CA2025840A1 - Process of manufacturing intermediate concrete products, form for manufacturing said products, and apparatus for carrying out said process - Google Patents
Process of manufacturing intermediate concrete products, form for manufacturing said products, and apparatus for carrying out said processInfo
- Publication number
- CA2025840A1 CA2025840A1 CA002025840A CA2025840A CA2025840A1 CA 2025840 A1 CA2025840 A1 CA 2025840A1 CA 002025840 A CA002025840 A CA 002025840A CA 2025840 A CA2025840 A CA 2025840A CA 2025840 A1 CA2025840 A1 CA 2025840A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- concrete
- nozzles
- linkage
- nozzle
- manufacturing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009435 building construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011038 discontinuous diafiltration by volume reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
- B28B7/24—Unitary mould structures with a plurality of moulding spaces, e.g. moulds divided into multiple moulding spaces by integratable partitions, mould part structures providing a number of moulding spaces in mutual co-operation
- B28B7/241—Detachable assemblies of mould parts providing only in mutual co-operation a number of complete moulding spaces
- B28B7/243—Detachable assemblies of mould parts providing only in mutual co-operation a number of complete moulding spaces for making plates, panels or similar sheet- or disc-shaped objects
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
- B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
- B28B13/021—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles by fluid pressure acting directly on the material, e.g. using vacuum, air pressure
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Devices For Post-Treatments, Processing, Supply, Discharge, And Other Processes (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The invention refers to a process of manufacturing intermediate concrete products, preferably tiles, which consists of casting a non-segregatable concrete mass of casting consistency into corresponding forms. The concrete mass is cast by means of a charging head 4 and by discharge nozzles 6 arranged thereon, whereby the pressure of the concrete mass at the outlet of the nozzles 6 is adjusted to the largest cross-section of the product being cast and equals from 0.1 bar to 0.5 bar, preferably 0.2 bar. Nozzles 6 being located in the area of the bottom of the form 5 at the beginning of casting, start to rise when the concrete mass has filled the form 5 essentially one third in height.
The lifting velocity of the charging head 4 and thereby of the nozzles 6 is adjusted to the cross-section of the product being cast, and equal from 0.05 ms-1 to 0.2 ms-1, preferably 0.1 ms-1. The invention also refers to a form for manufacturing concrete tiles and to an apparatus for carrying out said process.
The invention refers to a process of manufacturing intermediate concrete products, preferably tiles, which consists of casting a non-segregatable concrete mass of casting consistency into corresponding forms. The concrete mass is cast by means of a charging head 4 and by discharge nozzles 6 arranged thereon, whereby the pressure of the concrete mass at the outlet of the nozzles 6 is adjusted to the largest cross-section of the product being cast and equals from 0.1 bar to 0.5 bar, preferably 0.2 bar. Nozzles 6 being located in the area of the bottom of the form 5 at the beginning of casting, start to rise when the concrete mass has filled the form 5 essentially one third in height.
The lifting velocity of the charging head 4 and thereby of the nozzles 6 is adjusted to the cross-section of the product being cast, and equal from 0.05 ms-1 to 0.2 ms-1, preferably 0.1 ms-1. The invention also refers to a form for manufacturing concrete tiles and to an apparatus for carrying out said process.
Description
2~2~8~a PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING INTERMEDIATE
CONCRETE PRO~UCTS, FORM FOR ~L~NUFACTURIN~ SAID PRODUCTS, AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT SAID PROCESS
The present invention relates to a process or manufacturing intermediate concrete products, sUch as tiles, to a form for manufacturing said products and to an apparatUs for carrying oUt said process.
In building construction, roofing tiles made of clay or concrete are used. Since, ln a primary sense, the production of clay tiles is locally restricted to areas where a basic stock of raw materials exists, and preferably to large stationary plants characterized by high power consumption on production, there are used more and more concrete tiles uhich correspond to clay tiles, both in form and quality.
The concrete tiles are manufactured according to a known process in such a manner that Concrete of dry to damp consistency, having as a rule no additional dyes, is fed onto a horizontal form and consolidated into the correspondin~ form by means of vibrating and compressing. Further, raw tile formed in such a manner proceeds into a heating chamber in which there prevail specified climatic conditions (humidity of 95~ and temperature of up to 65 C) and reposes there until achieving approximately 50~ of its ultimate strength. Only then can the tile be lifted out of the horizontal form for further treatment, e.g., sorting, colouring, storage.
