- Thailand
The creation of significant power from PV technology has resulted from the growth of the solar PV business and industry and the lowering of PV costs. The electricity market is open broader for PV and other involved device technology. The... more
The creation of significant power from PV technology has resulted from the growth of the solar PV business and industry and the lowering of PV costs. The electricity market is open broader for PV and other involved device technology. The goal of cumulative capacity drives Thailand's solar PV investment compass. The learning curve projection shows that the prediction's learning curve reliability can provide a clearer view for PV investment and policymakers. This paper shows the creation of the opportunity for the solar PV rooftop as a service (RaaS) business model, designed for four customers: residential and commercial, with small, medium, and large scales depending on their electricity consumption. The result reveals that if no grid is allowed, the medium-and large-scale are more likely to be feasible as they show grid parity. With the PV cost reduction trend, all the customers are economically viable in the grid sale allowed. Besides that, the electricity tariff rate from the grid also significantly impacts the PV rooftop investment and customer decision-making.
Rising fossil energy prices and the significantly decreasing prices of energy technology have resulted in electricity consumers having the option to install solar PV rooftops to rely on the self-consumption of clean energy. However, the... more
Rising fossil energy prices and the significantly decreasing prices of energy technology
have resulted in electricity consumers having the option to install solar PV rooftops to rely on the
self-consumption of clean energy. However, the increase in this amount is affecting the revenue
of electricity as a utility, which must adapt and develop its business model to accommodate the
situation. If the utility cannot be adapted in time, it may lead to a loss of income from services and
the sale of electricity from fossil energy. The utility in Thailand’s electricity market that acts as the
distribution system operator (DSO) is known as the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA), and the
Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) is responsible for managing distribution networks and
customers. There are four types of solar rooftop-as-a-service (RaaS) business perspectives they could
consider as opportunities through which to minimize revenue impact. The business services were
designed for the DSO customer as follows: Consulting, Design, and Installation (CDI); Operation and
Maintenance (O&M); Energy Service Company (ESCO); and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The
model comprises four customer segments: residential buildings and small-, medium-, and large-scale
commercial buildings. This paper applies SWOT, Five Forces, 4P marketing, and economic impact
analyses to identify the possibilities when using the DSO business model. The SWOT analysis
demonstrates that ESCO and PPA are strengths in the DSO’s performance characteristics and existing
customer data. In the electricity industry, both models offer enormous customer bargaining power in
terms of a Five Forces analysis. The main reason is that there is currently high competition in the
installation service. In the 4P analysis result, the price per unit is found to be significantly lower than
in residential scenarios. Therefore, there is a format for presenting promotions with an advantage
over competitors. Deploying an after-sales service that brings convenience to all customer segments
is needed. The economic analysis conducted using Cournot competition game theory shows a
significant differential in the Medium (M) and Large (L) customer sectors’ competition due to lower
technology prices. In conclusion, with the current regulatory framework and criteria, the ESCO and
PPA show the best practical model from a utility business perspective. The recommendation for DSO
is to create a strategic ecosystem and to link it with private companies as their partnership business.
have resulted in electricity consumers having the option to install solar PV rooftops to rely on the
self-consumption of clean energy. However, the increase in this amount is affecting the revenue
of electricity as a utility, which must adapt and develop its business model to accommodate the
situation. If the utility cannot be adapted in time, it may lead to a loss of income from services and
the sale of electricity from fossil energy. The utility in Thailand’s electricity market that acts as the
distribution system operator (DSO) is known as the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA), and the
Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) is responsible for managing distribution networks and
customers. There are four types of solar rooftop-as-a-service (RaaS) business perspectives they could
consider as opportunities through which to minimize revenue impact. The business services were
designed for the DSO customer as follows: Consulting, Design, and Installation (CDI); Operation and
Maintenance (O&M); Energy Service Company (ESCO); and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The
model comprises four customer segments: residential buildings and small-, medium-, and large-scale
commercial buildings. This paper applies SWOT, Five Forces, 4P marketing, and economic impact
analyses to identify the possibilities when using the DSO business model. The SWOT analysis
demonstrates that ESCO and PPA are strengths in the DSO’s performance characteristics and existing
customer data. In the electricity industry, both models offer enormous customer bargaining power in
terms of a Five Forces analysis. The main reason is that there is currently high competition in the
installation service. In the 4P analysis result, the price per unit is found to be significantly lower than
in residential scenarios. Therefore, there is a format for presenting promotions with an advantage
over competitors. Deploying an after-sales service that brings convenience to all customer segments
is needed. The economic analysis conducted using Cournot competition game theory shows a
significant differential in the Medium (M) and Large (L) customer sectors’ competition due to lower
technology prices. In conclusion, with the current regulatory framework and criteria, the ESCO and
PPA show the best practical model from a utility business perspective. The recommendation for DSO
is to create a strategic ecosystem and to link it with private companies as their partnership business.
