Taranjebin Manna, a rare specific gum exudate from Fabaceae genera (Alhagi), screened for selenium content.These were from some 90 samples complied into 14 bulk samples, representing three regional centres of Iran.Previous... more
Taranjebin Manna, a rare specific gum exudate from Fabaceae genera (Alhagi), screened for selenium content.These were from some 90 samples complied into 14 bulk samples, representing three regional centres of Iran.Previous multidisciplinary studies had suggested selenium in an exudate chemical species context was the likelyactive component. The present study supports this contention and explains Taranjebin Manna's very high ethno-medical demand in Iran, and for its export. Several proposed biochemical hypotheses introduced here supportselenium as the active constituent in context of Manna's glycoprotein content. Research into Manna selenopolysaccharides and selenoglycoproteins is likely to reveal novel compounds of high medical interest. It is arguedTaranjebin Manna ethno-medical indication for neonatal hyper-bilirubinemia and thyroid issues is related to theseselenium compounds. The mean content of selenium was consistently very high, averaging 492 mg Se/100 g (dryweight of Manna) in the range of 482 to 513 mg Se/100 g. As a result, important traditional medical Manna efficacyis inferred from these findings. Possible reason for this hyper-accumulation was investigated by conducting a reviewof selenium geogenic factors and Investigation into Taranjebin Manna’s distribution. This concluded biogeochemicalfactors such as specific local geogenic conditions combined with specific geological terrains contributed to Mannaselenium mobility within specific Alhagi genera species, Apersarum boiss, A. bushe and A. mannifera DesfClimatic,biological and geogenic-geological factors all contribute to high content of selenium in Taranjebin.
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Plant-based strategies could provide a key gateway to restoring heavy metal-polluted environments. The present study was aimed to investigate the phytoremediation potential of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek in the heavy metal contaminated... more
Plant-based strategies could provide a key gateway to restoring heavy metal-polluted environments. The present study was aimed to investigate the phytoremediation potential of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek in the heavy metal contaminated regions by oil industries at West Karun River, Iran. After soil sampling, the plants were grown in pots outdoors and irrigated by distilled water (0 mg/L Cd), Karun River water (0.04 mg/L Cd), and also by 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L of cadmium chloride solutions. Plants were harvested at the seedling and ripening stages and their Cadmium (Cd) content was determined. According to the results, the efficiency of V. radiata for bioaccumulation of Cd was very high at low concentrations of Cd in Karun River treatments (57% and 21% for shoot and roots, respectively), the highest Transfer Coefficient (TC) was (2.80 ± 0.5), Translocation Factor (TF) (2.78 ± 0.7), and Bioaccumulation Factor (BF) (3.83 ± 0.4). Although our findings shows that V. radiata does not possess a high potential of Cd phytoremediation at high concentrations (2.47% and 4.21% in shoot and roots at 50-100 mg/L Cd, respectively), it can provide a safe alternative based at minimum level of Cd concentration. Comparison of heavy metal contents in mung bean plants and soil, shows that there is an antagonistic relationship in Cd uptake and other accessible heavy metals such as Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) from the soil at the study area. Thus the V. radiata could be considered as a potent candidate for bioremediation and growing food in Cd-polluted environments.
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Protected areas have greatly improved the conservation of biological diversities worldwide. The main objective of this short review was to discuss the concept of protected areas, their categorization as well as their state and important... more
Protected areas have greatly improved the conservation of biological diversities worldwide. The main objective of this short review was to discuss the concept of protected areas, their categorization as well as their state and important roles they play in Ghana. Desk survey and Document Analysis under the qualitative research approach guided every facet of the review. The Interpretative Document Analysis was used in thoroughly analyzing the papers before the extensive review was written. The short review focuses on the state of three main protected areas namely wildlife sanctuaries, forest reserves and sacred grove systems in Ghana, their management and the roles they play in biodiversity conservation. The paper reveals that the protected areas must be enhanced and preserved to promote the conservation of biodiversity that pivots life. It argues that if protected areas are managed effectively with the support of local communities where many of these gazette sites are stepped, they would positively improve the ecology and enhance the conservation of biodiversity. Governments must ensure that strong legal frameworks are put in place to facilitate the smooth implementation of the principles for the establishment and management of protected areas.