Due to the technologic~l characteristics of concrete of dry to damp consistency, there exists, with the known process, a problem of how to attain good homogeneity and mixing of the components of the concrete, particularly those which appear in small quantities (from 0.5% to 5~ by veight of cement) in a concrete mixture This problem is particularly obvious in chemical admixture for improving the strength of the concrete product and in adding dyes to the concrete mixture. Said problems result in a variable quality of product, both in a technological and in a visual sense. A disadvantage of the concrete of said consistency is also a relatively high sensitivity to changes in volume in loose and consolidated states, which results in a change of quality of the product, even with the slightest change of input material, e.g., humidity.
A further disadvantage of the kno~n process lies in a high sound " PAT 15954-1 : ~ .
- 202a8~
pressure level occurring when consolidating the concrete by means of vibration. Due to intensive vibrating of the concrete, there also appear powerful vibrations in the surrounding tile producing machinery. During consolidation of the tiles, deformation of the horizontal metal forms takes place, which results in the necessity of frequently replacing the forms to avoid deformed products.
Another disadvantage of the known process lies in the fact that the side of the concrete product - tile facing away from the form is open, i.e., unprotected, wherefore damages can occur to the tile. During the time in which the tile lies in the chamber, even the entire surface of the tile which, in use, is exposed to the weather, can be damaged due to possible changes in humidity or temperature.
A further disadvantage lies in the fact that a great amount of space is needed for the aforementioned process for manufacturing tiles, as the daily production of, e.g., 100,000 tiles, requires approximately 12,000 m3 of room which, in addition, should be heated to a temperature of approximately 65 C, which results in a relatively high power consumption.
The present invention provides a process for manufacturing concrete products, preferably tiles, in which the aforementioned disadvantages can be eliminated.
The invention can also provide a form for manufacturing concrete products, preferably tiles.
Also, the invention can provide an apparatus for carrying out said process.
Other features of the process and form for manufacturing the intermediate concrete products, as well as of the apparatus for carrying out the process according to the invention, are evident from the disclosure below. It is understood that the present invention can be used for different intermediate concrete products too, although it is specifically described for the manufacture of concrete tiles.
The invention is further described in the following preferred embodiment, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for carrying out the process according to the invention:
Fig. 2 is a side elevation of a charging head of an apparatus 2~2a~4~
according to the invention;
Fig. 3 is a view of the charging head of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a vertical sectional view of the charging head:
Fig. 5 is a view in the direction of an arrow V oi Fig. 4;
Fig. ~ is a detail of a blocking unit in closed position:
Fig. 7 is a detail of a blocking unit in open position:
Fig. 8 is a plan view of a form for manufacturing tiles according to the invention:
Fig. 9 is a sectional view of a form taken along the line IX-IX of Fig. 8: and Fig. 10 is an element of a form according to the invention.
The feature of the present process according to the invention lies in the use of concrete of a casting consistency, which ensures uniformity of ;, the composition and unsegregatability of the concrete, the possibility of -forwarding under pressure to the charging head and filling up a row of forms during one production cycle with exact material dosing. Cast concrete possesses the features of good and quick homogeneity, even in the ca~e when very small quantities of chemical or mineral additives are added.
Thus, by obtaining a high degree of uniform quality, there iS ensured the durability of the material, e.g., resistance to freezing and chemical influence, and a high quality of pigmentizing of the concrete mass.
Components of the cast concrete, ensuring the necessary characteristics oi the fresh concrete admixture, are as follows:
- cement, preferably highly active cement:
- stone aggregate with size gradation of at most 3.2 mm and sifting of 15~ to 202 through a 0.25 mm sieve;
- known chemical admixture for lowering the surface tension of the ~ater:
- known chemical admixture for introducing microporosity into the cement paste:
- mineral fine-grained admixture for preventing micro-mixing (micro-segregation) of concrete and decreasing permeability of the concrete admixture to water:
- mineral fine-aggregate admixture for volume reduction of concrete mass:
2~2~8~0 - water; and - mineral dyes.
