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CN101218197A - 用于烃类转化到c2-氧合物的工艺 - Google Patents

用于烃类转化到c2-氧合物的工艺 Download PDF

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CN101218197A
CN101218197A CNA2006800247898A CN200680024789A CN101218197A CN 101218197 A CN101218197 A CN 101218197A CN A2006800247898 A CNA2006800247898 A CN A2006800247898A CN 200680024789 A CN200680024789 A CN 200680024789A CN 101218197 A CN101218197 A CN 101218197A
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M·P·阿特金斯
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    • C07C29/00Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C29/132Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group
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    • C07C29/00Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C29/132Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group
    • C07C29/136Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH
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    • C07C29/15Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于烃类在铑基颗粒催化剂存在下转化为乙醇和任选地乙酸的改进工艺,其在选择性和催化剂活性以及运行寿命上有所改进,所述转化通过合成气发生的中间步骤而进行。

Description

用于烃类转化到C2-氧合物的工艺
本发明提供了一种用于烃类在颗粒催化剂存在下转化到C2-氧合物(oxygenates)的工艺。特别地,本发明涉及一种用于烃类在铑基颗粒催化剂存在下转化到乙醇和任选地乙酸的改进工艺。
EP-A-O A-O 010 295描述了一种用于从合成气体制备乙醇的工艺,其中所述反应在负载的铑催化剂上进行,其中所述铑催化剂包含作为共催化剂的元素锆、铪、镧、铂、铬和汞的一个或多个。
EP-A-O 079 132涉及一种用于通过在载体催化剂上催化合成气体的反应制备氧合烃类的工艺,所述催化剂包含作为活性组分的铑、银、锆和钼以及,如果期望的,铁、锰、铼、钨、钌、铬、钍和钾。优选的负载材料是二氧化硅。
JP 62/148437和JP 62/148438公开了从合成气体同时生产乙酸、乙醛和乙醇,在用含硫化合物预先处理的铑催化剂存在下进行反应。JP 61/178933公开了从合成气体生产氧合物,其中所述反应在具有促进剂金属例如钪、铱或碱土金属的铑催化剂存在下进行。JP 01/294643公开了氧合化合物例如乙酸的生产,其中合成气体在二氧化硅基材上的铑催化剂存在下发生反应。
US6346555和US6500781公开了用于通过CO和H2在含铑的负载催化剂上的反应来制备C2-氧合物的催化剂和工艺,其中所述催化剂基本上由铑、锆、铱、至少一种选自铜、钴、镍、锰、铁、钌和钼的金属、以及至少一种选自锂、钠、钾、铷、镁和钙的碱金属或碱土金属组成,并且在惰性载体之上。