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The fading of radio waves scattered by dielectric turbulence is shown to be the result of two effects. The first is time variation of the scattering eddies as seen in a coordinate system moving with the local wind velocity. The second is... more
The fading of radio waves scattered by dielectric turbulence is shown to be the result of two effects. The first is time variation of the scattering eddies as seen in a coordinate system moving with the local wind velocity. The second is Doppler shifting produced by the convection of the scattering eddies by the mean wind and by the macro-eddies. In the troposphere, the scattering eddies lie in the inertial range of statistical turbulence theory. This makes it possible to find the envelope fading rate of the received scattered signal to within a constant of proportionality by using dimensionality and similarity arguments. The result is an expression for the fading rate as a function of carrier frequency which departs significantly from that found with ``scattering blob'' models.
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ABSTRACT Phytoremediation is an environmental remediation technique that takes advantage of plant physiology and metabolism. The unique property of heavy metal hyperaccumulation by the macrophyte Eleocharis acicularis is of great... more
ABSTRACT Phytoremediation is an environmental remediation technique that takes advantage of plant physiology and metabolism. The unique property of heavy metal hyperaccumulation by the macrophyte Eleocharis acicularis is of great significance in the phytoremediation of water and sediments contaminated by heavy metals at mine sites. In this study, a field cultivation experiment was performed to examine the applicability of E. acicularis to the remediation of water contaminated by heavy metals. The highest concentrations of heavy metals in the shoots of E. acicularis were 20 200 mg Cu/kg, 14 200 mg Zn/kg, 1740 mg As/kg, 894 mg Pb/kg, and 239 mg Cd/kg. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the shoots correlate with their concentrations in the soil in a log-linear fashion. The bioconcentration factor for these elements decreases log-linearly with increasing concentration in the soil. The results indicate the ability of E. acicularis to hyperaccumulate Cu, Zn, As, and Cd under natural conditions, making it a good candidate species for the phytoremediation of water contaminated by heavy metals.
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Soil and water resources pollution by heavy metals, specially originated from anthropogenic sources, as a result of their toxicity ramification on human health, has been known as a major and serious environmental problem for last few... more
Soil and water resources pollution by heavy metals, specially originated from anthropogenic sources, as a result of their toxicity ramification on human health, has been known as a major and serious environmental problem for last few decades. Particularly relevant is the problem of pharmaceutical wastewater, as this wastewater contains active pharmaceutical ingredients and a wide range of heavy metals. In the same time the food waste is commonly produced in all the steps of food life cycle, such as during agricultural production, industrial manufacturing, processing and distribution and even consumer-generated in the context of private households. Mostly they have high-value components such as phytochemicals, proteins, flavour compounds, polysaccharides, fibers, and which can be re-used as nutraceuticals and functional ingredients. The research aim is to study the potential of food and agricultural waste to remove heavy metals from contaminated water and soil. The study the potentia...
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Bioactive compounds of plant origin are used all over the world because of their positive impact on human and animal health and because of their beneficial, specific properties. The most popular bioactive compounds beneficial to health... more
Bioactive compounds of plant origin are used all over the world because of their positive impact on human and animal health and because of their beneficial, specific properties. The most popular bioactive compounds beneficial to health have been identified and defined earlier. Others are yet to be discovered. In particular, the most common biological activities of these compounds were indicated, such as antiallergic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antithyroid, anxiolytic, to cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and flatulence-inhibiting effects. The beneficial properties of bioactive compounds may be associated with substances like alcohols, terpenoids, phenolic antioxidants, and rosmarinic acid, which are present in several medicinal plants. The updated review considers the physiological, botanical, phytochemical, and medical aspects of herbal bioactive compounds as well as their therapeutic properties, with a focus...
