CN101524535B - 溶解和结合荚膜多糖的疫苗 - Google Patents
溶解和结合荚膜多糖的疫苗 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101524535B CN101524535B CN200910128141.0A CN200910128141A CN101524535B CN 101524535 B CN101524535 B CN 101524535B CN 200910128141 A CN200910128141 A CN 200910128141A CN 101524535 B CN101524535 B CN 101524535B
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- polysaccharide
- carrier protein
- precipitation
- combined
- sugar
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Abstract
沉淀的细菌荚膜多糖可以通过应用溶剂酒精而有效的再溶解。本发明提供了一种提纯细菌荚膜多糖的方法,它包括的步骤有(a)沉淀所述多糖,接着(b)用乙醇使沉淀的多糖增溶。步骤(a)中可应用CTAB。优选经水解和筛分后获得的材料可以连接到载体蛋白上而制成疫苗。同样,在包含来自血清组A和C的多糖的疫苗中,本发明指出MenA糖和MenC糖的比例(w/w)是>1的。
Description
本申请是国际申请号为PCT/IB02/03191、国际申请日为2002年6月20日、进入中国国家阶段的申请号为CN02812444.8、发明名称为“溶解和结合荚膜多糖的疫苗”的中国专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及疫苗领域,尤其涉及抗脑脊膜感染和疾病的疫苗。
背景技术
脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌(Neisseriamemingitidis)是革兰氏阴性的人类致病菌。它寄生在咽部,导致脑脊膜炎并且有时不发生脑脊膜炎而导致败血病。它和淋病奈瑟球菌紧密相关,但明显和脑膜炎双球菌区别的特征是,存在一种多糖荚膜,它存在于所有的致病脑膜炎双球菌中。
基于有机体的荚膜多糖,12种脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组已经被确认(A、B、C、H、I、K、L、29E、W135、X、Y和Z)。A组经常是sub-Saharan非洲皮肤疾病中所含有的致病菌。血清组B和C是美国和大多数发达国家绝大多数病例的致病菌。血清组W135和Y是美国和其它发达国家剩余病例的致病菌。
来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌的荚膜多糖典型的配制方法包括步骤为沉淀(例如应用阳离子洗涤剂)、乙醇分馏、冷石碳酸提取(除去蛋白质)以及超离心(除去LPS)[例如参考资料1]。
来自血清组A、C、Y和W135的荚膜多糖四价疫苗已经知道很多年了[2,3]并且已经批准应用于人类。虽然在青少年和成年人中有效,它引起低的免疫应答和较短的保护时间,不能应用于婴儿[例如4]。这是因为多糖是T细胞独立的抗原,产生不能提高的较弱免疫应答。在这种疫苗中的所述多糖不共轭并以1∶1∶1∶1的比例[5]存在。MENCEVAXACWYTM各自包含50μg从冻干形式重组获得的提纯多糖。
共轭血清组C寡糖也批准应用于人类[例如MenjugateTM;参考资料6]。然而仍需要发展针对血清组A、W135和Y的共轭疫苗,并生产它们。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种提纯细菌荚膜多糖的方法,它包括的步骤有(a)沉淀所述的多糖,接着(b)用乙醇使沉淀的多糖重新溶解。所述的多糖可以用来配制疫苗,如轭合疫苗,尤其是针对脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A、W135和Y的疫苗
沉淀和乙醇溶解
本文知道了很多沉淀可溶性多糖的技术。优选的方法是应用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂。所述洗涤剂优选的通常有以下式:
其中:R1,R2和R3相同或不同,各自代表烷基或芳基;或R1和R2与其所结合的氮原子一起形成一种5-或6-元的饱和杂环,R3代表烷基或芳基;或R1,R2和R3与其所结合的氮原子一起形成一种5-或6-元的杂环,氮原子不饱和,R4代表烷基或芳基,X-代表阴离子。
在所述方法中特别优选的洗涤剂是四丁铵盐和十六烷基三甲铵盐(例如溴盐)。十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(‘CTAB’)特别优选[8]。CTAB也可以是溴化十六碳烷基三甲铵、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetrimoniumbromide)、塞太弗伦和Centimide。其它的洗涤剂包括海地美溴铵(hexadimethrinebromide)和溴化十四烷基三甲铵盐。
荚膜多糖在培养过程中释放入介质。相应的,用来沉淀的初始材料典型的会是来自离心细菌培养物的上层清液或是浓缩的培养物。
沉淀的步骤也许对于多糖来说是有选择性的,但它也会典型的同时沉淀其它组分(例如蛋白质、核酸等等)。
沉淀的多糖可以通过在溶解之前的离心而收集。
在沉淀之后,所述多糖(典型的以阳离子洗涤剂复合物的形式)重新溶解。为了使污染物(例如蛋白质、核酸等)最少化,要优选的应用对于所述多糖有相对选择性的溶剂。已经发现乙醇在这方面有优势,并且它对于所述的CTAB-多糖复合物是高度选择性的。其它较低的醇也可以应用(例如甲醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、2-甲基-1-丙醇、2-甲基-2-丙醇、二醇等等)。
所述乙醇优选的加入到多糖沉淀中而产生的最终乙醇浓度(基于乙醇和水的含量)为50%和95%之间(例如大约是55%、60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%或大约90%),优选的是在75%和95%之间。所述最适宜的最终乙醇浓度依赖于获取多糖的细菌血清组。
所述乙醇可以纯的形式或用以可混溶的溶剂(例如水)稀释的形式加入到多糖中。优选的溶液是乙醇∶水混合物,优选的比例是在大约70∶30和95∶5之间(例如75∶25,80∶20,85∶15,90∶10)。
和配制荚膜多糖的传统方法相比,乙醇提取后所述的两个沉淀步骤更快更简单。
和在参考资料9中描述的方法相比,所述方法应用阳离子洗涤剂比阴离子洗涤剂多。和参考资料10所述的方法不一样,所述多糖更多的是应用乙醇重新溶解,而不是通过应用钙或镁盐离子交换。和参考资料11所述的方法不一样,沉淀不需要惰性多孔载体。而且,和前面的技术方法不同,应用酒精来重新溶解多糖,而不是将它沉淀。
所述细菌荚膜多糖通常来自奈瑟氏菌属。优选的来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌,包括血清组A,B,C、W135和Y。优选的血清组是A、W135和Y。
所述方法也适合配制来自流感嗜血菌(Haemophilusinfluenzae)(尤其是B型,或’hib’)和肺炎链球菌(Strepatococcuspneumoniae)(肺炎球菌)的荚膜多糖。
进一步溶解多糖的过程
在重新溶解后,将进一步处理多糖来除去杂质。这在甚至较小的污染都不能接受(例如人类疫苗产品)的情况中是尤其重要的。这将典型的包括一或多步的过滤。
可以应用深度过滤。这对净化特别有用。
可以应用通过活性碳的过滤。这对于除去色素和示踪有机物是有用的。它可以重复进行直至,例如OD275nm<0.2。
可以应用筛分过滤(sizefiltration)和超滤。
一旦过滤除去了杂质,可以将所述多糖沉淀来作进一步的处理和/或加工。这个可通过交换阳离子(例如加入钙或钠盐)方便的完成。
所述多糖可以被化学修饰。例如,它可以被修饰以封固基团来替代一个或多个羟基。这对于MenA[12]特别有用。来自血清组B的多糖可以是N-丙酰[13]。
所述(任选修饰)多糖将典型的水解以形成寡糖。优选的实施这个将产生少于30的寡糖的最终平均聚合度(DP)(例如对于血清组A来说在10和20之间,优选的大概是10;对于血清组W135和Y在15和25之间,优选的是15-20;等等)。在疫苗中应用的多糖优选的是寡糖。DP可以通过离子交换色谱法或比色测定方便的测定。
如果进行了水解,水解产物通常为了除去长度短的寡糖而被筛选过。这个可以通过许多的方法来完成,例如在离子交换色谱法后进行超滤。对于血清组A聚合度小于或等于大约6的寡糖优选的被除去,对于W135和Y那些小于大约4的优选的被除去。
