CA2104965A1 - Low aromatic diesel fuel - Google Patents
Low aromatic diesel fuelInfo
- Publication number
- CA2104965A1 CA2104965A1 CA 2104965 CA2104965A CA2104965A1 CA 2104965 A1 CA2104965 A1 CA 2104965A1 CA 2104965 CA2104965 CA 2104965 CA 2104965 A CA2104965 A CA 2104965A CA 2104965 A1 CA2104965 A1 CA 2104965A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- sulphur
- aromatic hydrocarbons
- astm
- volume
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Abstract
The invention concerns an improved fuel for use in diesel engines, which comprises mainly a mixture of hydrocarbons containing not more than 1 % by volume of aromatic type hydrocarbons.
Preferably the fuel also contains less than 0.05 % by weight of sulphur or sulphur compounds, and essentially no petroleum waxes.
Additionally described are methods of producing this fuel, as well as the use of the fuel to reduce unwanted emissions and to improve operational performance.
Preferably the fuel also contains less than 0.05 % by weight of sulphur or sulphur compounds, and essentially no petroleum waxes.
Additionally described are methods of producing this fuel, as well as the use of the fuel to reduce unwanted emissions and to improve operational performance.
Description
2 ~ ) PCr/AU92~00083 LOW ARO~lATIC DIESE:L P~L
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention concerns an improved fuel for use in diesel engines, composed chiefly of a mixture characterized by being of hydrocarbons containing not more than 1% by volume of aromatic type hydrocarbons.
BACKGROUND ART '.
It has long been recognised that there are problems in using commercially available diesel fuels in diesel engines. Of particular concern is the operation of diesel engines in poorly ventilated areas, or areas having limited ventilation such as underground mines and tunnels. The exhaust emissions produced by these diesel engines and the odour of the fuel are unpleasant to persons working in these areas and, in confined spaces, can be a health and safety hazard.
In addition, emissions produced by diesel powered vehicles or equipment are a major source of aix pollution and there are moves to limit or restrict the production of emissions in line with current global environmental concerns.
It is therefore advantageous for several reasons to find a way to significantly reduce the production of such diesel exhaust emissions.
Hydrocarbon fuels, such as diesel fuels, contain three main classes of compounds: ;
(1) Aliphatics or open chain hydrocarbons, also known as paraffins, of the formula CnH2n+2, either straight or branched chain.
(2) Naphthenes, or cycloalkanes~ some examples of which are methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, dimethylcyclopentane and methylcyclohexane.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention concerns an improved fuel for use in diesel engines, composed chiefly of a mixture characterized by being of hydrocarbons containing not more than 1% by volume of aromatic type hydrocarbons.
BACKGROUND ART '.
It has long been recognised that there are problems in using commercially available diesel fuels in diesel engines. Of particular concern is the operation of diesel engines in poorly ventilated areas, or areas having limited ventilation such as underground mines and tunnels. The exhaust emissions produced by these diesel engines and the odour of the fuel are unpleasant to persons working in these areas and, in confined spaces, can be a health and safety hazard.
In addition, emissions produced by diesel powered vehicles or equipment are a major source of aix pollution and there are moves to limit or restrict the production of emissions in line with current global environmental concerns.
It is therefore advantageous for several reasons to find a way to significantly reduce the production of such diesel exhaust emissions.
Hydrocarbon fuels, such as diesel fuels, contain three main classes of compounds: ;
(1) Aliphatics or open chain hydrocarbons, also known as paraffins, of the formula CnH2n+2, either straight or branched chain.
(2) Naphthenes, or cycloalkanes~ some examples of which are methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, dimethylcyclopentane and methylcyclohexane.
(3) Aromatics, or the benzenoid series, examples of which are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene.
_ _ _ _ , SUBSTITUTE SHE~T
.; . ` . , . . :- ` .
,.