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The metal biosorption is the removal of metal ions by inactive, nonliving biomass due to highly attractive forces present between them. Bio-adsorption capacity of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. commonly known as Roselle or red sorrel purchased... more
The metal biosorption is the removal of metal ions by inactive, nonliving biomass due to highly attractive forces present between them. Bio-adsorption capacity of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. commonly known as Roselle or red sorrel purchased from Fenooj region in Sistan province in the south-eastern region of Iran in a batch system of waste water by considering the effects of various parameters like initial concentration, pH, contact time, temperature, agitation speed and bio-adsorbent dose were studied. According to boost the capacity of bio-adsorption black tea residue was added to the red tea residue by different concentrations and percentages. Effect of various pH; temperature; dose of red tea residue in accompany by of black tea residue after infusion of 10 minutes in contaminated waste water solution in different contact time and initial concentration , particle size and agitation speed were studied. The samples were analyzed by standardized international protocols in Nutrition and ...
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Antibiotic resistance to microorganisms is one of the major problems faced in the field of wound care in burns patients. Silver nanoparticles have come up as potent antimicrobial agent and are being evaluated in diverse medical... more
Antibiotic resistance to microorganisms is one of the major problems faced in the field of wound care in burns patients. Silver nanoparticles have come up as potent antimicrobial agent and are being evaluated in diverse medical applications ranging from silver based dressings to silver coated medical devices. We aimed in present study to test the release of nanosilver from nanosilver wound dressing and compare the dermal and systemic toxicity of nanosilver dressings in a repeated dose (21 days) model. Under general anesthesia, a limited standard 2nd degree burns were provided on the back of each rat in all treatment, negative control (simple dressing) and 5% silver nitrate groups, each contained 5 male wistar rats. According to the analysis made by atomic absorption spectrometry, the wound dressings released 0.599 ± 0.083 ppm of nanosilver during first 24 hrs of study. Daily observations were recoded and wounds were covered with new dressings each 24 hrs. Burn healing was observed i...
Breast cancer affects Iranian women one decade younger than their counterparts in other countries and the underlying risk factors have remained controversial. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the effects of many environmental... more
Breast cancer affects Iranian women one decade younger than their counterparts in other countries and the underlying risk factors have remained controversial. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the effects of many environmental endocrine disruptors and contributes to the many other genes and Gd is an endocrine-regulated glycoprotein which may induce by AhR ligands in endometrium. This study has aimed to compare the interactions between Gd and AhR and other fundamental genes (p53, K-Ras, ER, PgR, AR) between pre and post menopausal Iranian breast cancer patients. To conduct immunohistochemical studies with appropriate monoclonal antibodies, 25 premenopausal invasive ductal carcinomas and 29 postmenopausal invasive ductal carcinomas were selected retrospectively in 2008-2010 from the pathology department of Imam Khomeini hospital complex of Tehran. Higher levels of AhR in epithelial cells of premenopausal patients and breast fibroadenoma emphasized the susceptibility of thes...
SummaryIntroduction: Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile belongs to the Fabaceae family and the subfamily Mimosoideae; and commonly called Gum arabic tree. As the young pods and seeds are eaten roasted by the people in South Iran. Objective: The... more
SummaryIntroduction: Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile belongs to the Fabaceae family and the subfamily Mimosoideae; and commonly called Gum arabic tree. As the young pods and seeds are eaten roasted by the people in South Iran. Objective: The oil composition of the mature seeds of A. nilotica collected from natural habitats of the south of Iran were analyzed in order to determine their potential for human or animal consumption. Methods: The extracted oil was analyzed by gas-chromatography/mass spectroscopy method (GC/MS). Results: The oil content in these edible seeds was found to be 3.4% (v/w) fresh weight. A rare phytosterol, six fatty acids, nine hydrocarbons and one diterpenoid were identified which constituted about 83.5% of the oil. The phytosterol, 26-ethylcholesta-5,25(Z)-dien-3.β-ol (20.8%) as well as essential saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were the main components. Other components were present in amounts lower than 5%. Conclusion: It is concluded that the seed oil coul...