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The research aims to analyze land use from agricultural land for photovoltaic power plant construction and electricity generation. Geographic information system technology was used to analyze and decide the suitability of the land for a... more
The research aims to analyze land use from agricultural land for photovoltaic power plant construction and electricity generation. Geographic information system technology was used to analyze and decide the suitability of the land for a photovoltaic power plant. GHG assessment and life cycle cost (LCC) were applied in this study which covered 4 processes: Land preparation, logistics, construction and system installment, and electrical generation. The research found that the maps showed the area to be moderately abundant clay, outside the irrigated area, the average rainfall was 1,100 mm./year and agriculture is only possible 4 months per year. The average solar irradiance was 17.6 W/m2.d for this area which is suitable for building a photovoltaic power plant. CO2 emissions for land preparation, transportation, construction and electrical generation were 0.148 tCO2 eq/kWh, 0.196 tCO2 eq/kWh, 0.418 tCO2 eq/kWh and 6.932 tCO2 eq/kWh, respectively and the net CO2 emission was -0.549 kgCO2 eq/kWh. LCC for 25 years is 169.79 million baht and the cost of energy is 4.12 baht/kWh. The empirical results show that land use assessment of agriculture for the photovoltaic power plant was appropriate and worth wile without affecting the environment and economy.
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The concept of adopting biodry system is to improve the quality of MBT waste. In Thailand, the waste is not separated, resulting in mixed waste of dry waste, wet waste and plastic waste. As a result, the accumulated MBT waste before use... more
The concept of adopting biodry system is to improve the quality of MBT waste. In Thailand, the waste is not separated, resulting in mixed waste of dry waste, wet waste and plastic waste. As a result, the accumulated MBT waste before use in RDF production has low heating value and high humidity. As a result, it took 9 months for the Thai industry. Buy a waste to go to power. Considering the heat and humidity that affect the price of garbage. The use of biodry technology for waste after MBT process will increase the heat and humidity of the waste. Development of a prototype RDF cabinet using biodry technology with a power supply to the air pump for air supply using solar cells for community waste management. Community waste is transformed into RDF and can be used as alternative fuels in the form of electricity or heat. This will help reduce the environmental management problem of garbage. The prototype system. Will perform that installation at Tamanao Subdistrict Administrative Organization Chaibadan District Lopburi Province. The results of the study showed that the Biodry system was developed as a aerator. Potential to be used in wet waste. Higher heat and humidity are reduced. As a result of the oxygen degradation process. The heat, which when tested with wet garbage is heated to 49 °C by this heat will help to drain moisture. Excess of garbage and add heat to the pile of Biodry until the dry inside. When the garbage is dry, the contaminated surface of the soil or plaster coating can cause the heat to rise in the 30-day period for a short time. And using solar panels as a source of energy to the air system. The garbage can have a heating value of more than 5,000 kcal / kg and a moisture content of less than 30%. The waste is a good quality fuel for use in the heating industry or the general industry.
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Biodiesel is a diesel equivalent fuel produced from biological feed stocks, acting as a substitute for petroleum or fossil diesel. Biodiesel production in Thailand began in 2005, with prices stabilizing after 2008. Biodiesel, along with... more
Biodiesel is a diesel equivalent fuel produced from biological feed stocks, acting as a substitute for petroleum or fossil diesel. Biodiesel production in Thailand began in 2005, with prices stabilizing after 2008. Biodiesel, along with other biofuels, plays a role in Thailand’s Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP). The purpose of this study is to examine factors in the Thai biodiesel prices (2009-2014). The study assessed factors in downstream biodiesel prices at consumer locations like gas stations. The price factors assessed in the study included ex-refinery prices, excise taxes, municipal taxes, oil fund contributions, energy conservation fund conributions, marketing margin and exchange rate (USD). Regression results showed that all of these factors were significant (r2 = 0.867). The implication of the study is that while most of the retail price of biodiesel in Thailand is attributable to cost factors, there is some unexplained variance in price. This offers an opportunity for future research.
