CN101225599B - Hydrophilic nano finishing method for keratin porous material fabric surface - Google Patents
Hydrophilic nano finishing method for keratin porous material fabric surface Download PDFInfo
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- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
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- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims 5
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- Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a surface hydrophilization nanometer finishing method of keratin porous material fabric, which can fix nanometer functional material on various fabrics through soaking-rolling-baking, can increase the hydrophilicity and comfort of fabrics, especially wool fabrics, and meets the new requirements of people on the fabric performance. The method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing a nano finishing liquid; (2) soaking the fabric to be treated in an ethanol water solution, taking out the fabric, and soaking the fabric in the nano finishing liquid prepared in the step (1) for constant-temperature finishing; (3) and rinsing, rolling and drying the fabric treated by the nano finishing liquid, and then drying.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of Hydrophilised nano finishing method of surface of keratin porous material fabric, relate in particular to the Hydrophilised nano processing method on wool fabric surface.
Background technology
Along with the raising of people's living standard, people have proposed diversified requirement to class, the function of clothes.Show the finery lining of direct symbol as people's identity, people pursue top grade more, require that fabric has comfort health-care, light weight, moisture absorbing and sweat releasing is good and function such as antibacterial and deodouring.Therefore, functionalization such as light weight, comfortable, health care, moisture absorption, perspire, antibiotic, deodorizing oneself become the focus of textile industry research.Scatter and disappear the balance of energy quality exchange between the moisture and the comfort of human body depends primarily on heat, moisture and surrounding environment influence heat that human body itself produces.As everyone knows, for polyester (terylene), polyamide (nylon, polyamide fibre), polyacrylonitrile synthetic fiber such as (acrylic fibers), because its water imbibition is poor, sweat easily sticks on the skin, causes microbial reproduction and corruption, thereby brings out allergy and eczema.People are for the wool fabric in the natural fabric, think its softness, light, warmth retention property is good, good hygroscopicity, the class height is the desirable lining of selecting as people's leisure, motion, particularly stardom.Yet people also find gradually, and the clothes of wool even cashmere material after motion and performance, also can be felt very ill owing to the moisture absorbing and sweat releasing of wool is bad.This is because there is the scale layer structure on the wool surface, its fabric void rate is higher, and after reaching 30% hydroscopicity, sweat can be tied up on fiber and indiffusion, so the speed of its moisture absorption, hydrofuge is low, the rate of discharge of sweat is low after human body moves in a large number causes human body uncomfortable.
For improving the hydrophily of fabric, a kind of Low Temperature Plasma Treating technology has appearred in recent years, utilize the plasma and the fabric face effect of certain atmosphere, introduce the hydrophily (Chinese patent that new group changes fabric on its surface, the patent No.: 01110561.5, title: a kind of super amphiphilic fabric fibre and method for making and application): also have in some reports and adopt hydrophilic high molecular polymer to be bonded in the fabric top layer, have hydroxyl by in dressing liquid, introducing, the polymer of carboxyl makes fabric reach hydrophilic effect＜Chinese patent patent No.: 02828991.9, title: the hydrophilic finish liquid of fiber base material 〉, although these two kinds of methods all produce effect relatively, but it is loaded down with trivial details relatively that plasma atmosphere is handled the process of fabric, the single treatment area is little, involves great expense.Though high molecular polymer hydrophilizing agent relatively economical, its good water-retaining property, when human body was felt humidity, fabric had absorbed a lot of moisture, had discomfort equally.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide and a kind ofly improve keratin porous material fabric by nano material, wool fabric especially as the hydrophily of wool fabric, the method for comfortableness, makes the fabric after the arrangement have the function of high moisture absorbing and sweat releasing.This method technology is simple, and is easy to operate, and production cost is low, and handled fabric panel is the high-grade fabric that leisure, amusement, the motion of people's first-selection worn.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
The surface hydrophilic nano finishing method of keratin porous material fabric of the present invention comprises the steps:
(1) step of preparation nano finishing liquid:
A. will prepare the presoma 1-30 weight portion and the function additive 0-30 weight portion of nano SiO 2 particle, it is even to add deionized water and stirring, wiring solution-forming;
B. making the pH value with the solution of sour regulating step a is 3-7, evenly stirs, and prepares required nano finishing liquid;
(2) pending fabric is soaked in the ethanol water, is soaked in constant temperature arrangement in the prepared nano finishing liquid of step (1) after it is taken out;
(3) with above-mentioned after handling with nano finishing liquid fabric rinsing, roll dried, oven dry then.
The particle diameter of the nano SiO 2 particle in the step of preparation nano finishing liquid of the present invention is 10-400nm; The presoma of preparation nano SiO 2 particle is selected from nano SiO 2 particle, Ludox, sodium metasilicate, silicate class (as silester, methyl silicate, silicic acid propyl ester or butyl silicate) or they two or more mixture arbitrarily.Presoma in the step (1) is preferably the 1-15 weight portion.
Sodium metasilicate and esters of silicon acis all can be decomposed into silica, and formula is as follows:
Si(OC
xH
2x+1)
4+2H
2O→SiO
2+4C
xH
2x+1OH
Na
2SiO
3+HCl→H
2O+SiO
2+NaCl
The present invention can adopt any known method to prepare nano SiO 2 particle, as disclosed method in the following document:
1，
，W.；Fink，A.；Bohn，E.J.Colloid?Interface?Sci.1968，26，62；
2，Chen?Sheng-Li，Dong?Peng，et?al.，J.Colloid?Interface?Sci.，1996，180(1)，237-241。
Described function additive is selected from one or more in dispersant, adhesive, softener and the antibacterial deodorant.
Described dispersant is preferably selected from fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether silane compound (WA), fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether compound (IW) or its mixture; Adhesive is preferably selected from methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, ethylene-vinyl acetate, N hydroxymethyl acrylamide or its mixture; Softener is preferably selected from amido organosilicon, two amido organosilicon, polyethers organosilicon or its mixture; Antibacterial deodorant is preferably selected from TiO 2 series and/or the silver-series antibacterial agent with negative ion-releasing function.
In function additive, described dispersant is the 0-15 weight portion, and adhesive is the 0-20 weight portion, and softener is the 0-5 weight portion, and antibacterial deodorant is 0-20 part.
In step (1) b, regulate the acid of pH and can adopt hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid or sulfuric acid, be preferably hydrochloric acid, acetic acid or oxalic acid.
The textile material that is applicable to method for sorting of the present invention is selected from least a in the keratin porous materials such as wool, the rabbit hair, mohair, alpaca fibre.
A preferred version of the surface hydrophilic nano finishing method of keratin porous material fabric of the present invention is:
(1) step of preparation nano finishing liquid:
A. will prepare the presoma 1-30 weight portion and the function additive 0-30 weight portion of nano SiO 2 particle, it is even to add deionized water and stirring, wiring solution-forming;
B. making the pH value with the solution of sour regulating step a is 3-7, evenly stirs, and prepares required nano finishing liquid;
(2) pending fabric is soaked in the ethanol water of 10-80% volume ratio 10-60 minute, to be soaked in constant temperature arrangement 0.5-5hr in the prepared nano finishing liquid of step (1) after its taking-up; bath raio is 1:10-1:80 (mass ratio of fabric and nano finishing liquid), and dressing liquid is in 40 ℃-100 ℃ water bath with thermostatic control;
(3) with above-mentioned after handling with nano finishing liquid fabric rinsing, roll driedly, then at 60 ℃-150 ℃, be generally in 60 ℃-120 ℃ the baking oven and dry.
The present invention by soak-roll-cure or spraying coating process can be fixed in nano-functional material on the various fabrics, can increase fabric, especially the hydrophily of wool fabric, comfortableness meet the new demand of people to fabric property.The spraying coating process that is adopted can be any known spraying method, for example:
Be applied to industrial flush coater according to above-mentioned nano-solution, for example U.S.'s Graco, Tai Tan, waag nail (unit of length), Campbell's flush coater, or the product of miscellaneous equipment manufacturer, fabric is tiled in sprays the room on the conveyer belt, according to the requirement of the fabric width and the quantity for spray of flush coater, regulate the discharge rate of spray gun and the speed of conveyer belt.Quantity for spray can be controlled at every square metre 10 gram to 1000 gram scopes, according to the adjustment of being correlated with of the thickness of fabric.Can also can carry out spray treatment respectively in single treatment fabric two sides (mainly to slim lining), also can once handle with the method for big discharge rate thick type fabric to thick type fabric two sides.
Lining after the processing spray treatment, the optional single pressing that carries out is handled to get rid of excessive solution, lowers the burden of baking oven.
Carry out drying in the baking oven of fabric after the processing about 100 ℃.
Dried fabric baked in the baking oven below 150 ℃ 1-10 minute, and common wool fabric suggestion is used 130 ℃, baked in 3 minutes.
Principle of the present invention is based on nano particle and coats or be fixed on wool fibre surface or the wool fabric, forms the nanoscale concaveconvex structure at wool fibre or wool fabric surface, makes woolen surface hydrophilicity improve.
The present invention is significantly different with conventional nano-fabric finishing functions liquid, and to be that conventional nano finishing liquid is used for more antibiotic, uvioresistant, function such as antistatic are improved, and the invention that is used to improve fabric hydrophilic is less.It is higher that the low-temperature plasma atmosphere that occurs is handled the fabric cost in recent years.
The present invention not only well improves the hydrophily of wool fabric, moisture absorption and poisture-penetrability, and the while can keep the intensity and the durability of fabric, widens the woolen coloring agent scope of application.The present invention simultaneously is simple, is convenient to operation, is easy to other technology compoundly, and cost is low, is fit to suitability for industrialized production.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is undressed wool fabric fibrous structure chart.
Fig. 2 is according to embodiments of the invention 5 handled wool fabric fibrous structure charts.
Fig. 3 is the result who utilizes the dynamic transmission characteristic measuring instrument of fabric aqueous water that the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 1 handled wool fabric two surfaces is measured.
Fig. 4 is according to embodiments of the invention 1 handled wool fabric electron micrograph.Fig. 5 is the result who utilizes the dynamic transmission characteristic measuring instrument of fabric aqueous water that the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 2 handled wool fabrics two surfaces is measured.
Fig. 6 is according to embodiments of the invention 2 handled wool fabric electron micrographs.
The specific embodiment
Below will describe the present invention by specific embodiment, these embodiment only are used for the example explanation, and protection scope of the present invention is not limited in these embodiment.
Embodiment 1
With particle diameter is the SiO of 50nm
2Particle 1 weight portion mixes for 100 milliliters with deionized water, stirs, and wiring solution-forming, the pH that regulates gained solution with HCl is 3, is prepared into nano finishing liquid.Wool cloth was soaked in the ethanol water of 20:80 (volume ratio) 60 minutes, it will be soaked in the described nano finishing liquid after taking out, bath raio is 1:80, and water bath with thermostatic control is 100 ℃, and constant temperature was handled 5 hours.Wool cloth rinsing after above-mentioned nano finishing liquid handled is rolled driedly, puts into 100 ℃ of baking ovens then and dries.
Utilize the dynamic transmission characteristic measuring instrument of fabric aqueous water that the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 1 handled wool fabric two surfaces is measured.Concrete this measuring method can be referring to the inspection and quarantining for import/export industry standard SN/T1689.1-2005 of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and the porous material aqueous water dynamically transmits the mensuration part 1 of performance: textiles.Measurement result as shown in Figure 3.On behalf of fabric, the inner surface among the figure press close to the side of skin, represents the change procedure of this surface moisture in measuring process, and outer surface is represented the side of fabric away from skin.Two curves of Fig. 3 represent that when arriving the inner surface of fabric, sweat can be delivered to the outer surface of fabric apace when a certain amount of emulation sweat (0.15 gram) in measuring process, makes the moisture of outer surface also almost rise synchronously.Measurement result (MAX.wetted Radii, maximum wetting radius) 30mm represents that sweat reaches 30MM at the two sides of fabric (120 seconds) its expansion radius in Measuring Time, shows that sweat can carry out rapid diffusion on this fabric simultaneously.Fabric after these indexs have all been represented to handle has good water-wet behavior.
Table 1 is embodiment 1 handled wool fabric aqueous water transmission characteristic measurement result data.
Table 1
Can obtain from Fig. 3 and table 1, aqueous water can be penetrated into lower surface apace when arriving lining surperficial, very fast rate of moisture absorption is arranged.The wetting time on two surfaces is respectively about 3 seconds up and down, and can be apace in the two surface expansions up and down of lining, and its expansion radius reaches 30mm, and the fabric after expression is handled has good water-wet behavior.
Embodiment 2
With particle diameter is the SiO of 100nm
25 weight portions mix with the 100ml deionized water, stir, and wiring solution-forming, the pH that regulates this solution with acetic acid is 6, adds silver-series antibacterial agent 5 weight portions with negative ion-releasing function, mixes, and makes nano finishing liquid.Pending wool fabric was soaked in the ethanol water of 20:80 (volume ratio) 60 minutes, and was soaked in then in the above-mentioned nano finishing liquid, the bath raio of fabric quality and nano finishing liquid is 1:80, and water bath with thermostatic control is 100 ℃, and constant temperature was handled 0.5 hour.Fabric rinsing after above-mentioned nano finishing liquid handled rolls driedly, puts into 100 ℃ of baking ovens then and dries.
With embodiment 1 described measuring method, adopt the dynamic transmission characteristic measuring instrument of fabric aqueous water that the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 2 handled wool fabrics two surfaces is measured.
Fig. 5 and table 2 are the handled wool fabric aqueous water of present embodiment transmission characteristic measurement result.
Table 2
Can obtain from this measurement result, aqueous water can be penetrated into lower surface apace when arriving lining surperficial, very fast rate of moisture absorption is arranged.The wetting time on two surfaces is respectively about 4 seconds up and down, and can be apace in the two surface expansions up and down of lining, and its expansion radius also reaches 30mm.
Embodiment 3
Sodium metasilicate 15 weight portions, ethylene-vinyl acetate 8 weight portions and 100ml deionized water and stirring is even, be mixed with solution.The pH that regulates this solution with HCl is 5, adds silver-series antibacterial agent 5 weight portions, mixes, and makes nano finishing liquid.Wool cloth was soaked in the ethanolic solution 10 minutes, and ethanolic solution is the aqueous solution of 20% (volume ratio), and it will be soaked in the described nano finishing liquid after taking out, and bath raio is 1:10, and water bath with thermostatic control is 60 ℃, and constant temperature was handled 3 hours.Wool cloth rinsing after above-mentioned nano finishing liquid handled is rolled driedly, puts into 120 ℃ of baking ovens then and dries.
With embodiment 1 described measuring method, the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 3 handled wool cloth two surfaces is measured, the result shows that the fabric after the processing has good water-wet behavior.
Embodiment 4
With fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether 5 weight portions, butyl acrylate 2 weight portions, positive tetraethyl orthosilicate 10 weight portions, two amido silicon oil 5 weight portions and silver-series antibacterial agent 10 weight portions, mix with the 100ml deionized water, stir wiring solution-forming.The pH that regulates gained solution with acetic acid is about 6.5, adds silver system and each 3 weight portion of titanium dioxide anti-bacterial agent, mixes, and makes nano finishing liquid.Rabbit hair fabric was soaked in the solution of second alcohol and water 30 minutes, ethanolic solution is 50% (volume ratio), and it will be soaked in the nano finishing liquid that makes after taking out, and bath raio is 1:20, and water bath with thermostatic control is 90 ℃, and constant temperature was handled 1 hour.With the rabbit hair fabric rinsing after the above-mentioned nano finishing liquid processing, it is dried to reroll, and puts into 60 ℃ of baking ovens then and dries.
With embodiment 1 described measuring method, the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 4 handled rabbit hair fabrics two surfaces is measured, the result shows that the fabric after the processing has good water-wet behavior.
Embodiment 5
With fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether silane compound 1 weight portion, methyl methacrylate 8 weight portions and particle diameter is the silica 3 weight portions mixing of 20nm, then with 100ml deionized water wiring solution-forming.PH with the oxalic acid regulator solution is approximately 4, adds silver-series antibacterial agent 5 weight portions with negative ion-releasing function, mixes, and is prepared into nano finishing liquid.Wool fabric was soaked in the ethanolic solution 50 minutes, and ethanolic solution is the aqueous solution of 40% (volume ratio), is soaked in the described nano finishing liquid after taking out then, and bath raio is 1:30, and water bath with thermostatic control is 70 ℃, and constant temperature was handled 0.2 hour.Take out after the mohair rinsing after above-mentioned nano finishing liquid handled and roll driedly, put into 80 ℃ of baking ovens and dry.
With embodiment 1 described measuring method, the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 5 handled mohairs two surfaces is measured, the result shows that the fabric after the processing has good water-wet behavior.
Embodiment 6
With fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether silane 15 weight portions, N hydroxymethyl acrylamide 1 weight portion, sodium metasilicate 1 weight portion, amido organosilicon 10% (mass percent, ammonia value 0.3), zinc oxide 1 weight portion, titanium dioxide 1 weight portion and 100ml deionized water be made into the solution of 50% (mass percent), stir.PH is approximately 7 with citric acid regulating solution, adds silver system, each 5 weight portion of titanium dioxide series antibacterial agent, mixes, and is prepared into nano finishing liquid.The alpaca fibre fabric was soaked in the ethanolic solution 40 minutes, and ethanolic solution is the aqueous solution of 60% (volume ratio), and it will be soaked in the described nano finishing liquid after taking out, and bath raio is 1:60, and water bath with thermostatic control is 90 ℃, and constant temperature was handled 2 hours.Take out behind the alpaca fibre fabric rinsing after above-mentioned nano finishing liquid handled and roll driedly, put into 70 ℃ of baking ovens and dry.
With embodiment 1 described measuring method, the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 6 handled alpaca fibre fabrics two surfaces is measured, the result shows that the fabric after the processing has good water-wet behavior.
Embodiment 7
With fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether silane 1 weight portion, N hydroxymethyl acrylamide 15 weight portions, ethyl orthosilicate 12 weight portions, polyethers organosilicon 2 weight portions, titanium dioxide series antibacterial agent 5 weight portions, even with the 100ml deionized water and stirring, wiring solution-forming.The pH that regulates this solution with nitric acid is approximately 4, is prepared into nano finishing liquid.Wool cloth was soaked in the ethanolic solution 20 minutes, and ethanolic solution is the aqueous solution of 30% (volume ratio), and it will be soaked in the described nano finishing liquid after taking out, and bath raio is 1:40, and water bath with thermostatic control is 80 ℃, and constant temperature was handled 1 hour.Take out after the wool cloth rinsing after above-mentioned nano finishing liquid handled and roll driedly, put into 120 ℃ of baking ovens and dry 0.15hr.
With embodiment 1 described measuring method, the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 7 handled wool cloth two surfaces is measured, the result shows that the fabric after the processing has good water-wet behavior.
Embodiment 8
Fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether silane compound 1 weight portion, methyl methacrylate 8 weight portions, Ludox 10 weight portions, polyethers organosilicon 3 weight portions, titanium dioxide 15 weight portions and 100ml deionized water and stirring is even, be made into the solution of 30% (mass percent).The pH that regulates this solution with oxalic acid is approximately 4, adds silver-series antibacterial agent 5 weight portions with negative ion-releasing function, mixes, and is prepared into nano finishing liquid.Mohair was soaked in the ethanolic solution 50 minutes, and ethanolic solution is the aqueous solution of 40% (volume ratio), and it is soaked in the described nano finishing liquid after taking out, and bath raio is 1:30, and water bath with thermostatic control is 70 ℃, constant temperature 2 hours.Take out after the mohair rinsing after above-mentioned nano finishing liquid handled and roll driedly, put into 80 ℃ of baking ovens and dry.
With embodiment 1 described measuring method, the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 8 handled mohairs two surfaces is measured, the result shows that the fabric after the processing has good water-wet behavior.Embodiment 9
Sodium metasilicate 30 weight portions and 100ml deionized water and stirring are even, be mixed with solution.The pH that regulates this solution with HCl is 5, adds silver-series antibacterial agent 20 weight portions, mixes, and makes nano finishing liquid.Wool cloth was soaked in the ethanolic solution 10 minutes, and ethanolic solution is the aqueous solution of 80% (volume ratio), and it will be soaked in the described nano finishing liquid after taking out, and bath raio is 1:30, and water bath with thermostatic control is 40 ℃, and constant temperature was handled 3 hours.Wool cloth rinsing after above-mentioned nano finishing liquid handled is rolled driedly, puts into 120 ℃ of baking ovens then and dries.
With embodiment 1 described measuring method, the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 9 handled wool cloth two surfaces is measured, the result shows that the fabric after the processing has good water-wet behavior.
Embodiment 10
With fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether silane 15 weight portions, N hydroxymethyl acrylamide 20 weight portions, ethyl orthosilicate 12 weight portions, polyethers organosilicon 2 weight portions, titanium dioxide series antibacterial agent 5 weight portions, even with the 100ml deionized water and stirring, wiring solution-forming.The pH that regulates this solution with nitric acid is approximately 4, is prepared into nano finishing liquid.Wool cloth was soaked in the ethanolic solution 20 minutes, and ethanolic solution is the aqueous solution of 10% (volume ratio), and it will be soaked in the described nano finishing liquid after taking out, and bath raio is 1:40, and water bath with thermostatic control is 80 ℃, and constant temperature was handled 1 hour.Take out after the wool cloth rinsing after above-mentioned nano finishing liquid handled and roll driedly, put into 120 ℃ of baking ovens and dry 0.15hr.
With embodiment 1 described measuring method, the moisture dynamic changing process on embodiment 10 handled wool cloth two surfaces is measured, the result shows that the fabric after the processing has good water-wet behavior.
Claims (11)
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| CN101851854B (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2011-10-26 | 北京华美精创纳米相材料科技有限责任公司 | Nano finishing method for preparing super hydrophilic wool fabric with washing fastness |
| RU2465382C1 (en) * | 2011-07-26 | 2012-10-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Ивановский государственный химико-технологический университет" | Composition for fulling wool-containing textile materials |
| CN102535145A (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2012-07-04 | 吴江市利达上光制品有限公司 | Novel antibacterial anti-mite wool textile and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN103103714B (en) * | 2013-01-21 | 2015-07-29 | 江苏阳光集团有限公司 | Without the method for circle print worsted fabric moisture absorbable and breathable finishing |
| CN103114436B (en) * | 2013-03-08 | 2014-12-10 | 天津微能新材料有限公司 | Super-hydrophobic fabric preparation method and super-hydrophobic functional fabric |
| CN103215815A (en) * | 2013-03-20 | 2013-07-24 | 苏州经贸职业技术学院 | Wool modification technology |
| CN105316933A (en) * | 2015-11-16 | 2016-02-10 | 清华大学 | Preparation method of antibacterial electrospun fibrous membrane |
| CN106012183A (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2016-10-12 | 吴江耀迪纺织品有限公司 | Anti-bacterial and flame-retardant silver ion air duct |
| CN108342902B (en) * | 2018-05-17 | 2020-08-14 | 苏州大学 | A kind of superhydrophilic polymer microsphere and its preparation method and superhydrophilic fabric prepared by the same |
| RU2676501C1 (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-12-29 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Ивановский государственный химико-технологический университет" (ИГХТУ) | Composition for the wool-containing materials plaiting |
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