Examined the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on the self-report ratings of 24 children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children provided ratings of ADHD symptoms, side-effects, and self-esteem in a double-blind,... more
Examined the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on the self-report ratings of 24 children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children provided ratings of ADHD symptoms, side-effects, and self-esteem in a double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of three MPH doses (.16 mg/kg, .29 mg/kg, .42 mg/kg). Mothers and teachers completed ratings of ADHD symptoms and side-effects. Children reported significant improvements in ADHD symptoms
Research Interests:
Nine neuropsychological tests presumed to assess various frontal lobe functions in children were evaluated for their accuracy in classifying children as having attention deficit disorders (ADD) with (ADD+H) and without hyperactivity... more
Nine neuropsychological tests presumed to assess various frontal lobe functions in children were evaluated for their accuracy in classifying children as having attention deficit disorders (ADD) with (ADD+H) and without hyperactivity (ADD-H). Four groups of children were ...
Research Interests:
To determine whether teenagers and young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have more motor vehicle citations and crashes and are more careless drivers than their normal peers. A comparison of two groups of... more
To determine whether teenagers and young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have more motor vehicle citations and crashes and are more careless drivers than their normal peers. A comparison of two groups of teenagers and young adults (ADHD and normal) followed up 3 to 5 years after original diagnosis. A university medical center clinic for ADHD patients. Thirty-five subjects with ADHD and 36 control subjects between 16 and 22 years of age, all of whom were licensed drivers. Parent ratings of current symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder, a survey of various negative driving outcomes, and a rating scale of driving behavior. Subjects with ADHD used less sound driving habits. This deficiency was associated with greater driving-related negative outcomes in all categories surveyed. Subjects with ADHD were more likely than control subjects to have had auto crashes, to have had more such crashes, to have more bodily injuries associat...
Research Interests: Pediatrics, Adolescent, Humans, Female, Male, and 4 moreFollow-up studies, Parents, Adult, and Automobile driving
The response of 23 children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) with hyperactivity (+H) and 17 children with ADD without hyperactivity (-H) to three doses of methylphenidate (5, 10, and 15 mg twice a day) was evaluated in a... more
The response of 23 children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) with hyperactivity (+H) and 17 children with ADD without hyperactivity (-H) to three doses of methylphenidate (5, 10, and 15 mg twice a day) was evaluated in a triple-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design using parent and teacher ratings of behavior, laboratory tests of ADD symptoms, and behavioral observations during academic performance. Results indicated that the children with ADD+H were rated as having more pervasive behavioral problems at home and more pervasive and severe conduct problems at school than the children with ADD-H. Laboratory tests found the children with ADD+H to be impaired in behavioral inhibition and vigilance whereas children with ADD-H were more impaired in the consistent retrieval of verbally learned material Drug effects were noted on the parent and teacher ratings and on most laboratory measures, with all three doses typically producing significant changes but rarely differing among t...
Research Interests: Pediatrics, Faculty, Humans, Child, Female, and 4 moreMale, Parents, Drug evaluation, and Methylphenidate
Research Interests:
The authors hypothesized that measurement of a specific product from reaction of N,Nâ²-dimethylthiourea (MeâTU) and HâOâ would provide a good indication of the HâOâ scavenging and protection seen after addition of MeâTU to biological... more
The authors hypothesized that measurement of a specific product from reaction of N,Nâ²-dimethylthiourea (MeâTU) and HâOâ would provide a good indication of the HâOâ scavenging and protection seen after addition of MeâTU to biological systems. They found that addition of HâOâ to MeâTU yielded a single stable product, MeâTU dioxide. MeâTU dioxide formation correlated with MeâTU consumption as a function
Research Interests: Kinetics, Multidisciplinary, Humans, Beta decay, Animals, and 15 moreCatalase, Gas Chromatography, Lung, Superoxide Dismutase, Thiourea, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Hydrogen Peroxide, Neutrophils, Radiation Effect, Biological systems, Edema, Oleic Acid, Reaction Kinetics, Phorbol ester, and Gamma radiation
Research Interests:
ABSTRACT
Research Interests:
While it is increasingly recognized that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into adulthood, there is no consensus on diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD. In this article the authors describe and contrast competing... more
While it is increasingly recognized that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into adulthood, there is no consensus on diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD. In this article the authors describe and contrast competing approaches for diagnosis of adult ADHD used in clinical and research practice. The authors review the Wender Utah criteria, DSM criteria, and laboratory assessment strategies for adult ADHD. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach are described, and recommendations are made as a basis for clinical assessment and future research. Both the Wender Utah criteria and DSM-based approaches identify significantly impaired ADHD adults with neurocognitive, biological, and treatment response patterns similar to pediatric ADHD patients. The Wender Utah criteria established the need for retrospective childhood diagnosis and recognize developmental differences in adult symptom expression. The Wender Utah criteria fail to identify patients with predominantly inattentive symptoms, exclude some patients with significant comorbid psychopathology, and diverge significantly from the DSM conception of ADHD. The DSM criteria have never been validated in adults, do not include developmentally appropriate symptoms and thresholds for adults, and fail to identify some significantly impaired adults who are likely to benefit from treatment. There are insufficient scientific data to justify use of laboratory assessment measures, including neuropsychological tests and brain imaging, in diagnosing adult ADHD. Adult ADHD remains a clinical diagnosis. Clinicians should be flexible in application of the current ADHD criteria to adults. Additional research is required to validate adult diagnostic criteria.