The process according.to the invention will be further described in detail referring to Flg. 1 showing a schematic diagram of an apparatus for carrying out said process. Concreta of ~he aforementioned composition and consistency is prepared in a known counterflow concrete plant. Concrete prepared in SUCh a manner is delivered into a storage bin 1 o~ a screw pump 2, by means of which it is conveyed through a pipe line 3 to a charging head 4 of an apparatus according to the invention. In the given case, the charging head 4 is arranged for filling up a row of forms 5 whereby concrete is contractionally discharged into each form 5 by means of discharging nozzles 6. Pressure required for operation of the system is maintained by means of automatic synchronized working of the pump 2 and of the unit for opening and closing the stops and unit for lowering and liftine the head 4, whereby it is particularly important that in all nozzles 6 for filling up the forms 5 the same pressure is ensured. Its value at the outlet of each nozzle 6 equals from 0.1 bar to 0.5 bar, preferably 0.2 bar. Due to the characteristics of concrete, said forms must be water-impermeable and made of thermally insulating material, e.g., polyurethane resin. Each nozzle 6 of the charging head 4 is thrust to the area of the bottom of each form 5 and then concrete is conveyed therein.
When the form 5 is fllled essentially one third in height, the charging head 4 and the nozzles 6 are lifted up with a constant velocity until the forms 5 are completely filled. The nozzles 6 should not be lifted over the level of the concrete being cast. The lifting velocity of the charging head 4 and thereby of the nozzles 6 is adjusted to the largest cross-section of the product being cast, and in this particular case equals from 0.05 ms~l to 0.2 ms~l, preferably 0.1 ms~l.
When the forms 5 are filled up, they are transferred to a setting location. As said forms are made of thermally insulating material, the intrinsic heat energy of hydration of the cement that is released is exploited during the setting of the concrete. In such a manner, the concrete is aBed practically in adiabatic conditions and, after approximately 24 hours, reaches a temperature of approximately 55 C above ambient temperature which, in this particular case, was 20 C, without -- 4 -- .
-' , ,: ' '~ "
. .
2~2~8~0 additional heating whereby any further thermal treatment is superfluous.
Figs. 8, 9 and 10 show a form 5 for casting concrete tiles. Said forM
comprises a pair of frames 7,8 clamping together a plurality of elements 9 made of water-impermeable and thermally insulating material, e.g., polyurethane resin, the form of which corresponds to a product desired and, in this particular case, corresponding to a tile. Each element 9 is, along both vertical sides, provided with a pair of enlargements 10,11 w~ereby facing sides of each enlargement 10,11 of two adjacent elements 9 are parallel, abutting slitlessly, each other. The element 9 is at its first, in this particular case, its lower, end provided with a web 12 being essentially perpendicular to said element and running between the enlargements 10,11. In the form assembled to a block of elements 9, said web slitlessly rests against the adjacent element 9 forming a bottom 13 of the form 5 in essence. The elements 9 are formed in such a manner that their first flat side 14 corresponds to the first side of the tile, their second flat side 15 corresponding to the second side thereof. In the form 5 the elements 9 are arranged vertically, i.e., concrete is cast from the upper side. Two elements 9 are needed to produce one tile and n ~ 1 of said elements are needed to produce n tiles.
Further, referring to Figs. 1 to 7, is described an apparatus for carrying out the process of manufacturing concrete products, preferably tiles, An apparatus according to the invention comprises a storage bin 1 arranged on a screw pump 2. The latter is through a gearbox 2' driven by means of a drive 2", A pipe line 3 fixed on a stand 3' is connected to the discharge end of the pump 2. The other end of the pipe line 3 is connected to an essentially trapezoidal charging head 4 to which a row of discharging nozzles 6 is interconnected. Said nozzles are removably fixed to a bottom 7 of the head 4 which is in the area of penetration of each nozzle 6 therethrough proYided with a wear resisting plate 8. Sides of the plate 8 facing away from the bottom 7 lie in a plane parallel thereto. A blocking unit 8' is slidingly and movably arranged on the plates 8 of each row of the nozzles 6. Said unit comprises closures 9 being mutually rigidly connected by means of a linkage 10 which is interconnected with the air- or hydraulic-working cylinder 11. The latter enables simultaneous moving of all closures 9 over the plates 8 and closing and opening the nozzles 6 . . ~ . .