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Due to the vast industrial waste materials and sewages from a lot of industrial factories which have caused contamination of soils, decontamination of environment especially soil has become a global concern. The use of plants to... more
Due to the vast industrial waste materials and sewages from a lot of industrial factories which have caused contamination of soils, decontamination of environment especially soil has become a global concern. The use of plants to decontaminate soils, known as phytoremediation can offer an environment –friendly solution to soil remediation. The aims of this research were to study of five Pelargonium spices for cleaning up contaminated soil which was mixed by remaining and separating after infusion black and green tea leaves (8:1) and their potential ability of to phytoextract different metals (Nickel, Chrome, Lead and Cadmium). Results indicated that the rate of heavy metals uptake by this plant is significantly affected by the spice of plant (p<0.01). Translocation factor in all conditions were higher than one which indicates that metal concentrations in shoots were higher than roots and the plant is suitable for phytoremediation . Pelargonium domesticum in pH 6.5 in the contamina...
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Increasing the world's population and reducing food security and individual requirements for fiber-rich foods have increased the consumption of fruits and vegetables. On the other hand, during the preparation and processing of these... more
Increasing the world's population and reducing food security and individual requirements for fiber-rich foods have increased the consumption of fruits and vegetables. On the other hand, during the preparation and processing of these materials, it is possible to enter chemical contaminants, hence heavy metals are considered as one of the most important contaminations in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, due to the lack of studies in ready-to-eat vegetable samples, this study aims to evaluate the levels of lead, cadmium, and nickel in ready-to-eat vegetable, which were randomly collected from valid sales centers in Tehran market level. In ready-to-eat packaged vegetable samples, two groups of leafy and Tuber vegetables were investigated, which included cress, leek, mint, parsley, basil, scallion, and radish. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) method was used to analyze the concentration of these elements. Analysis of Variance test were used for ana...
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Abstract Biotechnology includes a wide variant range of tools that scientists employ to understand and manipulate the genetic makeup of organisms for use in the production or processing of agricultural products. The biotechnology research... more
Abstract Biotechnology includes a wide variant range of tools that scientists employ to understand and manipulate the genetic makeup of organisms for use in the production or processing of agricultural products. The biotechnology research has used living being or constituents within organisms to create or adapt a product, advance plants or animals, or change microorganisms for specific requirement, and careful assessment is necessary of the risks associated with the possible creation of new selection pressures by biotechnology application through genomics, bioinformatics, transformation, molecular breeding, diagnostics, and vaccine technology. Resistance to genetically developed foods in the western countries has caused limitations to agricultural biotechnology, and the superficial knowledge on biotechnology has increased doubts in the minds of consumer on the benefits, uncertainty, harmful health impacts, and ecological replications. To process the concern, it requires a deployment strategically positioning the biological productivity limits be separated from ecological damage. Hence, discussed were varied aspects of biotechnology, including the molecular biology, of genetics, biochemistry, cell culture, metabolite production, metabolic engineering, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Research on plant biotechnologies is underlined.
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The increase in consumer awareness about food and health has led to an increase in the demand for food containing biologically active compounds, especially antioxidants, which can help the human body fight the oxidative stress. Many... more
The increase in consumer awareness about food and health has led to an increase in the demand for food containing biologically active compounds, especially antioxidants, which can help the human body fight the oxidative stress. Many unconventional or new sources of antioxidants have been discovered, which is a priority not only for food, but also for the pharmaceutical industry. It has been shown that not only raw materials, but also waste from fruit and vegetable processing contains valuable molecules, such as: proteins, essential amino acids, antioxidants, dietary fibers, natural pigments, or aromatic compounds, that can be extracted, purified and modernized in food products or pharmaceuticals with added value. This is the basis of huge potential of not only plant and biotechnology raw materials, but also food waste for the use as a source of antioxidants.
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One of the major involvements of healthy soils in the environment is heavy metals which can be accumulated in vegetables and crops grown on due to the probability of food contamination through the soil-root interface. It should be... more
One of the major involvements of healthy soils in the environment is heavy metals which can be accumulated in vegetables and crops grown on due to the probability of food contamination through the soil-root interface. It should be considered that the preparation and processing of these materials could be provide the entrance of chemical hazardous materials and contaminants, such as heavy metals which nowadays are one of the most important contaminations in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, due to the lack of studies in packaged samples in Tehran Market, the main goals of current were to evaluate the levels of lead, cadmium, and nickel in 360 ready-toeat vegetable, which were randomly collected from recognized sales centers in Tehran market level. In packaged vegetable samples, two groups of leafy and Tuber vegetables were investigated, which included scallion, mint, basil, cress, leek, parsley and radish. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) method was ...
