CN101561430A - System for monitoring crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure and monitoring and installing methods - Google Patents
System for monitoring crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure and monitoring and installing methods Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种压电阵列融合机敏网结构裂缝监测系统，在由多条相互绝缘的机敏线交叉组成的仿生监测单元的基础上，增加了压电传感元件组成的压电阵列，不但能够通过机敏线监测出结构表面裂缝的准确判断，而且能够通过压电元件的压电信号判断出结构内部应力场量，由此得到裂缝出现前潜在承载能力、危险状态预判断及裂缝出现后其深度和结构应力释放等状态的分析结果，本系统能够实现对工程结构的全方位的、立体的损伤检测，是使用可靠、效率高、成本低、结果准确的监测系统；同时，本发明还公开了一种压电阵列融合机敏网结构裂缝监测系统的监测方法和安装方法。
The invention discloses a monitoring system for cracks in a piezoelectric array fusion smart net structure. On the basis of a bionic monitoring unit composed of a plurality of mutually insulated smart lines intersecting, a piezoelectric array composed of piezoelectric sensing elements is added, which not only The accurate judgment of the cracks on the surface of the structure can be monitored through the sensitive line, and the internal stress field of the structure can be judged through the piezoelectric signal of the piezoelectric element, so as to obtain the potential bearing capacity before the crack appears, the pre-judgment of the dangerous state, and the remaining time after the crack appears. The analysis results of the depth and structural stress release state, this system can realize the comprehensive and three-dimensional damage detection of the engineering structure, and it is a monitoring system with reliable use, high efficiency, low cost and accurate results; at the same time, the invention also discloses A monitoring method and installation method of a structural crack monitoring system fused with a piezoelectric array and smart net are presented.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system and monitoring and installation method.
Background technology
Its disease development of most of large-sized concrete structure, performance degradation and structural failure all come from the generation and the development in crack, and therefore, crack problem is an xoncrete structure health and safety research important contents.In time find, grasp the distress in concrete situation, just can in time hold configuration state, adopt an effective measure (as grouting, reinforcing etc.), the reduction curing requirements, is avoided because of damage, is collapsed and bring loss to life and property extending structure serviceable life.
At present, very limited at effective monitoring method of concrete structure crack.The method that experts and scholars both domestic and external propose mainly contains: a. utilizes snakelike distributed optical time domain reflectometer monitoring of structures crack; B. the electric domain reflectometer that utilizes the outer concentric cable that installs around the spirality conductive layer to make is embedded in concrete and realizes the approximate location to transverse crack, the monitoring of size near the surface; C. utilize optical frequency domain reflectometer monitoring of structures crack; D. utilize the method in multi-thread distributed optical time domain reflectometer monitoring of structures crack; E. utilize crack sensing network, intersect to determine width, position and the direction in crack by perception crack and optical fiber sensing network based on optical fiber; But using on the large-sized concrete structure, these research methods all need integrated a large amount of intensive piezoelectric element, connecting line and observation circuit thereof in body structure surface to be monitored, the Crack Monitoring that realizes the large-sized concrete structure remains in very big technology difficulty, should use difficult.
The applicant once proposed a kind of alert and resourceful check crack seam monitoring method that is applied to actual Bridge Crack Monitoring, simulation biosome skin is to the induction mechanism of wound, be set as the latticed bridge structure surface that is pasted on enamel covered wire cloth, by the mode of intermediate processor monitoring enameled wire break-make, can effectively monitor the generation and the development in body structure surface crack.But the bionical monitoring method of this kind still can not accurately be judged non-apparent information such as inside configuration deformation field amount, crack internal depth and scope, is difficult to judge therefore that preceding potential load-bearing capacity appears in the crack, precarious position is judged in advance and states such as its degree of depth of back and structural stress release appear in the crack.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the invention provides a kind of crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system and monitoring method, not only can realize monitoring to the structural cracks surface appearance, simultaneously can also judge inside configuration stress field amount by the piezoelectric signal of piezoelectric element, potential load-bearing capacity before obtaining the crack thus and occurring, precarious position is judged in advance and the analysis result of states such as its degree of depth of back and structural stress release appears in the crack, realizes the omnibearing from inside to outside stereoscopic monitoring of structural cracks.
