CL2020003144A1 - Método de recubrimiento de fertilizante - Google Patents
Método de recubrimiento de fertilizanteInfo
- Publication number
- CL2020003144A1 CL2020003144A1 CL2020003144A CL2020003144A CL2020003144A1 CL 2020003144 A1 CL2020003144 A1 CL 2020003144A1 CL 2020003144 A CL2020003144 A CL 2020003144A CL 2020003144 A CL2020003144 A CL 2020003144A CL 2020003144 A1 CL2020003144 A1 CL 2020003144A1
- Authority
- CL
- Chile
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- fertilizer particles
- hardening
- curing
- coating method
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
- C05G5/37—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings layered or coated with a polymer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0053—Details of the reactor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
- B01J2/006—Coating of the granules without description of the process or the device by which the granules are obtained
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
- C05C9/005—Post-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
- C05G5/35—Capsules, e.g. core-shell
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/10—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by other chemical means
- B05D3/107—Post-treatment of applied coatings
- B05D3/108—Curing
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
- Glanulating (AREA)
Abstract
Se describe un método para recubrir partículas de fertilizante con un recubrimiento, el método comprende proporcionar partículas de fertilizante en una unidad de recubrimiento, una o más etapas para aplicar una capa de recubrimiento al aplicar uno o más componentes de recubrimiento a las partículas de fertilizante en la unidad de recubrimiento, y curar o endurecer al menos parcialmente la capa de recubrimiento, en donde dicho curado o endurecimiento implica una reacción química de dichos uno o más componentes de recubrimiento, descargar las partículas de fertilizante recubiertas desde la unidad de recubrimiento, opcionalmente después de una etapa de curado o endurecimiento final, en donde la unidad de recubrimiento comprende un bastidor fijo y al menos dos elementos móviles.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201862680193P | 2018-06-04 | 2018-06-04 | |
EP18177506.5A EP3581550A1 (en) | 2018-06-13 | 2018-06-13 | Fertilizer coating method |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CL2020003144A1 true CL2020003144A1 (es) | 2021-07-19 |
Family
ID=62630996
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CL2020003144A CL2020003144A1 (es) | 2018-06-04 | 2020-12-03 | Método de recubrimiento de fertilizante |
Country Status (15)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US11180429B2 (es) |
EP (2) | EP3581550A1 (es) |
JP (2) | JP2021527029A (es) |
CN (1) | CN112601730A (es) |
AU (1) | AU2022201546B2 (es) |
BR (1) | BR112020024850B1 (es) |
CA (1) | CA3102402C (es) |
CL (1) | CL2020003144A1 (es) |
CO (1) | CO2020016519A2 (es) |
EA (1) | EA202092910A1 (es) |
EC (1) | ECSP20084030A (es) |
MA (1) | MA52755A (es) |
MX (1) | MX2020013220A (es) |
PT (1) | PT3802463T (es) |
WO (1) | WO2020016672A1 (es) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4305006A4 (en) * | 2021-03-12 | 2024-09-11 | Huntsman International LLC | WATER SUBMERSIBLE CONTROLLED RELEASE FERTILIZER PARTICLE |
CN113398837B (zh) * | 2021-07-22 | 2022-07-12 | 山东净清源生物有机肥有限公司 | 有机肥及其制备工艺 |
CN113999047A (zh) * | 2021-11-15 | 2022-02-01 | 山东事蒲电力技术有限公司 | 一种造粒塔喷涂聚脲工艺 |
EP4431485A1 (en) * | 2023-03-13 | 2024-09-18 | Yara International ASA | A coated particle |
Family Cites Families (58)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3223518A (en) | 1961-08-18 | 1965-12-14 | Archer Daniels Midland | Granular fertilizer having a plurality of coatings and the process of making |
GB1310527A (en) * | 1969-06-13 | 1973-03-21 | Fisons Ltd | Comminuting apparatus |
US3991225A (en) | 1974-02-01 | 1976-11-09 | Tennessee Valley Authority | Method for applying coatings to solid particles |
CH602172A5 (es) * | 1975-10-10 | 1978-07-31 | Fischer Ag Georg | |
