一个或多个毒性细胞基元。在优选实施方案(向所有群体披露)中,α(Pz)披露为一种抗体或抗体片段。在第二组群中,提出了PTPξ结合的治疗性化合物,它们改变了脑肿瘤细胞中PTP-ξ的正常功能并抑制脑肿瘤细胞生长。这些PTPξ结合治疗性化合物的通式为α(Pz),其中α(Pz)为一个或多个基元,专门与人类蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶-ξ结合,并且其中α(Pz)的结合改变了蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶-ξ的功能。
美国7060275B2号专利披露了PTPRZ1的剪接变体,包括这些变体的载体以及作用于各种变体的抗原。
几丁质酶3样2(CHI3L2)
CHI3L2最初确定源自软骨细胞。它经常被描述为类风湿关节炎的靶抗原。CHI3L2与癌症的相关性尚未确定。几丁质酶3样蛋白表明可通过激活细胞外信号调节激酶和PKB介导的信号通路而刺激人体结缔组织细胞(例如成纤维细胞)的增殖(Recklies AD,White C,Ling H;The chitinase 3-like protein human cartilage glycoprotein 39(HC-gp39)stimulatesproliferation of human connective-tissue cells and activates both extracellular signal-regulatedkinase-and protein kinase B-mediated signalling pathways;Biochem J.2002;365:119-126)。在幽门螺杆菌诱导的小鼠胃癌模型中,发现几丁质酶3样蛋白大幅上调(Takaishi S,Wang TC;Gene expression profiling in a mouse model of Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer;Cancer Sci.2007(3):284-293)
在先有技术中,均未考虑使用从PTPRZ1或CHI3L2中获得的MHC结合肽作为治疗脑肿瘤的活性药物成分。
因此,在第一方面,本发明提出了一种肽,其包括选自SEQ IDNo.1至SEQ IDNo.11群组的一个序列、或与SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.11具有80%同源性的其变体、或诱导与该肽发生T细胞交叉反应的一个变体。
本发明所诉的肽具有与主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)I或II类分子结合的能力。
在本发明中,“同源性”一词系指两个氨基酸序列之间的同一度,如肽或多肽序列。前文所述的“同源”是通过将理想条件下调整的两个序列与待比较序列进行比对后确定的。此处要比对的序列在两个序列最佳排列中可能有增加或删除(例如,序列缺口等)。此类序列同源性可通过使用ClustalW等算法创建一个排列而进行计算(Nucleic Acid Res.,1994,22(22):46734680)。也可用使用一般序列分析软件,更具体地说,是Vector NTI、GENETYX、BLAST或由公共数据库,如http://dragon.bio.purdue.edu/bioinfolinks/提供的分析工具。
本领域技术人员能评估特定肽变体诱导的T细胞是否可与该肽本身发生交叉反应(Fonget al.,2001b);(Zaremba et al.,1997;Colombetti et al.,2006;Appay et al.,2006)。
发明人用给定氨基酸序列的“变体”表示,一个或多个氨基酸残基等的侧链通过被另一个天然氨基酸残基的侧链或其他侧链取代而发生改变,这样,这种肽仍然能够以含有给定氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:1至11的肽大致同样的方式与HLA分子结合。例如,一种肽可能被修饰以便至少维持(如果不提升的话)其能与HLA-A或-DR等合适MHC分子的结合槽相互作用和结合,以及至少维持(如果不提升的话)其能与激活CTL的TCR结合。随后,这些CTL可与细胞和杀伤细胞发生交叉反应,这些细胞表达多肽(其中包含本发明中定义的同源肽的天然氨基酸序列)。正如科学文献(Rammensee et al.,1997)和数据库(Rammenseeet al.,1999)中所述,HLA-A结合肽的某些位点通常为锚定残基,可形成一种与HLA结合槽的结合基序相称的核心序列,其定义由构成结合槽的多肽链的极性、电物理、疏水性和空间特性确定。因此,本领域技术人员能够通过保持已知的锚残基来修饰SEQ ID No:1至11提出的氨基酸序列,并且能确定这些变体是否保持与MHC-I或II类分子结合的能力。本发明所述的变体能保持与激活CTL的TCR结合的能力,随后,这些CTL可与杀伤细胞发生交叉反应,该细胞表达一种多肽(其中包含本发明定义的同源肽的天然氨基酸序列)。
这些基本不与T细胞受体互动的氨基酸残基可通过取代另一个几乎不影响T细胞反应并不妨碍与相关MHC结合的氨基酸而得到修饰。因此,除了特定限制性条件外,本发明中的肽可能为任何包括给定氨基酸序列或段或变体的肽(发明人所用的这个术语包括寡肽或多肽)。
表2SEQ.ID 1至10中的肽变体和基序
MHC-II类提呈肽更为大家熟知,这些肽由含有一个“核心序列”,该序列含有一种与某种HLA特异性基序相配的氨基酸序列,视情况还含有不干扰肽核心序列功能的N和/或C-端延伸区(即,它们被视为与肽和所有或部分能识别其天然配对物的T细胞克隆物之间的相互作用无关)。N-和/或C端可分别延伸1至10个氨基酸的长度。这些肽可直接用于加载MHC-II类分子或其序列可克隆入下文所述载体。由于这些肽可在细胞内形成较大肽加工过程的最终产物,因此,也可用长肽。本发明中肽的大小不限,但通常它们的分子量可能小于100000,优选为小于50000,更优选为小于10000,通常约为5000。对于氨基酸残基数目,本发明中的肽可能少于1,000个残基,优选为少于500个残基,更优选为少于100个残基,最优选为8至30个残基。因此,本发明还提出了总长度为8至100个、优选为8至30个、最优选为8至16个(即8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15或16个)氨基酸的肽或变体。
相应地,诱导T细胞与本发明中的肽发生交叉反应的天然或人工变体往往为长度可变的变体。
如果长度约为12个氨基酸残基的肽直接与MHC-II类分子结合,那么,两侧有核心HLA结合区、且不会对该肽与MHC-II类分子的结合槽特异性结合能力或该肽提呈至T(辅助)细胞的能力产生重大影响的残基则为优选。但是,正如上所述,应了解,可使用较大的肽(例如,核苷酸进行编码时),因为这些较大的肽可被适当的抗原提呈细胞分成片段。
MHC-I类表位(通常长度为8至10个氨基酸)也可能由肽从较长的肽或包含实际表位的蛋白中加工而产生。两侧有实际表位的残基优选为在加工过程中几乎不影响暴露实际表位所需蛋白裂解的残基。