W092/l4804 PCT/AU92/00083 2 ~ 2 - ~
Other components may also be present, such as sulphur or sulphur compounds and petroleum waxes. Additives may be included after the refining and blending processes to produce fuels having desirable characteristics.
Conventional diesel fuels commonly contain 15~ to 30% or even higher levels of aromatic type hydrocarbons, but generally between 20% to 30~ of aromatic type hydrocarbons and from 0.08~ to 0.5% of sulphur together with significnt levels of petroleum waxes. By reducing the amount of aromatic type hydrocarbons present to not more than 1% by volume and optionally reducing the total sulphur content to not more than 0.05% together with significant reductions in the petroleum wax content, it has been found that a considerable reduction in unwanted diesel exhaust emissions can be achieved.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a fuel for diesel engines which is more acceptable than the currently available fuels in that in use it causes fewer operational problems, is more environmentally kind and is safer, cleaner and less hazardous from an occupational health and safety aspect.
Such a fuel is one which contains not more than 1% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons, and preferably not more than 0.05%
by weight of sulphur or sulphur compounds. It is also preferred that the fuel of the invention contains no, or very little, petroleum waxes.
When conventional diesel fuels are combusted the products of combustion are typically soot, oxides of carbon, oxides of sulphur, oxides of nitrogen and water vapour together with partially combusted fuel vapour which is likely to contain aromatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones and other hydrocarbons. In diesel powered equipment for use in underground applications it is necessary to l SUBS~;TUTE S~cET ¦
.: ~ .:
.~ - ~ ,- .
- .
,~0 92/1~804 ,~ PCr/AU92/00083 remove soot, particulates, fuel vapour, acidic gases, etc from the exhaust emissions and to cool the exhaust gases prior to discharge to the atmosphere. The method currently adopted is to pass the exhaust emissionis through a water filled gas scrubbing unit. However, these scrubbing units have been found to operate inefficiently for various reasons.
The content of aromatic hydrocarbons in the fuel of the present invention is not more than 1% by volume when compared to commercial diesel fuels that contain typically about 15 to 30% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are of the carcinogenic polynucleax aromatic variety.
The fuel of the present invention is virtually free of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. This reduction in aromaticity of the new fuel gives rise to improved fuel combustion efficiency resulting in exhaust emissions that are much less carcinogenic and much less polluting than conventional diesel fuel emissions.
A further preferred feature of the invention is the elimination or significant reduction of other components of conventional diesel fuel which cause either operational difficulties and or pollution when combusted in diesel engines, e.g. petroleum waxes such as paraffin and microcrystalline waxes, sulphur and sulphur compounds.
Conventional diesel fuel contains a significant amount of petroleum waxes which gives rise to poor low temperature ignition characteristics necessitating different diesel blends for winter and summer conditions. Also, incomplete combustion of the petroleum waxes gives rise to the production of solid particulate matter/soot in the exhaust emissions. The fuel of the present invention in one preferred embodiment, contains no petroleum waxes, resulting in cleaner combustion. In addition the improved fuel exhibits acceptable low temperature ignition characteristics thus avoiding the necessity to produce different blends of diesel fuel for winter and summer use.
I SUBSTITUTE SHE~T f W O 92/14804 PC~r/AU92/00083 2~ t~,~tj';j - 4 ~
Sulphur and sulphur compounds, when combusted, produce gaseous acidic oxides of sulphur (e.g. sulphur dioxide), which dissolve in atmospheric moisture giving rise to the formation of acid rain. When compared to conventional diesel fuel, the fuel outlined in the invention in a preferred form contains significantly lower levels of sulphur, thus effecting a consequent reduction in acidic gas emissions.
In addition the proposed fuel is more readily biodegraded than conventional fuel and of lower toxicity to marine life by virtue of its minimal content of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Also to be noted is that when the fuel of the present invention is combusted lower levels of smoke and hydrocarbon vapour are produced, thus reducing atmospheric pollution and smog formation.
