- Albert Schweitzerlaan 64, 6525JV Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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- I am a sociologist with a strong interest in the relation between tourism and sustainable development. I studied tour... moreI am a sociologist with a strong interest in the relation between tourism and sustainable development. I studied tourism at NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences (1972-1975) and sociology at Tilburg University (1975-1981). I was a lecturer in leisure and tourism studies at the NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences (1978-1985) and a member of staff at the Foundation for Outdoor Recreation in The Hague (1985-1994). Since 1991 I worked at the Cultural Geography chair group of Wageningen University, where I executed international tourism projects, specifically in Costa Rica , Europe and Eastern Africa, and supervised numerous MSc-student tourism research projects and PhDs in all parts of the world. In 2005 I completed my doctorate studies and published the book ‘Tourismscapes’ in which I introduced an actor-network perspective on sustainable tourism development. My empirical research focused on the institutional arrangements connecting tourism, nature conservation and development, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Next to my regular research and teaching activity in the Cultural Geography chair group, I was a Special Professor in Tourism and Sustainable Development from September 2009 to 2014 and Personal Professor until 2020. Furthermore I have been Chair of Atlas and member of the Steering Committee of MVO-Toerisme and CELTH. I am now Emeritus Professor supervising PhDs and working on a number of projects related to tourism and sustainable development.edit
This book describes and analyzes six novel conservation arrangements in eastern and southern Africa, illustrating how tourism is increasingly used and promoted as a key mechanism for achieving conservation and development objectives... more
This book describes and analyzes six novel conservation arrangements in eastern and southern Africa, illustrating how tourism is increasingly used and promoted as a key mechanism for achieving conservation and development objectives outside state-protected areas.
Chapter 2 analyzes the emergence of conservancies in Namibia, comparing the promise and risks of different models of community involvement in tourism. Chapter 3 explores the conservancy approach in practice, using the example of the Tsiseb Conservancy to show the origins of conservancies, their function and organization. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the mixed results of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Botswana, including a case study of the Chobe Enclave Conservation Trust that shows how operational, structural and cultural limits impede community empowerment there. Chapter 6 examines sport hunting, including private game reserves in South Africa, which now number some 11,600, and which have led to a 40-fold increase in wildlife numbers over 5 decades. Chapter 7 offers a more critical perspective on South African wildlife conservation, presenting the case of a proposed ‘heritage park’ that the authors say excludes an impoverished local majority while securing access for a privileged minority. Chapter 8 questions to what extent the reintroduction of sport hunting in Uganda is an appropriate instrument for addressing conservation and livelihood challenges around protected areas. Chapters 9 and 10 discuss the development of transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) in sub-Saharan Africa. Chapter 9 describes the evolution, and benefits and challenges of TFCAs. Chapter 10 empirically illustrates the development of TFCAs with a study of the Selous-Niassa TFCA. Chapters 11 and 12 give a detailed account of the institutional arrangement of tourism conservation enterprises (TCEs). Chapter 11 describes the emergence of this organizational form and its key features, whereas Chapter 12 discusses the actual performance of three TCEs in Kenya.
The concluding chapter presents a comparative analysis of all the arrangements surveyed in the book, tracing their path of development from ‘fortress’ type conservation toward principles of community-based natural resource management and the use of tourism to address conservation challenges outside national parks. The authors argue that these conservation arrangements have secured large amounts of land, but that governance challenges and disputes over sharing the tourist dollars affect their ability to produce enduring socioeconomic and conservation benefits. Finally, they explore the prospects of transformation in these arrangements in decades to come and propose a research agenda for examining such dynamics.