2 ~
respectively.
In the area above each closure 9, there are throttle knives 12 arranged slidingly and movably in the same plane as said closure and extending over the entire length of each row of nozzles 6. The throttle knives 12 are, with respect to the closure 9, staggered in their plane in the direction away from the working cylinder 11, the closures 9 being provided with a lug 9' cooperating with the knives 12, The side of the knives 12 facing away from the working cylinder 11 is shaped as a half-wave of a sinusoldal curve 13, the curvature of which is determined by the mutual distance between the two utmost nozzles 6, by material cast and by the pressure for pressing material into the noz71es 6. On their side facing away from the bottom 7, the throttle knives 12 are reinforced by means of a brace fillet 14 and mutually connected by means of a linkage 15.
On the linkage 10 there is provided a back stop 16 meshing with the linkage 15. The latter penetrates the wall 4' of the head 4 on the side facing avay from the working cylinder 11 whereby the linkage 15 is between the said wall and a limit stop 17 provided with a tension-compression spring 18 which enables moving of the throttle knives 12. To a part of the linkage 15 projecting through the wall 4', a nut 18' is screwed thereon, the stroke of the throttle knives 12 being regulated therewith.
The operation of the blocking unit is further described with reference to Figs. 6 and 7. In the starting position, the nozzles 6 are closed by means o~ closures 9. The lugs 9' arranged on said closures hold the throttle ~nives 12 in a closed position. Moving the closures 9 by means of the linkage 10 and the working cylinder 11 in the direction towards the cylinder 11 results in an opening of the nozzles 6. The spring 18, which is compressed in the starting position, repulses the throttle knives 12 by means of the limit stop 17 and the linkages 15 in the same direction as the closures 9 are moving. The spring 18 acts on the throttle knives 12 until the nut 13' rests against the wall 4' of the head 4. Thus, the closures 9 continue to move so that they completely open the entrance into the nozzles 6. Between that side of each throttle knife 12 lying in front of the curve 13, and the lug 9' of each closure 9, there is a distance a at nozzles 6 completely open, in dependence upon the material cast. Thus, entries into the nozzles 6 due to curve 13 on the knives 12, overlap in a different : ` , ~ , , , . - ':
. . .
,, : ~
, ' . ':, ':
202~0 degree when the closures 9 are in the open position, The more the entrance of each nozzle 6 lies away from the place of supply of the concrete mass into the charging head 4, the smaller the de8ree of overlapping. In such a manner, the same pressure is ensured at the entrance into each nozzle 6 and, therefore, at the outlet thereof, the smaller the degree of overlapping, the lower the pressure drop. The degree of overlapping thus reflects the fùnction of the mutual distance apart of the utmost two nozzles 6, of the material cast, and of the pressUre for pressing material into the nozzles 6.
The entrance into the nozzles 6 is closed by means of the working cylinder 11 pushing the closures 9 through the linkage 10 and the lug 9' of each closure 9 pushing the throttle knives 12 into the starting position.
The spring 18 is therefore compressed and the blocking unit 8' is ready for the next working cycle.
CONCRETE PRO~UCTS, FORM FOR ~L~NUFACTURIN~ SAID PRODUCTS, AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT SAID PROCESS
The present invention relates to a process or manufacturing intermediate concrete products, sUch as tiles, to a form for manufacturing said products and to an apparatUs for carrying oUt said process.
In building construction, roofing tiles made of clay or concrete are used. Since, ln a primary sense, the production of clay tiles is locally restricted to areas where a basic stock of raw materials exists, and preferably to large stationary plants characterized by high power consumption on production, there are used more and more concrete tiles uhich correspond to clay tiles, both in form and quality.
The concrete tiles are manufactured according to a known process in such a manner that Concrete of dry to damp consistency, having as a rule no additional dyes, is fed onto a horizontal form and consolidated into the correspondin~ form by means of vibrating and compressing. Further, raw tile formed in such a manner proceeds into a heating chamber in which there prevail specified climatic conditions (humidity of 95~ and temperature of up to 65 C) and reposes there until achieving approximately 50~ of its ultimate strength. Only then can the tile be lifted out of the horizontal form for further treatment, e.g., sorting, colouring, storage.