The improved fuel of the present invention can be produced in several ways such as:
- Refining and/or re-refining and chemical processing of conventional diesel fuel to remove or convert the aromatic hydrocarbons present, such that they do not exceed more than 1% by volume of the fuel.
- By the straight run fractional distillation of hydrocarbon feedstocks containing not more than 1% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Fractional distillation, refining and chemical processing of conventional hydrocarbon feedstocks by various methods to produce feedstocks or hydrocarbon fractions containing not more than 1% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons.
- By mixing and blending products from any of the above processes.
I SU;~;TI~UTE SHEET i .. . ~. : . ~ :
. : : : : ;:
:. ` . :: ~ ~`
. ~ .
92/14804 2 o ~ 9 ~ r PCT/AU92/~83 The above steps can be used in a similar manner to provide a fuel which also contains not more than 0.05~ of total sulphur and substantially no petroleum waxes, if desired.
one of the most convenient commercial methods for producing fuel of the present invention involves the processing of a refinery feedstock whereby the aromatic species are either extracted (i.e. removed) or are converted to naphthene6 (e.g. by hydrogenation3, the refinery feedstock being brought within the boiling range parameters by fractional distillation before or after treatment of the aromatic species. Similar factors apply if removing the sulphur or petroleum waxes.
It is preferred to produce a fuel or fuels of the present invention which conform to the specification shown in Table 1.
PROPERTY UNITLINITS TEST METHOD
Ash % (by mass) 0.01 (max) ASTM D482-IP4 Carbon Residue ~ (by mass) 0.05 (max) or ASTM D524-IP14 (on 10% residuum) 0.04 (m~x) ASTM Dl89-IP13 Cetane Index (calculated) 45 (min) ASTM D976 Cloud Point C -10 (max) ASTN D2500-IP219 Cold Filter Plugging Point C -10 (max) IP309 Copper Corro~ion (3h at 100 C) lB (max) ASTM D130-IPl54 Density (at 15 C) Kg/l 0.76 to 0.83 ASTM Dl298-IPl60 Distillation C
(80% recovery) 325 (max) ASTM D86-IP123 (90% recovery) 345 (max) ASTM D86-IPl23 Flash Point C 65 (min) ASTM D93-IP34 Oxidation Stability mg/100 mL 5 (max) ASTM D2274 Sl~B~TlTUTE SHEET J
WO92/148~ ~ r PCT/AU92/00083 ~ 9 J~ - 6 -PROPERTY ~ LIMITS TEST METHOD
Sulphur % (by mass) 0.05 (max) ASTM D129-IP61;
or ASTM D2622; or ASTM D2785; or Water %i (by vol) 0.05 (max) ASTM D95-IP74 . ;
Sediment % (by mass) 0.01 (max) ASTM ~473-IP53 OR
Water & Sediment % (by vol.) 0.05 (max) ASTM D1796-IP75 Viscosity Kinematic Q 40 C mm2/s 1.4 to 4.0 ASTN D445-IP71 Aromatic~ (by vol.) 1.0 (max) ASTM D1319 Hydrocarbons (F.I.A.); or F.T.I.R. compared to toluene Distillation O
Range C
(I.B.P.) 180 (min) ASTM D86-IP123 (F.B.P.) 350 (max) ASTM D86-IP123 Recovery by%i (by vol) 98 (min) ASTM D86-IP123 Distillation Note: "ASTM" is the American Society for Testing and Materials "IP" is the Institute of Petroleum (U.K.) MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Ne now furthex describe the invention with reference to certain examples, which are non-limiting on the scope of the invention. The Examples 1, 2 and 3 of the invention as described below are covered by the above specification and would exhibit the typical characteristics as shown in Table 2.
Example 1.
The fuel in this Example is derived from highly refined and chemically treated paraffinic hydrocarbon feedstock to produce a predominantly paraffinic hydrocarbon mixture containing low concentrations of naphthenic hydrocarbons and not more than 1% by volume concentration of aromatic type hydrocarbons.
