Cyril Aslanov

The paronymic way of interpreting בָּכָא bākā in בְּעֵמֶק הַבָּכָא bə-‘ēmeq ha-bākā (Psalms 84:7) as connected with the root בכי/–ה bky/-h “to cry” is already attested in the Septuagint where the Hebrew phrase is rendered by εἰς τὴν κοιλάδα τοῦ κλαυθμῶνος. ((On wordplay in the Hebrew original Book of Psalms and its rendering in the Septuagint, see Backfish E. H. P. Hebrew Wordplay and Septuagint Translation Technique in the Fourth Book of the Psalter. London: T&T Clark, 2019.)) This translat..

EnglishThis paper aims at reassessing the impact of the Frankish superstrate/adstrate on the structures of French. It adopts a perspective based on the concept of transtypological convergence, as well as on the notion of linguistic area (Sprachbund). While the dropping of schwas inside the word , which characterizes both French and German at different phases of their development, may be viewed as a feature shared by languages of the same linguistic area where French and West Germanic languages met, other phenomena like the preservation of a two-case nominal declension and the adoption of certain flexional patterns (Hugo/Hugon > Hugues/Huon and Berta/Bertūn > Berte/Bertain) reflect the tendency of the Latin spoken in the Gauls continued by Gallo-Roman, to converge toward the type represented by the Germanic languages. Another expression of this transtypological convergence is the compulsory use of a pronoun subject before the conjugated verbs since the end of Middle French (16th century). The late date of this convergence suggests to consider that despite the pressure exerted by the Latin cultural superstrate, features that were rather characteristic of the spoken language and that probably reflected the impact of the contact with Germanic languages, were legitimized at a relatively late stage of the development of French. This induced us to invent the term « delayed Germanization ». A similar gap beween the intensive Germanization phase characterizing Latin-Germanic or Romance-Germanic bilingualism on the one hand and the Germanisms that only emerged at the stage of Middle French regards the substitution of quant « how much ; how many » and com « how » by combien and comment, respectively. This relexification seems to calque of German hwio fil > wie fil > wieviel or Dutch hoeveel on the one hand and of Middle High German wie daz, Dutch hoezo or German how that on the other hand. Lastly, the grammaticalization of the VS order in order to express the questions or in the propositions beginning with an adverb could be considered an additional evidence for the impact exerted by the Germanic linguistic type on Old and Middle French. The Germanization of the grammatical structures of French hints at a « mobile continuity » in the Relationship between French and West Germanic languages, comparable to the continuita mobile described by Emanuele Banfi with regard to the Latin-Greek or Romance-Greek linguistic border. After the intensive phase of Germanization occurred at the stage of Gallo-Romance, Old French, which is the result of this Germanization, was able to become part of a linguistic area that included French, German, Dutch and English. francaisCet article se propose de repenser l’impact du superstrat/adstrat francique sur les structures linguistiques du francais dans une perspective qui combine la notion de convergence transtypologique avec celle d’aire linguistique (Sprachbund). Alors que la syncope du schwa a l’interieur du mot , qui represente une tendance commune au francais et a l’allemand a diverses phases de leur developpement respectif, peut etre consideree comme un trait commun a une aire linguistique regroupant le francais et les langues germaniques du rameau occidental, d’autres phenomenes comme le maintien d’une declinaison nominale a deux cas et l’adoption de certains types flexionnels (Hugo/Hugon > Hugues/Hugon et Berta/Bertūn > Berte/Bertain) refletent la tendance du latin des Gaules et de sa continuation gallo-romane a converger vers le type linguistique des langues germaniques. Une autre manifestation de la convergence linguistique est l’emploi obligatoire du pronom sujet a gauche du verbe conjugue qui s’est generalise a partir de la fin du moyen francais (XVIe siecle). Le caractere tardif de cette convergence vers un type linguistique represente par les langues germaniques amene a suggerer l’hypothese de la legitimation au stade de la langue ecrite, traditionnellement plus marquee par l’impact du superstrat culturel latin, de tournures qui caracterisait la langue parlee. C’est dans cette perspective qu’on peut parler de germanisation a retardement. Le meme decalage entre la phase intensive du bilinguisme latino-germanique ou romano-germanique et les germanismes relativement tardifs survenus au stade du moyen francais concerne le remplacement de l’ancien francais quant et com par combien et comment, parallelement au developpement de hwio fil > wie fil > wieviel en allemand et de hoeveel en neerlandais d’une part et de wie daz en moyen haut-allemand, hoezo en neerlandais et how that en anglais d’autre part. Enfin, la grammaticalisation de l’ordre VS pour exprimer la question ou dans les propositions commencant par un adverbe peut etre consideree comme une marque supplementaire de l’impact du type linguistique germanique sur l’ancien et le moyen francais. Cette germanisation des structures grammaticales du francais apparait comme l’indice d’une « continuite mobile » dans le rapport entre le…