Research Interests:
A battery of tests presumed to assess various frontal lobe functions in children was evaluated for the accuracy of the tests in classifying children as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Two groups of children were... more
A battery of tests presumed to assess various frontal lobe functions in children was evaluated for the accuracy of the tests in classifying children as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Two groups of children were tested: (1) 66 children, ages 6-11 years, with ADHD, and (2) a normal community control group of 64 children of the same age. Results indicated good positive predictive power (PPP) for seven of the tests (ranging from 80 to 90%), suggesting that abnormal scores on these tests may be indicative of the presence of ADHD. However, the rates of negative predictive power (NPP) even for these seven tests were modest (ranging from 50 to 66%). Sensitivity was also poor (ranging from 5 to 43%) as were the levels of false negatives (averaging 40%) creating fair-to-poor overall classification rates for all tests (49 to 70%). It is concluded that while these neuropsychological tests may have some value in clinical evaluations of children's psychological abilities, they may not be useful as the sole criteria for the diagnostic classification of children as ADHD.
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Pediatrics, Primary Care, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and 20 moreSchool Psychology, Argentina, Adolescent, Virtual Reality, Humans, Child, Virtual Environment, Female, Male, Ecological Validity, Clinical Sciences, Rating Scale, Psychological Tests, Questionnaires, Virtual Classroom, Public health systems and services research, Child Neuropsychology, Attention Disorders, Medical Records, and Neurosciences
Research Interests: Decision Making, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Intelligence, Cognition, Treatment Outcome, and 15 moreAdolescent, Executive Function, Drug Use, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Humans, Child, Young Adults, Female, Alcohol Drinking, Male, Young Adult, The, Self Concept, Substance-Related Disorders, and Automobile driving
ABSTRACT
We tested the predictive utility of symptoms for proposed DSM-IV definitions of the disruptive behavior disorders using indices corrected for symptom and diagnosis base rates. The field trials sample consisted of 440 clinic-referred... more
We tested the predictive utility of symptoms for proposed DSM-IV definitions of the disruptive behavior disorders using indices corrected for symptom and diagnosis base rates. The field trials sample consisted of 440 clinic-referred youths who were consecutive referrals to a heterogeneous group of mental health clinics. Multiple informants were interviewed to determine the presence of symptoms and diagnoses. Some symptoms which were either not in DSM-III or DSM-III-R, or were modifications of DSM-III-R symptoms, had greater diagnostic efficiency than did several existing symptoms. Symptom utility estimates were generally similar for different ages and genders, although some interesting age and sex trends emerged for a few symptoms. The results supported the inclusion of more restricted definitions of "lying" and "truancy" to increase their association with a conduct disorder diagnosis and they supported the elimination of "swearing" in the oppositional defiant disorder criteria. In addition to their relevance for developing optimal criteria for DSM-IV, these results can aid DSM-IV users by providing a useful guide to the relative efficiency of individual symptoms based on data from a large heterogeneous clinic population.