One of purpose of the present invention provides a kind of crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system, comprise the bionical monitoring means of forming by the alert and resourceful line intersection of many mutually insulateds, described bionical monitoring means closely is pasted on the alert and resourceful neural network that constitutes plane coordinate system on the structure to be monitored, also comprise signal processing apparatus, the multichannel selected cell that described alert and resourceful line inserts signal processing apparatus forms the loop; At least be connected with a piezoelectric sensor element on the described every alert and resourceful line, a plurality of piezoelectric sensor elements are formed close arrangement in the piezoelectric sensor array of body structure surface to be monitored;
Further, described alert and resourceful line is made up of the lead of two above diameter differences and surface insulation, one end of all leads is assembled formation signal input bus, the other end assemble to form the signal output bus, and described signal input bus and signal output bus are connected to the corresponding with it multichannel selected cell of signal processing apparatus;
Further, described alert and resourceful line is provided with the piezoelectricity lead of piezoelectric signal that is exclusively used in the transmission piezoelectric sensor element, the described piezoelectricity lead and the formation signal circuit that links to each other with the corresponding port of signal processing apparatus again after piezoelectric sensor element links to each other;
Further, also comprise bit processing machine, the signal output part of described signal processing apparatus and the communication port of last bit processing machine link;
Further, also comprise the bus protection device, described signal input bus and signal output bus are arranged on inner realization of bus protection device and seal.
Two of purpose of the present invention provides a kind of monitoring method of crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system, may further comprise the steps:
1) in computing machine, sets up corresponding network coordinate system according to bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric-array;
2) signal processing apparatus by computing machine detects, receives and handle the piezoelectric signal that sent by each piezoelectric sensor element and transmits the detection signal of coming in through alert and resourceful line, judges the whether conducting of all alert and resourceful lines, if there is broken string, enters step 3); If conducting is normal, each piezoelectric signal and the normal value that then will receive compare, and judge whether to exist to change, if intensity of variation in normal range, then returns the original state of detection; If intensity of variation is not in normal range, surface stress field data and the computing machine measured by piezoelectric-array carry database and corresponding data analytical algorithm, obtain relevant rudimentary information by inverting, described Back ground Information comprises inside configuration stress field and structural-load-carrying capacity data at least; Note relevant rudimentary information and after detection time, enter next sense cycle;
3) if there is broken string, by the network coordinate position and the broken string time of network coordinate system record broken string; Computing machine obtains the surface state information of structural cracks by the alert and resourceful line of fracture, surface state information according to structural cracks, in coordinate system, calculate the position and the shape in crack, and surface stress field data and computing machine that combination is measured by piezoelectric-array carry database and corresponding data analytical algorithm, calculate the inside configuration stress field, calculate the internal state parameter of structural cracks again under the situation of the surface state information in known structure crack and internal stress field, the internal state parameter of described structural cracks comprises the degree of depth in crack at least and extends area.
Further, also comprise step 4) and step 5):
4), obtain the width information in crack, and the crack information stores is advanced computing machine according to the diameter of the alert and resourceful line that ruptures and the corresponding relation of fracture width; According to the position and the quantity of the alert and resourceful line of newly-increased fracture, calculate the state of development in existing crack and the situation occurred in newly-increased crack;
5) the internal state parameter with the fracture width, length and the structural cracks that record compares with the related data that last time recorded, if length, width and internal state parameter value are expansion trend, then calculates its development trend in coordinate system.