This book describes the difficulties of communication between the author, the translator and their readership. Starting with the cases of ideologically biased translations, the study goes on with an analysis of the fraudulous reappropriation of the book by the translator, or the other way round, the cases of pseudo-epigraphy when the author pretends not to be writer of his book, but the translator thereof. Lastly, it analyses some issues connected with commercial or oral translation.Este livro descrive as dificuldades da comunicação entre o autor, o seu tradutor e os leitores. Começando com o caso da tradução ideologicamente orientada, o estudo segue analisando a reapropriação fraudulente da obra pelo tradutor o ao contrario, os casos de pseudo-epigrafia, quando um autor pretende não ser o autor do seu livro, mas o tradutor do mesmo. Em fim, analisa alguns problemas da tradução comercial e oral

L’avant-dernier poème du cycle Niemandsrose de Paul Celan porte dans son titre « Und mit dem Buch aus Tarussa » l’annonce de son intertexte tsvetaevien à travers la mention de Taroussa où se trouvait la résidence secondaire de la famille Tsvetaev. Plus précisément, la mention du « livre de Taroussa » est un clin d’œil intertextuel aux Pages de Taroussa [Тарусские страницы], florilège de textes inédits publiés par Constantin Paoustovski en 1961 à l’insu de la censure étatique et vite retiré de la circulation. Les allusions à la poétesse russe sont confirmées par un autre élément du paratexte consistant en une citation imprécise du « Poème de la fin » de Tsvetaeva. Je voudrais tout d’abord mesurer les enjeux de l’écart entre la citation déformée et sa source en partant du présupposé que cette imprécision dans la façon de recycler l’intertexte tsvetaevien dans le paratexte de « Und mit dem Buch aus Tarussa » représente une négligence délibérée de la part du poète. Quant au texte de « U...

1. Introduction Le français contemporain fait apparaître de nos jours une intéressante prolifération de futurs proches et de futurs simples en fonction de passé perfectif. Cet emploi est particulièrement développé dans les textes narratifs à caractère historique ou journalistique. Moyennant quoi, des expressions comme Napoléon mourut en 1821 ou Napoléon est mort en 1821 apparaissent souvent sous la forme : (1) Napoléon mourra en 1821.(2) Napoléon va mourir en 1821. (phrase citée d’un quiz sur..

L’article analyse la remanence de la langue source au sein de la langue cible. Cette remanence peut etre la consequence soit d’un respect extreme vis-a-vis du texte traduit, soit d’un decalage entre une langue mure et riche et une langue en phase de construction au lexique technique et scientifique encore incomplet, ou bien d’une integration d’un fort contingent de mots provenant de la langue source, en amont de l’acte de traduction. This article analyzes the way a source language is preserved by the target language. This can either be the consequence of extreme respect for the translated text, or the gap between a mature and rich language and a language that is still being developed, which does not yet have a technical and scientific lexicon, or it can be due to the inclusion of a strong contingent of words from the source language prior to the act of translation.

This paper tries to reconsider Andre Chouraqui's special link with his Algerian roots. Unlike many Algerian Jews who took a stand in favor of the idea of French Algeria, Chouraqui expressed his sympathy to the Algerian national struggle against the French colonizator. Even his emigration to Israel in 1957 could be interpreted as an attempt to overcome the face-a-face that opposed Algerian independentists and partisans of the inclusion of Algeria to France. Moreover, many aspects of Chouraqui's activism in the frame of Alliance Israelite Universelle and as a responsible for the integration of Oriental Jews in Israel in the sixties can be reinterpreted as part of a typically Jewish Algerian role as a mediator between East and West (as the function of turjeman "translator" in pre-colonial or early-colonial Algeria).

Cette Chanson de la Première Croisade était connue depuis longtemps, notamment depuis que Paul Meyer en avait publié quelques extraits (Romania 5, 1876, 1–63, et 6, 1877, 489–494). Il avait fallu attendre ensuite plus d’un siècle avant que le texte soit de nouveau abordé dans deux courts articles, dont l’un annonçait une édition à venir et l’autre éditait et commentait un passage de 491 vers. La difficulté du texte avait bien de quoi détourner les vocations. Il s’agit d’une épopée, distincte du Cycle de la Croisade qui a été complètement (ré)édité ces dernières années, en onze volumes, sous le titre The Old French Crusade Cycle (Alabama, The University of Alabama Press, 1977–2003). Composée, comme le cycle, en alexandrins rimés, nous avons là une version diffusée essentiellement Outre-Manche et dont le vocabulaire régional est bien différent de celui du Cycle, et c’est bien l’étude du vocabulaire, qui a motivé le choix du texte, dans une thèse toute lexicographique, qui met en œuvre...