Research Interests:
To examine the validity of the DSM-IV requirement of an age of onset of impairment due to symptoms before 7 years of age for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The validity of this criterion was examined in... more
To examine the validity of the DSM-IV requirement of an age of onset of impairment due to symptoms before 7 years of age for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The validity of this criterion was examined in a clinic sample of 380 youths aged 4 through 17 years by comparing youths who met symptom criteria for ADHD and either did or did not display impairment before age 7 years. Nearly all youths who met symptom criteria for the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype also met the age of onset of impairment criterion, but 18% of youths who met symptom criteria for the combined type, and 43% of youths who met symptom criteria for the predominantly inattentive type, did not manifest impairment before 7 years. For the latter two subtypes, requiring impairment before age 7 years reduced the accuracy of identification of currently impaired cases of ADHD and reduced agreement with clinicians' judgments. These findings raise questions about the validity of the DSM-IV definition of age of onset of ADHD. Marked differences in the ages of onset of both symptoms and impairment for the three subtypes of ADHD support the validity of distinguishing among these subtypes in DSM-IV.
Research Interests:
To critique the age-of-onset criterion (AOC) for the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The specific AOC of 7 years for symptoms producing impairment as part of the diagnostic criteria is examined from... more
To critique the age-of-onset criterion (AOC) for the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The specific AOC of 7 years for symptoms producing impairment as part of the diagnostic criteria is examined from historical, empirical, conceptual, and pragmatic perspectives. No support could be found for the continued use of this criterion for either clinical or research diagnostic purposes. While both empirical and conceptual grounds exist for viewing ADHD as a disorder that typically has its onset of symptoms during childhood, no support exists for the selection of age 7 years for onset of a valid disorder, either for symptom onset or for onset of impairment. Several reasons favor dispensing with a precise AOC, either for symptom onset or onset of impairment, not the least of which is that it is scientifically indefensible, poses unwarranted practical problems for the study of older adolescents and adults, and may be arbitrarily discriminatory. Until such time as an empirical justification can be marshaled for a precise AOC for ADHD, the current AOC should be either abandoned or generously broadened to include onset of symptoms during the entire childhood years, in keeping with its conceptualization as a childhood-onset disorder.
Research Interests:
To investigate correlates of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in a clinical sample of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parent and teacher Child Behavior Checklists were administered to 300... more
To investigate correlates of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in a clinical sample of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parent and teacher Child Behavior Checklists were administered to 300 children with ADHD to ascertain comorbid symptoms. Based on previous research, a seven-step hierarchical regression analysis was developed. Six hierarchical regression analyses were conducted with either parent or teacher Child Behavior Checklist aggression, delinquency, or anxious/depressive comorbid symptoms as dependent measures. Controlling for (1) variables known to increase risk for ADHD child psychopathology and (2) estimated duration of ADHD, our results suggest that the presence of comorbid symptoms is influenced by age of onset. An early age of onset of ADHD was correlated with a greater rate of parent-reported child aggressive symptoms, and a later age of onset was correlated with a greater rate of parent-reported child anxious/depressive symptoms. Elevated levels of comorbid externalizing and internalizing symptoms are associated with greater ADHD symptom severity. Comorbid externalizing and internalizing symptoms are correlated with age of ADHD onset and are related to the severity of clinical presentation in a referred sample of children with ADHD.
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Family Therapy, Psychiatry, Anxiety Disorders, Assessment, Psychotherapy, and 48 moreAutism, Schizophrenia, Personality Assessment, Evaluation, Treatment, Suicide, Risk assessment, Adolescent, Comorbidity, Prisons, Crisis Intervention, Humans, Child, Substance Abuse, Major Depressive Disorder, Alcoholism, Enuresis, United States, Female, Cognitive Therapy, Male, Child Psychiatry, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Infant, Differential Diagnosis, Substance Dependence, Mental Disorders, Conduct Disorder, Risk factors, Children and Adolescents, Mood Disorders, Prevalence, Psychological Tests, Adult, Prognosis, Psychotropic Drugs, Psychotic Disorders, Risk Factors, Risk Assessment, Adolescent Psychiatry, Social Behavior Disorders, Reference Values, Cross Sectional Studies, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders, Age of Onset, Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors, and Psychoanalytic Therapy
Research Interests: Nursing, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Occupational Health, Adolescent, Workplace, and 16 moreHumans, Absenteeism, United States, Female, Male, Young Adult, Efficiency, Clinical Sciences, Prevalence, Occupational, Questionnaires, Adult, Public health systems and services research, Educational Status, Health surveys, and Occupational and environmental medicine
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Special Education, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Adolescent, and 18 moreComorbidity, Humans, Crime, Alcoholism, Female, Male, Mental Disorders, Mental health services, Social Adjustment, Clinical Sciences, Psychological distress, Adult, Antisocial Behavior, Learning Disorders, Street Drugs, Substance-Related Disorders, Control Group, and Marijuana abuse
Numerous studies have documented an increased frequency of vehicular crashes, traffic citations, driving performance deficits, and driving-related cognitive impairments in teens and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Research Interests:
Prior studies have documented greater impairments in driving performance and greater alcohol consumption among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined whether alcohol consumption produces a... more
Prior studies have documented greater impairments in driving performance and greater alcohol consumption among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined whether alcohol consumption produces a differentially greater impairment in driving among adults with ADHD in comparison to a community control group. The present study compared 50 adults with ADHD (mean age 33 years) and 40 control adults (mean age 29 years) on the effects of 2 single, acute doses of alcohol (0.04 and 0.08 blood alcohol concentration) and a placebo on their driving performance. The authors used a virtual reality driving simulator, examiner and self-ratings of simulator performance, and a continuous performance test (CPT) to evaluate attention and inhibition. Approximately half of the adults in each group were randomized to either the low or high dose alcohol treatment arms. Alcohol consumption produced a greater impact on the CPT inattention measures of the ADHD than the contr...