DE3520409A1 (de) * | 1985-06-07 | 1986-12-11 | Hubert Eirich | Druckfester mischer |
DE3544451C1 (de) | 1985-12-16 | 1987-01-15 | Ashland Suedchemie Kernfest | Verfahren zum Erzeugen einer wasserdurchlaessigen Umhuellung auf koernigen,wasserloeslichen Stoffen und seine Anwendung |
US4804403A (en) | 1986-08-18 | 1989-02-14 | Melamine Chemicals, Inc. | Attrition-resistant, controlled release fertilizers |
US4711659A (en) | 1986-08-18 | 1987-12-08 | Moore William P | Attrition resistant controlled release fertilizers |
DE3807658A1 (de) * | 1988-03-09 | 1989-09-21 | Zimmermann Wolfgang | Der sto-mischer |
US5538531A (en) | 1991-06-24 | 1996-07-23 | Hudson; Alice P. | Controlled release fertilizers and methods of production |
US5374292A (en) | 1993-02-08 | 1994-12-20 | Pursell Industries | Machine system and process for producing attrition resistant slow release fertilizers |
US5766302A (en) * | 1993-05-07 | 1998-06-16 | Lefroy; Roderick David Bruce | Fertilizer coating process |
JPH08277191A (ja) * | 1995-04-06 | 1996-10-22 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | 緩効性粒状肥料及びその製造方法 |
NO981350L (no) | 1997-03-26 | 1998-09-28 | Central Glass Co Ltd | Belagt granulær kunstgjödsel og fremgangsmåte for dens fremstilling |
JPH11228271A (ja) * | 1998-02-03 | 1999-08-24 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corp | 被覆粒状肥料の製造方法 |
MY120571A (en) | 1998-05-22 | 2005-11-30 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Granular coated fertilizer and method for producing the same |
US6165550A (en) | 1998-07-23 | 2000-12-26 | Bayer Corporation | Symmetrical Polyurea-urethane fertilizer encapsulation |
US6001147A (en) | 1998-07-23 | 1999-12-14 | Bayer Corporation | Unsymmetrical polyureaurethane fertilizer encapsulation |
US6048378A (en) * | 1998-08-13 | 2000-04-11 | Lesco, Inc. | Highly available particulate controlled release nitrogen fertilizer |
US6080221A (en) | 1999-09-17 | 2000-06-27 | Agri-Nutrients Technology Group, Inc. | Vacuum coated particulate fertilizers |
US6364925B1 (en) | 1999-12-10 | 2002-04-02 | Bayer Corporation | Polyurethane encapsulated fertilizer having improved slow-release properties |
US6231895B1 (en) | 2000-03-01 | 2001-05-15 | Agway, Inc | Feedstock for ruminants with controlled-release non-protein nitrogen |
US6663686B1 (en) | 2000-06-27 | 2003-12-16 | Agrium, Inc. | Controlled release fertilizer and method for production thereof |
US6358296B1 (en) | 2000-07-11 | 2002-03-19 | Bayer Corporation | Slow-release polyurethane encapsulated fertilizer using oleo polyols |
CN1386571A (zh) * | 2001-04-05 | 2002-12-25 | 梅田工业株式会社 | 搅拌混合装置 |
ITTO20010363A1 (it) | 2001-04-13 | 2002-10-13 | Odore Carlo | Fertilizzante azotato a base di urea rivestita di zeolite. |
US7018440B2 (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2006-03-28 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Granular coated fertilizer |
US7018441B2 (en) | 2001-08-09 | 2006-03-28 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Granular coated fertilizer |
WO2005080325A2 (en) * | 2004-02-17 | 2005-09-01 | Chevron Phillips Chemical Company Lp | Sulfur-containing compositions and processes for making same |
US7416785B2 (en) | 2004-05-26 | 2008-08-26 | Basf Corporation | Polyurethane-encapsulated particle comprising polyol derived from aromatic amine-based initiator |
US7682656B2 (en) | 2004-06-14 | 2010-03-23 | Agruim Inc. | Process and apparatus for producing a coated product |
WO2006058422A1 (en) | 2004-11-30 | 2006-06-08 | Agrium Inc. | Process and apparatus for coating a controlled release product in a rotating drum |
US7267707B2 (en) | 2005-03-30 | 2007-09-11 | Florikan E.S.A. Corp. | Polyurethane encapsulated fertilizer |
CA2600771C (en) * | 2005-04-18 | 2016-06-07 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Process for the production of urea-comprising particles |
US8883914B2 (en) | 2006-02-13 | 2014-11-11 | Basf Corporation | Article formed from a resin composition having a polyurethane encapsulated particle |
US7771505B2 (en) | 2008-07-16 | 2010-08-10 | Agrium Inc. | Controlled release fertilizer composition |
