Camellia sinensis

The study was aimed to determine the effects of adding milk, sugar and sweeteners to the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Camellia Sinensis (green tea) powder. Six green tea samples were brewed in cold water and whisked: Green tea powder (G), green tea powder with sugar (GS), green tea powder with aspartame (GA), green tea powder with milk (GM), green tea powder with milk and sugar (GMS) and green tea powder with milk and aspartame (GMA). The total phenolic content of green tea powder samples was evaluated by using Folin-Ciocalteu assay while α,α-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to measure the antioxidant activity. Results showed that milk addition significantly enhanced by 59.84% of total phenolic content and also increased 26.3% (DPPH) and 42.35% (FRAP) of antioxidant activity of green tea powder, as compared to green tea samples without milk (p<0.05). Strong and positive correlations were found bet...

In 12th century, the Buddhist priest Eisai brought tea (Camellia sinensis L.) seeds to Japan from China and now tea plants are cultivated all over Japan except in the Hokkaido and Tohoku districts. The quality (reflected in the price) of Japanese green tea is affected by the nitrogen content. Consequently in tea fields, for last three decades large amounts of

The understanding of the genetic resource status of an
economic and medicinal crop such as tea (Camellia simensis) is a very relevant prerequisite for its improvement and advancing its research attention. This review summarises the available
information on tea breeding in Nigeria.  Tea cultivation in
Nigeria contributes significantly to the economic development of the tea growing communities especially women who are about 75% in the tea industry.  The available information showed that 2045 tonnes, 2914 tonnes made tea were produced in 2006 and 2007 respectively.  The major breeding achievement was the adaptability of three tea clones to the lowland regions in Nigeria, standardization of pluck quality, the grouping of tea clones into three distinct groups for further hybridization studies. Induction of callus from tea stem uttings, shoot apices and flower buds were not left out. Germplasm collection, introduction, hybridization and introduction of biotechnology techniques become urgent steps for tea improvement in Nigeria.

Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), a major enzyme responsible for manufacture of black tea from tea leaves (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze). Objective: To isolated and characterize the Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme from UPASI selected clone of Camellia sinensis (L.). PPO was purified via ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography resulted in a recovery of 28.89% of total enzyme activity. Purified PPO was a monomeric protein of molecular weight 32 kDa. The most preferred substrate for PPO was catechin (10 mM) followed by catechol, caffeicacid, L-Dopa and pyrogallol. The Km and Vmax for PPO was1.22 mM ± 1.45 mM and 249.71 ± 1.86 U/ml/min using catechin as a substrate. Thermal stability of PPO was at 62°C. The enzyme activated monovalent cations namely, K+, and Na+. The most effective inhibitor was β - mercaptoethanol followed by EDTA and SDS. Activation energies were E(a) of PPOΔH* ( 1.3517 kJ mol-1), ΔG* ( 55402.96 kJ mol-1) and ΔS*(-185.82 J mol-1 K-1). Based on the results, this study can be concluded that the purified PPO showed greatest substrate specificity towards catechin (10 mM), high activity in the presence of K2+, Na2+ and greatest inhibition with β-mercaptoethanol. Thus, isolated PPO enzyme from the selected clone of Camellia sinensis (L.) may be a potential source for pharmacology and functional food.

Nowadays, computer systems are developing very rapidly and become more and more complex, which leads to the necessity to provide security for them. This paper is intended to present software for testing and evaluating cryptographic algorithms.When evaluating block and stream ciphers one of the most basic property expected from them is to pass statistical randomness testing, demonstrating in this way their suitability to be random number generators. The primary goal of this paper is to propose a new framework
to evaluate the randomness of cryptographic algorithms: based only on a .dll file which offers access to the encryption function, the decryption function and the key schedule function of the cipher that has to be tested(block cipher or s
tream cipher), the application evaluates the randomness and provides an interpretation of the results. For this, all nine tests used for evaluation of AES candidate block ciphers and three NIST statistical tests are applied to the algorithm being tested. In this paper, we have evaluated Tiny Encryption
Algorithm (block cipher), Camellia (block cipher) and LEX (stream cipher) to determine if they pass statistical randomness testing.