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Waste-to-energy (WtE) is national policy. From this view, WtE technology has been promoted. Many WtE projects in Thailand were unsuccessful due to several problems. This research aimed to analyze the key barriers impacting the WtE project... more
Waste-to-energy (WtE) is national policy. From this view, WtE technology has been promoted. Many WtE projects in Thailand were unsuccessful due to several problems. This research aimed to analyze the key barriers impacting the WtE project development in Thailand. The Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis tool have been used to evaluate the barriers that significantly in the development of WtE projects. In this study, WtE projects focused on electricity power generation in order to correspond to the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) target and power purchase agreement constrain of the government. The barriers were obtained from six sections consisting of social issues, environment, national policy, technology, economy, and project management. From six sections, there are 20 barriers that were identified. The ISM and MICMAC analysis showed that the key barriers impacting the WtE projects developm...
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The growing demand for electric vehicle charging stations is due to the increasing number of electric vehicles due to the rapid development of electric vehicle production and people buying more. This has also increased the demand for... more
The growing demand for electric vehicle charging stations is due to the increasing number of electric vehicles due to the rapid development of electric vehicle production and people buying more. This has also increased the demand for electric vehicle charging stations to travel between cities. This is because most combustion cars nowadays use fossil fuels. It harms clean air, producing carbon dioxide (CO2), PM2.5, and greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in climate changes and natural environmental impacts. Directly affect people in terms of health, living, and present life. By emphasizing the participation of business and government sectors, Thailand has encouraged investment in producing and importing electric vehicles to replace fossil fuel combustion. They also promoted the development of electric cars to be more efficient and run longer distances. The cumulative number of electric vehicles from 2017 to the present is increasing, making business opportunities for EV charging stat...
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ABSTRACT This research was conducted to investigate using biodiesel for rural electrification in a rural community in Ghana. A model electrification system was set up to run on biodiesel to evaluate the technical parameters of the power... more
ABSTRACT This research was conducted to investigate using biodiesel for rural electrification in a rural community in Ghana. A model electrification system was set up to run on biodiesel to evaluate the technical parameters of the power system and compare it with fossil diesel system. The fuel properties for both JCME and PKME and their blends in this study were comparable to commercial diesel and within the limit set by ASTM/EN for biodiesel standards. It was realised that the difference in consumption and engine performance characteristics of biodiesel was not significant at 95% confidence level from fossil diesel. The difference of between 7 and 15% of all technical parameters evaluated gave support that biodiesel could be used instead of fossil diesel for rural electrification in Ghana.
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The concept of adopting biodry system is to improve the quality of MBT waste. In Thailand, the waste is not separated, resulting in mixed waste of dry waste, wet waste and plastic waste. As a result, the accumulated MBT waste before use... more
The concept of adopting biodry system is to improve the quality of MBT waste. In Thailand, the waste is not separated, resulting in mixed waste of dry waste, wet waste and plastic waste. As a result, the accumulated MBT waste before use in RDF production has low heating value and high humidity. As a result, it took 9 months for the Thai industry. Buy a waste to go to power. Considering the heat and humidity that affect the price of garbage. The use of biodry technology for waste after MBT process will increase the heat and humidity of the waste. Development of a prototype RDF cabinet using biodry technology with a power supply to the air pump for air supply using solar cells for community waste management. Community waste is transformed into RDF and can be used as alternative fuels in the form of electricity or heat. This will help reduce the environmental management problem of garbage. The prototype system. Will perform that installation at Tamanao Subdistrict Administrative Organization Chaibadan District Lopburi Province. The results of the study showed that the Biodry system was developed as a aerator. Potential to be used in wet waste. Higher heat and humidity are reduced. As a result of the oxygen degradation process. The heat, which when tested with wet garbage is heated to 49 °C by this heat will help to drain moisture. Excess of garbage and add heat to the pile of Biodry until the dry inside. When the garbage is dry, the contaminated surface of the soil or plaster coating can cause the heat to rise in the 30-day period for a short time. And using solar panels as a source of energy to the air system. The garbage can have a heating value of more than 5,000 kcal / kg and a moisture content of less than 30%. The waste is a good quality fuel for use in the heating industry or the general industry.