为了提高免疫原性,本发明的多糖或寡糖优选的连接一载体(图18)。连接到载体蛋白对于儿科(例如参考资料15)的疫苗特别有用,并且它是一项为人熟知的技术[例如参考资料16-24评述的那样,等等]。
优选的载体蛋白是细菌毒素或类毒素,例如白喉或破伤风类毒素。所述CRM197白喉类毒素[25,26,27]特别优选。其它合适的载体蛋白包括脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌外膜蛋白质[28],合成肽[29,30],热休克蛋白[31,32],百日咳蛋白质[33,34],细胞活素[35],淋巴因子[35],激素[35],生长因子[35],包含多种人类CD4+T细胞抗原决定簇的人工蛋白质,这些抗原决定簇来自多种病菌衍化抗原[36],来自流感嗜血菌的蛋白质D[37],来自弯曲杆菌[38],等。也可能应用载体蛋白的混合物。
结合的糖蛋白比例(w/w)优选的是在0.5∶1(例如蛋白质过量)和5∶1(例如糖过量),更优选的是那些比例在1∶1.25和1∶2.5之间。
一种单独的载体蛋白可以运载多种不同的糖类[39]。在和自由载体蛋白连接中可以运用结合[40]。
如果需要可以应用任何合适的连接物来进行结合反应。
所述糖类典型的在结合之前被激活或使之有功能。激活可包括,例如,氰化试剂(cvanylatingreagent)如CDAP(例如1-氰-4-二甲胺吡啶姆四氟硼酸盐[41,42等])。其它合适的技术应用碳化二亚胺、酰肼、活性酯、降莰烷、p-硝基苯酸、N-羟基琥珀酰胺、S-NHS、EDC、TSTU;也可以见参考22的介绍。
可以应用任何所知的操作通过连接基团进行连接,例如在参考43和44中描述的操作。一种类型的联接包括所述多糖还原性的胺化作用,以脂肪酸连接基团末端连接所得的氨基,然后蛋白质连接到脂肪酸连接基团的另外一个末端[20,45,46]。其它连接体包括B-丙胺[47]、硝基苯-乙胺[48]、卤代酰基卤化物[49]、糖苷连接[50]、6-氨基己酸[51]、ADH[52]、C4至C12部分[53]等等。作为应用连接体的一种选择,可以应用直接连接。直接连接到蛋白质包括在氧化多糖后对蛋白质进行还原性的胺化,正如例如参考54和55所述的那样。
一种方法也是优选的,包括将氨基引入糖类(例如用-NH2替代末端的=O),然后和脂肪酸酯衍化(例如脂肪酸N-羟基琥珀酰胺双酯),并和载体蛋白起反应。
在结合后,可以分离出自由并结合的糖类。有许多种合适的方法,包括疏水色谱法、切线超滤、完全过滤等等[也见参考资料56或57等]。
包含糖类的混合物和组合物
本发明的寡糖、多糖和结合物可和其它的生物分子相混合。来自多种而不是一种脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组的糖类混合物是优选,例如包含来自血清组A+C、A+W135、A+Y、C+W135、C+Y、W135+Y、A+C+W135、A+C+Y、C+W135+Y、A+C+W135+Y等等的组合物。优选的是单独的糖类抗原没有因为组合而消除它们的保护效力,虽然实际的免疫原性(例如ELISA滴度)会降低。
当应用来自血清组的糖类时,这优选的有约12-约22重复单位。来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌不同血清组的糖类可以和相同或不同的载体蛋白结合。
当一种混合物同时包含来自血清组A和C的荚膜糖类时,优选的是MenA糖类∶MenC糖类的比例(w/w)大于1(例如2∶1,3∶1,4∶1,5∶1,10∶1或更高)。奇怪的是,当MenC组分过量时(质量/剂量),观察到MenA组分的免疫原性增加了。
当混合物包含的荚膜糖类(例如寡糖)来自血清组W135以及至少A、C、Y中的一组时,惊奇的发现MenW135糖类的免疫原性在和来自其它血清组的糖类联合施用时比单独施用时大(以相同的剂量,等)[参考资料58]。因此,MenW135抗原引起免疫应答的能力要比不和其它血清组抗原联合输入时,相同等量抗原引起免疫应答大。这样增加的免疫原性的测定可以通过给照动物施用MenW135抗原以及给实验动物施用混合物,并应用标准测定法如杀菌滴度、放射免疫测定和ELISA等来比较抗体滴度和上述两种抗原来进行。包含血清组W135糖类和其它血清组糖类的协同组合物疫苗是免疫有效的。它们使得抗-W135的反应增加和/或降低了W135的剂量。
当混合物包含血清组Y和C与W135中的一或两者的荚膜糖类时,优选的是MenY糖类∶MenW135糖类的比例(w/w)大于1(例如2∶1,3∶1,4∶1,5∶1,10∶1或更高)和/或MenY糖类∶MenC糖类的比例(w/w)小于1(例如1∶2,1∶3,1∶4,1∶5或更低)。
来自血清组A∶C∶W135∶Y糖类的优选比例是:1∶1∶1∶1,1∶1∶1∶2,2∶1∶1∶1,4∶2∶1∶1,8∶4∶2∶1,4∶2∶1∶2,8∶4∶1∶2,4∶2∶2∶1,2∶2∶1∶1,4∶4∶2∶1,2∶2∶1∶2,4∶4∶1∶2和2∶2∶2∶1。
所述混合物也包含蛋白质。优选的包含来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组B的蛋白质[例如参考资料59-64]或OMV制剂[例如参考资料65-68等]。
非脑膜和非奈瑟氏菌抗原,优选的是那些不降低对脑膜组分免疫应答的,也包括在内。例如参考资料69揭示了来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组B和C的寡糖和Hib糖的组合物。来自肺炎球菌、甲肝病毒、乙肝病毒、百日咳博德特氏菌、白喉、破伤风杆菌、幽门弯曲杆菌(Helicobacterpylori)、脊髓灰质炎和/或流感嗜血菌的抗原是优选的。特别优选的非奈瑟氏菌抗原包括:
-来自幽门弯曲杆菌如CagA[70-73]、VacA[74,75]、NAP[76,77,78],HopX[例如79]、HopY[例如79]和/或尿素酶的抗原。
-来自肺炎链球菌(Streptococcuspneumoniae)的糖类抗原[例如80,81,82]。
-来自甲肝病毒,例如无活性病毒的抗原[例如83,84]。
-来自乙肝病毒,例如表面和/或核心抗原[例如84,85],表面抗原优选的被吸附到磷酸铝上[86]。
-来自流感嗜血菌B的糖类抗原[例如87],优选的不吸附或吸附到磷酸铝上[88]。
-来自丙肝病毒的抗原[例如89]。
-来自淋病奈瑟氏球菌(N.gonorrhoeae)的抗原[例如59-62]。
-来自肺炎衣原体(Chlamydiapneumoniae)的抗原[例如参考资料90-96]。
-来自砂眼衣原体(Chlamydiatrachomatis)的抗原[例如97]。
-来自牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonasgingivalis)的抗原[例如98]。
-脊髓灰质炎抗原[例如99,100]如IPV。
-狂犬病抗原[例如101]例如冻干无活性的病毒[例如102,RabAvertTM]。
-麻疹、腮腺炎和/或风疹抗原[例如参考资料103的9,10和11章]。
-流感抗原[例如参考资料103的19章],例如血凝素和/或神经氨酸酶表面蛋白质。
-来自粘膜炎莫拉氏菌(Moraxellacatarrhalis)的抗原[例如104]。
-来自无乳链球菌(Streptococcusagalactiae)(B族链球菌)的抗原[例如105,106]。
-来自酿脓链球菌(Streptococcuspyogenes)(A族链球菌)的抗原[例如106,107,108]。
-来自金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)的抗原[例如109]。
-来自副粘病毒如呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV[110,111])和/或副流感病毒(PIV3[112])的抗原。
-来自炭疽芽孢杆菌(Bacillusanthracis)[例如113,114,115]的抗原。
-来自B族虫媒病毒家族(黄病毒属)的抗原,例如黄热病毒、日本脑炎病毒、四种血清型的登革热病毒、蜱传播的脑炎病毒、西尼罗河病毒。
-黏膜疾病病毒抗原,如来自经典的猪热病毒、牛病毒性腹泻病毒和/或边缘疾病病毒。
-细小病毒抗原例如来自细小病毒B19。
-破伤风毒素[例如参考资料116]。
-百日咳毒素(PT)和来自百日咳博德特氏菌的丝状血凝素(FHA),任选的也可以和pertactin和/或凝集原2和3[例如参考资料117和118]联合。
-细胞百日咳抗原。
所述混合物包含一种或多种这些多抗原,如果需要将它们去毒性(例如通过化学和/或遗传方法来除去百日咳毒素的毒性)。