Research Interests: Psychology, Neuropsychology, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Attention, Virtual Reality, and 16 moreHumans, Computer Simulation, Orientation, Female, Alcohol Drinking, Male, Ethanol, Risk factors, Alcohol Consumption, Computer User Interface Design, Adult, Risk Factors, Reference Values, Neurosciences, Control Group, and Automobile driving
... 52, No. 5, 750-758 Copyright 1984 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. Effects of Age and Ritalin Dosage on the Mother-Child Interactions of Hyperactive Children ... Results indicated few age or drug effects on the social... more
... 52, No. 5, 750-758 Copyright 1984 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. Effects of Age and Ritalin Dosage on the Mother-Child Interactions of Hyperactive Children ... Results indicated few age or drug effects on the social interactions during free play. ...
Research Interests: Psychology, Social Interaction, Consulting, Humans, Child, and 7 moreFemale, Male, Adult, Age Factors, Drug Effects, Methylphenidate, and Age Groups
Children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD+H; N = 48) were compared with those without hyperactivity (ADD-H; N = 42), as well as with learning disabled and control children, on an extensive battery of interviews,... more
Children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD+H; N = 48) were compared with those without hyperactivity (ADD-H; N = 42), as well as with learning disabled and control children, on an extensive battery of interviews, behavior ratings, tests, and direct observations. ADD+H children had more externalizing and internalizing symptoms by parent and teacher report, were more off task during vigilance testing, and had more substance abuse, ADD+H, and aggression among their relatives than did the other groups. ADD-H children were more day-dreamy and lethargic by teacher report, more impaired in perceptual-motor speed, and had more anxiety disorders among their relatives than did ADD+H children. Results indicate that these 2 types of ADD may be separate, distinct childhood disorders rather than subtypes of a common attention deficit.
Research Interests:
The understanding that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists throughout life has heightened interest of patients, families, advocates, and professionals in a longitudinal approach to management. Such an approach... more
The understanding that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists throughout life has heightened interest of patients, families, advocates, and professionals in a longitudinal approach to management. Such an approach must recognize and address known patient- and systems-based challenges of long-term mental health treatment, shifting of clinical presentations of ADHD, and commonality of psychiatric comorbidity with ADHD. The ADHD Life Transition Model is a step toward developing criteria to optimize recognition and clinical management of ADHD (eg, response, remission) across an individual's lifespan and across diverse medical subspecialties. To support therapeutic efficiency and adaptability, our proposed model highlights periods when external resources for managing ADHD are reduced, cognitive and behavioral stressors are increased, and individuals may be reevaluating how they perceive, accept, and adhere to ADHD treatment. Such a model aims to support the clinical community by placing in context new findings, which suggest that the prevention of adult psychopathology in individuals with pediatric ADHD may be possible. The ADHD Life Transition Model seeks to improve care for individuals with ADHD by (1) underscoring that ADHD persists beyond childhood in at least two-thirds of patients, (2) raising awareness of the need to approach ADHD from a chronic illness standpoint, and (3) increasing mental health professionals' diligence in symptom recognition and management of ADHD across developmental phases from childhood through adulthood.