Further, at measured correlation parameter information, also can realize automatic warning, described computing machine is connected with warning device, in step 2) in, judge by relevant rudimentary information whether structure to be monitored exists the crack possibility, if exist then send alerting signal by warning device, if there is no the crack possibility is noted relevant rudimentary information and after detection time, is entered next sense cycle;
In step 5), computer-internal stores the state threshold values, described state threshold values comprises length threshold values and width threshold values at least, fracture faces crack information and state threshold values is compared, if crack information surpasses the state threshold values then sends alerting signal by warning device.
Further, the signal source of described detection signal is taken from the piezoelectric signal that piezoelectric sensor element sends or the external signal of external signal generation equipment input, when signal is taken from piezoelectric sensor, only the inner included all or part of lead except that the piezoelectricity lead of alert and resourceful line need be connected with piezoelectric sensor and get final product, the benefit of this connection is not need to add extra signal generating apparatus, has reduced equipment investment; If select external signal generation equipment, then only need with the signal input bus be connected with the signal output part of external signal generation equipment all can, the benefit of this connection be to be used to the to rupture signal source of detection is comparatively stable.
Three of purpose of the present invention has provided a kind of installation method of crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system, may further comprise the steps:
1) will form bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric sensor element is attached on the base film by pressure-sensitive adhesive by alert and resourceful line, described base film adopts the film body of sticking epoxy resin;
2) by epoxide-resin glue, make the base film surface that is pasted with bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric sensor element be close to the surface that sticks in the structure to be monitored that polishes flat with acetone diluted;
3) treat pressure sensitive adhesive by acetone solution, the surperficial strong bond of described bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric sensor element and structure to be monitored is removed base film.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system of the present invention is on the basis of the bionical monitoring means of being made up of the alert and resourceful line intersection of many mutually insulateds, increased the piezoelectric-array that piezoelectric sensor is formed, not only can monitor out the accurate judgement in body structure surface crack by alert and resourceful line, and can judge inside configuration stress field amount by the piezoelectric signal of piezoelectric element, potential load-bearing capacity before obtaining the crack thus and occurring, precarious position is judged in advance and the analysis result of states such as its degree of depth of back and structural stress release appears in the crack; Piezoelectric sensor among the present invention simultaneously both can be used as the sensing element of structural stress and strain, also can be used as the signal source of alert and resourceful net, thereby avoided classic method owing to signal need be imported the access that every sense line causes and outlet line is numerous, the defective of manufacture craft more complicated; The present invention can realize omnibearing, the three-dimensional damage check to engineering structure, be to use reliable, efficient is high, cost is low, result's monitoring system accurately.
Other advantages of the present invention, target, to set forth in the following description to a certain extent with feature, and to a certain extent,, perhaps can obtain instruction from the practice of the present invention based on being conspicuous to those skilled in the art to investigating hereinafter.Target of the present invention and other advantages can realize and obtain by following instructions and claims.
Description of drawings
In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, wherein:
Fig. 1 is a structural representation of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the enlarged diagram of Fig. 1 at the A place;
Fig. 3 is the electric signal link circuit synoptic diagram of piezoelectric sensor;
Fig. 4 is a monitoring method schematic flow sheet of the present invention.
Embodiment
Hereinafter with reference to accompanying drawing, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail.Should be appreciated that preferred embodiment only for the present invention is described, rather than in order to limit protection scope of the present invention.
The alert and resourceful line of 1-; The 2-signal processing apparatus; The 3-piezoelectric sensor element; 4-piezoelectricity lead; 5-signal input bus; 6-signal output bus; The last bit processing machine of 7-; 8-bus protection device.
As shown in Figure 1, crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system of the present invention comprises the bionical monitoring means of being made up of alert and resourceful line 1 intersection of many mutually insulateds, bionical monitoring means closely is pasted on the alert and resourceful neural network that constitutes plane coordinate system on the structure to be monitored, also comprise signal processing apparatus 2, the multichannel selected cell that alert and resourceful line 1 inserts signal processing apparatus 2 forms the loop; Be connected with a piezoelectric sensor element 3 on the every alert and resourceful line 1, all piezoelectric sensor elements 3 are formed close arrangement in structural piezoelectric sensor array to be monitored, in the present embodiment, the layout of piezoelectric sensor element 3 designs according to the concrete condition of structure to be monitored, operated by rotary motion meets with stresses bigger in structure to be monitored, the zone in deformation and crack takes place easily.