因此,本发明还提出了MHC-I类表位的肽和变体,其中所述肽或抗体的总长度为8至100个、优选为8至30个、最优选为8至16个(即8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15或16个)氨基酸。
当然,本发明中的肽或变体能与人主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)I或II类分子结合。肽或变体与MHC复合物的结合性可用本领域内的已知方法进行测试,例如,文献中所述的检测不同MHC-II类等位基因的方法(例如,(Vogt et al.,1994;Malcherek et al.,1994;Maniciet al.,1999;Hammer et al.,1995;Tompkins et al.,1993;Boyton et al.,1998))。
在本发明的一个特别优选实施方案中,肽系由或基本系由根据SEQ ID NO 1至SEQ IDNO 11所选的氨基酸序列组成。
“基本由...组成”系指本发明的肽,除了根据SEQ ID No.1至SEQ ID No.11中的任一序列或其变体组成外,还含有位于其他N和/或C端延伸处的氨基酸,而它们不一定能形成作为MHC分子表位的肽。
但这些延伸区域对有效将本发明中的肽引进细胞具有重要作用。在本发明的一实施方案中,肽为融合蛋白,含来自NCBI、GenBank登录号X00497的HLA-DR抗原相关不变链(p33,以下称为“Ii”链)的80个N-端氨基酸等(Strubin,M.et al 1984)。
进一步优选的肽为:系选自一种含有特异性HLA亚型、能够刺激CD8细胞的肽,其中该肽包括特异性锚氨基酸基序,如下表2a所示:
表2a优选肽的HLA亚型和锚基序
此外,该肽或变体可进一步修饰以提高稳定性和/或与MHC分子结合,从而引发更强的免疫反应。肽序列的该类优化方法是本领域内所熟知的,包括,例如,反式肽键和非肽键的引入。
在反式肽键氨基酸中,肽(-CO-NH-)并未连接其残基,但是其肽键是反向的。这种逆向反向模拟肽(retro-inverso peptidomimetics)可通过本领域已知的方法制备,例如:Meziere等在《免疫学杂志》((1997)J.Immunol.159,3230-3237)中所述的方法,以引用的方式并入本文。这种方法涉及制备包含骨架(而并非侧链)改变的模拟肽。Meziere等人(1997年)的研究显示,这些模拟肽有利于MHC的结合和辅助性T细胞的反应。以NH-CO键替代CO-NH肽键的逆向反向肽大大地提高了抗水解性能。
非肽键为-CH2-NH、-CH2S-、-CH2CH2-、-CH=CH-、-COCH2-、-CH(OH)CH2-和-CH2SO-等。美国4897445号专利提出了多肽链中非肽键(-CH2-NH)的非固相合成法,该方法涉及按标准程序合成的多肽以及通过氨基醛和一种含NaCNBH3的氨基酸相互作用而合成的非肽键。
含上述序列的肽可与其氨基和/或羧基末端的其他化学基团进行合成,从而提高肽的稳定性、生物利用度、和/或亲和力等。例如,苄氧羰基、丹酰基等疏水基团或叔丁氧羰基团可加入肽的氨基末端。同样,乙酰基或9-芴甲氧羰基可能位于肽的氨基末端。此外,疏水基团、叔丁氧羰基团或氨基团都可能被加入肽的羧基末端。
另外,本发明中的所有肽都可能经合成而改变其空间构型。例如,可能使用这些肽的一个或多个氨基酸残基的右旋体,通常不是其左旋体。更进一步地,本发明中肽的至少一个氨基酸残基可被熟知的一个非天然氨基酸残基取代。诸如此类的改变可能有助于增加本发明肽的稳定性、生物利用度和/或结合作用。
同样,本发明中的肽或变体可在合成肽之前或之后通过特异氨基酸的反应而进行化学修饰。此类修饰的实施例为本领域所熟知,例如,在R.Lundblad所著的《Chemical Reagentsfor Protein Modification》(3rd ed.CRC Press,2005)中有概述,以参考文献的方式并入本文。虽然氨基酸的化学修饰方法无限制,但其包括(但不限于)通过以下方法修饰:酰基化、脒基化、赖氨酸吡哆基化、还原烷基化、以2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)三硝基苯基化氨基团、通过将半胱氨酸过甲酸氧化为磺基丙氨酸而对羧基团和巯基进行氨基修饰、形成易变衍生物、与其他巯基化合物形成混合二硫化合物、与马来酰亚胺反应,与碘乙酸或碘乙酰胺羧甲基化、在碱性pH值下与氰酸盐甲氨酰化。在这方面,技术人员参考了《Current ProtocolsIn Protein Science》(Eds.Coligan et al.(John Wiley&Sons NY 1995-2000))中第15章所述的在蛋白质化学修饰相关的广泛方法。
简言之,修饰蛋白质的精氨酰残基等往往基于于邻二羰基化合物(如苯甲酰甲醛、2,3-丁二酮以及1,2-烯巳二酮)的反应而形成加合物。另一个实施例是丙酮醛与精氨酸残基的反应。半胱氨酸可在赖氨酸和组氨酸等亲核位点不作随同修饰的情况下就得到修饰。因此,有大量试剂可进行半胱氨酸的修饰。Sigma-Aldrich(http://www.sigma-aldrich.com)等公司的网站含有具体试剂的信息。
蛋白质中二硫键的选择性还原也很普遍。二硫键可在生物制药热处理中形成和氧化。
伍德沃德氏试剂K可用于修饰特定的谷氨酸残基。N-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-N′-乙基-碳二亚胺可用于形成赖氨酸残基和谷氨酸残基的分子内交联。
例如:焦碳酸二乙酯是修饰蛋白质组氨酸残基的试剂。组氨酸也可使用4-羟基-2-壬烯醛进行修饰。
赖氨酸残基与其他α-氨基团的反应,例如,有利于肽结合到蛋白/肽的表面或交联处。赖氨酸聚是多(乙烯)乙二醇的附着点,也是蛋白质糖基化的主要修饰位点。
蛋白质的蛋氨酸残基可通过碘乙酰胺、溴乙胺、氯胺T等被修饰。
四硝基甲烷和N-乙酰基咪唑可用于酪氨酸残基的修饰。经二酪氨酸形成的交联可通过过氧化氢/铜离子完成。
对色氨酸修饰的最近研究中使用了N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺、2-羟基-5-硝基苄溴或3-溴-3-甲基-2-(2-硝苯巯基)-3H-吲哚(BPNS-粪臭素)。
当蛋白与戊二醛、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯和甲醛的交联用于配制水凝胶时,治疗性蛋白和含聚乙二醇的肽的成功修饰往往可延长循环半衰期。针对免疫治疗的变态反应原化学修饰往往通过氰酸钾的氨基甲酰化实现。