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- Describes and analyzes two decades of institutional arrangements for tourism, biodiversity conservation and rural poverty reduction in eastern and southern Africa
- Discusses the importance of tourism to conservation and development outside national parks in the region
- Offers a comparative analysis of the emergence, diffusion, forms and impact, and future prospects of six different approaches to conservation, development and tourism
Chapter 2 analyzes the emergence of conservancies in Namibia, comparing the promise and risks of different models of community involvement in tourism. Chapter 3 explores the conservancy approach in practice, using the example of the Tsiseb Conservancy to show the origins of conservancies, their function and organization. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the mixed results of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Botswana, including a case study of the Chobe Enclave Conservation Trust that shows how operational, structural and cultural limits impede community empowerment there. Chapter 6 examines sport hunting, including private game reserves in South Africa, which now number some 11,600, and which have led to a 40-fold increase in wildlife numbers over 5 decades. Chapter 7 offers a more critical perspective on South African wildlife conservation, presenting the case of a proposed ‘heritage park’ that the authors say excludes an impoverished local majority while securing access for a privileged minority. Chapter 8 questions to what extent the reintroduction of sport hunting in Uganda is an appropriate instrument for addressing conservation and livelihood challenges around protected areas. Chapters 9 and 10 discuss the development of transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) in sub-Saharan Africa. Chapter 9 describes the evolution, and benefits and challenges of TFCAs. Chapter 10 empirically illustrates the development of TFCAs with a study of the Selous-Niassa TFCA. Chapters 11 and 12 give a detailed account of the institutional arrangement of tourism conservation enterprises (TCEs). Chapter 11 describes the emergence of this organizational form and its key features, whereas Chapter 12 discusses the actual performance of three TCEs in Kenya.
The concluding chapter presents a comparative analysis of all the arrangements surveyed in the book, tracing their path of development from ‘fortress’ type conservation toward principles of community-based natural resource management and the use of tourism to address conservation challenges outside national parks. The authors argue that these conservation arrangements have secured large amounts of land, but that governance challenges and disputes over sharing the tourist dollars affect their ability to produce enduring socioeconomic and conservation benefits. Finally, they explore the prospects of transformation in these arrangements in decades to come and propose a research agenda for examining such dynamics.
USPs
- Describes and analyzes two decades of institutional arrangements for tourism, biodiversity conservation and rural poverty reduction in eastern and southern Africa
- Discusses the importance of tourism to conservation and development outside national parks in the region
- Offers a comparative analysis of the emergence, diffusion, forms and impact, and future prospects of six different approaches to conservation, development and tourism
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In developing countries, communities neighboring protected areas continue to bear a disproportionate amount of the costs associated with conservation. Traditional community livelihood strategies such as hunting, logging, and plant... more
In developing countries, communities neighboring protected areas continue to bear a disproportionate amount of the costs associated with conservation. Traditional community livelihood strategies such as hunting, logging, and plant harvesting are seen as major threats to protected areas. Therefore, protected area management policies in Africa have evolved beyond the traditional model of strict biodiversity conservation to incorporate improvement of local livelihoods. The underlying principle is that conservation management contributes to community development and that markets should play a role in shaping incentives for conservation. With the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) as a guide, this paper discusses the implications of Uganda’s Bwindi Impenetrable National Park’s (BINP) community-based tourism (CBT) venture in Mukono on local livelihoods. The study made use of extensive documentary review, key stakeholder interviews, focus group discussions, and informal interviews, transect walks and observations. The findings overall indicate that BINP arrangement in Mukono with local communities has succeeded in stimulating local employment, generating income, providing local social services and funding of other development projects. Results clearly suggest that BINP community tourism venture successfully contributed to resolving the conflict between the community’s livelihood and the protected area’s conservation needs and reduced the vulnerability of the community. We argue that there are at least three reasons why the Buhoma-Mukono model is an exception to the many other CBT arrangements that have generally failed elsewhere. First, there are practical reasons for its relative success: its location, its direct access to the market and good visibility on the Internet, and its ability to compete with and to offer an alternative to high-end and expensive lodges in the neighborhood. Second, the Buhoma-Mukono venture is well integrated in a set of other tourism, as well as non-tourism (e.g., education, agriculture development programs) related conservation and development interventions. Third and most importantly, the Buhoma-Mukono CBT arrangement shows the importance of sound institutional pre-conditions, which effectively contribute to the realization of the desired policy outcomes. In this case, especially the institutional framework of the Buhumo-Mukono Community Development Association has positively shaped people’s livelihood capital assets, which in turn has positively influenced livelihood outcomes in terms of jobs, income, and well-being. For community tourism ventures to be successful, they need to be coupled with other conservation and development interventions, be built upon strong institutional pre-conditions, and should meet the basic benchmarks of any other viable tourism enterprise.