Due to the technologic~l characteristics of concrete of dry to damp consistency, there exists, with the known process, a problem of how to attain good homogeneity and mixing of the components of the concrete, particularly those which appear in small quantities (from 0.5% to 5~ by veight of cement) in a concrete mixture This problem is particularly obvious in chemical admixture for improving the strength of the concrete product and in adding dyes to the concrete mixture. Said problems result in a variable quality of product, both in a technological and in a visual sense. A disadvantage of the concrete of said consistency is also a relatively high sensitivity to changes in volume in loose and consolidated states, which results in a change of quality of the product, even with the slightest change of input material, e.g., humidity.
A further disadvantage of the kno~n process lies in a high sound " PAT 15954-1 : ~ .
- 202a8~
pressure level occurring when consolidating the concrete by means of vibration. Due to intensive vibrating of the concrete, there also appear powerful vibrations in the surrounding tile producing machinery. During consolidation of the tiles, deformation of the horizontal metal forms takes place, which results in the necessity of frequently replacing the forms to avoid deformed products.
Another disadvantage of the known process lies in the fact that the side of the concrete product - tile facing away from the form is open, i.e., unprotected, wherefore damages can occur to the tile. During the time in which the tile lies in the chamber, even the entire surface of the tile which, in use, is exposed to the weather, can be damaged due to possible changes in humidity or temperature.
A further disadvantage lies in the fact that a great amount of space is needed for the aforementioned process for manufacturing tiles, as the daily production of, e.g., 100,000 tiles, requires approximately 12,000 m3 of room which, in addition, should be heated to a temperature of approximately 65 C, which results in a relatively high power consumption.
The present invention provides a process for manufacturing concrete products, preferably tiles, in which the aforementioned disadvantages can be eliminated.
The invention can also provide a form for manufacturing concrete products, preferably tiles.
Also, the invention can provide an apparatus for carrying out said process.
Other features of the process and form for manufacturing the intermediate concrete products, as well as of the apparatus for carrying out the process according to the invention, are evident from the disclosure below. It is understood that the present invention can be used for different intermediate concrete products too, although it is specifically described for the manufacture of concrete tiles.
The invention is further described in the following preferred embodiment, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for carrying out the process according to the invention:
Fig. 2 is a side elevation of a charging head of an apparatus 2~2a~4~
according to the invention;
Fig. 3 is a view of the charging head of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a vertical sectional view of the charging head:
Fig. 5 is a view in the direction of an arrow V oi Fig. 4;
Fig. ~ is a detail of a blocking unit in closed position:
Fig. 7 is a detail of a blocking unit in open position:
Fig. 8 is a plan view of a form for manufacturing tiles according to the invention:
Fig. 9 is a sectional view of a form taken along the line IX-IX of Fig. 8: and Fig. 10 is an element of a form according to the invention.
The feature of the present process according to the invention lies in the use of concrete of a casting consistency, which ensures uniformity of ;, the composition and unsegregatability of the concrete, the possibility of -forwarding under pressure to the charging head and filling up a row of forms during one production cycle with exact material dosing. Cast concrete possesses the features of good and quick homogeneity, even in the ca~e when very small quantities of chemical or mineral additives are added.
Thus, by obtaining a high degree of uniform quality, there iS ensured the durability of the material, e.g., resistance to freezing and chemical influence, and a high quality of pigmentizing of the concrete mass.
Components of the cast concrete, ensuring the necessary characteristics oi the fresh concrete admixture, are as follows:
- cement, preferably highly active cement:
- stone aggregate with size gradation of at most 3.2 mm and sifting of 15~ to 202 through a 0.25 mm sieve;
- known chemical admixture for lowering the surface tension of the ~ater:
- known chemical admixture for introducing microporosity into the cement paste:
- mineral fine-grained admixture for preventing micro-mixing (micro-segregation) of concrete and decreasing permeability of the concrete admixture to water:
- mineral fine-aggregate admixture for volume reduction of concrete mass:
2~2~8~0 - water; and - mineral dyes.