当白喉抗原包含在混合物中时,优选的也包含破伤风抗原和百日咳抗原。相似的当破伤风抗原包含在混合物中时,优选的也包含白喉抗原和百日咳抗原。相似的当百日咳抗原包含在混合物中时,优选的也包含白喉抗原和破伤风抗原。
混合物中的抗原将典型的各自以至少1μg/m1的浓度存在。通常,任何所述抗原的浓度将足够产生针对那个抗原的免疫应答。
作为所述混合物中蛋白质类抗原应用的选择,编码抗原的核酸也可以应用。所述混合物的蛋白质组分就可以被编码蛋白质的核酸替代(优选DNA例如以质粒的形式)。
多价糖类疫苗
本发明提供了一种免疫原性组合物,它包含血清组A寡糖结合物和血清组C寡糖结合物,还包含(i)磷酸铝或氢氧化铝佐剂以及(ii)缓冲液。当所述组合物包含磷酸铝佐剂时,所述缓冲液优选的是磷酸缓冲液;当它包含氢氧化铝佐剂时,所述缓冲液优选的是组氨酸缓冲液。
当所述疫苗包含来自血清组A的荚膜糖类时,优选的在应用不久之前将血清组A糖类和其它糖类结合,这是为了使它的水解最小化(Hib糖)。可以使血清组A组分为冻干形式,其它血清组组分为液体形式,以及在准备应用时可以用液体组分来重新合成冻干组分,通过这样方便的达到目标。所述液体组分优选的包含一种铝盐佐剂,而冻干的血清组A组分可以包含或不包含一种铝盐佐剂。
因此本发明提供了一种试剂盒包括:(a)来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A冻干形式的荚膜糖类;(b)来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组C、W135和Y中的一种或多种(例如1,2,3)的液体形式的荚膜糖类。所述糖类优选的和载体蛋白和/或寡糖结合。所述试剂盒放在两个小瓶中。
本发明也提供了一种配制本发明疫苗组合物的方法,包括将来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A的冻干荚膜糖类和来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组C、W135和Y中的一种或多种(例如1,2,3)的液体形式的荚膜糖类相混合。
本发明也提供一种试剂盒包括:(a)来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A冻干形式的轭合荚膜寡糖;(b)一种或多种液体形式的更多的抗原。所述更多的抗原可以是或不是来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组C的轭合荚膜寡糖。
免疫原性组合物和疫苗
多糖、寡糖和本发明的结合物特别适合作为免疫原性组合物和疫苗中的内容物。本发明的方法因此包括配制多糖、寡糖或结合物为免疫原性的组合物或疫苗的步骤。本发明提供的组合物或疫苗以这种方法获得。
本发明的免疫原性组合物和疫苗,除了包含脑膜糖类外,还典型的包含“药学上可接受的载体”,它包含任何不会自己产生对接受组合物的个人有害抗体的载体。合适的载体典型的是大的,代谢缓慢的大分子如蛋白质、多糖、聚乳酸、聚合氨基酸、氨基酸共聚物、海藻糖[121]、脂质聚集物(如油滴或脂质体),以及无活性的病毒微粒。这样的载体对于文中那些普通的技术员来说是熟知的。所述疫苗也可包含稀释液,如水、盐水、甘油等等。另外,辅助物如润湿或乳化剂,pH缓冲物质等等也可以存在。参考资料122中对药学上可接受的赋形剂进行了细致的讨论。
用作疫苗的免疫原性组合物包含一定免疫有效剂量的糖类抗原,以及任何上面提及的其它所需组分。“免疫有效剂量”是指以那个量施用给个人,要么以单剂量或一组剂量的一部分,它对治疗或预防是有效的。这个剂量与以下因素相关,接受治疗者的健康及生理状况、年龄、接受治疗个人的分类组(例如非人的灵长类、灵长类等等),个人免疫系统合成抗体的能力、希望受保护的程度、疫苗的配制、治疗医生对于医疗环境的评估以及其它相关因素。也期望所述的剂量将在相对较宽的范围内降下来,这个范围可通过常规实验决定。用药治疗可以是单剂量表或多剂量表(例如包括加强剂量)。所述疫苗可和其它免疫调节剂结合施用。
所述疫苗可和其它免疫调节剂结合施用。
所述疫苗也可包括佐剂。提高组合物效果的优选佐剂包括,但不局限于:(1)铝盐(明矾),如氢氧化铝(包括氢氧化合物),磷酸铝(包括磷酸氢盐),硫酸铝等等[参考资料123中的第8和第9章];(2)水中有油的乳化制剂(带有或不带有其它特定的免疫激活剂如胞壁酰肽[胞壁酰肽包括N-乙酰-胞壁酰-L-苏氨酸酰基-D-异谷氨酰胺(thr-MDP),N-乙酰-正胞壁酰-L-丙氨酰-D-异谷氨酰胺(N-acetyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine)(nor-MDP),N-乙酰胞壁酰-L-丙氨酰-D-异谷氨酰胺-L-丙氨酸-2-(1’-2’-二棕榈酰-sn-甘油-3-羟基磷酸氧基)-乙胺MTP-PE)等]或细菌细胞壁组分),例如(a)MF59TM[参考资料123,124,125中的第10章],包含5%的鲨烯,0.5%的吐温80和0.5%的Span85(任选包含MTP-PE)应用一种微流化剂将它们配制进亚微细粒,(b)SAF,包含10%的鲨烯,0.4%的吐温80,5%聚醚闭塞的聚合物L121,以及thr-MDP,它要么微流化入亚微细粒乳化剂或旋涡产生更大微粒的乳剂,(c)RibiTM佐剂系统(RAS),(RibiImmunochem,Hamilton,MT)包含2%的鲨烯,0.2%的吐温80,一种或多种细胞壁组分,它来自包含单磷脂A(MPL),海藻糖二霉菌酸酯(trehalosedimycolate)(TDM)和细胞壁骨架(CWS),优选MPL+CWS(DetoxTM)的基团;(3)皂角甙佐剂[参考资料123的第22章],如QS21或StimulonTM(剑桥生物科学,Worcester,MA),要么以简单的形式,要么以从如ISCOMs产生的微粒形式(免疫刺激复合物;参考资料123的第23章),其中ISCOMs可缺乏另外的洗涤剂例如参考资料126;(4)完全Freund’s佐剂(CFA)和不完全Freund’s佐剂(IFA);(5)细胞活素,如白细胞介素(例如IL-1,IL-2,IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-7,IL-12[127]等等),干扰素(例如γ干扰素),巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF),肿瘤神经因子(TNF)等等;(6)单磷脂A(MPL)或3-O-脱酰MPL(3dMPL)等,参考资料128和129;当和肺炎球菌糖类例如参考资料130一起应用时任选的存在于缺失明矾中;(7)3dMPL和例如QS21和/或水中油乳剂的组合物例如参考资料131,132和133;(8)包含CpG图形的低聚核苷酸(Roman等,Nat.Med,1997,3,849-854;Weiner等,PNAS美国,1997,94,10833-10837;Davis等,J.Immunol,1998,160,870-876;Chu等,J.Exp.Med.,1997,186,1623-1631;Lipford等,Eur.J.Immunol.,1997,27,2340-2344;Moldoveanu等,Vaccine,1998,16,1216-1224,Krieg等,Nature,1995,374,546-549;Klinman等,PNAS美国,1996,93,2879-2883;Ballas等,J.Immunol,1996,157,1840-1845;Cowdery等,J.Immunol.,1996,156,4570-4575;Halpern等,Cell.Immunol.,1996,167,72-78;Yamamoto等,Jpn.J.CancerRes.,1988,79,866-873;Stacey等,J.Immunol.,1996,157,2116-2122;Messina等,J.Immunol.,1991,147,1759-1764;Yi等,J.Immunol.,1996,157,4918-4925;Yi等,1996,157,5394-5402;Yi等,J.Immunol.,1998,160,4755-4761;以及Yi等,J.Immunol.,1998,160,5898-5906;国际专利申请WO96/02555,WO98/16247,WO98/18810,WO98/40100,WO98/55495,WO98/37919和WO98/52581)包含至少一种CG二核苷酸,并且应用5-甲基胞嘧啶任选取代胞嘧啶;(8)聚氧乙烯醚或聚氧乙烯酯例如参考资料134;(9)和辛基苯氧基聚乙氧基乙醇[135]结合的聚氧乙烯山梨聚糖酯表面活性剂或和至少一种另外的非-离子表面活性剂如辛基苯氧基聚乙氧基乙醇结合的聚氧乙烯烷基醚或酯表面活性剂[136];(10)一种皂角甙和一种免疫刺激低聚核酸(例如一种CpG低聚核酸)[137];(11)一种免疫刺激剂和一种金属盐微粒例如参考资料138;(12)一种皂角甙和一种水中油乳剂例如参考资料139;(13)一种皂角甙(例如QS21)+3dMPL+IL-12(优选的+固醇)例如参考资料140;(140)E.coli热不稳定内毒素(“LT”),或它们去了毒性的突变体,如K63或R72变异体[例如参考资料141的第5章;(16)脂质体[参考资料123的第13和14章];(17)壳聚糖[例如参考资料124];(18)双链RNA;(19)微粒(例如直径是约100nm-约150nm的微粒,更优选的是直径是约200nm-约30μm,最优选的是直径约500nm-约10μm),它们是由生物可降解和无毒性的材料形成的(例如一种聚合物(α-羟基酸)例如聚合物(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚羟基丁酸、聚正酯、聚酐、聚己酸内酯等等),它们优选的被处理而拥有负电的表面(例如SDS)或正电表面(例如阳离子洗涤剂如CTAB);或(20)其它物质起到免疫激活剂的作用而提高所述组合物的功效[例如参考资料123的第7章]。