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Background: Toxic and hazardous heavy metals like arsenic, lead, mercury, zinc, chromium and iron are found in a variety of personal care products, e.g. lipstick, whitening toothpaste, eyeliner and nail color. The nails absorb the... more
Background: Toxic and hazardous heavy metals like arsenic, lead, mercury, zinc, chromium and iron are found in a variety of personal care products, e.g. lipstick, whitening toothpaste, eyeliner and nail color. The nails absorb the pigments of nail polishes and vaporized or soluble metals can easily pass it. The goal of this survey was to assess whether the different colors of nail polishes comply with maximum concentrations of heavy metals in the EPA's guidelines. Methods: 150 samples of different popular brands of nail polishes in 13 colors (yellow, beige, silver, pink, white, violet, brown, golden, green, black, colorless, red and blue) were randomly purchased from beauty shops in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014. Microwave digestion EPA method 3051 was used by a microwave oven to determine the amount of 5 heavy metals; Nickel, Chromium, Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium. One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA, hierarchical cluster, and principal component analyses were applied by Statistica 7.0 soft...
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Hazelnut (Corylus avellna L.) is one of the important nut crops in world. The harvesting of hazelnuts is done either by hand or by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts in Iran. Common hazel is widely cultivated for its nuts,... more
Hazelnut (Corylus avellna L.) is one of the important nut crops in world. The harvesting of hazelnuts is done either by hand or by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts in Iran. Common hazel is widely cultivated for its nuts, including in commercial orchards in Europe, Turkey, and Iran. There are some genotypes of hazelnut in Iran that their growing areas are limited to Gillan, Aredbil, Mazandaran, Golestan, Zanjan and Qazvin Provinces. Varieties, location, composition of soils, usage of fertilizer and irrigation affect the fatty acid, mineral and vitamin composition of hazelnuts, and consequently influence the nutritional value and quality of the product. Therefore, the objective of this study was evaluation of protein, crude fiber, and fatty acids in samples in Tarem and Rudsar County farmlands as two economically important provinces. Samples were collected during the harvest season in 2015 from 10 different distinguished cultivars of trees grown in a replicated trial in an e...
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One of the major involvements of healthy soils in the environment is heavy metals which can be accumulated in vegetables and crops grown on due to the probability of food contamination through the soil-root interface. A few studies proved... more
One of the major involvements of healthy soils in the environment is heavy metals which can be accumulated in vegetables and crops grown on due to the probability of food contamination through the soil-root interface. A few studies proved that some plants in accompany with each other can boost the potential of transition factor of heavy metals. Composite soil samples were collected from 25 sites from 10 recognized rice paddy farmlands and crop farmlands in the Mazandaran province, North of Iran. The soil was put into 50 sites in a way that sorghum and sunflower were grown individually and in the same conditions. Measured the Physical and chemical properties and concentrations of heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium and Nickel) in soils before and after planting sunflower and sorghum. Measurement was also after the growth period (in every 10 days) up to 60 days. Translocation factor was determined by dividing metal concentration at shoot by its concentration at root. The results of this resea...
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ABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken in view of providing an impeccable hypothesis that Sweet Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce Mil) and pelargonium roseum in companion of each other may probably be employed as potent... more
ABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken in view of providing an impeccable hypothesis that Sweet Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce Mil) and pelargonium roseum in companion of each other may probably be employed as potent phytoremediators with respect to easily grown in contaminated soil and considering the possibility of boosting hyper accumulation of heavy metals (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead and Cadmium) by the system design. The contaminated soil was put into 50 vases in a way that fennel and geranium were grown in ten examined soils and vases individually, in other ten vases both of plants together in order to find the effect of companion plant in possible potential phytoremediation and no plants were grown in five others as they have been considered as control group in soils. The average translocation of metals from soil to root of Fennel ( F. vulgare) in companion by pelargonium was found to be in the order of Ni (2.43) > Pb (1.82) >Cd (1.33) > Cu (1.27) &g...
Background: Cadmium is ranked in the top ten environmental toxicants but its impact on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) through lifestyle and diet is contradictory. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the urinary Cadmium levels (u Cd) in... more
Background: Cadmium is ranked in the top ten environmental toxicants but its impact on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) through lifestyle and diet is contradictory. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the urinary Cadmium levels (u Cd) in T2DM in an age and gender matched case control study in over 40 years volunteers and find the association of u Cd with diet, smoking, anthropometric factors and lifestyle in study participants. Methods: Face-to-face interviews based on structured questionnaires were conducted to obtain sociodemographic and life style of 200 female and male participants (100 cases and 100 control). Considering the exclusion criteria, u Cd of 30 T2DM and 30 normal participants were determined by ICP-mass analysis in Tehran. Results: Urine analysis indicated that individuals with type 2 diabetes have significantly higher U-Cd (0.0407 ± 0.0073 ppm vs. 0.0150 ± 0.0019 ppm, p = 0.001) but this difference was not contributed to their recent smoking habits, diet, life style...
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It has been reported that as much as 75% of the daily calorie intake of the people in some Asian countries is derived from rice. At harvest time (August to late September 2013) 800 Alikazemi rice samples were randomly collected and were... more
It has been reported that as much as 75% of the daily calorie intake of the people in some Asian countries is derived from rice. At harvest time (August to late September 2013) 800 Alikazemi rice samples were randomly collected and were studied in states of: Whole rice grains, Brown and Polished in 4 different states of heating and cooking processes: Raw , Rinsed, Cooked and Drained. Samples collected from ten major farmland rice production areas in Gilan province in the north of Iran from cities due to investigation the effect of milling, cooking and heating processes in polished and brown rice samples on their mineral and heavy metal contents( Mn, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd and As) and find the best cooking methods in order to avoid the side effects of heavy metals in edible an consumed rice and also assess the associated health risk posed to the population through exposure to heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead) in rice. Results show that rinsing samples especially after 4 times has the ...
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Rice is the second food in high consumption among Iranian people. Arsenic (As) in rice is of special concern in countries where it is consumed daily. Rice plants absorb As from soil and water. Total arsenic and arsenic speciation was... more
Rice is the second food in high consumption among Iranian people. Arsenic (As) in rice is of special concern in countries where it is consumed daily. Rice plants absorb As from soil and water. Total arsenic and arsenic speciation was performed on rice that had undergone various varieties and forms of cooking. Basmati, long-grain, polished (white) imported popular rice brands as well as parboiled rice, were investigated. The effect of rinsing rice samples by different volume of water as well as the effect of soaking rinsed rice samples by NaCl and cooking methods on Arsenic contents were studied by ICP-MS. The minimum and maximum As contents in rinsing rice and cooked polished rice were 0.103 and 0.385 (mg/kg DW) in imported rice variety respectively . It was found here that cooking rice in a large volume of water and soaking rinsed rice samples by NaCl 2% at least for 2 hours had the greatest effect (significantly affect p<0.003) with regards to lowering arsenic levels in cooked ...
As the consumption of different forms of mushrooms has been increased remarkably in recent years in Iran due to the high price of red meat, fish and other proteins , this research builds upon: Investigation the Effect of freezing process... more
As the consumption of different forms of mushrooms has been increased remarkably in recent years in Iran due to the high price of red meat, fish and other proteins , this research builds upon: Investigation the Effect of freezing process on the cooking method (raw, cooked, fried, micro waved), safety and nutritional value and the mean level of essential mineral contents in Mushroom samples. Mineral contents of 580 purchased samples from the 6 most famous packaged brands of Agaricus bisporus (white) were studied in 10 different states of thermal and non-thermal processing of conventional and sliced forms in all different weight package available in market from creditable market in Tehran, Iran in 2013 in 3 consecutive seasons of winter, spring and summer. Results revealed that although the mean contents of Zn, Cu and Fe in all samples has been increased by fried method but these contents in all samples decreased significantly by freezing method after being fried (p<0.01). In accor...