Gustavo Urueña A

El inminente desarrollo de la Blitzkrieg comenzó con la derrota alemana en la Primera Guerra Mundial. Poco después del conflicto, la Reichswehr creó comités de oficiales veteranos para evaluar 57 cuestiones de la guerra. Los informes de estos comités dieron forma a publicaciones de doctrinas y entrenamientos que serían estándares en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La Reichswehr estaba influida por su análisis del pensamiento militar alemán de la preguerra, en particular de sus tácticas de infiltración y la guerra de maniobras que dominó el Frente Oriental.

La historia militar alemana estaba muy influida por Carl von Clausewitz, Alfred von Schlieffen y Helmuth von Moltke, que eran partidarios de la maniobra, la masa y la maniobra envolvente. Sus conceptos fueron aplicados con éxito en la Guerra franco-prusiana y en el intento del Plan Schlieffen. Durante la guerra, estos conceptos fueron modificados por la Reichswehr. Su jefe de Estado Mayor, Hans von Seeckt, se alejó de la doctrina argumentando que se centraba demasiado en el envolvimiento basado en la velocidad. La velocidad daba sorpresa, y ésta permitía su explotación si las decisiones se tomaban rápidamente y la movilidad daba flexibilidad y velocidad. Von Seeckt abogó por efectuar rupturas contra el centro del enemigo cuando era más rentable que los envolvimientos, o donde los envolvimientos no eran prácticos.
Bajo el mando de Von Seeckt, la actualización moderna del sistema doctrinal recibió el nombre de Bewegungskrieg, en alemán guerra de movimiento, y su sistema de tácticas denominado Auftragstaktik, en alemán Misión-tipo táctica, fue desarrollado dando lugar al conocido efecto Blitzkrieg. Además, rechazó la noción de masa que habían defendido Von Schlieffen y Von Moltke.

The Third Reich, which was spawned on January 30, 1933, was born out of the National Socialist Workers’ Party, which was the very embodiment of Adolf Hitler himself. On April 20, 1889, its Führer (Leader) was cast upon the unsuspecting world at Braunau, Upper Austria. At the age of nine he became a choirboy in the Catholic Church at Lambach, and claimed in later years that his great vocal power had developed while singing hymns. He was an average, lazy and rebellious student, with a talent for drawing. This talent decided him on a career in art. His oratorical rehearsals were not overlooked. August Kubizek, his close boyhood friend, recalled young Adolf practising elocution in an open field. From his schooldays Hitler was a fanatical German Nationalist with a rancorous hatred of others, mostly Slavic races which made up the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

One of the simplest methods of sealing off a break-through or eliminating a penetration is the frontal counterattack. Usually, such a counterattack can be launched only if the break-through is minor and can be localized, and if both shoulders are secure. Moreover, sufficient reserves must be available to close the breach by a quick counterthrust before the enemy is able to widen the gap, Once hostile preparations for a break-through have been clearly recognized, it is most effective to move the reserves close to the rear of the threatened sector. While the reserves must be close enough for instantaneous effective employment, they should be sufficiently removed from the front line so as not to forfeit prematurely their freedom of maneuver. In their assembly areas the reserves must be concealed from enemy observation and air attacks and must not be exposed to hostile preparation fire.