铝盐(尤其是磷酸铝或氢氧化铝)和MF59优选和本发明的糖类抗原一起应用。当应用了磷酸铝,有可能吸附一或多种糖类到铝盐,但优选的是不吸附糖类到所述盐,这通过将自由磷酸根离子包含入溶液中而促成(例如通过应用磷酸缓冲液)。当应用氢氧化铝时,优选的是将糖类吸附入盐。将氢氧化铝应用为佐剂对于来自血清组A的糖类特别有用。
也可能在本发明的组合物中吸附一些抗原入氢氧化铝但由其它的抗原和磷酸铝连接。对于四价脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组组合物,例如应用下面的排列:
对于三价脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组组合物,应用下面的排列:
一旦配制好,本发明的组合物可以直接施用到受试者。接受治疗的受试者可以是动物;特别,人类受试者可接受治疗。所述疫苗特别适合小孩和十几岁的青少年的接种。它们可以通过系统和/或粘膜输入。
典型的,所述免疫原性组合物配制为可注射的,要么是溶液要么是悬浮液;溶液和悬浮液合适的固体形式以及在注射前的液态赋形剂也应配制。所述制剂也可以乳化或装入脂质体来提高佐剂作用。直接输入所述组合物通常是胃肠道外(例如通过皮下、腹膜内、静脉内或肌肉内注射或输入到组织的间质部位)。所述组合物也可以施用到伤口。其它的给药方式包括口服和肺部给药,栓剂和经真皮或经表皮应用(例如见参考资料143),针和无痛皮下喷射器。药物治疗可以是单剂量计划或多剂量计划(例如包括激发剂量)。
本发明的疫苗优选是无菌的。它们优选是无致热原的。它们优选是缓冲液例如在pH6-pH8之间,通常大约是7。当疫苗包含一种氢氧化铝盐时,优选的应用组胺缓冲液[144]。
本发明的疫苗包含低浓度的洗涤剂(例如吐温,如吐温80)(例如<0.01%)。本发明的疫苗包含糖醇(例如甘露醇)或海藻糖,例如浓度大约是15mg/ml,特别当它们被冻干时。
个体抗原最佳剂量可以经验性的估计。通常,然而本发明的糖类抗原给药的剂量为每剂量每种糖0.1-100μg,典型的剂量体积是0.5m1。典型的剂量是每剂量每种糖5-20μg。这些值是作为糖类测定的。
根据本发明,疫苗是预防性的(如防止感染)或治疗性的(例如在感染后治疗疾病),但典型的是治疗性的。
本发明提供了一种增加病人免疫应答的方法,包括对病人施用本发明的疫苗。所述免疫应答优选的预防脑膜疾病,包括体液免疫应答和/或细胞免疫应答。所述病人优选的是儿童。
所述方法会增加已经预先准备好抵御脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌病人的回忆应答。
本发明也提供应用本发明的多糖、寡糖或结合物来制造一种增加动物免疫应答的药物。所述药物优选的是一种免疫原性组合物(例如疫苗)。所述药物优选的来预防和/或治疗由奈瑟氏菌属(例如脑膜炎、败血病、淋病等)引起的疾病,由流感嗜血菌(例如中耳炎、气管炎、肺炎、蜂窝织炎、心包炎、脑膜炎等),或由肺炎链球菌(如脑膜炎、脓血症、肺炎等)引起的疾病。因此所述预防和/或治疗细菌性脑膜炎是优选的。
疫苗可以在标准动物模型中试验(例如见参考资料145)。
本发明也提供了溶解沉淀的细菌荚膜多糖的方法,其中乙醇被用作溶剂。
定义
所述名词“包含”的意思是“包括”也有“含有”的意思,例如一种“包含”X的组合物可以只含有X或包括其它的附加物例如X+Y。、
所述名词“大约”和数值x的关系是,例如x±10%。
附图简述
图1显示了各种乙醇的作用:多糖溶解水的比例。
图2-4显示了在小鼠中获得的针对寡糖类抗原的IgG滴度:图2显示了应用血清组A寡糖的结果;图3显示了血清组Y的结果;图4显示了血清组W135的结果。
图5显示了在有血清组A和C寡糖结合混合物的小鼠中获得的后-IIIgG滴度:图5a显示了抗血清组A反应;图5b显示了抗血清组C反应。
图6-8显示了在有血清组C、W135和Y寡糖结合混合物的小鼠中获得的IgG滴度:图6显示了抗血清组W135反应;图7显示了抗血清组Y反应;图8显示了抗血清组C反应。
图9-11显示了在有血清组A、C、W135和Y寡糖结合混合物的小鼠中获得的后-IIIgG滴度:图9显示了抗血清组W135反应;图10显示了抗血清组Y反应;图11显示了抗血清组A反应。
图12是在不同的水解时间应用试验MenA多糖标本获得的校准曲线。所述曲线显示聚合程度的倒数和旋光强度之间的直线关系。
图13是在不同的水解时间应用试验MenY多糖标本获得的校准曲线。所述曲线显示聚合程度的对数和KD(分布系数)之间的直线关系。
图14-16显示了被IgG亚类分离的后-IIIgG滴度,它在用血清组:(14)A;(15)C;(16)W135和(17)Y寡糖结合物接种的小鼠中获得。
图17显示了被IgG亚类分离的后-IIIgG滴度,它在用寡糖结合物四价混合物接种的小鼠中获得。
图18阐述了配制寡糖结合物。
图19显示了在几内亚猪模型中获得(A)抗-MenA和(B)抗-MenCGMT(±95%可信区间)。条图上面的数值是血清杀菌测定(SBA)滴度,例如血清稀释液的倒数导致杀死50%。
实施本发明的方式
A.脑膜多糖的制造和提纯
血清组A、W135和Y脑膜炎球菌在含有150mlFranzA介质的500ml的烧瓶中,处于35±1℃持续12小时生长。应用35mm的扳动震荡器(throwShaker)将搅动设置在150rpm。然后将85ml的培养物接种在包含Watson介质的20L发酵罐中。在18.5小时(W135和Y)或16.5小时(A)后,当达到OD=10时,发酵罐加入300ml的福尔马林,然后保温2小时后,将发酵罐冷却至10℃。通过离心后过滤(0.22μm)并用30kDa的膜超滤来收集上清液。
所述粗浓度多糖然后通过加入100mg/mlCTAB水溶液沉淀。下表显示了所加入的体积。在室温下12小时,通过离心将所述CTAB复合物恢复。所述CTAB复合物通过在室温16-20个小时积极搅拌下加入95%的乙醇溶液来提取。下表显示了加入的乙醇体积:
血清组 | CTAB体积(ml) | 95%乙醇体积(l/kg湿糊剂) |
A | 475 | 3.5-6 |
W135 | 200 | 4-6 |
Y | 650 | 3.4 |
所得悬浮液通过CUNO10SP深度过滤器过滤。所述滤液通过CUNOzatacarbonTM滤筒回流直至OD275nm<0.2。然后收集所述Z碳滤液并通过0.22μm的过滤器过滤。最终通过加入CaCl22M水溶液(10-12ml/lEtOH终溶液)使得所述多糖从乙醇中沉淀出来。然后通过离心,用95%的乙醇洗涤并在真空中脱水而收集到所述提纯了的多糖。
在其它的实验中,用作提取的乙醇最终浓度是变化的(图1)。对于血清组A多糖,在80%-95%范围的乙醇是最有效的,更低的百分比时提取效率下降。对于血清组W135,较好的提取在乙醇浓度为75%-90%之间获得,95%就会变的不那么有效。对于血清组Y,最好的结果在乙醇浓度为75%-85%之间获得,更高的百分比(例如90%,95%)就不那么有效了。大体上,已经注意到,如果乙醇浓度低于这里提及的那些,就容易导致同时提取杂质如蛋白质。本段给出的乙醇百分比表达为最终浓度(乙醇占乙醇+水总体积的百分比),并依赖于通过大约50%离心(例如500gH2O/kg湿糊剂)恢复的CTAB-多糖糊剂中水的含量。这个值在小型扩大实验中经验性的测定。
B.血清组A多糖的结合
a)水解
所述血清组A脑膜炎链球菌多糖在50mM醋酸钠缓冲液中,pH为4.7在73℃持续3小时,发生水解。为了获得聚合的平均程度(DP)大约是10的寡糖,控制水解过程,这个由总有机磷和磷酸单酯之间的比例(w/w)决定。
(总有机磷)和(磷酸单酯)的DP比例反过来和旋光强度(α)成比例,如图12所示。应用这个关系监测水解的程度要比直接磷的测定方便的多。
b)筛分