一种肽或变体,其中肽被修饰或含非肽键,优选为本发明的实施方案。一般来说,肽和变体(至少含氨基酸残基之间的肽联接)可使用Lu等人(1981年)以及此处列出的参考文献所披露的固相肽合成Fmoc-聚酰胺模式进行合成。芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)团对N-氨基提供临时保护。使用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的20%二甲基哌啶中对这种碱高度敏感的保护基团进行重复分裂。由于它们的丁基醚(在丝氨酸苏氨酸和酪氨酸的情况下)、丁基酯(在谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸的情况下)、叔丁氧羰基衍生物(在赖氨酸和组氨酸的情况下)、三苯甲基衍生物(在半胱氨酸的情况下)及4-甲氧基-2,3,6-三甲基苯磺酰基衍生物(在精氨酸的情况下),侧链功能可能会受到保护。只要谷氨酰胺和天冬酰胺为C-末端残基,侧链氨基功能保护所使用的是由4,4′-二甲氧基二苯基团。固相支撑基于聚二甲基丙烯酰胺聚合物,其由三个单体二甲基丙烯酰胺(骨架单体)、双丙烯酰乙烯二胺(交联剂)和N-丙烯酰肌胺酸甲酯(功能剂)组成。使用的肽-树脂联剂为酸敏感的4-羟甲基苯氧乙酸衍生物。所有的氨基酸衍生物均作为其预制对称酸酐衍生物加入,但是天冬酰胺和谷氨酰胺除外,它们使用被逆转的N,N-二环己基碳二亚胺/1-羟基苯并三唑介导的耦合程序而加入。所有的耦合和脱保护反应用茚三酮、硝基苯磺酸或isotin测试程序监测。合成完成后,用浓度为95%含50%清道夫混合物的三氟醋酸,从伴随去除侧链保护基团的树脂支承物中裂解肽。常用的清道夫混合物为乙二硫醇、苯酚、苯甲醚和水,准确的选择依据合成肽的氨基酸组成。此外,固相和液相方法结合使用对肽进行合成是可能的(例如,请参阅Bruckdorfer等人(2004)所用的方法以及本文引用的参考文献)。
三氟乙酸用真空中蒸发、随后用承载粗肽的二乙基乙醚滴定进行去除。用简单萃取程序(水相冻干后,该程序制得不含清道夫混合物的肽)清除任何存在的清道夫混合物。肽合成试剂一般可从Calbiochem-Novabiochem(英国)公司(NG72QJ,英国)获得。
纯化可通过以下技术的任何一种或组合方法进行,如:再结晶法、体积排阻色谱法、离子交换色谱法、疏水作用色谱法以及(通常)反相高效液相色谱法(如使用乙腈/水梯度分离)。
肽分析可使用以下方法进行:薄层色谱法、电泳法、特别是,毛细管电泳法、固相萃取法(CSPE)、反相高效液相色谱法、酸水解后的氨基酸分析、快原子轰击(FAB)质谱分析法以及MALDI、ESI-Q-TOF质谱分析法。
另一方面,本发明提出了一种编码本发明中肽或变体的核酸(如多聚核苷酸)。多聚核苷酸可能为,例如,DNA、cDNA、PNA、CNA、RNA或其组合物,它们可为单链和/或双链、或多聚核苷酸的原生或稳定形式(如:具有硫代磷酸骨架的多聚核苷酸),并且只要它编码肽,就可能包含也可能不包含内含子。当然,多聚核苷酸只能编码加入天然肽键并含有天然氨基酸残基的肽。另一个方面,本发明提出了一种可根据本发明表达多肽的表达载体。
对于连接多核苷酸,已经开发出多种方法,尤其是针对DNA,可通过向载体补充可连接性末端等方法进行连接。例如,可向DNA片段加入补充性均聚物轨道,之后DNA片段被插入到载体DNA。然后,通过补充性均聚物尾巴的氢键结合,将载体和DNA片段结合,从而形成重组DNA分子。
含有一个或多个酶切位点的合成接头为DNA片段与载体连接提供了另一种方法。含各种限制性核酸内切酶的合成接头可通过多种渠道购得,其中包括从国际生物技术公司(International Biotechnologies Inc,New Haven,CN,美国)购得。
编码本发明多肽的DNA理想修饰方法是利用Saiki等人(1988年)所采用的聚合酶链反应方法。此方法可用于将DNA引入合适的载体(例如,通过设计合适的酶切位点),也可用于本领域已知的其它有用方法修饰DNA。如果使用病毒载体,痘病毒载体或腺病毒载体为优选。
之后,DNA(或在逆转录病毒载体情况下,RNA)可能表达于合适的宿主,从而制成含本发明肽或变体的多肽。因此,可根据已知技术使用编码本发明肽或变体的DNA,用本文所述方法适当修饰后,构建表达载体,然后表达载体用于转化合适宿主细胞,从而表达和产生本发明中的多肽。这些方法包括下列美国专利中披露的方法:4440859、4530901、458200、4677063、4678751、4704362、4710463、757006、4766075和4810648号美国专利,这些专利号以参考文献的形式并入本文。
编码含本发明化合物多肽的DNA(或在逆转录病毒载体情况下,RNA)可能被加入到其它多种DNA序列,从而引入到合适的宿主中。同伴DNA将取决于宿主的性质、DNA引入宿主的方式、以及是否需要保持为游离体还是要相互结合。
一般来说,DNA可以适当的方向和正确的表达阅读框架附着到一种表达载体(如质粒)中。如有必要,该DNA可能与所需宿主所识别的相应转录和翻译调节控制核苷酸序列连接,尽管表达载体中一般存在此类控制功能。然后,该载体通过标准方法被引入宿主。一般来说,并不是所有的宿主都会被载体转化。因此,有必要选择转化过的宿主细胞。选择方法包括用任何必要的控制元素向表达载体插入一个DNA序列,该序列对转化细胞中的可选择性属性(如抗生素耐药性)进行编码。
另外,有这种选择属性的基因可在另外一个载体上,该载体用来协同转化所需的宿主细胞。
然后,本发明中的重组DNA所转化的宿主细胞在本文中所述本领域技术人员熟悉的合适条件下培养足够长的时间,从而表达之后可回收的肽。
有许多已知的表达系统,包括细菌(如大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌)、酵母(如酵母菌)、丝状真菌(如曲霉菌)、植物细胞、动物细胞及昆虫细胞。该系统可优选为哺乳动物细胞,如来自ATCC细胞生物学库(Cell Biology Collection)中的CHO细胞。
典型的哺乳动物细胞组成型表达载体质粒包括CMV或含一个合适的多聚A尾巴的SV40启动子以及抗性标志物(如新霉素)。一个实例为从Pharmacia公司(Piscataway,新泽西,美国)获得的pSVL。一种可诱导型哺乳动物表达载体的例子是pMSG,也可以从Pharmacia公司获得。有用的酵母质粒载体是pRS403-406和pRS413-416,一般可从Stratagene Cloning Systems公司(La Jolla,CA 92037,美国)获得。质粒pRS403、pRS404、pRS405和pRS406是酵母整合型质粒(YIp),并插入了酵母可选择性标记物HIS3、TRP1、LEU2和URA3。pRS413-416质粒为酵母着丝粒质粒(Ycp)。基于CMV启动子的载体(如,来自于Sigma-Aldrich公司)提供了瞬时或稳定的表达、胞浆表达或分泌,以及FLAG、3xFLAG、c-myc或MATN不同组合物中的N-端或C-端标记。这些融合蛋白可用于检测、纯化及分析重组蛋白。双标融合为检测提供了灵活性。
强劲的人巨细胞病毒(CMV)启动子调控区使得COS细胞中的组成蛋白表达水平高达1mg/L。对于较弱的细胞株,蛋白水平一般低于0.1mg/L。SV40复制原点的出现将导致DNA在SV40复制容纳性COS细胞中高水平复制。例如,CMV载体可包含细菌细胞中的pMB1(pBR322的衍生物)复制原点、细菌中进行氨苄青霉素抗性选育的β-内酰胺酶基因、hGH polyA和f1的原点。含前胰岛素原引导(PPT)序列的载体可使用抗FLAG抗体、树脂和板引导FLAG融合蛋白分泌到进行纯化的培养基中。其他与各种宿主细胞一起应用的载体和表达系统是本领域熟知众所周知的。
