Due to the lack of unified standards in the Internet of Things (IoT), heterogeneity in terms of protocol and packet types exist. In such a case, accurate traffic identification using port-based and payload-based solutions are not suitable... more
Due to the lack of unified standards in the Internet of Things (IoT), heterogeneity in terms of protocol and packet types exist. In such a case, accurate traffic identification using port-based and payload-based solutions are not suitable for flow processing in Software-Defined IoT (SD-IoT). In this article, we propose iAcceSD, an intelligent Access Node (SD-Access) and SDN controller (SD-Controller) collaborated traffic identification mechanism for SD-IoT. Concerning the heterogeneous and unknown traffic flows in IoT, iAcceSD uses machine learning (ML)-based traffic identification mechanisms at the access node. The SD-Controller trains a lightweight ML module for a specific SD-Access node dealing with a similar set of traffic flows. By processing flows at the edge, network latency is reduced in the proposed scheme. An optimization model is developed to program the SD-Access nodes considering the heterogeneous and unknown traffic. Thorough performance analysis of iAcceSD shows improvement in latency by 34% and controller overheads by 23.4%, compared to the existing state of the art, with a simultaneous improvement in energy consumption and packet delivery ratio.
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Due to the lack of an integrated communication and computation architecture for Software-Defined Healthcare IoT (SD-HI), provisioning critical services is challenging. In this paper, we propose SD-Health, an edge-based decision making and... more
Due to the lack of an integrated communication and computation architecture for Software-Defined Healthcare IoT (SD-HI), provisioning critical services is challenging. In this paper, we propose SD-Health, an edge-based decision making and task allocation (EDT) scheme for SD-HI. The proposed SD-HI network uses Machine Learning (ML)-based approach to predict the criticality of flows and location of mobile devices. Based on the predicted values, the controller delegates the required EDT module to the respective edge node. The controller identifies the future healthcare-related decisions for an edge node and prepares the module accordingly. The ML-based trajectory prediction allows to find the future location of mobile devices in the network. Once the location of the mobile device is predicted, a set of computation tasks is dynamically allocated to the edge node. The results of performance analysis show that SD-Health has a significant improvement in latency by 43.3% and energy consumption by 30%, compared to the existing state-of-the-art, along with a fair improvement in packet delivery ratio.
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Due to the large-scale deployment of mobile stations, relays, and Access Points (APs), IEEE 802.11ah brings challenges that cannot be effectively addressed in a distributive manner. In this paper, we propose an uplink traffic-aware... more
Due to the large-scale deployment of mobile stations, relays, and Access Points (APs), IEEE 802.11ah brings challenges that cannot be effectively addressed in a distributive manner. In this paper, we propose an uplink traffic-aware dynamic association and channel control mechanism for improving multi-hop throughput and delay performances. The proposed software-defined access network estimates throughput for relays and APs considering the stations’ probability of successful transmission. A centralized controller uses the estimated throughput for better decisions in association and channel selection in relays and APs. For improving the capacity of a relay or an AP, a utility function is dynamically measured from the available channels and bandwidth. The proposed association control mechanism allows for seamless handoff throughout the network. Overall, the proposed protocol improves throughput up to 10% and delay up to 13% as compared to the traditional scheme.
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High propagation delay, high error probability, floating node mobility, and low data rates are the key challenges for Underwater Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (UMWSNs). In this article, we propose RL-MAC, a Reinforcement Learning... more
High propagation delay, high error probability, floating node mobility, and low data rates are the key challenges for Underwater Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (UMWSNs). In this article, we propose RL-MAC, a Reinforcement Learning (RL)–based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for multimedia sensing in an Underwater Acoustic Network (UAN) environment. The proposed scheme uses Transmission Opportunity (TXOP) for relay nodes in a multi-hop network for improved efficiency concerning the mobility of the relays and sensor nodes. The access point (AP) and relay nodes calculate traffic demands from the initial contention of the sensor nodes. Our solution uses Q-learning to enhance the contention mechanism at the initial phase of multimedia transmission. Based on the traffic demands, RL-MAC allocates TXOP duration for the uplink multimedia reception. Further, the Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) and compression techniques are used for calculating the image quality at the receiver end and reducing the image at the destination, respectively. We implement a prototype of the proposed scheme over an off-the-shelf, low-cost hardware setup. Moreover, extensive simulation over NS-3 shows a significant packet delivery ratio and throughput compared with the existing state-of-the-art.