__ ¦ ~UBSTI~UTE SHEET !
, . . . . . . . . . . . ' . .
WO92/148~ 2 1 O ~ PCT/AU92J0~83 Example 2.
The fuel in this Example is deriYed from highly refined and chemically treated feedstocks to produce a predominantly paraffinic/naphthenic hydrocarbon mixture containing not more than 1~ by volume concentration of aromatic type hydrocarbons.
Example 3.
This fuel is a mixture of Examples 1 and 2.
PROPERTY EXAMPLE NUMBER
Density Q 15 C (ASTM D1298) 0.772 0.792 0.782 Distillation ( C) (ASTM D86) Initial Boiling Point 187 188 187 - 10% Recovery 199 197 198 20~ Recovery 202 200 200 30% Recovery 205 201 202 40% Recovery 209 203 205 50% Recovery 213 205 208 60% Recovery 218 208 212 70~ Recovery 225 211 217 80~ Recovery 232 217 223 90% Recovery 239 222 232 ~inal Boiling Point 255 249 252 Recovery by Distillation 98 98 98 (% Volume) (ASTM D86) Flashpoint ( C) (AST~ D93) 70 69 69 Ash Content (% m/m) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ~ASTM D482) Carbon Residue (on 10% Residuum)0.025 0.025 0.025 (ASTM D524) Cetane Index (Calculated)61 50 55 (ASTM D976) Cloud Point ( C) (ASTM D2500) -12 -15 -13 Cold Filter Plugging Point ( C) (IP309) <-15 <-18 c-16 Copper Corrosion (3h at 100 C) lA lA lA
(ASTN D130 ) L~
.
W092/14804 PCT/AU92tO0083 ~n,~ ~ _ 8 -TABLE 2 (continued) PROPERTY EXAMPLE NUMBER
l 2 ~
Oxidation Stability (mg/lOOml) <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 (ASTM D2274) Sulphur p.p.m. (I.C.P.) Water & Sediment (% volume) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 (ASTM Dl796) Kinematic Viscosity Q 40 C l.6 l.5 l.6 il (mm2/s) (ASTM D445) Hydrocarbon Type Analysis (% vol) (Infra-Red) Petroleum waxes content none* none* none*
Aromatic Hydrocarbons O.l 0.7 0.4 Naphthenic Hydrocarbons 3.6 4l.5 23.6 Paraffinic Hydrocarbons 96.3 57.8 76.0 *Note: The petroleum waxes content was determined as being undetectable by consideration of cold filter plugging point and the cloud point.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The invention is of use in connection with the petroleum industry, for producing fuels for diesel engines, and for operating diesel engines in various industries, such as mining, construction and transport.
TE Sl~, EET
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... . ~... : . .
.. . .
.
:` - . .... : :
_ _ _ _ , SUBSTITUTE SHE~T
.; . ` . , . . :- ` .
,.
W092/l4804 PCT/AU92/00083 2 ~ 2 - ~
Other components may also be present, such as sulphur or sulphur compounds and petroleum waxes. Additives may be included after the refining and blending processes to produce fuels having desirable characteristics.
Conventional diesel fuels commonly contain 15~ to 30% or even higher levels of aromatic type hydrocarbons, but generally between 20% to 30~ of aromatic type hydrocarbons and from 0.08~ to 0.5% of sulphur together with significnt levels of petroleum waxes. By reducing the amount of aromatic type hydrocarbons present to not more than 1% by volume and optionally reducing the total sulphur content to not more than 0.05% together with significant reductions in the petroleum wax content, it has been found that a considerable reduction in unwanted diesel exhaust emissions can be achieved.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a fuel for diesel engines which is more acceptable than the currently available fuels in that in use it causes fewer operational problems, is more environmentally kind and is safer, cleaner and less hazardous from an occupational health and safety aspect.