图1和2表示根据本发明工艺规划的实施方案。所述实施方案包括根据本发明的任选的和/或优选的工艺步骤。在这些图中引用的字母与本说明书和附加权利要求中所使用的字母相对应。
根据本发明,提供一种工艺用于将烃类转化到乙醇和任选地乙酸,包含步骤:
1.在合成气反应器中将烃类转化成为物流A,其由碳氧化物和氢气的混合物组成,优选地具有包括在1.5和2.5之间的H2/CO摩尔比,
2.在反应器中在包括在150和400℃之间的温度以及5-200巴的压力下在颗粒催化剂存在下将物流A的至少一部分转化成为C2-氧合物物流B,
3.将所述C2-氧合物物流B分离成包含H2、CO、CO2和烷烃的物流C,以及包含所述C2-氧合物的物流D,
4.任选地将物流D分离成为乙酸物流X和C2-氧合物物流D′,
5.在加氢反应器中将物流D或任选的物流D′氢化成为乙醇物流E,和
6.使物流E经受分离步骤并回收乙醇。
特别地,本发明涉及一种用于烃类在铑基颗粒催化剂存在下转化为乙醇和任选地乙酸的工艺,其在选择性和催化剂活性以及运行寿命上有所改进,所述转化通过合成气发生中间步骤而进行。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述C2-氧合物主要为乙醇、乙醛、乙酸乙酯以及乙酸;所述乙醇、乙醛、乙酸乙酯和乙酸优选地一起代表从所述C2-氧合物转化反应器中获得产品的至少40重量%,更优选地至少50重量%,并且最优选地至少60重量%。
根据本发明的实施方案,在所述C2-氧合物转化反应器中还生产水和烷烃(物流B);然后,水、烷烃(基本上为甲烷和乙烷)、乙醇、乙醛、乙酸乙酯以及乙酸优选地一起代表从所述C2-氧合物转化反应器中所获得产品(物流B)的至少80重量%,更优选地至少90重量%,最优选地至少95重量%。
然后所述C2-氧合物进料优选包括约15-40重量%的乙酸,约10-40重量%的乙醛以及约15-40重量%的乙醇。
根据本发明,将所述C2-氧合物物流B分离成包含H2、CO、CO2和烷烃的物流C,以及主要地包含所述C2-氧合物的物流D。根据本发明的优选实施方案,通过使用蒸馏塔进行这些分离。
根据本发明的实施方案,物流C的至少一部分可以被循环回所述合成气反应器。根据本发明的另一个实施方案,然后物流C的至少一部分被分离成烷烃(C)和合成气(C″),所述烷烃优选地被循环到所述合成气反应器之中,并且所述合成气被优选地与物流A一起循环到C2-氧合物转化反应器中。根据本发明的优选实施方案,通过使用蒸馏塔进行这些分离。
根据本发明的一个任选的实施方案,将物流D分离成为乙酸物流X和C2-氧合物物流D′。这可以在“闪蒸”蒸馏中被完成,其中大部分乙醛和乙醇(物流D′)与一些水是闪蒸的塔顶馏分,并且剩余的乙酸在塔底离开(与水一起)。所述塔底物流含有来自所述粗产品的约90重量%的乙酸以及约90重量%的水,即塔底物流组合物代表了总粗产品的约50重量%。所述分离优选地通过使用分割塔来进行。然后所述乙酸物流优选地经受干燥步骤以回收干燥的乙酸,其随后可以在乙酸市场上被销售。
根据本发明,在加氢反应器中将物流D或任选的物流D′氢化成为乙醇物流E。可以通过使用常规加氢工艺条件而被进行。本发明的申请人出人意料地发现,通过在常规加氢条件下进行进料D(或任选的D′)的加氢,到乙醇的选择性达到了意外的水平。并不希望受限于该理论,申请人相信,所述高选择性应归于存在于所述工艺之中化学物质的特定混合物,即(酸)、醛、酯以及醇类的混合物促进了乙醇的生产。
根据本发明的,物流E经受分离步骤并且乙醇被回收。例如,可以通过使用蒸馏塔或沸石处理法来进行这个最终的分离步骤。
根据本发明用于所述C2-氧合物反应器的所述颗粒催化剂优选是铑催化剂。优选地,用于本发明的所述铑催化剂被一种负载在微多孔二氧化硅上的铑催化剂,所述微多孔二氧化硅优选地具有150到350m2/g的BET比表面积,优选地为150到349m2/g,并且最优选地为200到300m2/g,100到300的平均孔径,优选地为101到300,并且最优选地为150到250以及0.5到1.5ml/g的孔隙体积,并且最优选地为0.9到1.1ml/g。