This study examined the antibacterial, thrombolytic and antioxidant
activity  of  crude  water,  ethanol  and  acetone  extracts  of Camellia
sinensis  (Fam:  Theaceae)  or  green  tea  leaves  in  vitro.  The
pharmacological  history  of  this  plant  inspired  us  to  evaluate  the
possible  antibacterial,  thrombolytic  and  antioxidant  potentials.  A
quick  and  rapid  methodology  (In  vitro  thrombolytic  model)  was
applied  to  find  out  the  clot  lysis  effect  of  aqueous,  ethanol  and
acetone extracts of Camellia sinensis leaves where streptokinase and
water  were  employed  as  a  positive  and  negative  controls,
respectively.  The  percentage  (%)  clot  lysis  was  statistically
significant (p<0.0001) when compared with vehicle control. Using an
in  vitro thrombolytic  model, water,  ethanol  and  acetone  extracts  of
Camellia sinensis leaves showed moderate clot lysis activity (45.60 ±
2.313%, 37.68  ±  2.211%,  and 30.51%  ±  2.551%,  respectively)
whereas standard streptokinase showed 87.15 ± 3.212 % clot lysis
effect and the negative control water revealed 5.60 ± 2.131 % lysis of
clot.  In  the  case  of antibacterial  activities,  the  extracts  of  water,
ethanol  and  acetone  solvents  were  investigated  by  a  simple  agar
diffusion  method  using  ten  pathogenic  bacteria.  Both  aqueous  and
ethanol extracts  showed moderate activity against seven pathogenic
organisms, and acetone extracts showed activity against  eight of the
bacteria tested. All the activities were determined by measuring the
zone  of  inhibition  (in  mm)  compared  with  the  standard  antibiotic
(Amoxicillin).  Finally,  Free  radical  scavenging  activity  was
evaluated in vitro with the spectrophotometric method based on the
reduction of the stable 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free
radical. The tested extracts showed variable antioxidant activities.
The  high  antioxidant  activity  was  achieved  in  water  (88.32%)
followed by ethanol (78.80%) and acetone (61.96%) extracts. The
extracts  were  investigated  regarding  their  total  flavonoid  content
(TFC)  by  A1C13 reagent.  The  aqueous  extracts  of  green  tea  leaves
(TFC = 78.16 ± 1.90 µg/mg) and ethanol extracts (TFC = 65.99 ± 4.11 µg/mg) had the highest content of flavonoid in comparison to
acetone extracts (TFC = 55.85 ± 1.43 µg/mg). Furthermore, the
total phenolic content of the three extracts of green tea leaves
showed large variations. The water extracts of green tea leaves
contained  the  highest  total  phenol  content  (160.00  ±  0.62  mg
GAE/g extract), followed by  ethanol extracts (123.33 ± 2.32 mg
GAE/g extract) and acetone extracts  (95.37 ± 1.12 mg GAE/g
extract).This  study  suggests  that  leaves  of  green  tea  are  the
possible  sources  of  natural  radical  scavengers.  Thus,  green  tea
leaves could be used as natural antioxidants in the beverage, food
and pharmaceutical industries that need further wide range in vivo
studies.

To examine the effect of green tea extract on body weight, serum levels of glucose, and lipids in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. This experimental study was carried out in the Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran from January 2011 to March 2011. Forty-eight male wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided randomly into 6 groups. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of stereptozotocin (55 mg/kg). The experimental groups received alcohol extract of green tea leaves (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) for 4 weeks and the body weight of animals were measured every day. Finally, blood samples were collected and analyzed for glucose and lipid profile levels. Administration of green tea extract caused a significant decrease in serum glucose and total cholesterol levels and significantly improved the body weight loss in diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg green tea in comparison to diabetic control group. No significant changes were observ...