DE102008041104A1 (de) * | 2008-08-07 | 2010-02-11 | Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich Gmbh & Co. Kg | Mischvorrichtung mit Induktionsheizung |
CN201249109Y (zh) | 2008-09-10 | 2009-06-03 | 黑龙江省沃必达农业科技开发有限公司 | 物料搅拌机 |
MY163209A (en) | 2010-11-10 | 2017-08-15 | Agrium Advanced Tech (U S ) Inc | Controlled release fertilizers made from cross-linked glyceride mixtures |
ES2764967T3 (es) | 2010-11-10 | 2020-06-05 | Agrium U S Inc | Ceras modificadas entrecruzadas para fertilizantes de liberación controlada |
WO2012064730A2 (en) | 2010-11-10 | 2012-05-18 | Agrium Advanced Technologies | Cross-linked polyols for controlled release fertilizers |
WO2012109432A1 (en) | 2011-02-09 | 2012-08-16 | Oms Investments, Inc. | Methods and systems for coating granular substrates |
JP2013017923A (ja) * | 2011-07-08 | 2013-01-31 | Nippon Airitsuhi Kk | 粉体処理ミキサ、粉体処理装置および粉体処理方法 |
MY164276A (en) * | 2011-11-21 | 2017-11-30 | Malaysian Palm Oil Board | A controlled-release fertilizer |
CN104394977B (zh) | 2012-05-18 | 2017-03-22 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 包封颗粒 |
EP2849879A2 (en) * | 2012-05-18 | 2015-03-25 | Basf Se | An encapsulated particle |
UA116219C2 (uk) * | 2012-11-16 | 2018-02-26 | Басф Се | Інкапсульована частинка |
US20140298873A1 (en) * | 2013-04-04 | 2014-10-09 | Gujarat State Fertilizers And Chemicals Ltd. | Modified release agrochemical composition and a process for preparing the same |
WO2014182513A1 (en) * | 2013-05-07 | 2014-11-13 | Agrium Advanced Technologies (U.S.) Inc. | Fertilizer granules having polymeric coating with organic carbonate |
US9416064B2 (en) | 2013-08-07 | 2016-08-16 | Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning | Method for producing controlled-release fertilizer coated with polyurethane |
GB2522490B (en) * | 2014-06-02 | 2015-12-09 | Sirius Minerals Plc | Fertiliser product |
US20150376077A1 (en) * | 2014-06-27 | 2015-12-31 | Koch Biological Solutions, Llc | Polymer coated fertilizer compositions and methods of making thereof |
CN204170672U (zh) | 2014-10-21 | 2015-02-25 | 江西科诺生物科技有限公司 | 一种粉碎装袋机 |
CN204198630U (zh) | 2014-11-11 | 2015-03-11 | 巫溪县明申肥业有限公司 | 有机肥包膜机 |
BR112018069508A2 (pt) * | 2016-03-23 | 2019-01-29 | Du Pont | composição fertilizante, composição agrícola, método de produção de uma composição fertilizante de liberação prolongada, método de produção de uma composição agrícola, método de aumento de rendimento de uma cultura em um campo, método de fornecimento de uma pluralidade de microesferas agrícolas, método de fertilização de uma cultura, sistema agrícola e método de aumento de rendimento de uma planta |
WO2018067796A1 (en) | 2016-10-05 | 2018-04-12 | Nous, Llc | System for coatings for granular materials |
EP3928879A1 (en) * | 2016-12-27 | 2021-12-29 | SABIC Global Technologies B.V. | Drying a coating using electromagnetic radiation or heating of drum |
CN111051268A (zh) * | 2017-07-25 | 2020-04-21 | 沙特基础工业全球技术公司 | 用于在机械搅拌混合器中对肥料材料进行涂覆的工艺 |
-
2018
- 2018-06-13 EP EP18177506.5A patent/EP3581550A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2019
- 2019-06-04 EA EA202092910A patent/EA202092910A1/ru unknown
- 2019-06-04 BR BR112020024850-9A patent/BR112020024850B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2019-06-04 WO PCT/IB2019/054628 patent/WO2020016672A1/en active Application Filing
- 2019-06-04 JP JP2021517928A patent/JP2021527029A/ja active Pending
- 2019-06-04 MX MX2020013220A patent/MX2020013220A/es unknown
- 2019-06-04 PT PT197317993T patent/PT3802463T/pt unknown
- 2019-06-04 US US16/980,526 patent/US11180429B2/en active Active
- 2019-06-04 MA MA052755A patent/MA52755A/fr unknown
- 2019-06-04 CN CN201980037556.9A patent/CN112601730A/zh active Pending
- 2019-06-04 CA CA3102402A patent/CA3102402C/en active Active
- 2019-06-04 EP EP19731799.3A patent/EP3802463B1/en active Active
-
2020
- 2020-12-03 CL CL2020003144A patent/CL2020003144A1/es unknown
- 2020-12-28 CO CONC2020/0016519A patent/CO2020016519A2/es unknown
- 2020-12-28 EC ECSENADI202084030A patent/ECSP20084030A/es unknown
-