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The International Energy Agency estimates that by the year 2040 there will still be more than 700 million people worldwide without access to electricity. Renewable energy production, particularly from photovoltaic systems, combined with... more
The International Energy Agency estimates that by the year 2040 there will still be more than 700 million people worldwide without access to electricity. Renewable energy production, particularly from photovoltaic systems, combined with affordable and effective energy storage provides a means to provide electricity to these poorer communities. This paper explores four battery energy storage system (BESS) technologies to support this scenario. The lead-acid battery is analyzed as a baseline against the current technology leader, the liquid electrolyte lithium-ion battery (LIB), and another current option, the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The solid-state LIB is also reviewed as a future technology. The four BESS technologies are analyzed in two parts: (a) cost analysis considering factors affecting initial battery bank sizing (depth of discharge limits, efficiency, capacity fade) as well as battery life which drives replacement frequency, and operations and maintenance costs; a...
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Charcoal primarily consists of carbon, which is the remains of hydrocarbons after its moisture and other volatile matters are driven out of the material by using pyrolysis. The pyrolysis process is carried out in which the biomass is... more
Charcoal primarily consists of carbon, which is the remains of hydrocarbons after its moisture and other volatile matters are driven out of the material by using pyrolysis. The pyrolysis process is carried out in which the biomass is heated to a temperature high enough in the absence or with limited amount of oxygen for eliminating the moisture and the volatile matter. Biochar is made by pyrolysis at low temperature around 400 °C and intended to be used as a conditioning agent to remedy a rough soil. A broad aspect of the impact includes physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil as well as the yield of produce from the conditioned soil. Other benefits include enhanced carbon content and storage for carbon sequestration, boosted plant nutrients, amended soil structure, and improved hydrology management. Several variations of smokeless kilns have been produced. Using electric heating results in near smokeless carbonization but makes the product more expensive in the en...
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Living based energy security and fewer emissions compatible with low-carbon society (LCS) in terms of green city are widely concerned issues. Three prototypes of hosing patterns development include Expandable Polystyrene (EPS) house,... more
Living based energy security and fewer emissions compatible with low-carbon society (LCS) in terms of green city are widely concerned issues. Three prototypes of hosing patterns development include Expandable Polystyrene (EPS) house, recycled material house, and concrete and mixed natural material house. Considering LCA in pre-production process, recycled material house has less amount of emission (7,249.92 kgCO2eq) than other house types. In production process, the emissions through all types were not quite different and were in the range between 298.91 kgCO2eq 467.04 kgCO2eq. For the building process and component life Expandable Polystyrene house was found with less emissions of 25,566.92 kgCO2eq. In the process of waste management, concrete and mixed natural material house does not contribute to global warming with zero emission (0.00 kgCO2eq) in comparison with other types. Installation of recycled material house liberated emissions about 629.37 kgCO2eq. Expandable Polystyrene ...