这个步骤除去了在水解过程中产生的短长度的寡糖。上面获得的水解物通过30kDa定点膜(12滤过体积的5mM醋酸盐缓冲液,pH6.5)超滤。所述的包含高Mw物质的残留物被丢弃;滤过的物质装填到在pH6.55mM醋酸盐缓冲液中平衡的Q-SepharoseFastFlow柱上。所述的柱然后用5柱体积(CV)的平衡缓冲溶液洗涤,再用10CVpH6.55mM醋酸缓冲溶液/125NaCl洗涤而除去寡糖使得DP≤6。所述筛分的寡糖然后用5CVpH6.55mM醋酸缓冲溶液/125NaCl进行洗脱。
洗脱的寡糖的数量有大约15的平均DP。
c)在还原末端引入伯氨基
将铵盐(醋酸盐或氯化物)加入到筛分所得寡糖溶液中使得最终浓度的范围是49-300g/L,然后加入钠-氰基-硼氢化物使得最终浓度的范围是12-73g/L。在将pH调整为6-7.3后,将混合物在37℃条件下保温5天。
所述氨基-寡糖然后通过应用1kDa或3kDa定点膜切向流超滤来提纯,先应用13滤过体积的0.5MNaCl然后应用7滤过体积的20mMNaCl。通过参考资料146的步骤分析所述提纯的氨基-寡糖溶液磷的含量(抗原的一种化学活性),通过参考资料147的步骤分析引入的氨基数量。
所述提纯的寡糖然后用旋转脱水器干燥除去水分。
d)衍化为活性酯
所述干燥的氨基-寡糖溶解在40mM氨基浓度的蒸馏水中,然后加入9体积DMSO再加入三乙基氨使得最终浓度为200mM。将脂肪酸N-羟基琥珀酰胺二酯加入到所得溶液中使得最终浓度为480Mm。
所述反应在室温下持续搅拌2小时,然后用丙酮(80%v/v终浓度)沉淀活性寡糖。通过离心收集所述沉淀物,并用丙酮洗涤多次来除去没反应的脂肪酸N-羟基琥珀酰胺二酯和副产品。最后将寡糖在真空中脱水。
引入所述寡糖结构的活性酯基的数量由参考资料148中描述的比色法决定。
e)和CRM
197
结合
所述活性寡糖加入到45mg/mlCRM197的0.01MpH7.2的磷酸缓冲溶液中,使得活性酯和蛋白质的(摩尔/摩尔)比是12∶1。所述反应在室温下持续搅拌一整夜。这个时期过后,通过疏水色谱法或切向流超滤将结合物提纯。所述纯净的MenA-CRM197结合物是在-20℃或-60℃下无菌过滤和存储直至制造疫苗。
分析所述结合物:蛋白质含量(微BCA蛋白质测定),MenA糖类含量(磷的比色分析),自由糖的含量,HPLC的外观(在TSK凝胶上,G4000SW7.5mmIDx30cm)以及SDS-PAGE。下表显示了典型制剂的特点:
组号 | 糖(mg/ml) | 蛋白质(mg/ml) | 糖基化 | KD |
210201/A | 0,257 | 0,864 | 0,3 | 0,489 |
210201/BS | 0,308 | 1,354 | 0,23 | 0,503 |
210201/BL | 0,28 | 1,482 | 0,19 | 0,501 |
35I230595 | 0,138 | 0,3 | 0,46 | |
010900 | 0,092 | 0,337 | 0,27 | |
DP29 | 0,105 | 0,245 | 0,43 | |
A1(未筛分) | 0,08 | 0,291 | 0,27 | |
A2(筛分过) | 0,446 | 2,421 | 0,18 |
C.和血清组W135糖类的结合
a)水解
W组脑膜炎链球菌糖在醋酸50mM醋酸钠缓冲溶液中水解,pH为4.7在80℃时持续大约3小时。这导致寡糖的平均DP大约为15至20,这是由唾液酸(SA)和还原的终末SA之间的比例所决定的。
所述(总SA)和(还原的终末SA)的DP比例和由HPLC-SEC决定的KD相联系,如图13所示。应用这个关系来监测水解的程度要比直接SA测定方便的多。
b)筛分
所述水解物通过30kDa定点膜(12-20滤过体积的5mM醋酸盐缓冲液/15-30mMNaClpH6.5)超滤。所述的包含高Mw物质的残留物被丢弃;而滤过的物质装填到在5mM醋酸盐缓冲液/15-30mMNaClpH6.5中平衡的Q-SepharoseFastFlow柱上。所述的柱然后用10CV平衡缓冲溶液洗涤,来除去寡糖使得DP≤3-4并用3CV5mM的醋酸盐缓冲液/500mMNaClpH6.5洗脱。
c)在还原末端引入伯氨基
氯化铵或醋酸铵加入大到筛分过的寡糖溶液中使得终浓度为300g/L,然后加入钠-氰基-硼氢化物使得最终浓度达到49g/L或73g/L。所述混合物在50℃下保温3天。
所述氨基-寡糖然后通过对于血清组A所描述的切向流超滤来提纯。分析所述提纯材料的唾液酸(比色法,根据参考资料149)和/或半乳糖(HPLC)的含量(所述MenW135抗原的化学活性)。
所述提纯的寡糖然后用旋转脱水器干燥除去水分。
d)衍化为活性酯
所述干燥的氨基-寡糖如上面对于血清组A的描述那样衍化。
e)和CRM
197
结合
结合如上面对于血清组A的描述那样实施,但是为了提纯结合物,应用30kDa膜过滤(50滤过体积的10mM磷酸缓冲液,pH7.2)。所述纯净的结合物是在-20℃或-60℃下无菌过滤和存储直至制造疫苗。
也分析所述结合物和上面描述的血清组A的相同参数。MenW糖的含量通过比色唾液酸测定来估计:
组号 | 糖(mg/ml) | 蛋白质(mg/ml) | 糖基化 | KD |
组1 | 5,37 | 3,52 | 1,63 | 0,296 |
组2/4,5 | 3,51 | 2,88 | 1,22 | 0,308 |
组3S | 2,49 | 2,55 | 1,11 | 0,380 |
组3Sd | 2,03 | 2,24 | 0,91 | 0,394 |
组3L | 2,32 | 2,3 | 1,01 | 0,391 |
组3Ld | 1,94 | 2,29 | 0,85 | 0,383 |
组3S/pr.Glic6 | 0,363 | 0,82 | 0,44 | 0,498 |
组3S/pr.Glic9 | 0,424 | 0,739 | 0,57 | 0,447 |
组3S/pr.Glic12 | 0,479 | 0,714 | 0,671 | 0,414 |
D.血清组Y多糖的结合
a)水解
Y组脑膜炎链球菌糖如上面对于血清组W135描述的那样水解。这使得寡糖的平均DP在大约15-20,这是由SA和还原的终末SA(如上面描述的在C(a)下方便的非直接测定)之间的比例所决定的。
b)筛分,c)氨基的引入,d)衍化为活性酯,e)结合
这些步骤如上面对于血清组W135那样实施。所述纯净的结合物是在-20℃或-60℃下无菌过滤和存储直至制造疫苗。
所述结合物以上面对于血清组W135描述的相同方法分析:
组号 | 糖(mg/ml) | 蛋白质(mg/ml) | 糖基化 | KD |
组1A | 1,16 | 0,92 | 1,26 | 0,303 |
组1B | 4,57 | 3,55 | 1,29 | 0,339 |
组2/4,5 | 2,32 | 6,1 | 0,38 | 0,467 |
组2/6 | 1,75 | 5,73 | 0,3 | 0,498 |
E.各个结合物的免疫原性
所述冷冻块结合物解冻。在搅拌下各自稀释,直至终浓度是20μg糖/ml,5mM磷酸,9mg/mlNaCl,磷酸铝(产生Al3+的浓度为0.6mg/ml),pH7.2。然后保存混合物,不搅拌在2-8℃下过夜,进一步用4μg糖/ml稀释来用作小鼠的免疫接种。
用同样的方法再为每个血清组配制第二组疫苗,但加入磷酸铝被相同体积的水所替代。
免疫接种组的10只Balb/c小鼠在周0和4分别注射两次0.5ml的疫苗。在免疫接种前放血,在第二次剂量前一天以及第二次剂量后的2周。用(a)带有或不带有明矾的结合疫苗,(b)盐水对照(c)未结合的多糖对照进行免疫接种。正如参考资料150中描述的那样测定免疫接种过的动物血清中特殊的抗-多糖IgG抗体。每个小鼠的血清都通过滴度曲线进行双重分析,计算每个免疫接种组的GMT。应用“Titerun”软件(FDA)以小鼠Elisa单位(MEU)计算滴度。抗-多糖滴度的特异性由竞争性ELISA决定,其中相关的多糖为竞争剂。
如图2所示,所述MenA结合物诱导动物中产生高抗体。正如所预料的那样,所述未结合的多糖是没有免疫原性的。和单独应用结合物获得的滴度相比,带有磷酸铝佐剂的结合物制剂诱导产生更高水平的抗体。MenY(图3)和MenW135(图4)也能见到相似的结果。
测定各组IgG亚类的后-II免疫应答。应用如上面E部分中测定总IgG滴度的相同ELISA方法来测定特定的亚类,但应用碱性磷酸酶-抗小鼠-IgG1、-IgG2a、IgG2b或-IgG3(酶)作为次级抗体。滴度表现为在应用血清稀释1∶3200底物形成30分钟后获得的OD405nm,如图14(MenA),15(MenW135)和16(MenY)所示。反应主要存在于亚类IgG1,它是小鼠中主要由T-依赖抗原诱导产生的亚类。因为多糖是不能引起免疫记忆的先天的T-独立抗原,这些数据显示结合已经有了理想的效应。
应用活体外的测定来测定补体介导的细菌溶解,通过这个来测试后-II血清的杀菌活性。后-II血清在应用于测定之前在56℃下失活30分钟,25%幼兔补体用作补体源。杀菌滴度表达为相应的血清稀释液导致50%细菌被杀死,针对以下株:MenAG8238,A1,F6124;MenW1355554(OAc+)以及(OAc-);MenY242975(OAc-)和240539(OAc+)。