As shown in Figure 2, alert and resourceful line 1 is made up of the lead of four diameter differences and surface insulation, wherein, lead a, b, c are in the ordinary course of things, can produce fracture because of the stretch-draw effect in crack, according to the diameter of fracture lead and the corresponding relation of fracture width, can measure the width in crack, be that lead a, b, c are before the crack occurs, it is transfer wire as detection signal, and after the crack occurred, lead a, the b of fracture or c can disclose surface crack information such as crack generation, development, position, length, width, shape; And piezoelectricity lead 4 is to use as special-purpose piezoelectric signal transfer wire, and its intensity and toughness all are better than lead a, b, c greatly, can guarantee in observation process, and the collection of piezoelectric signal can not be interrupted; In the present embodiment, the direct pressure electrical sensor element 3 of the signal source of detection signal, whole leads in same alert and resourceful line 1 all are connected with piezoelectric sensor element 3, one end of lead is assembled formation signal input bus 5, the other end assemble to form signal output bus 6, and signal input bus 5 and signal output bus 6 are connected to the corresponding with it multichannel selected cell of signal processing apparatus 2.
Signal input bus 5 is arranged on the relative sealing of bus protection device 8 inner realizations with signal output bus 6; bus protection device 8 can be designed to hood-like or strip; do not contact with external environment in order to the protection bus; and bus and xoncrete structure are isolated, guarantee that the crack back bus occurs and can not snapped.
The communication port of the signal output part of signal processing apparatus 2 and last bit processing machine 7 links, after the variation of the information of alert and resourceful thread breakage and piezo component generation electric signal is monitored by signal processing apparatus 2, by system bus information is sent into the last bit processing machine 7 of far-end, the inside configuration crack situation of utilizing corresponding software can fictionalize body structure surface crack situation intuitively on computer screen and be finally inversed by.
Figure 3 shows that the signal link circuit of piezoelectric sensor element of the present invention, piezoelectric sensor element is done the time spent it can be produced electric signal being subjected to structural stress, therefore piezoelectric sensor element both can be used as the sensing element of structural stress and strain, also can be used as the signal source of alert and resourceful net.The piezoelectric-array that a plurality of piezoelectric sensor elements constitute can be realized the sensing to the structural region stress field.
As shown in Figure 4, the monitoring method of the crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system that the present invention proposes may further comprise the steps:
1) in computing machine, sets up corresponding network coordinate system according to bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric-array;
2) signal processing apparatus by computing machine detects, receives and handle the piezoelectric signal that sent by each piezoelectric sensor element and transmits the detection signal of coming in through alert and resourceful line, judges the whether conducting of all alert and resourceful lines, if there is broken string, enters step 3); If conducting is normal, each piezoelectric signal and the normal value that then will accept compare, and judge whether to exist to change, if intensity of variation in normal range, then returns the original state of detection; If intensity of variation is not in normal range, surface stress field data and the computing machine measured by piezoelectric-array carry database and corresponding data analytical algorithm, obtain relevant rudimentary information by inverting, described Back ground Information comprises inside configuration stress field and structural-load-carrying capacity data at least; Note relevant rudimentary information and after detection time, enter next sense cycle;
3) the network coordinate position and the broken string time of breaking by network coordinate system record; Computing machine obtains the surface state information of structural cracks by the alert and resourceful line of fracture, surface state information according to structural cracks, in coordinate system, calculate the position and the shape in crack, and surface stress field data and computing machine that combination is measured by piezoelectric-array carry database and corresponding data analytical algorithm, calculate the inside configuration stress field, calculate the internal state parameter of structural cracks again under the situation of the surface state information in known structure crack and internal stress field, the internal state parameter of described structural cracks comprises the degree of depth in crack at least and extends area;
4), obtain the width information in crack, and the crack information stores is advanced computing machine according to the diameter of the alert and resourceful line that ruptures and the corresponding relation of fracture width; According to the position and the quantity of the alert and resourceful line of newly-increased fracture, calculate the state of development in existing crack and the situation occurred in newly-increased crack;
5) the internal state parameter with the fracture width, length and the structural cracks that record compares with the related data that last time recorded, if length and width value enlarge, then calculates its development trend in coordinate system.