บทความนนำเสนอผลการศกษาปจจยทมผลตอการเลอกใชกาซชวภาพของรานอาหารในเขตเทศบาลนครพษณโลก ประกอบดวย 4 ดาน ไดแก ดานความรเรองของการผลตกาซชวภาพจากเศษอาหาร ดานความพรอมของผประกอบการ ดานการสนบสนนจากหนวยงานภาครฐ ดานความตระหนกในการใชพลงงาน... more
บทความนนำเสนอผลการศกษาปจจยทมผลตอการเลอกใชกาซชวภาพของรานอาหารในเขตเทศบาลนครพษณโลก ประกอบดวย 4 ดาน ไดแก ดานความรเรองของการผลตกาซชวภาพจากเศษอาหาร ดานความพรอมของผประกอบการ ดานการสนบสนนจากหนวยงานภาครฐ ดานความตระหนกในการใชพลงงาน โดยสำรวจรานอาหารในเขตจงหวดพษณโลก กำหนดขนาดของกลมตวอยางตามวธของเครจซและมอรแกนไดกลมตวอยางจำนวน 20 ตวอยาง วเคราะหขอมลดวยโปรแกรมสำเรจรป โดยใชสถต Multiple Regression Analysis พบวา ตวแปรทมความสมพนธทางบวกกบการเลอกใชกาซชวภาพของรานอาหารอยางมนยสำคญทางสถตทระดบ .05 คอ ดานการสนบสนนจากหนวยงานภาครฐ มคาประสทธสหสมพนธเทากบ .526 สามารถพยากรณการเลอกใชกาซชวภาพของรานอาหารไดรอยละ 2.67 อยางมนยสำคญทางสถตทระดบ .01 สำหรบดานความร ดานความพรอมของผประกอบการ และ ความตระหนกในการใชพลงงานไมมความสมพนธกบแนวโนมตอการเลอกใชกาซชวภาพของรานอาหาร เมอพจารณาความสมพนธระหวางตวแปรอสระดวยกนพบวา ปจจยดานความพรอมของผประกอบการมความสมพนธทางบวกกบปจจยดานความรอยางมนยสำคญทางสถตทระดบ .01 มคาประสทธสหสมพนธเทากบ .665 Abstract This paper presents the study on factors affecting biogas usage of restaurants in Phitsanulok municip...
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Electricity demand aggregation and demand forecast are prerequisites for establishing any electrical power project, especially for an off-grid power system. Some rural places in Ghana require the use of renewable resources for power... more
Electricity demand aggregation and demand forecast are prerequisites for establishing any electrical power project, especially for an off-grid power system. Some rural places in Ghana require the use of renewable resources for power generation, thus, must be carefully planned to avoid oversized or undersized systems. This research was carried out to aggregate the power demand of Buoya community in Ghana and a five-year forecast modeled in MATLAB using an inverse matrix method was made. Load aggregated through survey and appliance end-use method was used to calculate the demand for the community for a possible future bio-power electrical system. Different power supply scenarios were modeled for possible adoption to ensure a cost-effective supply of bio-power to the community. In the first year of implementation, a daily capacity of 45.37 kW was realised with an energy demand of 373.55 kWh. This is expected to grow to 72.1 kW with the energy demand of 718.6 kWh in five years. This gro...
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The campaign of power plant from a renewable energy is a well - thought - out process employed by Thai government to substitute or diminish the dependence on the fossil energy . Many biomass projects have yet come across... more
The campaign of power plant from a renewable energy is a well - thought - out process employed by Thai government to substitute or diminish the dependence on the fossil energy . Many biomass projects have yet come across management problems. A study of critical indicators for establishment of community - based biomass power plant ( CBP ) is a promising way for approaching practical consideration of biomass power plant projects . This research employed a multi - stage sampling technique which separated the data by locations and business operations . The total of 1,151 questionnaires is collected from the local communities around the seven target areas. The indicators were measured by confirmatory factor analysis for evolving the causal model of CBP establishment. Research findings were as follow: 1) the indicators of community expressed that are information, management participation, the importance of community, biomass communication network, worthiness, and sincerely s...
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This research has objectives to develop indicators and criteria for assessing achievement in using renewable energy for communities. The researchers used Delphi technique for interviewing to collect opinions from experts who had strong... more
This research has objectives to develop indicators and criteria for assessing achievement in using renewable energy for communities. The researchers used Delphi technique for interviewing to collect opinions from experts who had strong experience in renewable energy utilization in the Northern region of Thailand. The 8 indicators for achieving assessment on community renewable energy utilization consisted of perception, attitude/motivation, learning, community potential, leaders, community and household participation, problem solving, and internal and external networks. The criteria for achievement assessment consisted of 4 levels of scores that range from 0 – 100 points. The 4 levels are Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor, according to potential of the community. For success in supporting the use of renewable energy in communities, participation and cooperation from people in the community and external organizations are essential. These sectors need to get involved and play important ...