Speech by Herr Hitler to the Reichstag on September 1, 1939
FOR months we have been suffering under the torture of a problem which the Versailles Diktat created-a problem which has deteriorated until it becomes intolerable for us. Danzig was and is a German city. The Corridor was and is German. Both these territories owe their cultural development exclusively to the German people. Danzig was separated from us, the Corridor was annexed by Poland. As in other German territories of the East, all German minorities living there have been ill-treated in the most distressing manner. More than 1,000,000 people of German blood had in the years 1919-20 to leave their homeland.
As always, I attempted to bring about, by the peaceful method of making proposals for revision, an alteration of this intolerable position. It is a lie when the outside world says that we only tried to carry through our revisions by pressure. Fifteen years before the National Socialist Party came to power there was the opportunity of carrying out these revisions by peaceful settlements and understanding. On my own initiative I have, not once but several times, made proposals for the revision of intolerable conditions. All these proposals, as you know, have been rejected-proposals for limitation of armaments and ever, if necessary, disarmament, proposals for the limitation of war-making, proposals for the elimination of certain methods of modern warfare. You know the proposals that I have made to fulfil the necessity of restoring German sovereignty over German territories. You know the endless attempts I made for a peaceful clarification and understanding of the problem of Austria, and later of the problem of the Sudetenland, Bohemia, and Moravia. It was all in vain.
It is impossible to demand that an impossible position should be cleared up by peaceful revision and at the same time constantly reject peaceful revision. It is also impossible to say that he who undertakes to carry out these revisions for himself transgresses a law, since the Versailles Diktat is not law to us. A signature was forced out of us with pistols at our head and with the threat of hunger for millions of people. And then this document, with our signature, obtained by force, was proclaimed as a solemn law.

El Uso del Conocimiento en la Sociedad
F. A. Hayek
En este ensayo, que ha llegado a ser un clásico de nuestro tiempo, Hayek planteó por primera vez su tesis de que el sistema de precios es un desarrollo social que ha resultado de la evolución y no del diseño deliberado, y que permite detectar y transmitir la información económica que se encuentra dispersa y fragmentada entre miles y miles de individuos. Emerge así una teoría que ve en el mercado un método de transmisión y utilización del conocimiento.

¿Cuál es el problema que queremos resolver cuando tratamos de construir un orden económico racional? Basándose en ciertos supuestos comunes, la respuesta es bastante simple. Si poseemos toda la información pertinente y podemos partir de un sistema dado de preferencia contando con un completo conocimiento de los medios disponibles, el problema que queda es puramente de lógica. En otras palabras, la respuesta a la pregunta referente al mejor uso de los medios disponibles se encuentra implícita en nuestros supuestos. Las condiciones que debe satisfacer la solución de este problema óptimo han sido detalladamente elaboradas y pueden ser mejor establecidas en forma matemática: expresadas brevemente, las tasas marginales de substitución entre dos bienes o factores cualesquiera deben ser iguales en todos sus usos diferentes.

Aunque nunca se ha podido determinar la fecha exacta, se supone que hacia fines de 1876 apareció en Dollersheim, localidad de la Baja Austria, un tal Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, al que acompañaban tres de sus familiares. Procedían de Spital, pueblo situado a unos veinte kilómetros de aquella localidad. Se presentó en la parroquia y manifestó que deseaba legitimar al hijastro de su hermano, Johann Georg, quien ya contaba cinco años de edad cuando éste contrajo matrimonio con Anna Schicklgruber, madre del niño. Tal vez el buen párroco quedó convencido con unos cuantos embustes. El caso es que procedió a efectuar en el Registro Civil la enmienda solicitada, por lo cual —a petición, claro está—, el apellido anterior, de rancio regusto campesino, se transformó en Hitler, de diferente grafía y mayor sonoridad. Lo que el párroco ignoraba —o acaso pretendió ignorar—, es que el supuesto padre había dejado de existir veinte años atrás y que la madre también había fallecido, haría unos treinta. Tan singular legitimación, del todo improcedente a tenor de lo prescrito por las leyes, constituía, pues, una manifiesta falsedad.

ON JULY 20, 1922, a protocol of arbitration and a supplementary act were signed in Washington by the plenipotentiaries of Chile and Peru, providing for submission to arbitration by the President of the United States of the major issue in the long-standing controversy between Chile and Peru arising out of the non-execution of Article 3 of the Treaty of Ancon, which brought to a close the war of the Pacific.
Article 3 of that treaty reads as follows:
"The territory of the provinces of Tacna and Arica . . . shall continue in the possession (continuará poseido) of Chile, subject to Chilean legislation and authority for a period of ten years from the date of the ratification of the present treaty of peace. At the expiration of that term, a plebiscite will decide, by popular vote, whether the territory of the provinces above-mentioned is to remain (queda) definitely under the dominion and sovereignty of Chile or is to continue to constitute a part (continua siendo parte) of Peru. That country of the two to which the provinces of Tacna and Arica thus remain annexed (queden anexadas) shall pay to the other ten millions of pesos of Chilean silver or of Peruvian soles of equal weight and fineness.
"A special protocol, which shall be considered an integral part of the present treaty, will determine the form in which the plebiscite is to be carried out and the terms and time for the payment of the ten millions by the nation which remains the owner (dueño) of the provinces of Tacna and Arica."