The process according.to the invention will be further described in detail referring to Flg. 1 showing a schematic diagram of an apparatus for carrying out said process. Concreta of ~he aforementioned composition and consistency is prepared in a known counterflow concrete plant. Concrete prepared in SUCh a manner is delivered into a storage bin 1 o~ a screw pump 2, by means of which it is conveyed through a pipe line 3 to a charging head 4 of an apparatus according to the invention. In the given case, the charging head 4 is arranged for filling up a row of forms 5 whereby concrete is contractionally discharged into each form 5 by means of discharging nozzles 6. Pressure required for operation of the system is maintained by means of automatic synchronized working of the pump 2 and of the unit for opening and closing the stops and unit for lowering and liftine the head 4, whereby it is particularly important that in all nozzles 6 for filling up the forms 5 the same pressure is ensured. Its value at the outlet of each nozzle 6 equals from 0.1 bar to 0.5 bar, preferably 0.2 bar. Due to the characteristics of concrete, said forms must be water-impermeable and made of thermally insulating material, e.g., polyurethane resin. Each nozzle 6 of the charging head 4 is thrust to the area of the bottom of each form 5 and then concrete is conveyed therein.
When the form 5 is fllled essentially one third in height, the charging head 4 and the nozzles 6 are lifted up with a constant velocity until the forms 5 are completely filled. The nozzles 6 should not be lifted over the level of the concrete being cast. The lifting velocity of the charging head 4 and thereby of the nozzles 6 is adjusted to the largest cross-section of the product being cast, and in this particular case equals from 0.05 ms~l to 0.2 ms~l, preferably 0.1 ms~l.
When the forms 5 are filled up, they are transferred to a setting location. As said forms are made of thermally insulating material, the intrinsic heat energy of hydration of the cement that is released is exploited during the setting of the concrete. In such a manner, the concrete is aBed practically in adiabatic conditions and, after approximately 24 hours, reaches a temperature of approximately 55 C above ambient temperature which, in this particular case, was 20 C, without -- 4 -- .
-' , ,: ' '~ "
. .
2~2~8~0 additional heating whereby any further thermal treatment is superfluous.
Figs. 8, 9 and 10 show a form 5 for casting concrete tiles. Said forM
comprises a pair of frames 7,8 clamping together a plurality of elements 9 made of water-impermeable and thermally insulating material, e.g., polyurethane resin, the form of which corresponds to a product desired and, in this particular case, corresponding to a tile. Each element 9 is, along both vertical sides, provided with a pair of enlargements 10,11 w~ereby facing sides of each enlargement 10,11 of two adjacent elements 9 are parallel, abutting slitlessly, each other. The element 9 is at its first, in this particular case, its lower, end provided with a web 12 being essentially perpendicular to said element and running between the enlargements 10,11. In the form assembled to a block of elements 9, said web slitlessly rests against the adjacent element 9 forming a bottom 13 of the form 5 in essence. The elements 9 are formed in such a manner that their first flat side 14 corresponds to the first side of the tile, their second flat side 15 corresponding to the second side thereof. In the form 5 the elements 9 are arranged vertically, i.e., concrete is cast from the upper side. Two elements 9 are needed to produce one tile and n ~ 1 of said elements are needed to produce n tiles.
Further, referring to Figs. 1 to 7, is described an apparatus for carrying out the process of manufacturing concrete products, preferably tiles, An apparatus according to the invention comprises a storage bin 1 arranged on a screw pump 2. The latter is through a gearbox 2' driven by means of a drive 2", A pipe line 3 fixed on a stand 3' is connected to the discharge end of the pump 2. The other end of the pipe line 3 is connected to an essentially trapezoidal charging head 4 to which a row of discharging nozzles 6 is interconnected. Said nozzles are removably fixed to a bottom 7 of the head 4 which is in the area of penetration of each nozzle 6 therethrough proYided with a wear resisting plate 8. Sides of the plate 8 facing away from the bottom 7 lie in a plane parallel thereto. A blocking unit 8' is slidingly and movably arranged on the plates 8 of each row of the nozzles 6. Said unit comprises closures 9 being mutually rigidly connected by means of a linkage 10 which is interconnected with the air- or hydraulic-working cylinder 11. The latter enables simultaneous moving of all closures 9 over the plates 8 and closing and opening the nozzles 6 . . ~ . .
2 ~
respectively.