Research Interests:
... Revised (HSQ-R) and School Situations Questionnaire-Revised (SSQ-R) com-pleted by parents and teachers, respectively, for a large sample of urban elementary school children. ... The HSQ-R and SSQ-R appear to have utility in the... more
... Revised (HSQ-R) and School Situations Questionnaire-Revised (SSQ-R) com-pleted by parents and teachers, respectively, for a large sample of urban elementary school children. ... The HSQ-R and SSQ-R appear to have utility in the assessment of attention-de$cit ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Diagnosing ADHD based primarily on symptom reports assumes that the number/frequency of symptoms is tied closely to the impairment imposed on an... more
Diagnosing ADHD based primarily on symptom reports assumes that the number/frequency of symptoms is tied closely to the impairment imposed on an individual's functioning. That presumed linkage encourages diagnosis more by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) style symptom lists than well-defined, psychometrically sound assessments of impairment. The current study correlated measures reflecting each construct in four separate, large-scale ADHD research samples. Average correlation between symptoms and impairment accounted for less than 10% of variance. Symptoms never predicted more than 25% of the variance in impairment. When an ADHD group was formed according to a measure of current symptoms, the sample size shrunk by 77% when a criterion-based measure of impairment was added. The partial unlinking of symptoms and impairment has implications for decisions about the diagnostic process, research criteria for participant inclusion, prevalence estimates, gender ratios, evaluation of treatment effects, service delivery, and many other issues.
Research Interests: Psychology, Psychometrics, Mental Health, Adolescent, Interpersonal Relationship, and 20 moreIdentification, Humans, Child, Correlation, Female, Male, Service Delivery, Follow-up studies, Sample Size, Mental Disorder, Social Adjustment, Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Attention Disorders, Large Scale, Cooperative Behavior, Predictive value of tests, Ambulatory Care, Case Control Studies, and Treatment Effect
There is a high risk of vehicular crashes, traffic citations, and poorer driving performance in adults with ADHD. This pilot study examines the value of a new nonstimulant (atomoxetine) for improving the driving performance of adults with... more
There is a high risk of vehicular crashes, traffic citations, and poorer driving performance in adults with ADHD. This pilot study examines the value of a new nonstimulant (atomoxetine) for improving the driving performance of adults with ADHD. Atomoxetine (1.2 mg/kg daily for 3 weeks) and a placebo are studied on 18 adults with ADHD (M age = 37 years) using ratings of ADHD symptoms, impairment, and safe driving behavior; a virtual reality driving simulator; and ratings of simulator performance. Atomoxetine improves self-ratings of ADHD symptoms, impairments, safe driving behavior, and simulator driving performance. No effects of atomoxetine are evident on others' ratings of driving behavior or on the simulator. Practice effects on the simulator may have obscured those drug effects. The authors find a mixed pattern of results such that atomoxetine warrants further study for its effects on driving in this high-risk population.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Mary Ann Mariani and Russell A. Barkley Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology University of Massachusetts Medical Center ... The first factor appeared to be a dimension comprising motor... more
... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Mary Ann Mariani and Russell A. Barkley Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology University of Massachusetts Medical Center ... The first factor appeared to be a dimension comprising motor planning, speed, agility, and sequencing. ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Intelligence, Personality Assessment, Treatment Outcome, and 12 moreIntellectual Disability, Comorbidity, Family history, Mental Retardation, Humans, Child, IQ, Differential Diagnosis, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Developmental delay, and Treatment Response
Page 1. http://cpj.sagepub.com/ Clinical Pediatrics http://cpj.sagepub.com/content/39/ 1/15 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/ 000992280003900102 2000 39: 15 CLIN PEDIATR Daniel F. Connor, Russell ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Despite growing interest in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about predictors of persistence of childhood cases into adulthood. A retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD, childhood risk factors,... more
Despite growing interest in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about predictors of persistence of childhood cases into adulthood. A retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD, childhood risk factors, and a screen for adult ADHD were included in a sample of 3197 18-44 year old respondents in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Blinded adult ADHD clinical reappraisal interviews were administered to a sub-sample of respondents. Multiple imputation (MI) was used to estimate adult persistence of childhood ADHD. Logistic regression was used to study retrospectively reported childhood predictors of persistence. Potential predictors included socio-demographics, childhood ADHD severity, childhood adversity, traumatic life experiences, and comorbid DSM-IV child-adolescent disorders (anxiety, mood, impulse-control, and substance disorders). Blinded clinical interviews classified 36.3% of respondents with retrospectively assessed childhood ADHD as meeting DSM-IV criteria for current ADHD. Childhood ADHD severity and childhood treatment significantly predicted persistence. Controlling for severity and excluding treatment, none of the other variables significantly predicted persistence even though they were significantly associated with childhood ADHD. No modifiable risk factors were found for adult persistence of ADHD. Further research, ideally based on prospective general population samples, is needed to search for modifiable determinants of adult persistence of ADHD.
