carlos chavez

Este trabajo describe formas de organización y normas de funciona-miento en áreas de manejo y explotación de recursos bentónicos de la Región del Bío-Bío. Adicionalmente, en base a una encuesta espe-cial aplicada a pescadores integrantes de las organizaciones, se re- ...

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the optimality property of a market-based environmental policy when both, abatement and enforcement costs are considered. To our knowledge there is no work squarely dealing with this specific issue. The main hypothesis in this paper is that while a transferable emissions permit system allows an environmental regulator to achieve a given environmental target at least abatement costs (see Dales (1966), Crocker (1968), Montgomery (1972)), when considering also enforcement costs this regulatory system will not necessarily produce optimal results. In fact, we argue in this article that the distribution of emissions that minimize aggregate compliance costs (abatement and enforcement costs) will differ from the emissions allocation of a competitive transferable emission permit system which minimizes only aggregate abatement costs. This is so, since the individuals firms under a transferable emission permit system do not internalize the enforcement costs required to induce perfect compliance. In this context, an optimal environmental policy can be implemented by charging firms with the enforcement costs associated to the functioning of the system with adequate levels of compliance. While, in practice an environmental policy on this line could be formulated, key to its implementation is its political feasibility which requires a clear technical justification.

... 1 , Sandra González-Ferrer 1 , Alicia Rojas-Atencio 1 , Alisandra Morales-Machin 1 , Joaquín Peña 1 , Lennie Pineda-Bernal 1 , Richard González 1 , Luis Eduardo Miranda 1 , Juana Delgado-Luengo 2 , María Luisa Hernández 1 ... Roberts RG, Bobrow M, Bentley DR. ...

We analyze the compliance behavior of artisanal fishermen in the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Our empirical analysis explores the role of the reserve's participatory management system as a determinant factor in decisions to violate regulations. The results indicate that, along with traditional enforcement tools (detection and penalties), the perception of legitimacy that regulations and local organizations have among the boat-owners, their

We study the cost effectiveness property of different control strategies for improving environmental quality. Our prospective analysis considers the application of Transferable Emissions Permit System (TEPS), Transferable Ambient Permit System (TAPS) and Standards (Std) applied ...

The synthesis and characterization of graphene-like materials, prepared by plasma processing of graphite oxide is described. The thermal exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide was obtained by passing an aerosol of coarsely ground graphite oxide with no solvent through a low-power (900W) microwave generated plasma, with argon as the carrier and plasma gas. The reduced material obtained by this aerosol-through-plasma

Despite the widespread use of rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody with demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, there is a recognized need to develop new agents with improved efficacy. Towards this end, using XenoMouse technology, a fully human IgG1 anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody was generated. This antibody, denoted mAb 1.5.3, evoked enhanced pro-apoptotic activity in vitro, as compared to rituximab, in the Ramos lymphoma cell line. Also, mAb 1.5.3 mediated both complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) similar to rituximab in human B-lymphoma lines. Interestingly, mAb 1.5.3 demonstrated superior ADCC compared to rituiximab when FcgammaRIIIa F/F allotype donors were profiled and superior cytolytic activity across multiple human B-lymphoma and chronic B-cell leukemia lines in an in vitro whole blood assay. Furthermore, mAb 1.5.3 exhibited enhanced anti-tumor activity in Ramos, Daudi, and Namalwa tumour xenograft models. Lastly, mAb 1.5.3 produced a superior B-cell depletion profile in lymph node organs and bone marrow as compared to rituximab in a primate pharmacodynamic (PD) model. These findings underscore the potential of mAb 1.5.3 to exhibit improved clinical activity in the treatment of B-cell malignancies compared to rituximab.

We explore the cost-effectiveness of economic incentives to induce changes in wood consumption in urban areas. We consider the case of Temuco and Padre Las Casas in southern Chile. Three incentives schemes are considered: subsidy to the demand of dry wood

Female adolescents in reproductive age are a susceptible group to anemia and micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of this study was to know the nutritional, anthropometric and dietetic status, the prevalence of anemia, depletion of iron deposits (FeD) and Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in female adolescents. Seventy-eight not pregnant female adolescents (15.9 +/- 1.1 years old), from an urban and a periurban zone of Maracaibo, and a rural zone near this city, without infectious and inflammatory processes, were analyzed. Anemia in adolescents was considered when Hb < 120 g/L; FeD: ferritin < 12 microg/L; VAD serum retinol <20 microg/dL; risk of VAD (RVAD) 20-30 microg/dL. The data were analyzed with the SAS program and expressed as Means +/- Standard Deviations, statistical significance was considered when p < 0.05. The percentage of caloric and protean adjustment in all groups was below the daily requirements. Adolescents from the rural zone showed significant lower values of weight (p = 0.0024), height (p = 0.0027), body mass index BMI (p = 0.0487), fatty area (p = 0.0183), MCV (p = 0.0241), MCH (p = 0.0488), MHCC (p = 0.0228), and the highest prevalence of anemia (66.67%), anemia+FeD (33.33%), and anemia+FeD+RVAD (5.56%), with respect to adolescents from the urban zone. Although, anemic adolescents from the rural zone showed a non significant decrease of the iron percentage adjustment. Iron requirements are increased during adolescence, reaching a maximum at the peak of growth and remaining almost as high in girls after menarche, to replace menstrual losses. The low iron status among adolescents from the rural zone determine that this is a high risk group to anemia and FeD and they require prevention, control and suplementation strategies.

We explore the cost-effectiveness of economic incentives to induce changes in wood consumption in urban areas. We consider the case of Temuco and Padre Las Casas in southern Chile. Three incentives schemes are considered: subsidy to the demand of dry wood