Edicion No 1 Marzo 2015
                Contenido
                Batalla de Cannas 7
                El Tratado de Versalles 15
                El comunismo ruso 44
                The World According to Kissinger 77
                Power to the Poor 84
                Carta de Europa: El surgimiento de la ‘cuestión alemana’ 90
                Nueva Fiscalidad:por un mejor crecimiento 95
                Fiscalidad en America Latina 97
                La refutación de Keynes 103
                The Evolution of the Airland Battle Concept 124
                AirLand Battle Doctrine 138
                Deep Battle 144
                Basic principles 147
                Deep Operations during World War II 155
                Battle of Kursk 159
                Mission-type tactics 161

El 6.º Ejército alemán participó en la Primera y la Segunda Guerra Mundial dentro del Ejército Imperial y de la Wehrmacht, respectivamente. Este ejército es conocido por haber sido rodeado y destruido en la batalla de Stalingrado por el Ejército Rojo.
El 6.º Ejército fue creado en 1907, siendo el general  Colmar von der Goltz su primer Inspector General. Antes de estallar la guerra, el coronel general duque Alberto de Wurtemberg fue nombrado Inspector General del 6.º Ejército, que se encontraba estacionado en Stuttgart.
En agosto de 1914, el príncipe heredero de Baviera, Rodolfo de Baviera , recibió el mando del 6.º Ejército, compuesto por tres Cuerpos de ejército bávaros, un Cuerpo prusiano y otro Cuerpo bávaro en la reserva. El general Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen fue nombrado Jefe del Estado Mayor del 6.º Ejército.
Esperando una ofensiva francesa en Alsacia y Lorena, denominada Plan XVII, se ordenó a los Ejércitos 6.º y 7.º proteger el flanco izquierdo del frente. Se encargó al príncipe Rodolfo contener la ofensiva francesa en su sector, mientras los otros ejércitos alemanes ejecutaban el Plan Schlieffen , pero éste persuadió al mariscal Helmuth Johan von Moltke para que les permitiese ejecutar una contraofensiva.
La ofensiva francesa en Lorena se inició el 14 de agosto de 1914, cuando el II Ejército francés, comandado por el general Noël de Castelnau, se acercó a Sarrebourg. Los franceses habían subestimado las fuerzas alemanas en Lorena y no sabían que ocho Cuerpos de ejército alemanes integrados en dos ejércitos les ha rían frente. Inicialmente, los ejércitos alemanes en Lorena no ofrecieron mucha resistencia, esforzándose en comprometer únicamente el flanco derecho francés, con el objetivo de dificultar el movimiento de tropas enemigas a Bélgica una vez que los Aliados descubrieran la intensidad de la ofensiva alemana en el norte. El 19 de agosto, las fuerzas de Castelnau alcanzaron las líneas defensivas del 6.º Ejército alemán, que empezó a ocasionar fuertes bajas a los franceses. El II Ejército francés tuvo que retroceder hasta Nancy, pero no fue perseguido inmediatamente por los alemanes.