Such a fuel is one which contains not more than 1% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons, and preferably not more than 0.05%
by weight of sulphur or sulphur compounds. It is also preferred that the fuel of the invention contains no, or very little, petroleum waxes.
When conventional diesel fuels are combusted the products of combustion are typically soot, oxides of carbon, oxides of sulphur, oxides of nitrogen and water vapour together with partially combusted fuel vapour which is likely to contain aromatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones and other hydrocarbons. In diesel powered equipment for use in underground applications it is necessary to l SUBS~;TUTE S~cET ¦
.: ~ .:
.~ - ~ ,- .
- .
,~0 92/1~804 ,~ PCr/AU92/00083 remove soot, particulates, fuel vapour, acidic gases, etc from the exhaust emissions and to cool the exhaust gases prior to discharge to the atmosphere. The method currently adopted is to pass the exhaust emissionis through a water filled gas scrubbing unit. However, these scrubbing units have been found to operate inefficiently for various reasons.
The content of aromatic hydrocarbons in the fuel of the present invention is not more than 1% by volume when compared to commercial diesel fuels that contain typically about 15 to 30% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are of the carcinogenic polynucleax aromatic variety.
The fuel of the present invention is virtually free of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. This reduction in aromaticity of the new fuel gives rise to improved fuel combustion efficiency resulting in exhaust emissions that are much less carcinogenic and much less polluting than conventional diesel fuel emissions.
A further preferred feature of the invention is the elimination or significant reduction of other components of conventional diesel fuel which cause either operational difficulties and or pollution when combusted in diesel engines, e.g. petroleum waxes such as paraffin and microcrystalline waxes, sulphur and sulphur compounds.
Conventional diesel fuel contains a significant amount of petroleum waxes which gives rise to poor low temperature ignition characteristics necessitating different diesel blends for winter and summer conditions. Also, incomplete combustion of the petroleum waxes gives rise to the production of solid particulate matter/soot in the exhaust emissions. The fuel of the present invention in one preferred embodiment, contains no petroleum waxes, resulting in cleaner combustion. In addition the improved fuel exhibits acceptable low temperature ignition characteristics thus avoiding the necessity to produce different blends of diesel fuel for winter and summer use.
I SUBSTITUTE SHE~T f W O 92/14804 PC~r/AU92/00083 2~ t~,~tj';j - 4 ~
Sulphur and sulphur compounds, when combusted, produce gaseous acidic oxides of sulphur (e.g. sulphur dioxide), which dissolve in atmospheric moisture giving rise to the formation of acid rain. When compared to conventional diesel fuel, the fuel outlined in the invention in a preferred form contains significantly lower levels of sulphur, thus effecting a consequent reduction in acidic gas emissions.
In addition the proposed fuel is more readily biodegraded than conventional fuel and of lower toxicity to marine life by virtue of its minimal content of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Also to be noted is that when the fuel of the present invention is combusted lower levels of smoke and hydrocarbon vapour are produced, thus reducing atmospheric pollution and smog formation.
The improved fuel of the present invention can be produced in several ways such as:
- Refining and/or re-refining and chemical processing of conventional diesel fuel to remove or convert the aromatic hydrocarbons present, such that they do not exceed more than 1% by volume of the fuel.
- By the straight run fractional distillation of hydrocarbon feedstocks containing not more than 1% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Fractional distillation, refining and chemical processing of conventional hydrocarbon feedstocks by various methods to produce feedstocks or hydrocarbon fractions containing not more than 1% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons.
- By mixing and blending products from any of the above processes.
I SU;~;TI~UTE SHEET i .. . ~. : . ~ :
. : : : : ;:
:. ` . :: ~ ~`
. ~ .