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... Karmanov 17 Research methods in landscape perception and experience 3. Maarten Jacobs 31 Emotional responses to animals 4. Arjen Buijs 43 Immigrants ... Martijn Duineveld 245 The socio-political use of environmental perception,... more
... Karmanov 17 Research methods in landscape perception and experience 3. Maarten Jacobs 31 Emotional responses to animals 4. Arjen Buijs 43 Immigrants ... Martijn Duineveld 245 The socio-political use of environmental perception, interpretation and evaluation research ...
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Acceso de usuarios registrados. Acceso de usuarios registrados Usuario Contraseña. ...
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The multiplicity of tourism encounters provide some of the best available occasions to observe the social world and its making(s). Focusing on ontological politics of tourism development, this book examines how different versions of... more
The multiplicity of tourism encounters provide some of the best available occasions to observe the social world and its making(s). Focusing on ontological politics of tourism development, this book examines how different versions of tourism are enacted, how encounters between different versions of tourism orderings may result in controversies, but also on how these enactments and encounters are entangled in multiple ways to broader areas of development, conservation, policy and destination management. Throughout the book, encounters and controversies are investigated from a poststructuralist and relational approach as complex and emerging, seeing the roles and characteristics of related actors as co-constituted. Inspired by post-actor-network theory and related research, the studies include the social as well as the material, but also multiplicity and ontological politics when examining controversial matters or events.
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This chapter presents the characteristics, implications and opportunities of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as a methodology. It first introduces three of the central features of ANT – ordering, materiality and multiplicity – and shows how... more
This chapter presents the characteristics, implications and opportunities of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as a methodology. It first introduces three of the central features of ANT – ordering, materiality and multiplicity – and shows how these affect tourism research. Next, examples of research illustrating the practical side of doing ANT studies exemplify a key consequence of the ANT approach, namely that our methods craft realities. As a result, our choices as researchers and our efforts to conduct research projects are by definition interventions. In conclusion the chapter addresses how ANT provides alternative enactments of tourism as well as tourism research, inducing questions and debates on methodological practice and procedures.
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This book set out to present an overview of different institutional arrangements for tourism, conservation and development in eastern and southern Africa. These approaches range from conservancies in Namibia to community-based... more
This book set out to present an overview of different institutional arrangements for tourism, conservation and development in eastern and southern Africa. These approaches range from conservancies in Namibia to community-based organizations in Botswana, private game reserves in South Africa and tourism conservation enterprises in Kenya, as well as transfrontier conservation areas. This chapter presents a comparative analysis of these arrangements. We highlight that most arrangements emerged in the 1990s, aiming to address some of the challenges of ‘fortress’ conservation by combining principles of community-based natural resource management with a neoliberal approach to conservation. This is evident in the use of tourism as the main mechanism for accruing benefits from wildlife. We also illustrate the empirical relevance of these novel arrangements by charting their growth in numbers and discussing how these arrangements take various forms. We furthermore highlight that although these arrangements have secured large amounts of land for conservation, they have also generated governance challenges and disputes on tourism benefit-sharing, affecting the stability of these arrangements as producers of socioeconomic and conservation benefits. We conclude this chapter by exploring how climate change, developments in tourism and trophy hunting, governance challenges and the emergence of new forms of conservation finance are likely to instigate change in institutional arrangements for tourism, conservation and development, as well as open up new directions for research.
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In this article, we demonstrate how Actor–Network Theory has been translated into tourism research. The article presents and discusses three concepts integral to the Actor–Network Theory approach: ordering, materiality, and multiplicity.... more
In this article, we demonstrate how Actor–Network Theory has been translated into tourism research. The article presents and discusses three concepts integral to the Actor–Network Theory approach: ordering, materiality, and multiplicity. We first briefly introduce Actor–Network Theory and draw attention to current Actor–Network Theory studies in tourism with a focus on how the approach is sensitive toward heterogeneous orderings. The following section discusses how more recent Actor–Network Theory approaches emphasize multiplicity and thus multiple versions of every ordering attempt. This leads us toward ontological politics, which have bearings on how we approach and understand research methods and how we perform tourism research. In conclusion, we argue that Actor–Network Theory enables a radical new way of describing tourism by critically investigating its ontological conditions.