Monitoring method of the present invention is at measured correlation parameter information, also can realize automatic warning, computing machine is connected with warning device, in step 2) in, by relevant rudimentary information judge structure to be monitored whether exist the crack may, if exist then send alerting signal by warning device, if there is no the crack may, note relevant rudimentary information and after detection time, enter next sense cycle;
In step 5), computer-internal stores the state threshold values, described state threshold values comprises length threshold values and width threshold values at least, fracture faces crack information and state threshold values is compared, if crack information surpasses the state threshold values then sends alerting signal by warning device.
The installation method of crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system of the present invention may further comprise the steps:
1) will form bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric sensor element is attached on the base film by pressure-sensitive adhesive by alert and resourceful line, in the present embodiment, base film adopts the plastics film body of sticking epoxy resin;
2) by epoxide-resin glue, make the base film surface that is pasted with bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric sensor element be close to the surface that sticks in the structure to be monitored that polishes flat with acetone diluted;
3) treat pressure sensitive adhesive by acetone solution, the surperficial strong bond of described bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric sensor element and structure to be monitored is removed base film.
Explanation is at last, above embodiment is only unrestricted in order to technical scheme of the present invention to be described, although the present invention is had been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiment, those of ordinary skill in the art is to be understood that, can make amendment or be equal to replacement technical scheme of the present invention, and not breaking away from the aim and the scope of the technical program, it all should be encompassed in the middle of the claim scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system, comprise the bionical monitoring means of forming by alert and resourceful line (1) intersection of many mutually insulateds, described bionical monitoring means closely is pasted on the alert and resourceful neural network that constitutes plane coordinate system on the structure to be monitored, it is characterized in that: also comprise signal processing apparatus (2), the multichannel selected cell that described alert and resourceful line (1) inserts signal processing apparatus (2) forms the loop; At least be connected with a piezoelectric sensor element (3) on the described every alert and resourceful line (1), a plurality of piezoelectric sensor elements (3) are formed close arrangement in structural piezoelectric sensor array to be monitored.
2. crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described alert and resourceful line (1) is made up of the lead of two above diameter differences and surface insulation, one end of all leads is assembled formation signal input bus (5), the other end assemble to form signal output bus (6), and described signal input bus (5) and signal output bus (6) are connected to the corresponding with it multichannel selected cell of signal processing apparatus (2).
3. crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: described alert and resourceful line (1) is provided with the piezoelectricity lead (4) of piezoelectric signal that is exclusively used in transmission piezoelectric sensor element (3), the described piezoelectricity lead (4) and the formation signal circuit that links to each other with the corresponding port of signal processing apparatus (2) again after piezoelectric sensor element (3) links to each other.
4. crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system according to claim 3 is characterized in that: also comprise bit processing machine (7), the communication port of the signal output part of described signal processing apparatus (2) and last bit processing machine (7) links.
5. crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system according to claim 4; it is characterized in that: also comprise bus protection device (8), described signal input bus (5) and signal output bus (6) are arranged on inner realization of bus protection device (8) and seal.