Research Interests: Epidemiology, Anxiety Disorders, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Adolescent, Comorbidity, and 17 moreBiological Sciences, Biological Psychiatry, Prospective studies, Humans, Impulse Control Disorders, Female, Male, Biological, Risk factors, Mood Disorders, Adult, Odds ratio, Retrospective Studies, Chi Square Distribution, Risk Factors, Substance-Related Disorders, and Socioeconomic Factors
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been used as an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study was designed to determine whether exposure to elevated androgen levels early in development... more
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been used as an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study was designed to determine whether exposure to elevated androgen levels early in development demonstrated impairments in cognitive functioning, neuroendocrine control, and brain development parallel to those seen in ADHD children. The animals (SHR and Wistar (WKY) controls) were implanted with testosterone on postnatal day 10 and tested for behavior in a spatial cognition paradigm on postnatal day 45. Plasma samples were collected for determination of adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels as indicators of the basal tone of the pituitary-adrenal neuroendocrine axis. In addition, the density of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers (an indicator of catecholamine innervation) in the frontal cortex was compared between animals. The current data show that early testosterone treatment in SHR animals resulted in additional deficits in spatial memory in the water maze, but was ineffective in altering the response of WKY animals. Furthermore, SHR rats had high basal ACTH and low corticosterone levels that may indicate a dysfunctional stress axis similar to other reports in humans with persistent ADHD. Finally, there was a further suppression of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of androgen-treated SHR rats. These results support the hypothesis that early androgen treatment may support the neurobiology of animals with genetic predisposition to hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention in a manner consistent with the enhanced expression of ADHD-like behaviors.
Research Interests: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Spatial cognition, Spatial Memory, Cognition, Brain development, and 21 moreNucleus Accumbens, Problem Solving, Brain Mapping, Pregnancy, Testosterone, Orientation, Female, Animals, Corticosterone, Male, Frontal Cortex, Animal Model, Tyrosine Hydroxylase, Rats, Cognitive Function, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat, Catecholamines, Maze Learning, Frontal Lobe, and Water maze
... PHARMACOTHERAPY 57B s ~.IOO9C 8Cw'~ 70Eo 60 10 50m~ 2c1c1I00..9o.I N80~ 70.~ ~o~ 50-40 "co 30-20-190-80-~ 7O-~ Go.QIco 50._>~5 402~m 30CI.o 20o-O-J! BMSII ndacd Sllnd.2 31~ 41 2Medicalion... more
... PHARMACOTHERAPY 57B s ~.IOO9C 8Cw'~ 70Eo 60 10 50m~ 2c1c1I00..9o.I N80~ 70.~ ~o~ 50-40 "co 30-20-190-80-~ 7O-~ Go.QIco 50._>~5 402~m 30CI.o 20o-O-J! BMSII ndacd Sllnd.2 31~ 41 2Medicalion Asse~menl.=.l=e2.ol4 5!8M [ 8MPool IP ~{A6 7/85P~Behmo ( lo 0 ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The purpose of the field trials for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder was to select valid diagnostic thresholds for these disorders and to compare the psychometric properties of DSM-IV criteria for oppositional defiant... more
The purpose of the field trials for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder was to select valid diagnostic thresholds for these disorders and to compare the psychometric properties of DSM-IV criteria for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder with previous DSM diagnostic formulations. Structured diagnostic interviews, standardized clinician's validation diagnoses, and multiple measures of impairment were obtained for 440 clinic-referred children and adolescents aged 4-17 years. A diagnostic threshold of four symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder optimized identification of impaired children, improved agreement somewhat with the clinician's validation diagnosis, and had somewhat better test-retest agreement than DSM-III-R. In the case of conduct disorder, the optimal time window for ascertainment of symptoms was clarified. A diagnostic threshold of three symptoms of conduct disorder maximized accurate identification of impaired children and agreement with the clinician's validation diagnosis and resulted in slightly better test-retest agreement than DSM-III-R. Compared with the DSM-III-R definition, the DSM-IV definition of oppositional defiant disorder was somewhat more prevalent, but the prevalence of conduct disorder was essentially unchanged. DSM-IV definitions of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder are somewhat better than DSM-III-R definitions in terms of internal consistency and test-retest agreement, and the validity of the DSM-IV definition of oppositional defiant disorder is slightly better than that of DSM-III-R.