In the area above each closure 9, there are throttle knives 12 arranged slidingly and movably in the same plane as said closure and extending over the entire length of each row of nozzles 6. The throttle knives 12 are, with respect to the closure 9, staggered in their plane in the direction away from the working cylinder 11, the closures 9 being provided with a lug 9' cooperating with the knives 12, The side of the knives 12 facing away from the working cylinder 11 is shaped as a half-wave of a sinusoldal curve 13, the curvature of which is determined by the mutual distance between the two utmost nozzles 6, by material cast and by the pressure for pressing material into the noz71es 6. On their side facing away from the bottom 7, the throttle knives 12 are reinforced by means of a brace fillet 14 and mutually connected by means of a linkage 15.
On the linkage 10 there is provided a back stop 16 meshing with the linkage 15. The latter penetrates the wall 4' of the head 4 on the side facing avay from the working cylinder 11 whereby the linkage 15 is between the said wall and a limit stop 17 provided with a tension-compression spring 18 which enables moving of the throttle knives 12. To a part of the linkage 15 projecting through the wall 4', a nut 18' is screwed thereon, the stroke of the throttle knives 12 being regulated therewith.
The operation of the blocking unit is further described with reference to Figs. 6 and 7. In the starting position, the nozzles 6 are closed by means o~ closures 9. The lugs 9' arranged on said closures hold the throttle ~nives 12 in a closed position. Moving the closures 9 by means of the linkage 10 and the working cylinder 11 in the direction towards the cylinder 11 results in an opening of the nozzles 6. The spring 18, which is compressed in the starting position, repulses the throttle knives 12 by means of the limit stop 17 and the linkages 15 in the same direction as the closures 9 are moving. The spring 18 acts on the throttle knives 12 until the nut 13' rests against the wall 4' of the head 4. Thus, the closures 9 continue to move so that they completely open the entrance into the nozzles 6. Between that side of each throttle knife 12 lying in front of the curve 13, and the lug 9' of each closure 9, there is a distance a at nozzles 6 completely open, in dependence upon the material cast. Thus, entries into the nozzles 6 due to curve 13 on the knives 12, overlap in a different : ` , ~ , , , . - ':
. . .
,, : ~
, ' . ':, ':
202~0 degree when the closures 9 are in the open position, The more the entrance of each nozzle 6 lies away from the place of supply of the concrete mass into the charging head 4, the smaller the de8ree of overlapping. In such a manner, the same pressure is ensured at the entrance into each nozzle 6 and, therefore, at the outlet thereof, the smaller the degree of overlapping, the lower the pressure drop. The degree of overlapping thus reflects the fùnction of the mutual distance apart of the utmost two nozzles 6, of the material cast, and of the pressUre for pressing material into the nozzles 6.
The entrance into the nozzles 6 is closed by means of the working cylinder 11 pushing the closures 9 through the linkage 10 and the lug 9' of each closure 9 pushing the throttle knives 12 into the starting position.
The spring 18 is therefore compressed and the blocking unit 8' is ready for the next working cycle.
Claims (10)
1. A process of manufacturing intermediate concrete products, characterized in that non-segregatable concrete of cast consistency is pressed contractionally through at least one nozzle into at least one corresponding form made of a water-impermeable and thermally insulating material, whereby the nozzle is located in the bottom area of the form, at the latter being filled up for essentially one third by the height the nozzle is lifted up with the constant velocity from the form in such a manner that it is not lifted over the level of concrete being cast in any case, and that the concrete is aging practically in adiabatic conditions.
2. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the pressure value of dosing of concrete at the outlet of each nozzle 6 equals from 0.1 bar to 0.5 bar, preferably 0.2 bar.
3. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the lifting velocity of the nozzles equals from 0,05 ms-1 to 0.2 ms-1, preferably 0.1 ms-1.
4. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydration heat of the cement that is released is exploited during setting time for the concrete.
5. A form for manufacturing intermediate concrete products, characterized in that it comprises frames clamping together a row of elements, the form of which corresponds to the product desired, whereby each element is, along both vertical sides, provided with a pair of enlargements whereby facing sides of each enlargement of two adjacent elements are parallel, abutting slitlessly to each other, and that a web being essentially perpendicular to said element and running between the enlargements rests slitlessly against the adjacent element therefore forming a bottom.