MenA的结果包括:
载体 | 多糖或单糖 | 近似αDP | 铝佐剂 | GMT | 杀菌活性 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | - | 461 | F8238:2048-4096;F6124:2048-4096 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸 | 920 | F8238:4096;F6124:4096 |
- | P | - | 磷酸 | 3 | F8238:8;F6124:128 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | - | 290 | F8238:512-1024 |
- | P | - | - | 2 | F8238:<4 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | - | 155 | F8238:512-1024 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | - | 393 | F8238:1024 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | - | 396 | - |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸盐 | 1396 | F8238:4096 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸盐 | 1461 | F8238:2048-4096 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸盐 | 1654 | F8238:2048 |
CRM197 | O | 29 | 磷酸盐 | 1053 | F8238:2048 |
CRM197 | 未筛分O | 10 | 磷酸盐 | 1449 | F8238:2048 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸盐 | 626 | F8238:2048-4096 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | - | 742 | - |
CRM197 | O | 15 | - | 2207 | - |
CRM197 | O | 29 | - | 1363 | - |
CRM197 | 未筛分O | 10 | - | 615 | - |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸盐 | 1515 | - |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸盐 | 876 | - |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸盐 | 1232 | - |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸盐 | 852 | - |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸盐 | 863 | F8238:2048;A1:2048;F6124:>2048 |
CRM197 | O | 27 | 磷酸盐 | 1733 | F8238:4096-8192;F6124:4096-8192 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 磷酸盐 | 172 | F8238:1024;A1:1024-2048;F6124:2048 |
CRM197 | O | 15 | 氢氧化物 | 619 | F8238:1024;A1:2048;F6124:2048 |
MenW135的结果包括:
载体 | 多糖或单糖 | OAc | 铝佐剂 | GMT | 杀菌活性 |
CRM197 | O | + | - | 14 | 5554:256-512 |
CRM197 | O | + | 磷酸盐 | 23 | 5554:256-512 |
- | P | - | - | 5554:4 | |
CRM197 | O | + | - | 45 | 5554:1024 |
CRM197 | O | + | - | 101 | 5554:64-128 |
CRM197 | O | + | - | 80 | 5554:256-512 |
CRM197 | O | + | 磷酸盐 | 221 | 5554:1024-2048;242317:1024-2048 |
CRM197 | O | - | - | 52 | 5554:512-1024 |
CRM197 | O | - | 磷酸盐 | 329 | 5554:1024-2048;242317:1024-2048 |
CRM197 | O | + | - | 41 | 5554:256-512 |
CRM197 | O | + | 磷酸盐 | 24 | 5554:1024;242317:128-256 |
CRM197 | O | - | - | 116 | 5554:256-512 |
CRM197 | O | - | 磷酸盐 | 185 | 5554:1024;242317:512-1024 |
CRM197 | O | + | 磷酸盐 | 565 | 5554:2048 |
CRM197 | O | + | 磷酸盐 | 328 | 5554:512-1024 |
CRM197 | O | + | 磷酸盐 | 490 | 5554:1024-2048 |
CRM197 | O | + | 氢氧化物 | 189 | 5554:512-1024;242317:512-1024 |
CRM197 | O | + | 磷酸盐 | 80 | 5554:512-1024;242317:512-1024 |
CRM197 | O | + | 氢氧化物 | 277 | 5554:512-1024;242317:1024-2048 |
MenY的结果包括:
载体 | 多糖或单糖 | αDP | 铝佐剂 | GMT | 杀菌活性 |
CRM197 | O | >15 | - | 751 | 242975:8192 |
CRM197 | O | >15 | 磷酸盐 | 1190 | 242975:8192-16384;240539:8192-16384 |
CRM197 | O | >15 | - | 284 | 242975:2048-4096 |
CRM197 | O | >15 | 磷酸盐 | 775 | 242975:2048-4096 |
- | P | - | - | - | 242975:256 |
CRM197 | O | >15 | - | 1618 | 242975:4096-8192 |
CRM197 | O | >15 | - | 2123 | 242975:2048 |
CRM197 | O | <10 | - | 253 | 242975:512-1024 |
CRM197 | O | <10 | - | 1060 | 242975:256-512 |
CRM197 | O | >15 | 氢氧化物 | 1167 | 242975:8192;240539:8192-16384 |
CRM197 | O | >15 | 磷酸盐 | 665 | 242975:8192;240539:8192-16384 |
CRM197 | O | >15 | 磷酸盐 | 328 | 242975:4096;240539:2048-4096 |
CRM197 | O | >15 | 氢氧化物 | 452 | 242975:2048;240539:1024-2048 |
F.MenA组合物联合MenC组合物的免疫原性
CRM-MenC浓缩块(来自Chiron疫苗,意大利)和CRM-MenA浓缩块(如上面描述的获得)混合,通过搅拌稀释和混合。制造三种不同的制剂。每个都包含血清组A20μg糖/ml,但包含不同量的MenC结合物:(i)20μg糖/ml(ii)10μg糖/ml(iii)5μg糖/ml。因此MenA∶MenC(w/w)的比例为:(i)1∶1(ii)2∶1(iii)4∶1。
每种制剂也包含5mM磷酸钠,9mg/mlNaCl,磷酸铝(使得Al3+的浓度为0.6mg/ml),pH7.2。每种混合物然后保存,不搅拌,在2-8℃下过夜,在小鼠免疫接种前用盐溶液进一步稀释为1∶5。
以相同的方法配制第二组疫苗,但加入磷酸铝被相同体积的水所替代。