The antioxidant properties of 20 herbs and 28 herbal teas were analysed in comparison with those of Camellia sinensis based on total phenolic content (TPC), free radical scavenging (FRS) activity, ferric reducing power (FRP) and ferrous ion chelating (FIC) ability. The main objective was to find out if there are herbs and herbal teas with antioxidant properties comparable to or superior than those of C. sinensis. Results showed that TPC, FRS and FRP of C. sinensis leaves outperformed all herbs. FIC values were however weaker than those of banaba and cashew leaves. TPC, FRS and FRP of C. sinensis teas outperformed all herbal teas except those of banaba, lemon myrtle and stevia. Eleven herbal teas displayed stronger FIC values than C. sinensis teas with those of banaba, spearmint and peppermint being the most potent. Overall, C. sinensis leaves and teas remain the king of antioxidants based on phenolic content and primary antioxidant properties of FRS and FRP, but not on secondary antioxidant properties of FIC.

The effect of thidiazuron (TDZ) on the micropropagation of Camellia sinensis (China hybrid) was compared with that of benzylaminopurine (BAP) using nodal segments from in vitro raised seedlings. Extremely low concentrations of TDZ (1pM–100nM) alone were effective in inducing shoot bud proliferation and maintaining high rates of shoot multiplication on hormone-free media. On the other hand, higher concentrations of BAP

Natural phenols and polyphenols are compounds found in plants. Polyphenols include phenolic acids and flavanoids. Polyphenols provide health benefits such as antioxidant, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, analgesic, antipyretic activities. In this review, a assortment of different types of extraction methods such as water bath, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), solvents and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) for polyphenols is covered followed by various methods of estimation.

1-6 Program Studi S1 Farmasi Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Mandala Husada Slawi, Jl. Cut Nyak Dhien No.16 Kalisapu, Slawi, Kabupaten Tegal Telp/Fax (0283) 6197570 ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan ekstraksi dengan metode refluks pada teh hitam (Camellia sinensia) dan dilanjutkan dengan isolasi kafein dengan metode mikrosublimasi, hasil kristal isolasi dilakukan identifikasi senyawa kafein dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) dan Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis. Hasil isolasi berupa kristal berwarna putih diuji kualitatif dengan metode kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) menggunakan fase gerak kloroform:etanol (99:1). Hasil uji kualitatif kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) positif mengandung senyawa kafein terlihat dari bercak berpedar biru yang nampak pada panjang gelombang 254 nm, kristal hasil isolasi diperoleh nilai Rf 0,225 dan HRf 22,5 sejajar dengan bercak kafein standar dengan nilai Rf 0,237 dan HRf 23,7 sedangkan nilai HRx 94,9. Pada uji kualitatif menggunakan spektrofotometer Uv-Vis didapat 2 peak yang menandakan masih adanya senyawa lain yang terkandung dalam kristal hasil isolasi yang dihasilkan. Panjang gelombang maksimal kristal hasil isolasi pada spektrofotometer Uv-Vis sebesar 273,0 nm dan 206,8 nm sedangkan panjang gelombang maksimal standar kafein 273,5 yang menandakan bahwa kristal hasil isolasi terdapat senyawa kafein. Kata Kunci : kafein, daun teh hitam, KLT, spektofotomteri Uv-Vis.