6. A form according to claim 5, characterized in that the elements are made of water-impermeable, thermally insulating material, preferably polyurethane,
7. An apparatus for manufacturing concrete products, preferably tiles, characterized in that it comprises a storage bin connected preferably to a screw pump, the first end of a pipe line being connected to the discharge end thereof fixed to a stand, and the second end of the pipe line is connected to an essentially trapezoidal charging head provided with a row of discharging nozzles, a blocking unit being arranged therein.
8. An apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that the blocking unit comprises closures provided with a lug, which are slidingly and movably arranged on wear resisting plates fixed in the area of penetration of each nozzle through a bottom of the head whereby said closures are mutually rigidly connected by means of a linkage which is interconnected with an air- or hydraulic-working cylinder, and that in the area above each closure, there are throttle knives arranged slidingly and movably and mutually interconnected by means of a linkage.
9. An apparatus according to claims 7 and 8, characterized in that the side of the throttle knives facing away from the working cylinder is shaped as a half-wave of a sinusoidal curve.
10. An apparatus according to claims 7, 8 and 9, characterized in that the linkage penetrates the wall of the charging head on the side facing away from the working cylinder whereby between the said wall and a limit stop the linkage is provided with a tension-compression spring, to a part of the linkage projecting through the wall there being screwed a nut thereon, the stroke of the throttle knives being regulated therewith.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| YU7290A YU7290A (en) | 1990-01-16 | 1990-01-16 | PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS, PREPARATION FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS AND DEVICE FOR PERFORMING THE PROCEDURE |
| YUP-72/90 | 1990-01-16 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2025840A1 true CA2025840A1 (en) | 1991-07-17 |
Family
ID=25548209
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002025840A Abandoned CA2025840A1 (en) | 1990-01-16 | 1990-09-20 | Process of manufacturing intermediate concrete products, form for manufacturing said products, and apparatus for carrying out said process |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0437672B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE106792T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2025840A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69009724T2 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI903951A (en) |
| SI (1) | SI9010072A (en) |
| YU (1) | YU7290A (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MY120547A (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 2005-11-30 | Boral Resources Nsw Pty Ltd | Building panel and method and apparatus of forming same |
| NL1013857C2 (en) * | 1999-12-15 | 2001-06-25 | Hollandsche Betongroep Nv | Method and device for forming a concrete element. |
| GB2425508A (en) * | 2005-04-28 | 2006-11-01 | Lafarge Roofing Technical Centers Ltd | Method and plant for manufacture of cementitious products |
| CH711101A2 (en) * | 2015-05-18 | 2016-11-30 | Airlight Energy Ip Sa | Process for producing a solid concrete work piece and solid concrete workpieces. |
| CN106703412B (en) * | 2015-07-13 | 2019-04-26 | 马义和 | A kind of building element 3D printing spray head including vibrating head |
| CN115319884B (en) * | 2022-07-11 | 2024-05-03 | 齐齐哈尔大学 | Manufacturing process of straw concrete composite wallboard with large doping amount |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2341714A1 (en) * | 1976-02-23 | 1977-09-16 | Centre Etd Rech Ind Beton | PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION BLOCK AND METHOD AND INSTALLATION FOR ITS MANUFACTURING |
| DD259576A1 (en) * | 1987-04-10 | 1988-08-31 | Saechsisches Serumwerk | DISTRIBUTION ORGANIZATION FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL DEFINED FLUID QUANTITIES |
-
1990
- 1990-01-16 SI SI9010072A patent/SI9010072A/en unknown
- 1990-01-16 YU YU7290A patent/YU7290A/en unknown
- 1990-08-02 DE DE69009724T patent/DE69009724T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-08-02 AT AT90114902T patent/ATE106792T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-08-02 EP EP90114902A patent/EP0437672B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-08-09 FI FI903951A patent/FI903951A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-09-20 CA CA002025840A patent/CA2025840A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0437672B1 (en) | 1994-06-08 |
| EP0437672A1 (en) | 1991-07-24 |
| FI903951A0 (en) | 1990-08-09 |
| FI903951A (en) | 1991-07-17 |
| ATE106792T1 (en) | 1994-06-15 |
| DE69009724D1 (en) | 1994-07-14 |
| DE69009724T2 (en) | 1994-12-15 |
| YU7290A (en) | 1992-09-07 |
| SI9010072A (en) | 1997-10-31 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |