Regulations

The practice of prescribing opioid drugs for opioid dependent patients in the U.S. has been subjected to special government scrutiny for almost 100 years. From 1920 until 1964, doctors who used opioids to treat addicts risked federal and/or state criminal prosecution. Although that period ended when oral methadone maintenance was established as legitimate medical practice, public concern about methadone diversion

Better understanding of how public works are procured through policy, regulation and upon acquisition is increasingly important. This knowledge can shape how architects can effectively impact wider architectural culture through improving quality, social values and advice to clients, while more successfully obtaining such commissions. In the UK the application of these regulations, which cascades multiple impacts from RIBA Stage 0 through subsequent work stages and extends into the private sector, is in urgent need of reform. Architects need to improve their knowledge of procurement to ensure a more sustainable built environment is achievable and also need to engage in advising clients and industry better to effect the necessary changes in procurement, to deliver more appropriate, simpler, robust, accessible and innovative procurement. Reform has been long overdue but is now an absolute necessity.

Wastewater constitutes an alternative water source for the irrigation sector. To fully benefit from it, and reduce possible adverse effects on public health and the environment, we need to look at the regulation of the practice. A prerequisite for this is an institutional analysis, and the points to consider are the institutional mandates. We used the city of Hyderabad, India, as a case study. There, irrigation with wastewater is not supported or recognized, but it happens in practice. It takes place in an indirect and unplanned way. Institutions fail at enforcing regulations, and little attention is given to formalization of the practice. With this article, we aim to untangle the institutional setup, and by doing so, identify the constraints surrounding development of a formal practice. Ultimately, we aim at contributing to the discussion on the agricultural use of wastewater.

Suicide rates in Sri Lanka have steadily risen from the 1970’s to peak in 1995 thereafter showing a gradual decrease. We investigated whether pesticide control regulations had an impact on suicide rates. A graphical approach and regression analysis was used to identify time trends in suicide from 1980-2016 and determine the impact pesticide control regulations had on suicide rates while considering other economic variables. A gradual decrease was seen in suicide rates from 1996 to 2016. Mean numbers of suicides have decreased steadily between the time-intervals significant bans on pesticides were imposed. The regression model showed that with the enactment of each regulation, suicide rates were likely to reduce by 9 times when considered with population and economic changes. Restrictions on the use of harmful pesticides in Sri Lanka where pesticide poisoning is a common method of committing suicide has been useful in curtailing suicide rates.

תקנות מקיפות את כל תחומי החיים, ויש להן תפקיד מרכזי בהכוונת התנהגות. הן אינן מתייחדות לנושאים איזוטריים, טכניים או שוליים, אלא יוצקות תוכן ממשי לחובות, זכויות וכשירויות של ציבורים שלמים. במהלך משבר הקורונה הן תפסו מקום של בכורה בהסדרת ההתנהלות האזרחית. בעוד שתקנות הקורונה ספגו ביקורת נוקבת בזירה הציבורית, האקדמית והמשפטית על פגיעתן הקשה בעקרון שלטון החוק, הן דמוקרטיות יותר מכפי שמקובל לסבור, נוכח נגישותן המוגברת לציבור, בהשוואה לחקיקה מנהלית רגילה. נגישות גבוהה זו מושגת תוך שימוש נרחב בכלי משפט חזותי ומדיה חדשים. לעומת זאת, תקנות רגילות המותקנות בשגרה הן דמוקרטיות פחות מכפי שמקובל לסבור, בהשוואה לחקיקה ראשית ואף בהשוואה לתקנות הקורונה, נוכח בעיות נגישות ייחודיות המאפיינות אותן. הפרדוקס הדמוקרטי של תקנות הקורונה מלמד על האופנים שבהם יש לבסס את הנגישות לחקיקת משנה בישראל בשגרה ובחירום.