本发明还涉及一种宿主细胞,其以本发明的多核苷酸载体构建转化而来。宿主细胞可为原核细胞,也可为真核细胞。在有些情况下,细菌细胞为优选原核宿主细胞,典型为大肠杆菌株,例如,大肠杆菌菌株DH5(从Bethesda Research Laboratories公司(Bethesda,MD,美国)获得)和RR1(从美国菌种保藏中心(ATCC,Rockville,MD,美国),ATCC编号31343获得)。首选的真核宿主细胞包括酵母、昆虫和哺乳动物细胞,优选为脊椎动物细胞,如:小鼠、大鼠、猴子或人成纤维细胞和结肠癌细胞株中的细胞。酵母宿主细胞包括YPH499、YPH500和YPH501,一般可从Stratagene Cloning Systems公司(La Jolla,CA92037,美国)获得。首选哺乳动物宿主细胞包括中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞为ATCC中的CCL61细胞、NIH瑞士小鼠胚胎细胞NIH/3T3为ATCC中的CRL 1658细胞、猴肾源性COS-1细胞为ATCC中的CRL 1650细胞以及人胚胎肾细胞的293号细胞。首选昆虫细胞为Sf9细胞,可用杆状病毒表达载体转染。有关针对表达选择合适宿主细胞的概要,可从教科书(Paulina Balbás and Argelia Lorence“Methods in Molecular Biology Recombinant GeneExpression,Reviews and Protocols”,Part One,Second Edition,ISBN 978-1-58829-262-9)和本领域技术人员知道的其它文献中查到。
含本发明DNA结构的适当宿主细胞的转化可使用大家熟知的方法完成,通常取决于使用载体的类型。对于原核宿主细胞的转化,可参阅,如:Cohen等人(1972)在Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 1972,69,2110中以及Sambrook等人(1989)所著《Molecular Cloning,ALaboratory Manual》Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor,NY中使用的方法。酵母细胞的转化在Sherman等人(1986)在Methods In Yeast Genetics,A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor,NY中有描述。Beggs,Beggs(1978)Nature 275,104-109中所述方法也很有用。对于脊椎动物细胞,转染这些细胞的试剂等,例如,磷酸钙和DEAE-葡聚糖或脂质体配方,可从Stratagene Cloning Systems公司或Life Technologies公司(Gaithersburg,MD20877,美国)获得。电穿孔也可用于转化和/或转染细胞,是本领域用于转化酵母细胞、细菌细胞、昆虫细胞和脊椎动物细胞大家熟知的方法。
被成功转化的细胞(即含本发明DNA结构的细胞)可用大家熟知的方法(如PCR)进行识别。另外,上清液存在的蛋白可使用抗体进行检测。
应了解,本发明中的某些宿主细胞用于制备本发明中的肽,例如细菌细胞、酵母细胞和昆虫细胞。但是,其他宿主细胞可能对某些治疗方法有用。例如,抗原提呈细胞(如树突状细胞)可用于表达本发明中的肽,使他们可以加载入相应的MHC分子中。因此,本发明提出了含本发明中核酸或表达载体的一种宿主细胞。
在一个优选实施方案中,宿主细胞为抗原提呈细胞,尤其是树突状细胞或抗原提呈细胞。目前,载有含前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP)的重组融合蛋白正在针对用于治疗前列腺癌(Sipuleucel-T)进行研究(Small EJ et al 2006;Rini et al 2006)
另一方面,本发明提出了一种配制一种肽及其变体的方法,该方法包括培养宿主细胞和从宿主细胞或其培养基中分离肽。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明中的肽、核酸或表达载体用于药物中。例如,肽或其变体可制备为静脉(i.v.)注射剂、皮下(s.c.)注射剂、皮内(i.d.)注射剂、腹腔(i.p.)注射剂、肌肉(i.m.)注射剂。肽注射的优选方法包括s.c.、i.d.、i.p.、i.m.和i.v.注射。DNA注射的优选方法为i.d.、i.m.、s.c.、i.p.和i.v.注射。例如,给予50μg至1.5mg,优选为125μg至500μg的肽或DNA,这取决于具体的肽或DNA。上述剂量范围在以前的试验中成功使用(Brunsvig et al 2006;Staehler et al 2007)。
本发明的另一方面包括一种体外制备激活的T细胞的方法,该方法包括将T细胞与载有抗原的人I或II类MHC分子进行体外连接,这些分子在合适的抗原提呈细胞表面表达足够的一段时间从而以抗原特异性方式激活T细胞,其中所述抗原为根据本发明所述的一种肽。优选情况是足够量的抗原与抗原提呈细胞一同使用。
当MHC-II类表位用作一种抗原时,T细胞为CD4阳性辅助细胞,优选为TH1型。MHC-II类分子可表达于任何合适细胞的表面。优选为不自然表达MHC-II类分子的细胞(在这种情况下,转染细胞表达此类分子)。或者,如果该细胞自然表达MHC-II类分子,则优选情况是该细胞在抗原加工或抗原提呈途径中有缺陷。这样,表达MHC-II类分子的细胞有可能在激活T细胞之前就完全载入选定肽抗原。
抗原提呈细胞(或刺激因子细胞)通常在其表面有一个MHC-II类分子,优选为其本身基本上不能以选定抗原加载所述MHC-II类分子。MHC-II类分子可很容易在体外载入选定抗原。
优选情况是,哺乳动物细胞的TAP肽转运载体缺乏或水平下降或功能降低。缺乏TAP肽转运载体的适合细胞包括T2、RMA-S和果蝇细胞。TAP表示转运载体相关的抗原加工。
人体肽载入的缺陷细胞株T2从属美国菌种保藏中心(ATCC,12301Parklawn Drive,Rockville,Maryland 20852,美国)目录号CRL1992;果蝇细胞株Schneider 2号株从属ATCC目录CRL 19863;小鼠RMA-S细胞株Karre等人在1985年描述过。
宿主细胞在转染前基本上不表达MHC-I类分子。刺激因子细胞还优选为表达对T细胞共刺激信号起到重要作用的分子,如,B7.1、B7.2、ICAM-1和LFA 3中的任一种分子。大量MHC-II类分子和共刺激分子的核酸序列可从GenBank和EMBL数据库中公开获得。
同样,当MHC-I类表位用作一种抗原时,T细胞为CD8阳性CTL。
如果抗原提呈细胞受到转染而表达这种表位,则优选的细胞包括一个表达载体,该载体有能力表达含SEQ ID NO 1至SEQ ID NO 11的肽或变体氨基酸序列。
可使用其他一些方法来体外生成CTL。例如,可使用Peoples等人(1995)描述的方法和Kawakami等人(1992)使用自体肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞生成CTL的方法。Plebanski等人在(1995)使用自体外周血淋巴细胞(PLB)制得CTL。Jochmus等人(1997)描述了用肽或多肽脉冲处理树突状细胞或通过与重组病毒感染而制成自体CTL。Hill等人(1995)和Jerome等人(1993)使用B细胞制成自体CTL。此外,用肽或多肽脉冲处理或用重组病毒感染的巨噬细胞可用于配制自体CTL。Walter等人在2003年描述了通过使用人工抗原提呈细胞(aAPC)体外启动T细胞,这也是生成作用于所选肽的T细胞的一种合适方法。在这项研究中,根据生物素:链霉素生物化学方法通过将预制的MHC:肽复合物耦合到聚苯乙烯颗粒(微球)而生成aAPC。该系统实现了对aAPC上的MHC密度进行精确调节,这使得可以在血液样本中选择地引发高或低亲合力的高效抗原特异性T细胞反应。除了MHC:肽复合物外,aAPC还应携运含共刺激活性的其他蛋白,如耦合至表面的抗-CD28抗体。此外,此类基于aAPC的系统往往需要加入适当的可溶性因子,例如,诸如白细胞介素-12的细胞因子。