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ABSTRACT Since the early 1990s, nature conservation organizations in Eastern and Southern Africa have increasingly attempted to integrate their objectives with those of international development organizations, the land-use objectives of... more
ABSTRACT Since the early 1990s, nature conservation organizations in Eastern and Southern Africa have increasingly attempted to integrate their objectives with those of international development organizations, the land-use objectives of local communities and the commercial objectives of tourism businesses, in order to find new solutions for the protection of nature and wildlife outside state-protected areas. The increased inclusion of the market in conservation initiatives has led to diverse institutional arrangements involving various societal actors, such as private game reserves, conservancies and conservation enterprises. The Koija Starbeds ecolodge in Kenya – a partnership between communities, private investors and a non-governmental organization – serves as a case study for emerging institutional arrangements aimed at enabling value creation for communities from nature conservation. Based on a content analysis of data from individual semi-structured interviews and focus group interviews, as well as a document and literature review, this article reveals a range of benefits for community livelihood and conservation. It also identifies a range of longer term governance challenges, such as the need to address local political struggles, the relations between partners and transparency and accountability in the arrangement.
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ABSTRACT This article performs actor-network theory (ANT) to examine the development of gorilla tourism at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. We depict a number of translations in which gorillas were designated and enrolled as... more
ABSTRACT This article performs actor-network theory (ANT) to examine the development of gorilla tourism at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. We depict a number of translations in which gorillas were designated and enrolled as coexisting with local livelihood practices, as “trophies” in the hunting network, “man's closest neighbor” in the scientific network, “endangered species” in the conservation network, and finally, through habituation processes, became part of the tourism network. These five versions of the “gorilla” network show how gorillas are shaped in and by the relations in which they reside. By examining Bwindi in terms of ANT's notions of ordering, materiality, and multiplicity, we not only show how gorilla tourism has gained permanence and popularity, but also draw attention to new ways of thinking about actors and agency in tourism, conservation, and development.
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... In The SAGE handbook of tourism studies , Edited by: Tazim, J. and Robinson, M. 147 ... Whereas in the 1980s and early 1990s, attention was focused on alternative, community-based and small ... interpretation of events, and the way in... more
... In The SAGE handbook of tourism studies , Edited by: Tazim, J. and Robinson, M. 147 ... Whereas in the 1980s and early 1990s, attention was focused on alternative, community-based and small ... interpretation of events, and the way in which (in this case) tourism and development ...
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Debates on how to deliver conservation benefits to communities living close to protected high-biodiversity areas have preoccupied conservationists for over 20 years. Tourism revenue sharing (TRS) has become a widespread policy... more
Debates on how to deliver conservation benefits to communities living close to protected high-biodiversity areas have preoccupied conservationists for over 20 years. Tourism revenue sharing (TRS) has become a widespread policy intervention in Africa and elsewhere where charismatic populations of wildlife remain. This paper analyzes TRS policy at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda, from a policy arrangements perspective. It
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Page 1. Measuring the Sustainability of Tourism in Manuel Antonio and Texel: A Tourist Perspective Stuart Cottrell, René van der Duim, Patricia Ankersmid and Liesbeth Kelder Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen ...
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... CURRENT ISSUES IN TOURISM Vol. 11, No. 2, 2008 Tourism Chains and Pro-poor Tourism Development: An Actor-Network Analysis of a Pilot Project in Costa Rica ... It links pro-poortourism and the concept of tourism chain to actor-network... more
... CURRENT ISSUES IN TOURISM Vol. 11, No. 2, 2008 Tourism Chains and Pro-poor Tourism Development: An Actor-Network Analysis of a Pilot Project in Costa Rica ... It links pro-poortourism and the concept of tourism chain to actor-network theory. ...