There has been limited research, particularly in Zimbabwe and Swaziland, on the financial reporting and regulations governing charities. This study seeks to identify the financial reporting in charities, the regulations governing these charities and analyse the regulations' adequacy. Charities play a significant role in development, furthering social and economic objectives by increasing support to disadvantaged members of the society. There are different types of charities and new forms of charities are being established. This study focuses on not-for-profit making organisations involved with charity work in Zimbabwe and Swaziland. There has been no attempt to date of moves towards providing regulatory guidelines that will assist stakeholders in their decision-making and in the process, enhance transparency in Charities. There is a need to identify how all stakeholders can understand the financial statements of charities and in the process regulate the way they report and ensure transparency in their financial reporting. The study reports findings from interviews with charitable organisations in Zimbabwe and Swaziland. Charities sector has grown financially and the regulatory framework need to be strengthened. The recommendations should benefit users, and all stakeholders in the Charities organisations.

Keywords: charity organisations, financial statements, not for profit sector, regulations, transparency, Swaziland, Zimbabwe

Cosmetics with high water content are at a risk of being contaminated by micro-organisms that can alter the composition of the product or pose a health risk to the consumer. Pathogenic micro-organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are frequently found in contaminated cosmetics. In order to avoid contamination of cosmetics, the manufacturers add preservatives to their products. In the EU and the USA, cosmetics are under legislation and all preservatives must be safety evaluated by committees. There are several different preservatives available but the cosmetic market is dominated by a few preservatives: parabens, formaldehyde, formaldehyde releasers, and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone.Allergy to preservatives is one of the main reasons for contact eczema caused by cosmetics. Concentration of the same preservative in similar products varies greatly, and this may indicate that some cosmetic products are over preserved. As development and elicitation of contact allergy is dose dependent, over preservation of cosmetics potentially leads to increased incidences of contact allergy. Very few studies have investigated the antimicrobial efficiency of preservatives in cosmetics, but the results indicate that efficient preservation is obtainable with concentrations well below the maximum allowed.

First, as a foundation for the other parts, aims and secondary effects of sports are explored (1.) and the general concepts of 'norm' and 'moral norm' are defined (2.). Then various kinds of rules and norms in sports are differentiated: primary and secondary, punishing rules etc. (3.). The following parts are devoted to applied ethics: Several components and types of fairness are analyzed as to what extent they are demanded by moral norms. Formal fairness and fairness as generosity are moral duties, whereas striving for equal chances per se is not (4.). Finally some possibilities of morally reforming sports and its norms are discussed (5.).

Women from all around the world have some difficulties in their daily and business lives. Most of the difficulties that women have faced with is about gender discrimination and patriarchal ideas. On the way of being a member of the EU, Turkey tried to keep pace with the EU and its laws, but women were always faced with patriarchy, ideologies of closed minded society. While the laws and regulations should encourage women to work and give them opportunities to make them show up in society, some laws and regulations discourage women and give an idea of patriarchy. Studies are not enough to show this big problem and defend this topic, but they nearly focus on every issue that women has in daily life and in business life. My research gives some opinions and show some studies about the problems of women such as gender equality policies, patriarchal ideas of the society and gender based discrimination. The aim of my research is to give an information about the problems and obstacles which exists in Turkey about women, inequality of the genders and show that most of the women have been under controlled by men. Literature Review on the problems of gender based discrimination policies and its effects on women's employment and their daily life while Turkey is on the way of being a member of EU Women always had difficulties in life and they carry a lot of work on their shoulders. There are many researchs about this topic and the articles that I found while I was searching was impressive. They generally talk about the difficulties that women has in their life such as patriarchy, ideologies in society, work conditions, wages and education level. However, some laws and regulations made by Turkey especially to keep pace with EU or developmental countries about gender equality, good work conditions for women, economical laws etc. to make these problems solved. Time by time these issues were searched by students,