92/14804 2 o ~ 9 ~ r PCT/AU92/~83 The above steps can be used in a similar manner to provide a fuel which also contains not more than 0.05~ of total sulphur and substantially no petroleum waxes, if desired.
one of the most convenient commercial methods for producing fuel of the present invention involves the processing of a refinery feedstock whereby the aromatic species are either extracted (i.e. removed) or are converted to naphthene6 (e.g. by hydrogenation3, the refinery feedstock being brought within the boiling range parameters by fractional distillation before or after treatment of the aromatic species. Similar factors apply if removing the sulphur or petroleum waxes.
It is preferred to produce a fuel or fuels of the present invention which conform to the specification shown in Table 1.
PROPERTY UNITLINITS TEST METHOD
Ash % (by mass) 0.01 (max) ASTM D482-IP4 Carbon Residue ~ (by mass) 0.05 (max) or ASTM D524-IP14 (on 10% residuum) 0.04 (m~x) ASTM Dl89-IP13 Cetane Index (calculated) 45 (min) ASTM D976 Cloud Point C -10 (max) ASTN D2500-IP219 Cold Filter Plugging Point C -10 (max) IP309 Copper Corro~ion (3h at 100 C) lB (max) ASTM D130-IPl54 Density (at 15 C) Kg/l 0.76 to 0.83 ASTM Dl298-IPl60 Distillation C
(80% recovery) 325 (max) ASTM D86-IP123 (90% recovery) 345 (max) ASTM D86-IPl23 Flash Point C 65 (min) ASTM D93-IP34 Oxidation Stability mg/100 mL 5 (max) ASTM D2274 Sl~B~TlTUTE SHEET J
WO92/148~ ~ r PCT/AU92/00083 ~ 9 J~ - 6 -PROPERTY ~ LIMITS TEST METHOD
Sulphur % (by mass) 0.05 (max) ASTM D129-IP61;
or ASTM D2622; or ASTM D2785; or Water %i (by vol) 0.05 (max) ASTM D95-IP74 . ;
Sediment % (by mass) 0.01 (max) ASTM ~473-IP53 OR
Water & Sediment % (by vol.) 0.05 (max) ASTM D1796-IP75 Viscosity Kinematic Q 40 C mm2/s 1.4 to 4.0 ASTN D445-IP71 Aromatic~ (by vol.) 1.0 (max) ASTM D1319 Hydrocarbons (F.I.A.); or F.T.I.R. compared to toluene Distillation O
Range C
(I.B.P.) 180 (min) ASTM D86-IP123 (F.B.P.) 350 (max) ASTM D86-IP123 Recovery by%i (by vol) 98 (min) ASTM D86-IP123 Distillation Note: "ASTM" is the American Society for Testing and Materials "IP" is the Institute of Petroleum (U.K.) MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Ne now furthex describe the invention with reference to certain examples, which are non-limiting on the scope of the invention. The Examples 1, 2 and 3 of the invention as described below are covered by the above specification and would exhibit the typical characteristics as shown in Table 2.
Example 1.
The fuel in this Example is derived from highly refined and chemically treated paraffinic hydrocarbon feedstock to produce a predominantly paraffinic hydrocarbon mixture containing low concentrations of naphthenic hydrocarbons and not more than 1% by volume concentration of aromatic type hydrocarbons.
__ ¦ ~UBSTI~UTE SHEET !
, . . . . . . . . . . . ' . .
WO92/148~ 2 1 O ~ PCT/AU92J0~83 Example 2.
The fuel in this Example is deriYed from highly refined and chemically treated feedstocks to produce a predominantly paraffinic/naphthenic hydrocarbon mixture containing not more than 1~ by volume concentration of aromatic type hydrocarbons.
Example 3.
This fuel is a mixture of Examples 1 and 2.