The Hussars of the 12th Cavalry Brigade were attached to the 5th Cavalry Division, which was subordinated to the First Cavalry Corps. It formed part of the German Third Army that enacted the attack on France and Belgium in August 1914 as part of the pre-war Schlieffen Plan. He crossed the Meuse river at Dinant. It was involved in heavy action against the French VIII Cavalry Corps and fought in Belgium at Namur on 23–24 August and again at St. Quentin. The 5th Cavalry continued its drive into France after the Battle of the Frontiers, but was stopped at the First Battle of the Marne in September. In recognition for bravery in combat, Wolfram was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class (1914) on 21 September 1914. The modern combat environment damaged the effectiveness of cavalry, and thus Richthofen’s division was transferred to the Eastern Front, in Poland that November
On the Eastern Front, the Cavalry Division was mostly deployed in the south. Little combat took place, as the German army did not use cavalry as frequently. The division was kept mainly in reserve. Richthofen’s brigade served near Pinsk in 1916, and the division would spend late 1915 to January 1917 of defensive operations in the Pripet Marshes. Richthofen was made commander of the horse depot of the Brigade in the autumn, 1916 and was promoted to Squadron Commander, with 160 men under his command. This was never going to garner him the level of fame his cousins, Lothar and Manfred, were now achieving in the Luftstreitkräfte (Imperial Air Service). They personally encouraged him to join as an airman. He finally did so in June 1917.

Arado Ar 234 Blitz
Desarrollo
En 1940 los Ing Walter Blume y Hans Rebeski iniciaron el diseño de un avion destinado al reconocimiento que no estaria armado ya que volaria tan alto y tan rapido que en la practica ningun caza de su epoca podia alcanzarlo. Esto seria posible debido  a que se utilizarian motores turbojet, que estaban en las etapas iniciales de desarrollo por parte de la BMW y la Junkers. En 1941 sometieron el diseño al Ministerio del Aire como Ar -234.

El diseño consistia en un aeroplano de diseño extremadamente limpio, totalmente metalico,  de cuerpo muy angosto,  alas en posicion alta,  impulsado por dos motores jet,  cabina totalmente en plexiglass;  el mayor inconveniente era que por el tipo de diseño  del fuselaje y  haberse utilizado la totalidad del mismo para almacenar combustible, debido a que uno de los requisitos iniciales era una autonomia de 2200km,  el tren de aterrizaje no podia ser de tipo retractil, por esto se utilizo una estructura tipo trolley para despegar y un patin con balancines en las alas para aterrizar.  Todos los controles de vuelo era operados manualmente y del tipo convencional.

Planta Motriz
El motor seleccionado inicialmente era el 109-004A desarrollado por Junkers, la construccion del primer prototipo Ar 234 V1 se inicio en la primavera de 1941, habiendose comprometido Junkers en entregar el motor en 10 meses, sin embargo el motor presento gran cantidad de problemas y no pudo ser evaluado sino hasta Marzo de 1942, pero Junkers no suministro el motor prometido sino hasta Febrero de 1943, lo que es muy curioso es que Junkers habia entregado para evaluacion  en el Messerschmitt Me 262, dos motores en Julio de 1942, no pudiendo el primer prototipo volar sino hasta Junio de 1943. El motor Jumo 004B Orkan, del tipo turbojet, utilizaba combustible tipo J2, alojado en dos tanques en el fuselaje; el compartimiento delantero alojaba 1800 lts y el trasero 2000 lts.

Adolf Hitler
Mi Testamento Político
Desde que, en 1914, puse mis modestas tuerzas como voluntario al servicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial impuesta al Reich, han transcurrido más de treinta años.
Durante estos tres decenios, en todos mis pensamientos, actos y en toda mi vida sólo me han movido el amor y la lealtad hacia mi pueblo. Ellos me han dado la fuerza necesaria para tomar las más difíciles decisiones que haya tenido que tomar cualquier mortal. Durante estos tres decenios, he gastado mi tiempo, mi energía y mi salud.
Es falso que yo o cualquier otra persona en Alemania quisiera la guerra en 1939. La querían y la instigaban exclusivamente los estadistas internacionales que, o bien eran de ascendencia judía o trabajaban a favor de los judíos. Son demasiados los ofrecimientos de limitación de armamento que hice y que el mundo no podrá seguir desmintiendo durante toda la eternidad, para que deba recaer sobre mí la responsabilidad por el desencadenamiento de esta guerra. Nunca deseé que, después de la primera y funesta Guerra Mundial, hubiera otra contra Inglaterra o contra Norteamérica. Pasarán siglos, pero de las ruinas de nuestras ciudades y monumentos seguirá brotando, renovado, el odio contra el pueblo que, en última instancia, es el responsable de todo esto: |el judaísmo internacional y sus secuaces!