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Small scale biogas plants were established at existing lands of seven small size schools at three provinces in lower northern part of Thailand. The successful experience of a small school at Khaonoi was used to implement this project,... more
Small scale biogas plants were established at existing lands of seven small size schools at three provinces in lower northern part of Thailand. The successful experience of a small school at Khaonoi was used to implement this project, where food waste and animal dung have been used to produce biogas which replaced LPG used to cook lunch for students. After the successful implementation of project, these sites were used to train/ demonstrate the concerned from about 1,717 small size schools in target areas. The proposed project is conceived to open new venues in promoting and implementing Renewable Energy Technology. The establishment of university (R&D) to school/ community(end user) relationship is very important aspect of the idea, which not only be perfect to implement the project smoothly but will create new ways to collect feedback and solve the issues immediately. Project sites being distributive in nature and community participated will act as a RE promotion hubs. The technol...
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This research is aiming at the changing land use from agricultural land to photovoltaic power plant. Geographic information system (GIS) technology was used to indicate the unsuitable areas for five economic crops that are paddy, sugar... more
This research is aiming at the changing land use from agricultural land to photovoltaic power plant. Geographic information system (GIS) technology was used to indicate the unsuitable areas for five economic crops that are paddy, sugar cane, maize, cassava and para rubber. The assess cost, income, and CO2 emission of the economic crops and photovoltaic power plant are the major factors for the unsuitable agricultural land deciding that will be changed to build photovoltaic power plant. The results found that the unsuitable areas for the 5 economic crops are 241,142 rai and the average solar irradiance is 17.6 MJ/m2.day for this areas which is suitable to build the photovoltaic power plant. The profit/losing of paddy, sugar cane, maize, cassava and para rubber in the suitable areas are-1,193 baht/ton, 33 baht/ton, 85 baht/ton, 259 baht/ton and-9,150 baht/ton, respectively while photovoltaic power plant cost and income are 4.12 baht/kWh and 5.65 baht/kWh respectively. CO2 emission of paddy, sugar cane, maize, cassava, para rubber and photovoltaic power plant are 2,315 kgCO2eq/tonpaddy, 37.15 kgCO2eq/ton, 256.12 kgCO2eq/ton, 29.07 kgCO2eq/ton, 153 kgCO2eq/ton and-0.5743 kgCO2eq/kWh, respectively. From these results, land use changing from economic crops planting in unsuitable areas to build photovoltaic power plant is appropriate and worth in the environmental and the economic aspect.
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Biomass plays an important role in reducing fossil energy. It can be utilized in different ways and one of its usages is to produce electricity. However, to benefit from the gains of using biomass power generation, there are several... more
Biomass plays an important role in reducing fossil energy. It can be utilized in different ways and one of its usages is to produce electricity. However, to benefit from the gains of using biomass power generation, there are several obstacles to overcome for its competent utilization. The performance of community based biomass power plants (CBP) was studied to access the feasibility and sustainability aspects that caused energy security. The objective of this study was to identify the key factors affecting to CBP establishment. The authors designed the tests to make a comprehensive study considering all the factors published in the Science Direct Database during January 2004 to September 2014. The data was obtained using multi-stage sampling from 1,151 people dwelling in the local community. A questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting the data. The output factors were confirmed by undertaking the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. The results show a significant influ...
Research Interests: Engineering, Energy Economics, Environmental Economics, Structural Equation Modeling, Biomass, and 10 moreLife Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment, Energy efficiency, Energy System Design and Optimization, Electricity, Carbon Footprint, Energy Efficiency, Electricity Generation, Sustainability, and Renewable Energy and Climate Change
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The purpose of this research study is to investigate the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from sugarcane cultivations of farmers in Buriram Province based on the principle of life cycle assessment of four processes of sugarcane... more
The purpose of this research study is to investigate the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from sugarcane cultivations of farmers in Buriram Province based on the principle of life cycle assessment of four processes of sugarcane production, including land preparation, planting, nurturing, and harvesting and transportation. There are two forms of cane growing, namely plant cane and ratoon cane. With regard to harvesting, there are three forms: burned cane, fresh cane and burned leaves, and fresh cane. The results of this study revealed that ratoon cane (fresh cane and burned leaves) emitted the maximum carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) equivalent of 532.19 kgCO 2 eq/ton, followed by ratoon cane (burned cane), plant cane (fresh cane and burned leaves), plant cane (burned cane), and plant cane (fresh cane) at 524.91, 436.58, 429.29 and 60.82 kgCO 2 eq/ton, respectively. Regarding ratoon cane (fresh cane), it emitted the minimum CO 2 equivalent of 14.90 kgCO 2 eq/ton. When considering the process...