PROPERTY EXAMPLE NUMBER
Density Q 15 C (ASTM D1298) 0.772 0.792 0.782 Distillation ( C) (ASTM D86) Initial Boiling Point 187 188 187 - 10% Recovery 199 197 198 20~ Recovery 202 200 200 30% Recovery 205 201 202 40% Recovery 209 203 205 50% Recovery 213 205 208 60% Recovery 218 208 212 70~ Recovery 225 211 217 80~ Recovery 232 217 223 90% Recovery 239 222 232 ~inal Boiling Point 255 249 252 Recovery by Distillation 98 98 98 (% Volume) (ASTM D86) Flashpoint ( C) (AST~ D93) 70 69 69 Ash Content (% m/m) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ~ASTM D482) Carbon Residue (on 10% Residuum)0.025 0.025 0.025 (ASTM D524) Cetane Index (Calculated)61 50 55 (ASTM D976) Cloud Point ( C) (ASTM D2500) -12 -15 -13 Cold Filter Plugging Point ( C) (IP309) <-15 <-18 c-16 Copper Corrosion (3h at 100 C) lA lA lA
(ASTN D130 ) L~
.
W092/14804 PCT/AU92tO0083 ~n,~ ~ _ 8 -TABLE 2 (continued) PROPERTY EXAMPLE NUMBER
l 2 ~
Oxidation Stability (mg/lOOml) <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 (ASTM D2274) Sulphur p.p.m. (I.C.P.) Water & Sediment (% volume) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 (ASTM Dl796) Kinematic Viscosity Q 40 C l.6 l.5 l.6 il (mm2/s) (ASTM D445) Hydrocarbon Type Analysis (% vol) (Infra-Red) Petroleum waxes content none* none* none*
Aromatic Hydrocarbons O.l 0.7 0.4 Naphthenic Hydrocarbons 3.6 4l.5 23.6 Paraffinic Hydrocarbons 96.3 57.8 76.0 *Note: The petroleum waxes content was determined as being undetectable by consideration of cold filter plugging point and the cloud point.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The invention is of use in connection with the petroleum industry, for producing fuels for diesel engines, and for operating diesel engines in various industries, such as mining, construction and transport.
TE Sl~, EET
. . . . ; .......................... ~ ~.
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.
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Claims (6)
[received by the International Bureau on 28 July 1992(28.07.92);
original claims 1 and 2 replaced by amended claim 1; original claims 5 and 6 replaced by amended claim 4; claims 3,4,7 and 8 unchanged but renumbered as claims 2,3,5 and 6 (2 pages)]
1. A fuel for use in diesel engines characterized by containing not more than 1% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons, and not more than 0.05% by weight of sulphur and/or sulphur compounds.
2. The fuel of claim 1 which is further characterized by containing substantially no petroleum waxes.
3. A fuel for use in diesel engines having the specification shown in Table 1.
4. A method of producing a fuel for use in diesel engines which contains not more than 1% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons, and not more than 0.05% by weight of sulphur and/or sulphur compounds, by (a) refining and/or re-refining and chemical processing of conventional fuel to remove or convert the aromatic hydrocarbons present until said hydrocarbons are not more than 1% of said fuel, or (b) straight-run fractional distillation of hydrocarbon feedstock to produce said fuel, said feedstock containing not more than 1% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons, or (c) fractional distillation and/or refining, and chemical processing of conventional hydrocarbon feedstocks to produce a feedstock containing not more than 1% of aromatic hydrocarbons, and then straight-run fractional distillation of said hydrocarbon feedstock to produce said fuel, or (d) mixing or blending the products from (a), (b), and/or (c), and removing sulphur and/or sulphur compounds until not more than 0.05% by weight of said sulphur and/or sulphur compounds remain.
5. The method of producing a fuel of claim 4, which has an additional step of removing petroleum waxes until substantially none of said waxes remain.