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The IEEE 802.11ah, also known as WiFi HaLow, is a scalable solution for medium-range communication in Internet of Things (IoT). While provisioning support for the IoT and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, IEEE 802.11ah leverages... more
The IEEE 802.11ah, also known as WiFi HaLow, is a scalable solution for medium-range communication in Internet of Things (IoT). While provisioning support for the IoT and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, IEEE 802.11ah leverages various innovative medium access control (MAC) layer concepts, such as restricted access window (RAW), hierarchical association identification (AID), traffic indication map (TIM) segmentation, etc. This article presents a survey on various MAC protocols for IEEE 802.11ah. While discussing the essential features of IEEE 802.11ah, this survey points out various issues and limitations of such MAC protocols. Although there are some surveys available for MAC protocols of IEEE 802.11ah, they do not include a large number of schemes that have been recently proposed to solve different standardization and implementation-based issues. This article individually surveys issues and challenges in the different problem domains of the IEEE 802.11ah MAC protocol and analyzes the recently proposed solutions. Moreover, this article identifies various factors for further improvement of these protocols. Compared to other relevant surveys, this article emphasizes the issues and challenges to enable researchers to easily identify the problem domain.
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Internet of Things (IoT) is an indispensable part of future Internet. It is gaining tremendous popularity among research and industrial communities. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a major constituent of IoT. To reduce power consumption... more
Internet of Things (IoT) is an indispensable part of future Internet. It is gaining tremendous popularity among research and industrial communities. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a major constituent of IoT. To reduce power consumption of devices and hence to increase network lifetime, data aggregation schemes are highly used in WSN. In this paper, an efficient hybrid data aggregation scheme adapting to the architecture of IoT is proposed. The proposed hybrid approach is placed in between the cluster and tree-based data aggregation schemes addressing the limitations of both the types. It shows clear improvement over LEACH, LEACH-C and TREEPSI protocols in terms of power consumption, network lifetime and traffic load.
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The IEEE 802.11ah standard has proven to be a scalable solution for medium range networks in Internet of Things (IoT). The Restricted Access Window (RAW)-based channel access mechanism of 802.11ah reduces collisions and improves... more
The IEEE 802.11ah standard has proven to be a scalable solution for medium range networks in Internet of Things (IoT). The Restricted Access Window (RAW)-based channel access mechanism of 802.11ah reduces collisions and improves scalability. However, the RAW mechanism creates congestion in the network having event-driven traffic generated randomly. This paper proposes a Quality of Service (QoS)-aware priority grouping and RAW scheduling algorithm for the 802.11ah-based network. The proposed protocol reduces collisions and ensures required bandwidth for rare but critical event-driven stations. Performance evaluation of the proposed scheme shows significant improvement over 802.11ah-based MAC protocol.
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Security is one of the most critical element in Internet of Things (IoT) which is often neglected in development. IoT devices demand lightweight but end-to-end authentication mechanism to enable secure access of data and to protect itself... more
Security is one of the most critical element in Internet of Things (IoT) which is often neglected in development. IoT devices demand lightweight but end-to-end authentication mechanism to enable secure access of data and to protect itself from unauthorized access. This paper analyses the security solutions for 6LoWPAN-based IoT networks. We compare the traditional AES with PRESENT block cipher for IoT. Due to its huge consumption of resources, the traditional AES based security mechanisms are not suitable. In order to provide lightweight authentication, PRESENT block cipher is found to be more efficient than conventional AES.
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The wireless mesh network is a promising low-cost technology in delivering broadband Internet access and wireless local area network connectivity for stationary and mobile hosts. The envisaged real-time applications over wireless mesh... more
The wireless mesh network is a promising low-cost technology in delivering broadband Internet access and wireless local area network connectivity for stationary and mobile hosts. The envisaged real-time applications over wireless mesh networks such as video-conferencing in rural telemedicine, e-learning, and voice over IP are required to operate while meeting the user expectations. Quality of service provisioning for different real-time applications over unreliable multi-hop wireless networks is a challenging task. Highly unpredictable link quality in WMN creates a very dynamic environment to control. Moreover, the multi-hop nature of wireless networks greatly affects the end-to-end network performance due to intra-flow and inter-flow interferences created within the nodes. Dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes in MAC layer allocate the unused bandwidth of a network to the needy nodes and provide some level of quality of service to the real-time applications. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the requirements, technical challenges, and existing works on dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes for supporting the quality of service in wireless mesh networks. We highlight the prospects and problems of related protocols and identify the factors for further improvement.
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The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) opens up a new vision for the future Internet where not only the users or computing systems but also the everyday objects are capable of processing, communicating, sensing, and actuating. Various... more
The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) opens up a new vision for the future Internet where not only the users or computing systems but also the everyday objects are capable of processing, communicating, sensing, and actuating. Various IoT applications help in quality of living through the deployment of massive number of devices equipped with wireless communication capability. In supporting the requirements of such IoT applications with massive number of heterogeneous devices, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol holds the key responsibility of optimal utilization of network bandwidth. This paper compares the performance of contention-based, reservation-based and hybrid MAC protocols in the context of large scale networks for IoT. Further, it provides a survey of the key requirements, technical challenges, and existing works on scalable MAC protocols for supporting efficient communications in IoT. We highlight the problems and prospects of existing MAC protocols and identify the factors for improvement and future direction.