对于6组疫苗的每一组,10只Balb/c小鼠按上面描述的方法接种。对照组单独接受盐或MenA结合物。
MenA和MenC的抗-多糖抗体如上面描述的那样测定。
由MenA+MenC结合物混合获得的结果清楚的显示组分A和C之间的比例(w/w)对于MenA的免疫原性起到至关重要的作用。
由MenA结合物对照组获得的特定抗-MenApS滴度(带有或不带有铝佐剂)要比相同剂量MenA+MenC组合物的高(图5a)。如果在组合中应用较少量的MenC结合物,MenA结合物组分就会诱导产生较高的抗-MenApS滴度。同时,所述抗-MenC滴度保持可接受的(图5b)。
也应用几内亚猪模型进行实验。应用前面相同的磷酸铝佐剂制造三种不同的制剂(无定形的羟基磷酸盐,PO4/Al的摩尔比例在0.84-0.92之间,0.6mgAl3+ml):
制剂 | MenA* | MenC* | MenA∶MenC比例 |
A | 20μg/ml | 20μg/ml | 1∶1 |
B | 40μg/ml | 20μg/ml | 2∶1 |
C | 20μg/ml | 10μg/ml | 1∶1/2 |
*表示糖
这些制剂用盐溶液稀释为1∶2,并应用来免疫几内亚猪。对每个免疫接种组的5只猪(Hartelley系,雌性,450-500克)在第0天和第28天注射两次0.5ml疫苗。在第一次免疫接种前放血,然后在第42天放血。血清在通过ELISA和血清杀菌测定(针对MenA系MK83/94或MenC系C11)分析之前存储在-70℃条件下。图19显示了结果。
G.血清组C、W135和Y的组合疫苗
按照上面描述的将来自血清组C、W135和Y的多糖结合物混合使得每种结合物的最终浓度为20μg糖/ml。所述疫苗包含最终浓度的5mM磷酸钠和9mg/mlNaCl,pH为7.2。在一整夜的存储过后,所述混合物被稀释使得每种用来免疫接种的结合物包含4μg糖/ml。
如前面那样进行免疫接种和分析。
结果显示和单独应用相比,当和MenC和MenY结合物联合施用时,MenW135结合物的免疫原性提高了(图6)。MenY的免疫原性联合应用和单独应用相当(图7),也和MenC结合物的免疫原性相当(图8)。
H.血清组A、C、W135和Y的组合疫苗
按照上面描述的将来自血清组A、C、W135和Y的多糖结合物混合使得血清组A、W135和Y结合物的最终浓度为20μg糖/ml,血清组C结合物的最终浓度为5μg糖/ml。所述疫苗最终包含5mM的磷酸钠、9mg/ml的NaCl、磷酸铝(使得Al3+的浓度为0.6mg/ml),pH7.2。所述混合物然后保存,不搅拌,在2-8℃下过夜,进一步用盐溶液稀释使得A、W135、Y结合物的浓度为4μg糖/ml,C结合物的浓度为1μg糖/ml。这个稀释混合物用来免疫接种。
如前面那样进行免疫接种和分析,对照组包括单独的结合物,除了血清组C。
图9显示了,如前那样,当与MenA、MenC和MenY结合物联合施用时,MenW135结合物的免疫原性提高了。图10显示了MenY结合物的免疫原性当与MenA、MenC和MenW135结合物联合输入时没有明显的不同。图11显示了MenA结合物的免疫原性在甚至和较低剂量(1/4)的MenC结合物联合施用时明显下降了。这种抗原竞争性没有在非-结合的四价多糖疫苗(ACWY)中看到[5]。
I.冻干的血清组A抗原
所述脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A荚膜多糖特别容易水解。MenA荚膜寡糖结合物所以以冻干的形式配制,准备在给药的时候重组。配制冻干形式使得在重组为单位剂量后有下面组合:
组分 | 浓度 |
CRM-MenA | 20μg糖/ml |
磷酸钾缓冲液 | 5mM |
甘露醇 | 15mg/ml |
这种组合没有佐剂。配制两种佐剂用来重组:
组分 | 浓度 | 浓度 |
氢氧化铝 | 0.68mg Al3+/ml | - |
磷酸铝* | - | 0.6mg Al3+/ml |
磷酸钠缓冲液 | - | 10mM |
组胺缓冲液 | 10mM | - |
氯化钠 | 9mg/ml | 9mg/ml |
吐温80 | 0.005% | 0.005% |
PH | 7.2±0.05 | 7.2±0.05 |
*无定形的羟基磷酸盐,PO4/Al的摩尔比例在0.84-0.92之间
当和水重组用来注射时,所述糖类组分的稳定性如下:
经过相同4周时间的测定,在2-8℃和36-38℃pH都保持稳定,蛋白质含量稳定在大约24.5μg/ml,水分的含量低于2.5%。
当和磷酸铝佐剂溶液重组并在2-8℃下重组时,稳定性如下:
时间(小时) | 糖总量(μg/ml) | 自由糖(μg/ml) | 自由糖% |
0 | 16.62 | 1.09 | 6.6 |
24 | 16.51 | 0.98 | 5.9 |
48 | 16.83 | 0.99 | 5.9 |
J.血清组A、C、W135和Y的联合疫苗(冻干血清组A结合物)
MenC、W135和Y组分组成的三价混合物要么吸附到氢氧化铝佐剂上(2mg/ml),要么和磷酸铝佐剂混合(无定形的羟基磷酸盐,PO4/Al的摩尔比例在0.84-0.92之间,0.6mgAl3+ml,存在于10mM的磷酸盐缓冲液)而配制成。所述的两种三价混合物的组成如下:
组分 | 浓度 | 浓度 |
氢氧化铝 | 0.68mgAl3+/ml | - |
磷酸铝* | - | 0.6mgAl3+/ml |
CRM-MenC | 20μg糖/ml | 20μg糖/ml |
CRM-MenY | 20μg糖/ml | 20μg糖/ml |
CRM-MenW135 | 20μg糖/ml | 20μg糖/ml |
磷酸钠缓冲液 | - | 10mM |
组胺缓冲液 | 10mM | - |
氯化钠 | 9mg/ml | 9mg/ml |
吐温80 | 0.005% | 0.005% |
*无定形的羟基磷酸盐,PO4/Al的摩尔比例在0.84-0.92之间
对于氢氧化混合物,所述糖类组分的稳定性如下:
经过相同4周时间的测定,在2-8℃和36-38℃pH都稳定保持在7.15±0.05。
对于磷酸混合物,所述糖类组分的稳定性如下:
经过相同4周时间的测定,在2-8℃和36-38℃pH都稳定保持在7.05±0.05。
所述三价液态组合物被稀释,用0.5ml重组冻干的MenA结合物。在第0天和28天对每组10只Balb/c小鼠(雌性6-8周)通过皮下注射所得三价混合物。所述混合物包含2μg单剂量的每种糖结合物,为单个人类剂量(SHD)的1/5。对照为盐溶液或未结合的同源糖。在免疫接种前和在第42天放血,血清存储在-70℃。如上所述的那样测定IgG。
所有应用的结合物在动物中都是安全和有免疫原性的。GMT后-IIELISA滴度(95%可信区间)如下:
图17显示了IgG亚类分析的结果,分别对于:(17A)MenA;(17B)MenC;(17C)MenW135;(17D)MenY。IgG明显是最主要的亚类。
血清杀菌滴度如下:
K.血清组A、C、W135和Y的联合疫苗(不同剂量)
小鼠按照上面描述的方法免疫接种,但所述疫苗组合物包含不同比例的各种寡糖结合物。多种剂量可为0.5,1,2或4μg/剂量。冻干MenA低聚结合物在所有的实验中应用。
ELISA滴度如下:
血清杀菌滴度如下:
应用一个剂量MenA和MenC2μg/ml的糖进行第二组实验,MenY为一半剂量,MenW135为四分之一剂量。ELISA滴度如下:
血清杀菌滴度如下:
L.MenA、W135和Y寡糖结合物
下表显示了和适合制造本发明组合物的MenA、W135和Y相关数据:
A | W135 | Y |
筛分后的DP | 16,6 | 21,9 | 21,1 |
糖/蛋白质比例 | 0,5 | 1,1 | 0,7 |
KD | 0,44 | 0,36 | 0,41 |
自由糖 | 5% | 10% | 5% |
自由蛋白质 | <2% | <2% | <2% |
仅通过所描述的实例就可以明白本发明,有时可在本发明的范围和精神中进行修正。
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Claims (26)
1.一种纯化细菌荚膜多糖的方法,所述细菌荚膜多糖来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌、流感嗜血菌,或肺炎链球菌,该方法包括以下步骤:
(a)用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂使所述多糖沉淀,然后
(b)用纯的乙醇或乙醇和水的混合物使沉淀的多糖溶解;然后
(c)采用一步或多步过滤,处理步骤(b)中得到的多糖以除去杂质,然后
(d)加入钙盐,使多糖沉淀。
2.一种将细菌荚膜多糖与载体蛋白结合的方法,该方法包括
纯化所述多糖,包括以下步骤:(a)用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂使所述多糖沉淀,然后(b)用纯的乙醇或乙醇和水的混合物使沉淀的多糖溶解;其中所述多糖来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A、W135或Y,或来自流感嗜血菌,或来自肺炎链球菌;
将所述多糖与载体蛋白结合,其中所述载体蛋白是白喉类毒素或破伤风类毒素;以及
与来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌的荚膜糖混合,得到一混合物,所述混合物包含来自血清组A和血清组C的荚膜糖,其中MenA糖与MenC糖的重量比大于1,且荚膜糖与载体蛋白结合。
3.一种将细菌荚膜多糖与载体蛋白结合的方法,该方法包括
纯化所述多糖,包括以下步骤:(a)用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂使所述多糖沉淀,然后(b)用醇使沉淀的多糖溶解;其中所述多糖来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A、W135或Y,或来自流感嗜血菌,或来自肺炎链球菌;
将所述多糖与载体蛋白结合,其中所述载体蛋白是白喉类毒素或破伤风类毒素;以及
用疏水色谱法、切线超滤或渗滤分离游离的和结合的糖。
4.一种将细菌荚膜多糖与载体蛋白结合的方法,该方法包括
纯化所述多糖,包括以下步骤:(a)用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂使所述多糖沉淀,然后(b)用纯的乙醇或乙醇和水的混合物使沉淀的多糖溶解;其中所述多糖来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A、W135或Y,或来自流感嗜血菌,或来自肺炎链球菌;
将所述多糖与载体蛋白结合,其中所述载体蛋白是白喉类毒素或破伤风类毒素;以及
与来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌的荚膜糖混合,得到一混合物,所述混合物包含来自血清组A、C、W135、Y的荚膜糖,其中血清组A∶C∶W135∶Y的糖的重量比为1∶1∶1∶1,1:1:1:2,2:1:l:1,4:2:1:1,8:4:2:1,4:2:1:2,8:4:1:2,4:2:2:1,2:2:1:1,4:4:2:1,2:2:1:2,4:4:1:2或2:2:2:1,且所述荚膜糖与载体蛋白结合。
5.一种纯化细菌荚膜多糖的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:(a)用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂而不用惰性多孔载体使所述多糖沉淀,然后
(b)用纯的乙醇或乙醇和水的混合物使沉淀的多糖溶解;
其中所述细菌荚膜多糖来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌、流感嗜血菌,或肺炎链球菌。
6.一种纯化细菌荚膜多糖的方法,所述细菌荚膜多糖来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌、流感嗜血菌,或肺炎链球菌,该方法包括以下步骤:(a)用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂使所述多糖沉淀,然后
(b)用醇使沉淀的多糖溶解;
其中所述醇包含乙醇,乙醇的最终浓度为65-95%。
7.一种纯化细菌荚膜多糖的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:(a)用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂使所述多糖沉淀,然后
(b)用乙醇和水的混合物使沉淀的多糖溶解;所述细菌荚膜多糖来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌、流感嗜血菌,或肺炎链球菌。
8.如权利要求1-7任一项所述的方法,其中所述阳离子洗涤剂包含十六烷基三甲基铵盐、四丁铵盐、十四烷基三甲铵盐和/或海地美溴铵。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤(c)包含深度过滤、通过活性碳的过滤、筛分过滤和/或超滤。
10.如权利要求2-7任一项所述的方法,然后使步骤(b)或(c)得到的多糖沉淀。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中沉淀方法是加入钙盐或钠盐。
12.如权利要求1、5、6或7任一项所述的方法,它还包括与载体蛋白结合的步骤。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述载体蛋白是白喉类毒素或破伤风类毒素。
14.如权利要求2、3或4任一项所述的方法,其中所述糖在结合前被激活。
15.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述糖在结合前被激活。
16.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中激活采用氰化试剂。
17.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中激活采用氰化试剂。
18.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中结合采用连接物。
19.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中结合采用连接物。
20.如权利要求2、3或4任一项所述的方法,其中在结合后,分离游离的和结合的糖。
21.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中在结合后,分离游离的和结合的糖。
22.如权利要求20所述的方法,其中分离采用疏水色谱法、切线超滤或渗滤。
23.如权利要求21所述的方法,其中分离采用疏水色谱法、切线超滤或渗滤。
24.一种将细菌荚膜多糖与载体蛋白结合的方法,该方法包括:
纯化所述多糖,包括以下步骤:(a)用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂使所述多糖沉淀,然后(b)用纯的乙醇或乙醇和水的混合物使沉淀的多糖溶解;其中所述多糖来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A、W135或Y,或来自流感嗜血菌,或来自肺炎链球菌;
将所述多糖与载体蛋白结合,其中所述载体蛋白是CRMl97白喉类毒素;以及
与来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌的荚膜糖混合,得到一混合物,所述混合物包含来自血清组A和血清组C的荚膜糖,其中MenA糖与MenC糖的重量比大于1,且荚膜糖与载体蛋白结合。
25.一种将细菌荚膜多糖与载体蛋白结合的方法,该方法包括:
纯化所述多糖,包括以下步骤:(a)用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂使所述多糖沉淀,然后(b)用醇使沉淀的多糖溶解;其中所述多糖来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A、W135或Y,或来自流感嗜血菌,或来自肺炎链球菌;
将所述多糖与载体蛋白结合,其中所述载体蛋白是CRMl97白喉类毒素;以及
用疏水色谱法、切线超滤或渗滤分离游离的和结合的糖。
26.一种将细菌荚膜多糖与载体蛋白结合的方法,该方法包括:
纯化所述多糖,包括以下步骤:(a)用一种或多种阳离子洗涤剂使所述多糖沉淀,然后(b)用纯的乙醇或乙醇和水的混合物使沉淀的多糖溶解;其中所述细菌荚膜多糖来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌血清组A、W135或Y,或来自流感嗜血菌,或来自肺炎链球菌;
将所述多糖与载体蛋白结合,其中所述载体蛋白是CRMl97白喉类毒素;以及
与来自脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌的荚膜糖混合,得到一混合物,所述混合物包含来自血清组A、C、W135、Y的荚膜糖,其中血清组A:C:W135:Y的糖的重量比为1:1:1:1,1:1:1:2,2:1:1:1,4:2:1:1,8:4:2:1,4:2:1:2,8:4:1:2,4:2:2:1,2:2:1:1,4:4:2:1,2:2:1:2,4:4:1:2或2:2:2:1,且所述荚膜糖与载体蛋白结合。
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