6. A method of reducing unwanted emissions when operating diesel engines, which comprises using a fuel in said engines in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 3.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPK480591 | 1991-02-26 | ||
| AUPK4805 | 1991-02-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2104965A1 true CA2104965A1 (en) | 1992-08-27 |
Family
ID=3775245
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2104965 Abandoned CA2104965A1 (en) | 1991-02-26 | 1992-02-26 | Low aromatic diesel fuel |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0573496A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2104965A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1992014804A1 (en) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008006190A1 (en) * | 2006-07-11 | 2008-01-17 | Pioneer Biofuel Inc. | Production of a refinery feedstock from soaps produced during a chemical pulping process |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9504222D0 (en) * | 1995-03-02 | 1995-04-19 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Fuel oil compositions |
| US6296757B1 (en) * | 1995-10-17 | 2001-10-02 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Synthetic diesel fuel and process for its production |
| US5689031A (en) * | 1995-10-17 | 1997-11-18 | Exxon Research & Engineering Company | Synthetic diesel fuel and process for its production |
| US5807413A (en) * | 1996-08-02 | 1998-09-15 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Synthetic diesel fuel with reduced particulate matter emissions |
| EP0916716A1 (en) * | 1997-11-07 | 1999-05-19 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Light oil for reduced particulate emission |
| EP1835011A1 (en) * | 1998-10-05 | 2007-09-19 | Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd | Biodegradable middle distillates and production thereof |
| AU760751B2 (en) * | 1998-11-12 | 2003-05-22 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Diesel fuel |
| KR100754582B1 (en) * | 2000-05-02 | 2007-09-05 | 엑손모빌 리서치 앤드 엔지니어링 컴퍼니 | Wide Cut Fisher-Tropsch Diesel Fuel |
| US7208078B2 (en) | 2002-03-22 | 2007-04-24 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Diesel fuel formulation for reduced emissions |
| CN101050392B (en) * | 2002-06-07 | 2012-07-11 | 萨索尔技术(控股)有限公司 | Synthetic fuel with reduced particulate matter emissions and a method of operating a compression ignition engine using said fuel in conjunction with oxidation catalysts |
| JP5301072B2 (en) * | 2002-06-07 | 2013-09-25 | セイソル テクノロジー （プロプライエタリー） リミテッド | Synthetic fuel with reduced particulate emissions and method of operating a compression ignition engine using said fuel in conjunction with an oxidation catalyst |
| GB0226726D0 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2002-12-24 | Bp Oil Int | Method |
| SE522918E (en) * | 2003-02-27 | 2012-11-06 | Eco Par Ab | A new alternative fuel for low-emission diesel engines with high energy density |
| US20080155887A1 (en) * | 2006-10-05 | 2008-07-03 | Clark Richard Hugh | Fuel consuming system |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2366490A (en) * | 1942-02-18 | 1945-01-02 | Standard Catalytic Co | Production of diesel fuels |
| GB1242889A (en) * | 1968-11-07 | 1971-08-18 | British Petroleum Co | Improvements relating to the hydrocatalytic treatment of hydrocarbons |
| US3668112A (en) * | 1968-12-06 | 1972-06-06 | Texaco Inc | Hydrodesulfurization process |
| DE2113987A1 (en) * | 1970-04-01 | 1972-03-09 | Rafinaria Ploiesti | Process for refining petroleum fractions |
| CA2046179A1 (en) * | 1990-07-16 | 1992-01-17 | Lawrence Joseph Cunningham | Fuel compositions with enhanced combustion characteristics |
-
1992
- 1992-02-26 EP EP92905500A patent/EP0573496A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-02-26 WO PCT/AU1992/000083 patent/WO1992014804A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-02-26 CA CA 2104965 patent/CA2104965A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008006190A1 (en) * | 2006-07-11 | 2008-01-17 | Pioneer Biofuel Inc. | Production of a refinery feedstock from soaps produced during a chemical pulping process |
| US7540889B2 (en) | 2006-07-11 | 2009-06-02 | Bluekey Energy Inc. | Production of a refinery feedstock from soaps produced during a chemical pulping process |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0573496A1 (en) | 1993-12-15 |
| EP0573496A4 (en) | 1994-03-23 |
| WO1992014804A1 (en) | 1992-09-03 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| FZDE | Dead |