Cadmium (Cd) tends to bioaccumulate in Thebroma cacao beans, affecting human health and its marketing possibilities.
For this reason, the European Union (EU) approved Regulation No 488/2014 for processed cocoa products, which
applies from January 2019, and motivated authors to conduct research on its bioaccumulation in beans, the potential
risks to health, quality, and its export possibilities. The results show high levels in different regions of the main Latin
American (LA) producing countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Honduras,
and others. However, EU regulation does not stipulate maximum limits for raw cocoa. In the absence of it, research
has been classified by reference to the limits for processed cocoa, generating oversized metal levels, controversies in
the producer’s and setback in replacing illegal coca cultivation in this region. Thus, this review article will detail research
on Cd levels in cocoa beans in major Latin American producing countries, the application of EU regulation No
488/2014 to raw cocoa, proposals to set maximum limits on raw beans and their implications for replacing illicit crops.

Tin has a larger number of its organometallic derivatives in commercial use than any other element. This has given rise to an increase of the worldwide production of organotin compounds during the last 50 years. Due to the wide industrial applications considerable amounts of the organotins have entered various ecosystems. While Sn in its inorganic form is considered to be non-toxic, the toxicological pattern of the organotin compounds is complex. Depending on the nature and the number of the organic groups bound to the Sn cation, some organotins show specific toxic effects to different organsims even at very low concentrations. Therefore, specific determination of the individual organotin compounds is required. In recent years new sensitve analytical techniques have been developed for the detection of organotin compounds in various environmental samples. High amounts of the toxic tributyltin and some other organotin derivatives can be found not only in water and sediments, but also various aquatic organisms and tissues of mammals and birds are contaminated by these compounds. First investigations of human blood and livers show enhanced concentrations for some organotin derivatives. In spite of legislative regulations of usage for organotins in numerous countries, these pollutants represent a risk for aquatic and terrestric ecosystems.

The OTC derivatives markets all over the world have shown tremendous growth inrecent years. In the wake of the present financial crisis, which is believed to have beenexacerbated by OTC derivatives, increasing attention is being paid to analysing theregulatory environment of these markets. In this context, we analyse the regulatoryframework of the OTC derivatives market in India. The paper, inter alia, seeks toprove the point that the Indian OTC derivatives markets, unlike many otherjurisdictions, are well regulated. Only contracts where one party to the contract is anRBI regulated entity are considered legally valid in India. A good reporting systemand a post-trade clearing and settlement system, through a centralised counter party,has ensured good surveillance of the systemic risks in the Indian OTC market.From amongst the various OTC derivatives markets permitted in India, interest rateswaps and foreign currency forwards are the two prominent markets. However, byinternational standards, the total size of the Indian OTC derivatives markets stillremains small because credit default swaps were conspicuously absent in India untilnow. It appears that Indian OTC derivatives markets will grow fast once again afterthe present financial crisis is over. This research paper explores those open issues thatare important to ensure market stability and development. On the issue of the muchdiscussed competition between exchange-traded and OTC-traded derivatives, webelieve that the two markets serve different purposes and would contribute more torisk management and market efficiency, if viewed as complementary. Regarding theintroduction of new derivative products for credit risk transfer, the recentannouncement by the RBI that it would introduce credit default swaps is a welcomesign. We believe that routing of credit default swaps through a reporting platform andmanaging its post-trade activities through a centralised counterparty would providebetter surveillance of the market. Strengthening the position of the ClearingCorporation of India Ltd. (CCIL) as the only centralised counterparty for Indian OTCderivatives market and better supervision of the off-balance sheet business offinancial institutions are two measures that have been proposed to ensure the stabilityof the market.

The Background Note examines the regulatory framework for private, self-financed technical institutions, which primarily teach engineering courses. It also analyses the role of the regulatory bodies to promote quality education, enhance accessibility, curb capitation fees and provide access to reliable information to students. Finally, it evaluates the various policy options to improve the regulatory mechanism of private technical institutions.