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The present study was carried out to evaluate the protective effect of Opuntia elatior fruit juice (3 ml/kg body weight) and aqua-alcoholic extract of Withania somnifera (100 mg/kg body weight) alone and in combination of both against... more
The present study was carried out to evaluate the protective effect of Opuntia elatior fruit juice (3 ml/kg body weight) and aqua-alcoholic extract of Withania somnifera (100 mg/kg body weight) alone and in combination of both against lead acetate (500 ppm in feed for 21 days) induced toxicity in broiler chickens (n=8 each) keeping one group each of lead induced toxicity and healthy control. Clinical symptoms of toxicity were observed in birds received only lead acetate. Haematological parameters, Hb and MCHC in birds treated with lead acetate were found significantly (P 0.05) alterations in PCV, TEC, TLC and MCV levels of birds of all treatment groups were observed compared to that of control birds. Mean values of ALT, BUN, creatinine and total bilirubin were significantly (P<0.05) higher in birds treated with lead acetate as compared to control group, whereas mean values of AST, total protein, albumin, globulin, ACP, ALP and LDH did not differ significantly between groups. It was concluded that daily administration of Opuntia elatior or Withania somnifera at above dose rate may be useful for protection of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in broilers chickens.
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The toxicity of the binary mixture of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) on the ovary of adult zebrafish was evaluated in the present study. Adult female zebrafish were exposed to cadmium chloride (1 mg/L), mercury chloride (30 µg/L), and a... more
The toxicity of the binary mixture of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) on the ovary of adult zebrafish was evaluated in the present study. Adult female zebrafish were exposed to cadmium chloride (1 mg/L), mercury chloride (30 µg/L), and a binary mixture of both metals for 21 days. The toxic effects of both metals on the ovary were investigated by evaluating the oxidative stress markers and related gene expression in ovarian tissue along with the histopathological examination. The significantly decreased level of GSH and increased level of MDA in ovarian tissue of adult female zebrafish exposed to Cd + Hg indicated that the exposure of binary mixture of Cd and Hg caused more lipid peroxidation in the ovary. The significant changes in expression of mRNA of catalase (CAT) and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were not observed in the ovary of zebrafish exposed to the binary mixture. Upon histological evaluation, a decreased number of full-growth (mature) oocytes along with degenerative changes due to Cd exposure were noticed, while ovary of zebrafish of the Hg-exposed group had shown a decreased number of pre-and early vitellogenic oocytes along with atretic previtellogenic oocytes compared to the control group. The ovary of zebrafish of the Cd + Hg-exposed group had shown a decreased number of previtellogenic oocytes with marked pathological changes in mature oocytes. Present findings elucidate that simultaneous long-term exposure of Cd and Hg compared to individual exposure significantly damaged the various stages of oocytes of an ovary of adult zebrafish.
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This study presents the immunomodulatory potential of Abrus precatorius Linn. (Indian wild licorice) leaves. A hydroalcoholic extract of A. precatorius leaves (EAPL) was prepared by maceration. Thirty male mice were divided into five... more
This study presents the immunomodulatory potential of Abrus precatorius Linn. (Indian wild licorice) leaves. A hydroalcoholic extract of A. precatorius leaves (EAPL) was prepared by maceration. Thirty male mice were divided into five groups as follows: control group, model control group (cyclophosphamide-treated), and three treatment groups (treated with EAPL at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, per os, daily for 14 days). Parameters, including hematological, biochemical, organ indices, hemagglutination test (HA titer), delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), interleukin-2 (IL-2) level, splenocyte proliferation and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis were evaluated. Histopathological examination was carried out for the spleen, kidney and liver. Cyclophosphamide (CPMD)-induced changes in white blood cells, lymphocytes and platelets were improved in the treatment groups. Total protein and albumin levels in the treatment groups were signi...
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An in vitro anti-diabetic activity of various indigenous medicinal plants was evaluated by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay methods. Various extracts like chloroform, methanol and water extracts have been prepared by simple... more
An in vitro anti-diabetic activity of various indigenous medicinal plants was evaluated by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay methods. Various extracts like chloroform, methanol and water extracts have been prepared by simple maceration of defatted plant powder using n-hexane. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the presence of active ingredients like flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, carbohydrates and tannins. Chloroform extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm leaf, Lepidium sativum L. seed and Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Tuber exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) inhibition of α-amylase activity as compare to standard drug acarbose. Water extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. Wendl. Leaf and Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) Gamble seed shown significantly higher (p < 0.05) inhibition of α-glucosidase followed by methanolic extracts of Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Tuber and Moringa oleifera La...
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Glycyrrhiza glabra and Tinospora cordifolia are traditional medicinal plants which possess antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, and antioxidant properties. The present study was carried out to evaluate an in-vitro... more
Glycyrrhiza glabra and Tinospora cordifolia are traditional medicinal plants which possess antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, and antioxidant properties. The present study was carried out to evaluate an in-vitro anti-diabetic activity of different extracts of G. glabra root and T. cordifolia stem in proportions of 1:2 and 2:1 by α-amylase inhibition method. Chloroform, methanol and water extracts of both plants were prepared by soxhlet apparatus. Various concentrations from 10 to 100 μg/mL were used to determine the activity. Acarbose was used as standard test substance. Water extracts in 1:2 and 2:1 ratio inhibits α-amylase significantly (p<0.05) with 53.69±2.14 and 52.89±1.40 percent, respectively. In case of methanolic extract, 2:1 ratio of both plants inhibits 53.95±0.66 percent (p<0.05), whereas 1:2 ratio of same extract by 48.12±1.40 percent. Chloroform extracts didn’t show any inhibition against α-amylase. Presence of triterpenoid in the methanol and wate...