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ABSTRACT
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IEEE 802.11ah is proven to be a suitable communication standard for Smart City projects. However, due to the absence of Restricted Access Window (RAW) size adjustment and proper relay node solution, it fails to optimally utilize the... more
IEEE 802.11ah is proven to be a suitable communication standard for Smart City projects. However, due to the absence of Restricted Access Window (RAW) size adjustment and proper relay node solution, it fails to optimally utilize the resources in heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we propose a method to estimate the RAW size based on traffic loads and provide Relay node support for stations to use different Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs). The Relay nodes dynamically allocate bandwidth to stations using different MCSs in different relay groups. The proposed scheme is seamlessly assimilated into 802.11ah which shows significant performance improvement in terms of throughput and delay.
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Last two decades have witnessed a huge deployment of telecommunication infrastructure in order to enhance a wide range of social, political and economic factors. Unfortunately, a little effort put in setting up these vital infrastructures... more
Last two decades have witnessed a huge deployment of telecommunication infrastructure in order to enhance a wide range of social, political and economic factors. Unfortunately, a little effort put in setting up these vital infrastructures in the rural areas, especially of developing countries has resulted in marginalization. A viable solution to this problem is to use low cost and easily deployable WiFi-based Long Distance (WiLD) networks in extending Internet connectivity to the rural underserved areas. To cover larger areas point-to-point and point-to-multipoint links set up with directional and sector antennas respectively are commonly used. To study network protocols, open source Network Simulator 2 (NS2) is widely used in networking research. However, NS2 does not have any support for directional and sector antenna simulation. In this paper, we augment directional and sector antenna support in NS2.34. Four grid parabolic directional antenna models viz., AP240024, AP240027, AP240030, and AP240032 are added for simulating long distance point-to-point links. Various experiments conducted over the long distance simulated links validate the claims of the paper.
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With the recent developments in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN), provisioning of Quality of Service (QoS) for real time applications is considered as an important but challenging area of research. QoS support for various real time... more
With the recent developments in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN), provisioning of Quality of Service (QoS) for real time applications is considered as an important but challenging area of research. QoS support for various real time applications are implemented in different layers of the protocol stack. The diversity of such research efforts has contributed to many protocols/schemes. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on various QoS enhancement schemes reported in the literature covering various angles of research domains. Diversified QoS challenges in WMNs and their reported solutions proposed in the literature are discussed using a layered approach. While presenting the state of the art research findings in MAC and routing, a classification framework for each of the layers is proposed first. The classification frameworks provide unified approaches for categorizing different protocols based on their distinctive features and sketch their correlations. However, the proposals for leveraging TCP performance in WMN have been discussed straightaway. Further, this paper provides an insight into the pros and cons of the surveyed protocols and points out the open research challenges for the future generation networking.
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Due to the lack of an integrated communication and computation architecture for Software-Defined Healthcare IoT (SD-HI), provisioning critical services is challenging. In this paper, we propose SD-Health, an edge-based decision making and... more
Due to the lack of an integrated communication and computation architecture for Software-Defined Healthcare IoT (SD-HI), provisioning critical services is challenging. In this paper, we propose SD-Health, an edge-based decision making and task allocation (EDT) scheme for SD-HI. The proposed SD-HI network uses Machine Learning (ML)-based approach to predict the criticality of flows and location of mobile devices. Based on the predicted values, the controller delegates the required EDT module to the respective edge node. The controller identifies the future healthcare-related decisions for an edge node and prepares the module accordingly. The ML-based trajectory prediction allows to find the future location of mobile devices in the network. Once the location of the mobile device is predicted, a set of computation tasks is dynamically allocated to the edge node. The results of performance analysis show that SD-Health has a significant improvement in latency by 43.3% and energy consumption by 30%, compared to the existing state-of-the-art, along with a fair improvement in packet delivery ratio.
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Due to the large-scale deployment of mobile stations, relays, and Access Points (APs), IEEE 802.11ah brings challenges that cannot be effectively addressed in a distributive manner. In this paper, we propose an uplink traffic-aware... more
Due to the large-scale deployment of mobile stations, relays, and Access Points (APs), IEEE 802.11ah brings challenges that cannot be effectively addressed in a distributive manner. In this paper, we propose an uplink traffic-aware dynamic association and channel control mechanism for improving multi-hop throughput and delay performances. The proposed software-defined access network estimates throughput for relays and APs considering the stations’ probability of successful transmission. A centralized controller uses the estimated throughput for better decisions in association and channel selection in relays and APs. For improving the capacity of a relay or an AP, a utility function is dynamically measured from the available channels and bandwidth. The proposed association control mechanism allows for seamless handoff throughout the network. Overall, the proposed protocol improves throughput up to 10% and delay up to 13% as compared to the traditional scheme.