6. the monitoring method of the described crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system of claim 1 is characterized in that: may further comprise the steps:
1) in computing machine, sets up corresponding network coordinate system according to bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric-array;
2) signal processing apparatus by computing machine detects, receives and handle the piezoelectric signal that sent by each piezoelectric sensor element and transmits the detection signal of coming in through alert and resourceful line, judges the whether conducting of all alert and resourceful lines, if there is broken string, enters step 3); If conducting is normal, each piezoelectric signal and the normal value that then will receive compare, and judge whether to exist to change, if intensity of variation in normal range, then returns the original state of detection; If intensity of variation is not in normal range, surface stress field data and the computing machine measured by piezoelectric-array carry database and corresponding data analytical algorithm, obtain relevant rudimentary information by inverting, described Back ground Information comprises inside configuration stress field and structural-load-carrying capacity data at least; Note relevant rudimentary information and after detection time, enter next sense cycle;
3) if there is broken string, by the network coordinate position and the broken string time of network coordinate system record broken string; Computing machine obtains the surface state information of structural cracks by the alert and resourceful line of fracture, surface state information according to structural cracks, in coordinate system, calculate the position and the shape in crack, and surface stress field data and computing machine that combination is measured by piezoelectric-array carry database and corresponding data analytical algorithm, calculate the inside configuration stress field, calculate the internal state parameter of structural cracks again under the situation of the surface state information in known structure crack and internal stress field, the internal state parameter of described structural cracks comprises the degree of depth in crack at least and extends area.
7. the monitoring method of crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that: also comprise step 4) and step 5)
4), obtain the width information in crack, and the crack information stores is advanced computing machine according to the diameter of the alert and resourceful line that ruptures and the corresponding relation of fracture width; According to the position and the quantity of the alert and resourceful line of newly-increased fracture, calculate the state of development in existing crack and the situation occurred in newly-increased crack;
5) the internal state parameter with the fracture width, length and the structural cracks that record compares with the related data that last time recorded, if length, width and internal state parameter value are expansion trend, then calculates its development trend in coordinate system.
8. the monitoring method of crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system as claimed in claim 7, it is characterized in that: at measured correlation parameter information, also can realize automatic warning, described computing machine is connected with warning device, in step 2) in, judge by relevant rudimentary information whether structure to be monitored exists the crack possibility, if exist then send alerting signal by warning device, if there is no the crack may, note relevant rudimentary information and after detection time, enter next sense cycle;
In step 5), computer-internal stores the state threshold values, described state threshold values comprises length threshold values and width threshold values at least, fracture faces crack information and state threshold values is compared, if crack information surpasses the state threshold values then sends alerting signal by warning device.
9. the monitoring method of crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that: the signal source of described detection signal is taken from the piezoelectric signal that piezoelectric sensor element sends or the external signal of external signal input equipment input.
10. the installation method of a crack of piezoelectric-array converged alertness network structure monitoring system is characterized in that: may further comprise the steps:
1) will form bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric sensor element is attached on the base film by pressure-sensitive adhesive by alert and resourceful line, described base film adopts the film body of sticking epoxy resin;
2) by epoxide-resin glue, make the base film surface that is pasted with bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric sensor element be close to the surface that sticks in the structure to be monitored that polishes flat with acetone diluted;
3) treat pressure sensitive adhesive by acetone solution, the surperficial strong bond of described bionical monitoring means and piezoelectric sensor element and structure to be monitored is removed base film.
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| CN104458075A (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2015-03-25 | 中国矿业大学 | Stress distribution monitoring device and method |
| US9046468B2 (en) | 2012-09-26 | 2015-06-02 | Academy Of Armored Forces Engineering | Smart coating and method for manufacturing the same |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3924456A (en) * | 1973-08-17 | 1975-12-09 | Western Electric Co | Methods and apparatus for detecting the presence of cracks in a workpiece by the use of stress waves emitted therefrom |
| JP2002181691A (en) * | 2000-12-11 | 2002-06-26 | Yukio Fujimoto | Method and apparatus for diagnosing risk of cracking |
| CN100470241C (en) * | 2004-12-31 | 2009-03-18 | 福州大学 | Crack Appearance Time Automatic Testing Device |
| CN101299032B (en) * | 2008-06-06 | 2011-03-16 | 重庆交通大学 | Structural crack bionic monitoring system and monitoring method thereof |
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