This article deals with two varieties of substandard Hebrew that are both influenced by ethnic substrates. One variety is the Yiddishized substandard of mainstream Hebrew that is in use among Israelis of Ashkenazi origin. In spite of the divergences of this variety of Modern Hebrew from the norm, it enjoys a paradoxical prestige owing to its being a status symbol of the Ashkenazi establishment. One of the manifestations of its divergence from the norm is its tendency to insert foreign words (Yiddish in the past; English nowadays) to the basic lexical stock of mainstream Hebrew. The other variety of infranormative Hebrew that is described in this article is the substandard that developed among the Sephardic and Oriental populations of the transit camps in the fifties and continued in the poor neighborhoods where the displaced persons were eventually relocated. An analysis of some linguistic features of this variety of Hebrew—namely, the use of the form יפעל rather than אפעל in the fu...

This article aims at checking a possible historical continuity in the ritual of medical incubation as it was performed in the Eastern Mediterranean from Greek Antiquity to recent days Egypt. The Christianization of pagan practices combining medicine with popular piety is well attested in Late Antiquity and it goes beyond Hellenism stricto sensu as it plays an important role in Coptic tradition. More surprising is the striking similitude between Coptic practices related to medicinal incubation and a specifically Jewish Egyptian ritual of incubation that Cairene Jews used to perform in Maimonides synagogue till the massive exodus of Egyptian Jewry after 1956. In order to evaluate to which extent we can deal here with a case of cross-cultural influence from an epichoric Egyptian tradition to a local practice of Cairene Jewry, I propose to adopt a taxonomy whereby the role of the dreams as an inherent part of the incubation ritual is analyzed from ancient Greece till modern Egyptian Jew...

"This paper aims to consider romance languages from the outside. Two examples illustrate our point of view: on the one hand, romance languages as perceived by Medieval Jewish scholars in the Western Mediterranean; on the other, interferences between romance languages in the alloglot context of the Levant in Medieval or Modern Times. From that perspective, romance languages appear relatively indistinct. The interiorization of that viewpoint by speakers of romance languages may explain why these languages interfere when transplanted in a Levantine context."

Sur les vestiges de la francophonie des croisés – elle-même fondée sur l'introduction de l'ancien français d'Oïl dès la fin du XIe siècle, sur des substrats localisés (occitan à Tripoli, normand à Antioche) et sous la pression de dialectes romans – s'est érigée une langue levantine, ...

Le 31e numero des TIPA est consacre a l'etude de l'impact du contact entre les langues sur les œuvres vives du systeme grammatical et sur le changement linguistique induit par ce contact. Le numero s'ouvre sur l'article de Holman Tse sur le « Role de l'interference induit par conversion linguistique dans le developpement d'un contraste phonologique typologiquement rare en bantou somalien (kizigua) » [«The Role of Shift-Induced Interference in the Development of a Typologically Rare Phonological Contrast in Somali Bantu Kizigua»]. Selon H. Tse, la reinterpretation des dentales suivies de consonnes comme des retroflexes serait la consequence du contact entre le kizigua et le chimwiini, un dialecte septentrional du swahili ou la presence de retroflexes devant consonne est probablement due a l'influence d'un substrat couchitique. 2Si l'etude de H. Tse nous fait apparaitre le changement phonologique comme la consequence d'une conversion linguistiqu...

From Petrograd to Berlin, from Berlin to Paris, from Paris to the maquis, the path followed by Jacob Gordin comes across as travel from East to West. Taking into account the differences between French intellectual trends and the Russian and German scientific landscape, Gordin’s influence on Jewish thinkers in France is part of a cultural collision. To arrive at a better assessment of what is at stake in this collision, this paper resorts to the notion of linguistic landscape so as to understand more precisely the challenges presented by communication and non-communication between Gordin and his French audience. Such sociolinguistics of knowledge enable us to perceive the specificity of a particular historical situation and the encounter between a Russian polyglot and Jewish thinker and monolingual French Israelites. However, the primacy of linguistics must not lead us to forget the importance of other factors, including the difference between epistemic standards concerning studies o...

As already pointed out by Giovanni Manetti in his Le teorie del segno nell’antichità classica/Theories of the Sign in Classical Antiquity (Milan, 1987/Bloomington-Indianapolis, 1993), there is a striking similitude between Saussure’s tripartite distinction between the signifier, the signified and the reference and the distinction Stoician philosophy made between the σημαίνον, the σημαινόμενον and the τυγχάνον. However, the basic difference between the two theories of the linguistic sign is connected with the fact that in Stoicism, this distinction is actually a quadripartite one inasmuch as it also involves the dimension of the λεκτόν, the logical proposition made out of a combination of σημαῖνα/σημαινόμενα in order to refer to the contingent world (τυγχάνα). I would like to reappraise the difference between the Stoician theory on the signifier and signified on the one hand and the specific twist Saussure added to this theory in his celebrated Cours de linguistique générale on the other hand. One of the directions I would like to investigate is the role of arbitrariness in Saussure’s theory. Whereas in Stoician logics, the dimension of arbitrariness mainly pertains to the τυγχάνον, i.e. the notion parallel to référent, Saussure integrated arbitrariness inside the couple signifiant/signifié.