所述BET表面积、平均孔径以及孔隙体积已经通过微晶粒状ASAP2010以及N2吸附脱吸技术而获得。
优选地,用于本发明的所述铑催化剂是负载在微多孔二氧化硅上的铑催化剂,由组分Rh-Mn-Fe-M1-M2组成,其中M1可以是Li和/或Na,并且M2可以是Ru和/或Ir,其中Rh为0.1-3重量%,优选地为0.3-2重量%(基于总的催化剂重量),并且Mn/Rh的重量比为0.5-12,Fe/Rh的重量比为0.01-0.5,M1/Rh的重量比为0.04-0.2,并且M2/Rh的重量比为0.1-1.0。
用于生产一氧化碳和氢气混合物(合成气体)的方法是众所周知的。其各自具有优点和缺点并且选择使用具体的重整方法是通过经济上的和可用进料物流的考虑;以及通过在所述原料中由所述重整反应得到的所述期望的H2∶CO摩尔比而确定的。所述合成气体可以使用任何本领域已知的方法来制备,包括烃的部分氧化(POX)、蒸汽重整(SR)、深度气体加热重整(AGHR)、微通道重整(如US 6,284,217中所描述的,其结合于本文作为参考)、等离子重整、自热重整及其任何结合。这些合成气体生产技术的讨论被提供于″Hydrocarbon Processing″V78,N.4,87-90,92-93(1999四月)以及″Petrole et Techniques″,N.415,86-93(1998七月-8月)中。同时设想所述合成气体可能通过烃在微结构反应器中的催化部分氧化而获得,例如″IMRET 3:Proceedings ofthe Third International Conference on Microreaction Technology″,Editor W Ehrfeld,Springer Verlag,1999,187-196页所举例说明的。或者,所述合成气体可以通过烃原料的短接触时间催化部分氧化而获得,如EP 0303438中所描述的。优选地,所述合成气体通过一种“小型重整装置”方法而被获得,如″Hydrocarbon Engineering″,20005,(5),67-69;″Hydrocarbon Processing″,799,34(2000年9月);″Today′s Refinery″,15/8,9(2000年8月);WO 99/02254;以及WO 200023689中所描述的。
在本发明的方法中可以使用任何可以被转化成为包含一氧化碳和氢气的原料的含烃进料物流,最优选地是合成气体(或“合成气”)。在所述反应区中氢气与一氧化碳的体积比优选是在20∶1-0.1∶1范围内,更优选地在5∶1-1∶1的范围内,并且最优选地在2.5∶1-1.5∶1的范围内,例如2∶1。有用的进料物流包括天然气(主要是甲烷,但天然气组成可以依赖于位置和源而改变)、石脑油、炼油厂废气、液化石油气、瓦斯油、真空残油、页岩油、沥青、各种类型的燃料油、基于煤/木质的沉积以及含烃的工艺再循环物流。根据本发明的优选实施方案,甲烷作被用作所述含烃进料物流以转化成CO和H2。
包含一氧化碳和氢气的原料,例如合成气体,可以在被送入本发明所述的任何反应区之前经受净化。对于在本发明所述工艺中的用途,所述合成气体理想地应基本不含任何催化剂毒物和抑制剂,例如硫化氢、碳酰硫、羰基金属例如羰基铁和羰基镍、氨、碱性的有机化合物例如甲胺和乙胺,以及通常将会中和酸的任何化合物。可以通过本领域已知的工艺进行合成气体的净化。参见,例如,Weisserme1,K.和Arpe H.-J.Industrial Organic Chemistry,第二版,修订和扩展版,1993,19-21页。
用于所述C2-氧合物转化反应器的特定反应条件并不恰好在临界值,并且其可以是任何足够生产主要含氧的碳氢化合物的有效反应条件。在所述工艺中实施的所述精确反应条件将最终取决于在获得高催化剂选择性、活性以及寿命之间的折中,并且要继续维持总体的操作简易性。当决定本发明的精确反应条件时,还要进一步地考虑所述起始材料的固有的反应性,以及所述起始材料和期望反应产物对于所述反应条件的稳定性。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,包含所述期望的H2∶CO摩尔比的原料以控制的速率被送入所述C2-氧合物转化反应器中,并且在催化剂存在下在温度与压力的控制条件下在反应区中进行所述反应,以将所述原料转换成氧合物。在所述反应区中的温度选自从约150℃开始到约400℃的范围,优选地为在约200℃到约350℃范围内的温度。通过所述反应区的原料的气时空速(GHSV)(在标准温压下原料的升数/小时/催化剂的升数)可以显著差异,取决于各种因素,例如,反应条件、原料的组成以及被使用的催化剂的量和类型。优选地,所述GHSV可以被维持在从约1到约30,000小时-1或更多范围内的任何速率,优选地将被维持为至少约500小时-1的速率,并且更优选地将被维持在至少1,000小时-1的速率。在所述C2-氧合物转化反应区中的压力可以选自约5-200巴的范围,优选地为约25-120巴范围内的压力。所述氢气和一氧化碳的分压应该足以生产氧合物。氢气和一氧化碳可以被独立地进料到所述转化反应器或者,优选被结合地进料,例如,作为合成气体。
对本发明来说,GHSV为气时空速,其是气流在所述催化剂上的速率。其通过在1小时中通过所述催化剂的气体的体积(在25℃和1大气压下)除以所述催化剂的体积而被确定。LHSV是液时空速,其为所述液体有机物质被供应给所述转化反应器的速率。其通过在1小时中泵送的液体体积除以所述催化剂的体积而被确定。
所述氧合物反应可以通过使所述氢气和一氧化碳的混合物流经所述铑基催化剂而进行,作为汽相反应或者作为液相反应,例如浆液反应。
所述反应可以在任何适当的反应器中进行,例如使用所述催化剂的固定床的管式反应器。所述反应物可以通过下向下或者向上进料或者两者的结合而被供应给所述催化剂,到位于管式反应器中的固定床上。可以是所希望的,然而是非限制性的,使用通过活塞流运行的反应器设计并且在所述反应器区域内引起最小的湍流。所述反应在所述催化剂的动态床中进行。在上述的反应中,所述催化剂床以和催化剂流化床中同样的方式进行移动。

Claims (6)

1.一种用于将烃类转化为乙醇和任选的乙酸的工艺,包含如下步骤:
1.在合成气反应器中将烃转化成为物流A,其由碳氧化物和氢气的混合物组成,优选地具有包括在1.5和2.5之间的H2/CO摩尔比,
2.在反应器中在包括在150和400℃之间的温度以及5-200巴的压力下在颗粒催化剂存在下将物流A的至少一部分转化成为C2-氧合物物流B5
3.将所述C2-氧合物物流B分离成包含H2、CO、CO2和烷烃的物流C,以及包含所述C2-氧合物的物流D,
4.任选地将物流D分离成为乙酸物流X和C2-氧合物物流D′,
5.在加氢反应器中将物流D或任选的物流D′氢化成为乙醇物流E,和
6.使物流E经受分离步骤并且回收乙醇。
2.根据权利要求1的工艺,其中用于步骤2的所述颗粒催化剂是铑基催化剂。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项的工艺,其中所述C2-氧合物主要为乙醇、乙醛、乙酸乙酯以及乙酸;所述乙醇、乙醛、乙酸乙酯和乙酸优选地一起代表从所述C2-氧合物转化反应器中获得产品的至少40重量%,更优选地至少50重量%,并且最优选地至少60重量%。
4.工艺根据前述权利要求中任一项的工艺,其中在所述C2-氧合物转化反应器中还生产水和烷烃;然后,水、烷烃(基本上为甲烷和乙烷)、乙醇、乙醛、乙酸乙酯以及乙酸优选地一起代表从所述C2-氧合物转化反应器中所获得产品(物流B)的至少80重量%,更优选地至少90重量%,最优选地至少95重量%。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项的工艺,其中物流C的至少一部分可以被循环回所述合成气反应器。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项的工艺,其中所述物流C的至少一部分,优选全部,被分离成烷烃(C)和合成气(C″),所述烷烃优选地被循环到所述合成气反应器之中,并且所述合成气优选地与物流A一起被循环到C2-氧合物转化反应器中。
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