也可用同种异体细胞制得T细胞,在WO 97/26328中详细描述了一种方法,以参考文献方式并入本文。例如,除了果蝇细胞和T2细胞,也可用其他细胞来提呈肽,如CHO细胞、杆状病毒感染的昆虫细胞、细菌、酵母、牛痘感染的靶细胞。此外,也可使用植物病毒(例如,参阅Porta等人(1994)描述了将豇豆花叶病毒开发为一种提呈外来肽的高产系统。
被激活的T细胞直接针对本发明中的肽,有助于治疗。因此,本发明的另一方面提出了用本发明前述方法制得的激活T细胞。
按上述方法制成的激活T细胞将会有选择性地识别异常表达含SEQ ID NO 1至11氨基酸序列的多肽的一种细胞。
优选情况是,T细胞通过与其含HLA/肽复合物的TCR相互作用(如,结合)而识别该细胞。T细胞是杀伤患者靶细胞方法中有用的细胞,其靶细胞异常表达含本发明中氨基酸序列的多肽。此类患者给予有效量的激活T细胞。给予患者的T细胞可能源自该患者,并按上述方法激活(即,它们为自体T细胞)。或者,T细胞不是源自该患者,而是来自另一个人。当然,优选情况是该供体为健康人。发明人使用“健康人”系指一个人一般状况良好,优选为免疫系统合格,更优选为无任何可很容易测试或检测到的疾病。
根据本发明,CD4阳性T细胞的体内靶细胞可为肿瘤细胞(有时表达MHC-II类抗原)和/或肿瘤周围的基质细胞(肿瘤细胞)(有时也表达MHC-II类抗原;(Dengjel et al.,2006))。
本发明所述的T细胞可用作治疗性组合物中的活性成分。因此,本发明也提出了一种杀伤患者靶细胞的方法,其中患者的靶细胞异常表达含本发明中氨基酸序列的多肽,该方法包括给予患者上述有效量的T细胞。
发明人所用的“异常表达”的意思还包括,与正常表达水平相比,多肽过量表达,或该基因在源自肿瘤的组织中未表达,但是在该肿瘤中却表达。“过量表达”系指多肽水平至少为正常组织中的1.2倍;优选为至少为正常组织中的2倍,更优选为至少5或10倍。
T细胞可用本领域已知的方法制得(如,上述方法)。
T细胞继转移方案为本领域所熟知的方案并可在以下参考文献中找到,例如:(Rosenberg et al.,1987;Rosenberg et al.,1988;Dudley et al.,2002;Yee et al.,2002;Dudley et al.,2005);综述(Gattinoni et al.,2006)和(Morgan et al.,2006)。
本发明的任一分子(即肽、核酸、表达载体、细胞,激活CTL、T细胞受体或编码核酸)都有益于治疗疾病,其特点在于细胞逃避免疫反应的打击。因此,本发明的任一分子都可用作药剂或用于制造药剂。这种分子可单独使用也可与本发明中的其他分子或已知分子联合使用。
本发明中所述的药剂优选为一种疫苗。该疫苗可直接给到患者的受影响器官,也可i.d.、i.m.、s.c.、i.p.和i.v.注射方式全身给药,或体外应用到来自患者或其细胞株的细胞(随后再将这些细胞注入到患者中),或体外用于从来自患者的免疫细胞的一个细胞亚群(然后再将细胞重新给予患者)。如果核酸体外注入细胞,可能有益于细胞转染,以共同表达免疫刺激细胞因子(如白细胞介素-2)。肽可完全单独给药,也可与免疫刺激佐剂相结合(见下文)、或与免疫刺激细胞因子联合使用、或以适当的输送系统给药(例如脂质体)。该肽也可共轭形成一种合适的载体(如钥孔虫戚血蓝蛋白(KLH)或甘露)到合适的载体(参阅WO 95/18145及Longenecker等人(1993))。该肽也可进行标记、或可能是一种融合蛋白或是杂合分子。本发明中给出肽序列的肽预期会刺激CD4或CD8T细胞。但是,有CD4T辅助细胞提供帮助时,对CD8CTL的刺激更为有效。因此,对于刺激CD8CTL的MHC-I类表位,一种杂合分子的融合伙伴或片段提供了刺激CD4阳性T细胞的适当表位。CD4-和CD8刺激表位为本领域所熟知、并包括本发明中确定的表位。
一方面,疫苗包括至少一个肽,优选为2至50个、更优选为2至25个、再优选为2至15个、最优选为2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12或13个肽。肽可能从一个或多个特定TAA中衍生,并且可能与MHC-I类和/或II类分子结合。
多聚核苷酸可为基本纯化形式,也可包被于载体或输送系统。核酸可能为DNA、cDNA、PNA、CNA、RNA,也可能为其组合物。这种核酸的设计和引入方法为本领域所熟知。例如,下列文献中有其概述:Pascolo S.2006;Stan R.2006或A Mahdavi 2006。多核苷酸疫苗很容易制备,但这些载体诱导免疫反应的作用模式尚未彻底了解。合适的载体和输送系统包括病毒DNA和/或RNA,如基于腺病毒、牛痘病毒、逆转录病毒、疱疹病毒、腺相关病毒或含一种以上病毒元素的混合病毒的系统。非病毒输送系统包括阳离子脂质体和阳离子聚合物,是DNA输送所属领域内熟知的系统。也可使用物理输送系统,如通过“基因枪”。肽或核酸编码的肽可以是一种融合蛋白,例如,含刺激T细胞进行上述CDR的表位。
本发明的药剂也可能包括一种或多种佐剂。佐剂是那些非特异性地增强或加强免疫反应的物质(例如,通过CTL和辅助T(TH)细胞介导的对一种抗原的免疫应答,因此被视为对本发明的药剂有用。适合的佐剂包括(但不仅限于)1018ISS、铝盐、Amplivax、AS15、BCG、CP-870,893、CPG7909、CyaA、dSLIM、鞭毛蛋白或鞭毛蛋白衍生的TLR5配体、FLT3配体、GM-CSF、IC30、IC31、Imiquimod(ALDARA)、ImuFact IMP321、干扰素α或β或其聚乙二醇衍生物、IS Patch、ISS、ISCOMATRIX、ISCOMs、JuvImmune、LipoVac、MALP2、MF59、单磷酰脂A、Montanide IMS 1312、Montanide ISA 206、Montanide ISA50V、Montanide ISA-51、水包油和油包水乳状液、OK-432、OM-174、OM-197-MP-EC、ONTAK、OspA、载体系统、PLG微粒、resiquimod、SRL172、病毒颗粒和其他病毒样颗粒、YF-17D、VEGF trap、R848、β-葡聚糖、Pam3Cys、源自皂角苷、分支杆菌提取物和细菌细胞壁合成模拟物的Aquila公司的QS21刺激子,以及其他专有佐剂,如:Ribi′s Detox。优选佐剂如:弗氏佐剂或GM-CSF。前人对一些树突状细胞特异性免疫佐剂(如MF59)及其制备方法进行了描述(Dupuis M et al 1998;Allison 1998)。也可使用细胞因子。一些细胞因子直接影响树突状细胞向淋巴组织迁移(如,TNF-α),加速树突状细胞成熟为T淋巴细胞的有效抗原提呈细胞(如,GM-CSF、IL-1和IL-4)(美国5849589号专利,特别以其完整引用形式并入本文),并充当免疫佐剂(如IL-12、IL-15、IL-23、IL-7、IFN-α、IFN-β)(Gabrilovich et al 1996)。