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... as a business practice and creates a wave of new and innovative research methodologies ... and functions of subjects and objects, actors and intermediaries, humans and non-humans are attributed ... Space is constructed within them,... more
... as a business practice and creates a wave of new and innovative research methodologies ... and functions of subjects and objects, actors and intermediaries, humans and non-humans are attributed ... Space is constructed within them, and they are always a means of acting upon ...
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This paper examines the evolving and innovatory role of the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), an NGO with charitable status, in dealing with the challenge of protecting wildlife outside state-protected areas. Drawing on the theoretical... more
This paper examines the evolving and innovatory role of the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), an NGO with charitable status, in dealing with the challenge of protecting wildlife outside state-protected areas. Drawing on the theoretical framework of institutional entrepreneurship, we historically trace AWF's engagement in conservation tourism, describing the complexities of how its actions evolved into the new organizational form of tourism conservation enterprises. We identify four key mechanisms – its “glocal” scope of action, awareness of policy and market voids, experimentation and hiring business professionals – that explain why AWF became aware, motivated and open to developing this organizational form. Lessons emerging from this process include that conservation NGOs should act as “opportunity seekers”, focus on incremental rather than radical innovations, note voids and ambiguities in governmental policies that provide opportunities for non-state actors to assume the role of institutional entrepreneur, and hire staff skilled in business, tourism and strategic management besides staff with the more conventional conservation skills in order to effectively engage in conservation tourism. Overall, the paper notes the importance of commercial conservation tourism approaches for the work of protected areas worldwide, and in using tourism as a poverty alleviation tool in less developed countries.
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Tourism sustainability, as an accompaniment to economic growth from tourism development, is a significant issue in many developing countries. In Nepal, the internationally renowned trekking industry in localities such as Sagarmatha (Mt... more
Tourism sustainability, as an accompaniment to economic growth from tourism development, is a significant issue in many developing countries. In Nepal, the internationally renowned trekking industry in localities such as Sagarmatha (Mt Everest) brings in tourist dollars for the national and local economies. However, it also has the potential to be detrimental to local communities. In examining the benefits of purely economic sustainability versus a more holistic interpretation of sustainable tourism which includes concern for local populations; this paper is focussed on the representation of local porters by the tourism industry. Through conceptual reference to colonialist tourism discourses we argue that it is only when the myth of tourism is deconstructed that researchers can adequately comprehend the changes that need to be made to trekking industries in Nepal which will allow for a truly sustainable tourism sector to develop.
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This book introduces and discusses new alliances related to the growth of tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa. The private sector is increasingly involved in inter-sectoral alliances to both capitalise on the growing tourism industry and... more
This book introduces and discusses new alliances related to the growth of tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa. The private sector is increasingly involved in inter-sectoral alliances to both capitalise on the growing tourism industry and contribute to wider economic development in the destinations. The first three chapters of this book discuss representative cases of such alliances in Mozambique, Zanzibar and Uganda. The chapters that follow examine evidence of growth in partnerships between public, private and third-sector organisations in tourism, conservation and development. These illustrate the variety of emerging partnerships and some of their consequences, by means of case studies from Kenya, Uganda, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.
Abstract: This paper sets a framework for intervention in the relationship between biodiv-ersity and tourism against the background of the Convention on Biological Diversity. It is argued that intervention cannot and should not only be... more
Abstract: This paper sets a framework for intervention in the relationship between biodiv-ersity and tourism against the background of the Convention on Biological Diversity. It is argued that intervention cannot and should not only be based on considerations of measur-able impacts of tourism on biodiversity alone. This action should also be weighed against arguments of legitimacy, feasibility, and effectiveness of its various types. Currently, feasibility seems to be the main principle on which interventions are based. As most instruments are non-compulsory, they are effective only to a limited extent. For reasons of legitimacy, the position of small-scale entrepreneurs should receive more attention in international and national policy debates. Keywords: biodiversity, interventions, sustainable development. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Résumé: Cet article établit un cadre pour l’intervention dans la relation entre la biodivers-ite ́ et le tourisme dans le cont...