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The present study was carried out to evaluate safety profile following administration of Opuntia elatior Mill. fruit juice (OEFJ) and quercetin for 28 days in diabetic rats. OEFJ (4 mL/kg p.o. for 28 days) and quercetin (50 mg/kg p.o. for... more
The present study was carried out to evaluate safety profile following administration of Opuntia elatior Mill. fruit juice (OEFJ) and quercetin for 28 days in diabetic rats. OEFJ (4 mL/kg p.o. for 28 days) and quercetin (50 mg/kg p.o. for 28 days) treatment shown restoring effect on haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count in diabetic rats. Alterations in levels of alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, total bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase observed in diabetic rats which were restored to normal level when diabetic rats were treated with OEFJ and quercetin alone and in combination. The mean values of total protein, albumin, globulin, total bilirubin, BUN and ALP were found unaltered in all groups. Damage induced by streptozotocin in pancreas, liver and kidney were lesser compared to diabetic control group when rats were treated with OEFJ and quercetin. However, no appreciable histopathological lesions have been observed in the spleen, heart, lung and intestine ...
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In this study, alterations in behavior, oxidative stress, and related gene expressions, as well as histopathological changes in the brain, of zebrafish were evaluated following exposure to cadmium chloride and mercury chloride alone and... more
In this study, alterations in behavior, oxidative stress, and related gene expressions, as well as histopathological changes in the brain, of zebrafish were evaluated following exposure to cadmium chloride and mercury chloride alone and in combination for 21 days. In the light–dark preference test, the time spent in the dark side and numbers of entries in the light side by zebrafish of all toxicity groups compared to those of control were significantly higher and lower, respectively. In novel tank test, times spent in the lower zone by zebrafish of toxicity groups were at par but significantly higher compared to those of the control group, which indicate the development of anxiety-like behavior in all toxicity groups. Zebrafish exposed to Cd + Hg showed significant downregulation of Nrf2 mRNA expression (Nrf2— protein that is responsible for the expression of antioxidant proteins) in the brain compared to other toxicity groups. The downregulation of Nrf2 plays a crucial role in cellular oxidative damage in the brain of zebrafish. The glutathione level of the brain was significantly decreased in Cd and Cd + Hg-exposed fish. However, the malondialdehyde level of the brain was significantly higher in Hg and Cd + Hg groups. Significant microscopic pathological changes were noticed in the olfactory bulb, corpus cerebelli, and optic tectum of zebrafish of all toxicity groups. The Cd + Hg-exposed group showed severe changes in periventricular gray zone of optic tectum. Significant synergistic toxicity in the brain was not observed following simultaneous exposure of Cd and Hg in zebrafish.
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The toxicity of the binary mixture of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) on the ovary of adult zebrafish was evaluated in the present study. Adult female zebrafish were exposed to cadmium chloride (1 mg/L), mercury chloride (30 µg/L) and a... more
The toxicity of the binary mixture of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) on the ovary of adult zebrafish was evaluated in the present study. Adult female zebrafish were exposed to cadmium chloride (1 mg/L), mercury chloride (30 µg/L) and a binary mixture of both metals for 21 days. The toxic effects of both metals on the ovary were investigated by evaluating the oxidative stress markers and related gene expression in ovarian tissue along with the histopathological examination. The significantly decreased level of GSH and increased level of MDA in ovarian tissue of adult female zebrafish exposed to Cd + Hg indicated that the exposure of binary mixture of Cd and Hg caused more lipid peroxidation in the ovary. The decreased expression of mRNA of catalase (CAT) and Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were observed in the ovary of zebrafish exposed to binary mixture. The down regulation of Nrf2 might be responsible for suppression of the antioxidant system which resulte...
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Evaluation of phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of few medicinal plants collected from nearby area of Junagadh, Gujarat, India was carried out. Presence of phytochemicals in different types of extracts (chloroform,... more
Evaluation of phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of few medicinal plants collected from nearby area of Junagadh, Gujarat, India was carried out. Presence of phytochemicals in different types of extracts (chloroform, alcoholic and aqueous) was evaluated as per standard chemical methods. All extracts were evaluated for having antibacterial action using disc diffusion assay with selected bacterial cultures. Out of 16 medicinal plants methanolic extract of Adansonia digitata L. leaves showed a zone of inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.02±0.08 mm) and Salmonella typhi (20.69±0.08 mm). Methanol and water extracts of Ficus racemosa L. bark showed a zone of inhibition of 18.48±0.02 mm and 19.68±0.03 mm, respectively against Escherichia coli. Whereas chloroform and methanol extracts of Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC tuber has showed a zone of inhibition of 20.68±0.03 mm and 19.73±0.3 mm, respectively against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus agalactiae. Phytoch...
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The present study was carried out to investigate disposition kinetics of moxifloxacin following single-dose intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight (b.wt.)... more
The present study was carried out to investigate disposition kinetics of moxifloxacin following single-dose intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight (b.wt.) in goats. Plasma samples collected after treatments were analyzed for drug concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After i.v. administration, distribution of the drug was rapid and wide as reflected by high steady-state volume of distribution. Drug elimination was relatively faster with a total body clearance of 0.59 ± 0.03 L/h/kg. Following i.m. injection, the drug has shown the rapid and near-to-complete absorption with bioavailability of 98.20 ± 3.96 per cent. The maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) of 1.21 ± 0.04 μg/mL was attained at 1 h (Tmax). The drug was widely distributed as reflected by high apparent volume of distribution. The elimination half-life (t 1/2β ) of the drug was 6.26 ± 0.08 h. Following s.c. a...