据报告,CpG免疫刺激寡核苷酸可提高佐剂在疫苗中的作用。如果没有理论的约束,CpG寡核苷酸可通过Toll样受体(TLR)(主要为TLR9)激活先天(非适应性)免疫系统从而起作用。CpG引发的TLR9活化作用提高了对各种抗原的抗原特异性体液和细胞反应,这些抗原包括肽或蛋白抗原、活病毒或被杀死的病毒、树突状细胞疫苗、自体细胞疫苗以及预防性和治疗性疫苗中的多糖结合物。更重要的是,它会增强树突状细胞的成熟和分化,导致TH1细胞的活化增强以及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)生成加强,甚至CD4T细胞帮助的缺失。甚至有疫苗佐剂的存在也能维持TLR9活化作用诱发的TH1偏移,这些佐剂如:正常促进TH2偏移的明矾或弗氏不完全佐剂(IFA)。CpG寡核苷酸与以下其他佐剂或配方一起制备或联合给药时,表现出更强的佐剂活性,如微粒、纳米粒子、脂肪乳或类似制剂,当抗原相对较弱时,这些对诱发强反应尤为必要。他们还能加速免疫反应,使抗原剂量减少约两个数量级,在有些实验中,对不含CpG的全剂量疫苗也能产生类似的抗体反应(Krieg et al 2006)。美国6406705B1号专利对CpG寡核苷酸、非核酸佐剂和抗原结合使用促使抗原特异性免疫反应进行了描述。一种CpG TLR9拮抗剂为Mologen公司(德国柏林)的dSLIM(双干环免疫调节剂),这是本发明药物组合物的优选成分。也可使用其他如TLR结合分子,如:RNA结合TLR7、TLR8和/或TLR9。
其他有用的佐剂例子包括(但不限于)化学修饰性CpG(如CpR、Idera)、dsRNA模拟物,如,Poly(I:C)和AmpliGen、非CpG细菌性DNA或RNA以及免疫活性小分子和抗体,如:环磷酰胺、舒尼替单抗、贝伐单抗、西乐葆、NCX-4016、西地那非、他达拉非、伐地那非、索拉非尼、替莫唑胺、temsirolimus、XL-999、CP-547632、帕唑帕尼、VEGF Trap、ZD2171、AZD2171、抗-CTLA4和SC58175,这些药物都可能有治疗作用和/或充当佐剂。技术人员无需过度进行不当实验就很容易确定本发明中有用的佐剂和添加剂的数量和浓度。优选佐剂为dSLIM、干扰素-α、干扰素-β、CpG7909、IC31、ALDARA(Imiquimod)、PeviTer、RNA、他达拉非,替莫唑胺和JuvImmune。
本发明提出了一种药剂,其有利于治疗癌症,尤其是神经元癌、脑癌。该癌症可能是转移癌,也可能非转移癌,尤其可能为星形细胞瘤、毛细胞型星形细胞瘤、胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、多形性胶质母细胞瘤、混合型胶质瘤、少突星形细胞瘤、髓母细胞瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤、神经母细胞瘤、生殖细胞瘤、畸胎瘤、神经节细胞胶质瘤、神经节细胞瘤、中央神经节细胞瘤、原始神经外胚层肿瘤(PNET,如髓母细胞瘤、髓上皮瘤、神经母细胞瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤、管膜母细胞瘤)、松果体实质肿瘤(如松果体细胞瘤、成松果体细胞瘤)、室管膜细胞瘤、脉络丛肿瘤、来源不明的神经上皮肿瘤(如大脑胶质瘤病、星形母细胞瘤)、胶质母细胞瘤、肺癌或腺鳞癌。
由于发明的肽从胶质母细胞瘤分离,在SEQ ID No.2的情况下,还从腺鳞癌中分离,因此本发明的药剂优选为用于治疗胶质母细胞瘤或腺鳞癌。
本发明的一个试剂盒套件包括:(a)一个容器,包含上述溶液或冻干粉形式的药物组合物;(b)可选项,第二个容器,含冻干粉剂型的稀释剂或重组溶液;及(c)可选项,(i)使用溶液或(ii)重组和/或使用冻干粉剂型的说明书。该套件还步包括一个或多个(iii)缓冲剂,(iv)稀释剂,(v)过滤液,(vi)针,或(v)注射器。容器优选为瓶子、西林瓶、注射器或试管;也可为多用途容器。药物组合优选为冻干粉剂。
本发明中的套件优选包含一种置于合适容器中的冻干制剂以及重组和/或使用说明。适当的容器包括,例如瓶子、西林瓶(如双室瓶)、注射器(如双室注射器)和试管。该容器可能由多种材料制成,如玻璃或塑料。优选情况是,套件和/或容器上有说明,表明重组和/或使用的指示。例如,标签可能表明冻干剂型重组为上述肽浓度。该标签可进一步表明制剂用于皮下注射。
存放制剂的容器可使用多用途西林瓶,使得可重复给予(例如,2-6次)重组剂型。该套件可进一步包括装有合适稀释剂(如碳酸氢钠溶液)的第二个容器。
稀释液和冻干制剂混合后,重组制剂中的肽终浓度优选为至少0.15mg/mL/肽(=75μg),不超过3mg/mL/肽(=1500μg)。该套件还可包括商业和用户角度来说可取的其他材料,包括其他缓冲剂、稀释剂,过滤液、针头、注射器和带有使用说明书的包装插页。
本发明中的套件可能有一个单独的容器,其中包含本发明所述的药物组合物制剂,该制剂可有其他成分(例如,其他化合物或及其药物组合物),也可无其他成分,或者每种成分都有其不同容器。
优选情况是,本发明的套件包括与本发明的一种制剂,包装后与第二种化合物(如佐剂(例如GM-CSF)、化疗药物、天然产品、激素或拮抗剂、抗血管生成剂或抑制剂、凋亡诱导剂或螯合剂)或其药物组合物联合使用。该套件的成分可进行预络合或每种成分在给予患者之前可放置于单独的不同容器。该套件的成分可以是一种或多种溶液,优选为水溶液,更优选为无菌水溶液。该套件的成分也可为固体形式,加入合适的溶剂后转换为液体,最好放置于另一个不同的容器中。
治疗套件的容器可能为西林瓶、试管、烧瓶、瓶子、注射器、或任何其他指装载固体或液体的工具。通常,当成分不只一种时,套件将包含第二个西林瓶或其他容器,使之可以单独定量。该套件还可能包含另一个装载药用液体的容器。优选情况是,治疗套件将包含一个设备(如,一个或多个针头、注射器、滴眼器、吸液管等),使得可注射本发明的药物(本套件的组合物)。
本发明的药物配方适合以任何可接受的途径进行肽给药,如口服(肠道)、鼻内、眼内、皮下、皮内、肌内,静脉或经皮给药。优选为皮下给药,最优选为皮内给药,也可通过输液泵给药。
下列描述优选方案的实施例将对本发明进行说明(但是不仅限于此)。为了本发明之目的,所有参考文献均以完整引用的形式并入本文。
实施例
实施例1:
细胞表面提呈的肿瘤相关肽(TUMAP)的识别
组织样本
患者肿瘤组织和健康组织由Cantonal Universitaire de Genève(医学肿瘤学(肿瘤免疫学)实验室)和Neurochirurgische-Klinik Heidelberg(MolekularbiologischesLabor)提供。所有患者在手术前都获得了书面知情同意。手术后立即用液态氮对组织进行冷休克处理,在分离TUMAP前储存于-80℃下。
从组织样本中分离HLA肽
根据方案(Falk,K.et al1991;Seeger,F.H.et al.T 1999)略加修改,使用HLA-A*02特异性抗体BB7.2或HLA-A、-B、-C特异性抗体W6/32、CNBr活化的琼脂糖凝胶、酸处理和超滤方法以固体组织的免疫沉淀法获得了冷休克组织样本的HLA肽库。
用电喷雾-液相色谱质谱(ESI-LCMS)检测TUMAP
方法一:
获得的HLA肽库根据其疏水性用反相色谱(CapLC,Waters)分离,洗脱肽用装备电喷雾源的四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(Q-TOF Ultima,Waters)进行了分析。肽库被载到C18预处理柱进行浓缩和脱盐。载入后,C18预处理柱排成一行,用填充5μm C18反相材料(Dionex)的熔炼石英微毛细管柱(75μm内径x 250mm)进行分离。溶剂A为4mM醋酸铵/水。溶剂B为2M浓度为80%乙腈/水中的醋酸铵。这两种溶剂均用甲酸将pH值调整为3.0。对15%至60%的溶剂B在90分钟内进行二元梯度色谱法分析,分流系统将应用流量从5μl/min降低至200nl/min。金镀膜玻璃毛细管(PicoTip,New Objective)用于引入到微电喷雾源。TOF分析仪的积分时间为1.9秒,扫描间延迟时间为0.1秒。随后,用碰撞诱导解离(CID)质谱(ESI-LCMS/MS)揭示肽序列。生成的天然TUMAP的片段模式与合成序列相同参考肽的片段模式进行比较后,确保了识别TUMAP的序列。
方法二:
获得的HLA肽库根据其疏水性用反相色谱(Acquity UPLC system,Waters)分离,洗脱肽用装有电喷雾源的LTQ-Orbitrap杂交质谱(ThermoElectron)进行了分析。肽库被直接载入填充有1.7μm C18反相材料(Waters)的分析用熔炼石英微毛细管柱(75μm内径x 250mm),应用流速为400nL每分钟。随后,使用来自流速为300nL每分钟、浓度为10%至33%溶剂B中的两步180分钟二元梯度法对肽进行分离。梯度由溶剂A(含0.1%甲酸的水)和溶剂B(含0.1%甲酸的乙腈)。金镀膜玻璃毛细管(PicoTip,New Objective)用于引入到微电喷雾源。使用前5(TOP5)策略在数据依赖模式下操作LTQ-Orbitrap质谱仪。简言之,首先以高精确质量完全扫描在orbitrap开始一个扫描周期(R=30000),之后用先前选定离子的动态排除技术在orbitrap中对5种含量最为丰富的前体离子进行MS/MS扫描(R=7500)。串联质谱以SEQUEST和另一种手动控制器进行解读。生成的天然TUMAP的片段模式与合成序列相同参考肽的片段模式进行比较后,确保了识别TUMAP的序列。图1a和b显示了从肿瘤组织中获得的MHC-I类相关TUMAP的典型表达谱。
实施例2:
编码本发明肽的基因的表达谱
并不是所有确定为由MHC分子提呈于肿瘤细胞表面的肽都适合用于免疫治疗,这是因为这些肽大部分都由许多类型细胞表达的正常细胞蛋白衍生而来。这些肽只有很少一部分具有肿瘤相关性,并可能能够诱导对其来源肿瘤识别有高特异性的T细胞。为了确定这些肽并最大限度地降低这些肽接种所诱导的自身免疫风险,发明人主要采用从过量表达于肿瘤细胞上(与大多数正常组织相比)的蛋白中所获得的肽。
理想的肽来源于对该肿瘤独一无二且不出现于其他组织中的蛋白中。为了确定具有与理想基因相似表达谱的基因所产生的肽,确定的肽被分别分配到蛋白和基因中,从中获得基因并生成这些基因的表达谱。
RNA来源与制备
手术切除组织标本由两个不同的临床中心(参见实施例1)在获得每名患者的书面知情同意后提供。手术后立即在液态氮中速冻肿瘤组织标本,之后在液态氮中用杵臼匀浆。使用TRIzol(Invitrogen公司,Karlsruhe,德国)之后用RNeasy(QIAGEN公司,Hilden,德国)清理从这些样本中制备总RNA;这两种方法都根据制造商的方案进行。
健康人体组织中的总RNA从商业途径获得(Ambion公司,Huntingdon,英国;Clontech公司,海德堡,德国;Stratagene公司,阿姆斯特丹,荷兰BioChain公司,Hayward,CA,美国)。混合数个人(2至123个人)的RNA,从而使每个人的RNA得到等加权。白细胞从4个健康志愿者的血液样本中分离获得。
所有RNA样本的质量和数量都在Agilent 2100Bioanalyzer分析仪(Agilent公司,Waldbronn,德国)上使用RNA 6000Pico LabChip Kit试剂盒(Agilent公司)进行评估。
微阵列实验
所有肿瘤和正常组织的RNA样本都使用Affymetrix Human Genome(HG)U133A或HG-U133Plus 2.0Affymetrix寡核苷酸芯片(Affymetrix公司,Santa Clara,CA,美国)进行基因表达分析。所有步骤都根据Affymetrix手册进行(http://www.affymetrix.com/support/technical/manual/expression manual.affx)。简言之,如手册中所述,使用SuperScript RTII(Invitrogen公司)以及oligo-dT-T7引物(MWG Biotech公司,Ebersberg,德国)从5-8μg RNA中合成双链cDNA。用BioArray High Yield RNATranscript Labelling Kit(ENZO Diagnostics公司,Farmingdale,NY,美国)进行U133A测定或用GeneChip IVT Labelling Kit(Affymetrix公司)进行U133Plus 2.0测定,之后用链霉亲和素-藻红蛋白和生物素化抗链霉素蛋白抗体(Molecular Probes公司,Leiden,荷兰)进行破碎、杂交和染色,这样完成体外转录。用Agilent 2500A GeneArray Scanner(U133A)或Affymetrix Gene-Chip Scanner 3000(U133Plus 2.0)对图像进行扫描,用GCOS软件(Affymetrix公司)在所有参数默认设置情况下对数据进行分析。为了实现标准化,使用了Affymetrix公司提供的100种管家基因(housekeeping gene)(http://www.affymetrix.com/support/technical/mask_files.affx)。相对表达值用软件给定的signallog ratio进行计算,正常样本的值任意设置为1.0。
本发明所有肽的源基因(PTPRZ1)的表达谱显示,该基因在胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤组织中呈高表达,而在正常组织中不表达或表达很低(图2)。
实施例3:
MHC-I类提呈肽的体外免疫原性
CD8+T细胞体外启动