2022
- 2022-03-04 AU AU2022201546A patent/AU2022201546B2/en active Active
-
2023
- 2023-09-28 JP JP2023167818A patent/JP2023168440A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3802463A1 (en) | 2021-04-14 |
JP2021527029A (ja) | 2021-10-11 |
CO2020016519A2 (es) | 2021-04-08 |
MX2020013220A (es) | 2021-07-21 |
US20210009485A1 (en) | 2021-01-14 |
EP3581550A1 (en) | 2019-12-18 |
BR112020024850A2 (pt) | 2021-03-02 |
AU2019304180A1 (en) | 2021-01-07 |
JP2023168440A (ja) | 2023-11-24 |
EP3802463B1 (en) | 2024-12-25 |
US11180429B2 (en) | 2021-11-23 |
AU2022201546A1 (en) | 2022-03-24 |
EA202092910A1 (ru) | 2021-01-19 |
WO2020016672A1 (en) | 2020-01-23 |
PT3802463T (pt) | 2025-03-31 |
BR112020024850B1 (pt) | 2023-03-28 |
AU2022201546B2 (en) | 2024-11-21 |
CA3102402A1 (en) | 2020-01-23 |
AU2019304180B2 (en) | 2022-01-06 |
ECSP20084030A (es) | 2021-05-31 |
CN112601730A (zh) | 2021-04-02 |
MA52755A (fr) | 2021-04-14 |
CA3102402C (en) | 2022-08-16 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CO2020016519A2 (es) | Método de recubrimiento de fertilizante | |
RU2013132679A (ru) | Способ нанесения многослойного покрытия | |
CL2019000966A1 (es) | Moléculas que tienen utilidad plaguicida, e intermediarios, composiciones, y procesos, relacionados a las mismas. | |
ATE491762T1 (de) | Verfahren zum abtrennen von hochtemperaturfilmen und/oder vorrichtungen von metallsubstraten | |
EP3562899A4 (en) | ANTI-REFLECTIVE UV CURING COATING COMPOSITION, ITS APPLICATION PROCESS AND SUBSTRATE COATED THEREOF | |
WO2014134039A3 (en) | Methods and compositions for coating substrates | |
NZ718864A (en) | Method of preparing a photochromic optical article using an organic solvent pretreatment and photochromic coating | |
EA201490810A1 (ru) | Способ термообработки слоев серебра | |
MX2018015255A (es) | Metodos para fabricar aplicadores de precision. | |
EP3628712A4 (en) | COATING COMPOUNDS, METHOD FOR PRODUCING A COATING FILM, PRIMER TREATMENT METHOD, METHOD OF REPAIR OF CONCRETE AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS | |
SG11202103381YA (en) | Antifouling coating composition, antifouling coating film, substrate with antifouling coating film and method for producing same | |
IL281105B (en) | Method for obtaining an enriched population of functional mesenchymal stem cells, cells obtained thereof and compositions comprising the same | |
MX379130B (es) | Revestimientos compuestos inorgánicos que comprende acrílicos novedosos funcionalizados. | |
BRPI0512542A (pt) | dispositivo para efetuar uma cura de revestimentos em um substrato sob uma atmosfera de gás inerte, processos para efetuar uma cura de revestimentos e de materiais de revestimento em um substrato sob uma atmosfera de gás inerte, e, uso de um dispositivo | |
EP3605167A4 (en) | LIQUID CRYSTAL COMPOSITION, LIQUID CRYSTAL HARDENED FILM AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THEREOF | |
BR112022001336A8 (pt) | Anticorpo biespecífico anti-her2/anti-4-1bb e uso do mesmo | |
BR112018072171A2 (pt) | Processo para preparar uma composição x, composição x,processo para produzir um revestimento em um substrato, e, substrato | |
EP4059968A4 (en) | POLYMERIZABLE COMPOSITION, CURED VEHICLE AND OBJECT AND CORRESPONDING PRODUCTION METHOD | |
DE502005002676D1 (de) | Verfahren zur strahlungshärtung von beschichtungen | |
EP3615288C0 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von osb-holzwerkstoffplatten mit reduzierter emission an flüchtigen organischen verbindungen (vocs) | |
MX2021005109A (es) | Metodos para reducir la adhesion de un enmascarador. | |
ATE552916T1 (de) | Verfahren und system zum lackieren von werkstücken | |
BR112018003884A2 (pt) | composição de revestimento curável, substrato, revestimento de multicamadas e método para preparar um revestimento | |
WO2017042818A8 (en) | Methods of preparing multilayered electrochromic systems | |
RU2013112846A (ru) | Многоступенчатый способ нанесения покрытия для получения полностью окрашенных конструктивных элементов, профиль из пвх с покрытием и применение водной покрывающей композиции в указанном способе |