Bu yazı, Mehmet Arif'in 1912 yılında yazdığı Çay Hakkında Malumat adlı 45 sayfalık risalesinin tarantısından oluşuyor. Eskiyazı aslıyla yeniyazı transliterayonu ve transkripsiyonu ekran görüntüsüyle birlikte sayfa sayfa verilmektedir. Böylece sayfayı çift pencereli açanlar solda aslını sağda da üçlemesini görüp karşılaştırma yapabilecek. Tarantı sözlüğü sondadır.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a modern plague of growing proportions. Herbal medicine offers two potential solutions to this major health issue. First, in some cases, herbs may be substituted for antibiotics altogether. This approach reduces antibiotic use and thus helps prevent worsening of antibiotic resistance, while still controlling the MRSA. Second, herbs can augment the effect of antibiotics and even overcome drug resistance when antibiotics are appropriate and necessary. This article discusses herbs that potentially have these benefits: The herbs include Camellia sinensis (green tea) leaf, Theobroma cacao (chocolate) fruit, Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) leaf essential oil, Pelargonium sidoides (African geranium) essential oil, Cymbopogon flexuosus (lemongrass) essential oil, Thymus capitatus (thyme) flowering top essential oil, Lavandula spp. (lavender) essential oil, Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) root, Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) root, Geranium caespitosum (pineywoods geranium) herb, Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaf and essential oil, Lycopus europaeus (bugle weed) herb, Santalum spicatum (Australian sandalwood), Origanum vulgare (oregano) herb essential oil, Allium sativum (garlic) bulb, Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon grape) root, Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) herb, Bursera microphylla (elephant tree) resin, Commiphora molmol (myrrh) resin, Cinnamomum zeylanicum (true cinnamon) bark volatile oil, Echinacea angustifolia (echinacea) root, Quercus spp. (oak) bark, Anemopsis californica (yerba mansa) root, Usnea spp. (old man's beard) thallus, Juniperus communis (juniper) fruit, Larrea tridentata (chaparral) herb, Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) root, Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizome, and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) volatile oil.

An anatomical study was conducted on the development of one humped camel spleen using standard histomorphological methods. Fifteen Camelus dromedarius foetuses obtained from Sokoto metropolitan abattoir at different gestational ages were used for the study. The fetuses were weighed and grouped according to their gestational ages using their crown-vertebral-rump length. Gross observation of the organ shown that, the spleen was observed to be elongated, with flat surfaces and rounded at the apices in all the stages of development. At first trimester, the spleens were seen as smooth massive organ, with almost uniform width and thickness throughout the length. They were uniformly pinkish, no definite shape and no visual regional boundaries. At second trimester, the spleens were observed to have taken the normal shape of an adult camel with definite shape and visual regional boundaries (base, body and apex). Biometrically, the weight of the foetuses, the crown – vertebral – rump – length, weight of the spleen, length of the spleen, width of the spleen and volume of the spleen were found to be increasing progressively with advancement in gestational age (first trimester to third trimester). Histological observations showed that the spleens had variable shape and size of the red pulp, white pulp, trabercular connective tissue and capsular thickness depending on the stage of development. A special feature of connective tissue inter-digitations of variable sizes into the parenchyma was observed along the whole surface at 2 nd and 3 rd trimester. Based on the findings in the study, camels' spleen had little/few similarities with true ruminant and variations with so many domestic animals in terms of development.

Nowadays, computer systems are developing very rapidly and become more and more complex, which
leads to the necessity to provide security for them. This paper is intended to present software for testing
and evaluating cryptographic algorithms. When evaluating block and stream ciphers one of the most basic
property expected from them is to pass statistical randomness testing, demonstrating in this way their
suitability to be random number generators. The primary goal of this paper is to propose a new framework
to evaluate the randomness of cryptographic algorithms: based only on a .dll file which offers access to the
encryption function, the decryption function and the key schedule function of the cipher that has to be tested
(block cipher or stream cipher), the application evaluates the randomness and provides an interpretation of
the results. For this, all nine tests used for evaluation of AES candidate block ciphers and three NIST
statistical tests are applied to the algorithm being tested. In this paper, we have evaluated Tiny Encryption
Algorithm (block cipher), Camellia (block cipher) and LEX (stream cipher) to determine if they pass
statistical randomness testing.