为了用载有肽-MHC复合物(pMHC)和抗CD28抗体的人工抗原提呈细胞(aAPC)进行体外刺激,发明人首先运用标准密度梯度分离介质(德国科尔贝PAA公司)从新鲜HLA-A*02+血沉棕黄层中分离出PBMC(外周血单核细胞)。白细胞衣(Buffy Coats)从Katharinenhospital Stuttgart获得。分离出的PBMC在T细胞培养基(TCM)中培养过夜,在体外填装,包括RPMI-Glutamax(Invitrogen公司,卡尔斯鲁厄,德国)并补充10%热灭活人AB血清(PAA公司,科尔贝,德国),100U/ml青霉素/100μg/ml链霉素(Cambrex公司,韦尔维耶,比利时),1mM丙酮酸钠(CC Pro公司,Neustadt,德国)和20μg/ml庆大霉素(Cambrex公司)。CD8+淋巴细胞根据制造商的说明使用CD8+MACS阳性选择套件(Miltenyi公司,Bergisch Gladbach,德国)进行分离。获得的CD8+T细胞培养,直到TCM补充了2.5ng/ml的IL-7(PromoCell公司,海德堡,德国)和10U/ml的IL-2(Chiron公司,慕尼黑,德国)后才使用。pMHC/抗-CD28涂层珠的生成、T细胞的刺激和读出方法如前所述(Walter et al.,2003)并作微小改动。简言之,缺乏跨膜域和在重链羧基端生物素化的生物素化重组HLA-A*0201分子用以下所述方法制成(Altman et al.,1996)。纯化的共刺激小鼠IgG2a抗人CD28抗体9.3(Jung et al.,1987)使用制造商(Perbio公司,波恩,德国)推荐的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺生物素进行化学生物素化处理。所用珠为5.60μm的大链霉抗生物素蛋白包裹的多聚苯乙烯颗粒(Bangs Labooratories,伊利诺伊州/美国)。作为阳性和阴性对照的pMHC分别为A*0201/MLA-001(从Melan-A/MART-1中修饰制得的肽ELAGIGILTV)和A*0201/DDX5-001(从DDX5中获得的YLLPAIVHI)。
800.000珠/200μl包裹于96孔板,以600ng生物素抗CD28+200ng相关生物素pMHC(高密度珠)或2ng相关+200ng不相关(pMHC库)MHC(低密度珠)存在。在37℃下,在含5ng/ml IL-12(PromoCell)的200μl TCM中共培养1×106CD8+T细胞与2×105的清洗涂层珠3至4天,从而启动刺激。之后,一半培养基与补充80U/ml IL-2的新鲜TCM进行交换,并且培养在37℃下持续3至4天。这种刺激性周期总共进行3次。最后,在FACSCalibur或LSR II流式细胞仪(BD公司)上用荧光MHC四聚体(如(Altman et al.,1996))+抗体CD8-FITC克隆SK1(BD公司,海德堡,德国)进行四聚体分析。肽特异性细胞以占总CD8+T细胞的百分比形式进行计算。四聚体分析结果用FCSExpress软件(De Novo Software公司)进行评估。特定四聚体+CD8+淋巴细胞的体外填装用适当的门控技术以及与阴性对照刺激组比较而进行检测。如果健康供体中的至少一个可评价的体外刺激孔在体外刺激后发现含有特异性CD8+T细胞株(即该孔包含至少1%特定四聚体+细胞,并且特定四聚体+的百分比至少为阴性对照刺激中位数的10倍),则检测给定抗原的免疫原性。
代表性染色显示了PTP-002和PTP-001特异性T细胞的生成,如图3所示。这两种基因以及CHI-001的相似结果见表3。
表3:本发明肽的免疫原性
抗原 | 是否检测免疫抗原性 | 阳性供体/得到测试的供体 | 阳性孔/得到测试的孔 |
PTP-001 | 是 | 6/6(100%) | 33/96(34%) |
PTP-002 | 是 | 3/4(50%) | 9/48(17%) |
PTP-003 | 是 | 2/4(50%) | 8/48(17%) |
PTP-004 | 是 | 2/4(50%) | 2/48(4%) |
PTP-005 | 是 | 4/4(100%) | 24/48(50%) |
CHI-001 | 是 | 4/4(100%) | 39/62(63%) |
发明人所做的体外免疫原性实验以及申请人伊玛提克斯生物技术有限公司所显示的受测试阳性供体和板孔的百分比总结如上。所示结果通过刺激高密度珠CD8+细胞而获得。由于不同批次的血清可能会大大影响免疫原性的结果,所以只评价了那些只使用同一批次血清的化验结果。
实施例4:
HLA-I类限制肽与HLA-A*0201结合
本分析的目的是评价HLA-I类肽PTP-001、PTP-002、PTP-003、PTP-004和PTP-005对HLA-A*0201等位基因编码的MHC分子的亲和力。所有的肽对HLA-A*0201的亲和性都可与大家熟知的对照肽HBV-001进行比较,解离常数(KD)范围为.02到1.6nM。
测试原理
稳定HLA/肽复合物包括三种分子:HLA重链、β-2微球蛋白(b2m)和肽类配体。变性重组HLA-A*0201重链分子的活性便可进行保存,使之功能与“空载HLA-A*”相当。被稀释为包含b2m和相应肽的水缓冲液后,这些分子以完全肽依赖方式迅速有效地折叠。这些可用的分子用于基于ELISA的检测方法中,来衡量肽和HLA-I类分子相互作用间的亲和力(Sylvester-Hvid et al.,2002)。
纯化的重组HLA-A*0201分子与b2m、不同等级剂量的肽一起培养。从头折叠HLA/肽复合物的量用定量ELISA法测定。解离常数(KD值)使用从校准HLA/肽复合物稀释液中记录的标准曲线进行计算。
结果如图4所示。较低的KD值反映了HLA-A*0201具有较高的亲和力。所有的肽对HLA-A*0201的亲和性都可与大家熟知的对照肽HBV-001进行比较,解离常数(KD)范围为0.02到1.6nM。
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Sequence listing
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Claims (11)
1.一种肽,其由SEQ ID No.5的序列组成。
2.根据权利要求1中所述的肽,其中该肽维持其与人类主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)-I类分子结合的能力,其中所述肽能够刺激CD8T细胞。
3.根据权利要求1中所述的肽,其中该肽包含非肽键。
4.一种核酸,编码根据权利要求1至3任一项中所述的肽。
5.一种宿主细胞,包括根据权利要求4中所述的核酸。
6.根据权利要求5中所述的宿主细胞,其中该宿主细胞为抗原提呈细胞或树突状细胞。
7.一种制备根据权利要求1至2任一项中所述的肽的方法,所述方法包括培养根据权利要求5中所述的宿主细胞,所述宿主细胞表达根据权利要求4所述的核酸,以及从宿主细胞或其培养基中分离出肽。
8.一种体外制备激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的方法,该方法包括将CTL与载有抗原的人类MHC I类分子进行体外接触足够的一段时间,这些分子在合适的抗原提呈细胞表面或人工模拟的抗原提呈细胞结构表面上表达从而以抗原特异性方式激活CTL,其中所述抗原为权利要求1至2任一项中所述的肽。
9.一种激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL),由根据权利要求8中所述的方法制成,该淋巴细胞会有选择性地识别一种细胞,该细胞异常表达含权利要求1至2任一项中所给氨基酸序列的多肽。
10.根据权利要求1至3任一项中所述的肽、根据权利要求4中所述的核酸、根据权利要求5中所述的细胞或根据权利要求9中所述的激活的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞在制造抗癌药剂中的用途,其中该癌症为胶质母细胞瘤。
11.根据权利要求10中所述的用途,其中所述药剂系指一种疫苗。
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