The Bayern class was a class of four super-dreadnought battleships built by the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy). The class comprised Bayern, Baden, Sachsen, and Württemberg. Construction started on the ships shortly before World War I; Baden was laid down in 1913, Bayern and Sachsen followed in 1914, and Württemberg, the final ship, was laid down in 1915. Only Baden and Bayern were completed, due to shipbuilding priorities changing as the war dragged on. It was determined that U-boats were more valuable to the war effort, and so work on new battleships was slowed and ultimately stopped altogether. As a result, Bayern and Baden were the last German battleships completed by the Kaiserliche Marine. Bayern and Baden were commissioned into the fleet in July 1916 and March 1917, respectively. This was too late for either ship to take part in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May and 1 June 1916. Bayern was assigned to the naval force that drove the Imperial Russian Navy from the Gulf of Riga during Operation Albion in October 1917, though the ship was severely damaged from a mine and had to be withdrawn to Kiel for repairs. Baden replaced Friedrich der Grosse as the flagship of the High Seas Fleet, but saw no combat. Both vessels were interned in Scapa Flow following the Armistice in November 1918. Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, the commander of the interned German fleet, ordered his ships be sunk on 21 June 1919; Bayern was successfully scuttled, though British guards managed to beach Baden to prevent her from sinking. The ship was eventually expended as a gunnery target in 1921. Sachsen and Württemberg, both at various stages of completion when the war ended, were broken up for scrap metal.

La palabra "caza" fue usada por primera vez para describir un avión biplaza con la fuerza de sustentación suficiente para llevar una ametralladora y su operador, así como al piloto. El primero de estos "cazas" pertenecía a la serie "Gunbus", una serie de aviones experimentales provistos de armas de la compañía británica Vickers que culminó en el modelo Vickers F.B.5 de 1914. El principal inconveniente de este tipo de aviones fue su falta de velocidad. En seguida se vio que un avión con intención de destruir a otro de su tipo en el aire por lo menos necesitaba ser lo suficientemente rápido como para alcanzar a su presa.
Por fortuna ya existía otro tipo de avión militar, que debía servir de base para un "caza" efectivo en el sentido moderno de la palabra. Estaba basado en el pequeño y rápido avión desarrollado antes de la guerra para carreras aéreas tales como la Copa Gordon Bennett y la Copa Schneider. Éste era el avión "explorador" (en inglés: scout) o de reconocimiento militar, que no estaba preparado para poder llevar armamento importante, sino que más bien se confiaba en su velocidad para poder llegar a la posición que se quería explorar o reconocer y luego regresar rápidamente para informar. Al mismo tiempo, por su velocidad era un blanco difícil para la artillería antiaérea o aviones armados enemigos. Los aviones británicos "exploradores" en este sentido incluían el Sopwith Tabloid y el Bristol Scout; entre los equivalentes franceses destacaba el ligero y veloz Morane-Saulnier N.

As German industry focused on mechanization and the synthetic manufacturing of fuel and rubber, the German General Staff engaged in a series of war games and planning scenarios. These were not only designed to stimulate the intellect, but also to field test emerging theory and doctrine. The author of this study recognizes that these exercises were important to the development of maneuver warfare, but that they were not generally debated. Still, several key factors of operational level planning significance are germane to this monograph. Of particular interest were the planning against Poland in the late 1920s, the maneuvers of 1928-1929, and the Fünkubung (radio exercise) of 1932. These three exercises began to address what might be construed as the operational level of war and to define the conduct of future operations.
The late 1920s saw the beginning of realistic operational planning against Poland. The Truppenamt (which later became the General Staff) envisioned three operational objectives for the war planners: Gdynia’s port facilities, the seaplane stations at Puck and Rewa, and Gdynia’s costal defense batteries. Initially planned as an all-army operation, intelligence reports determined that a marine company, a battery of coastal artillery, and a railroad battery had recently been deployed in and around the port of Gdynia. The army simply did not have enough time to get to Gdynia without encountering significant Polish resistance, and without losing valuable time that would allow the preparation and occupation of defensive positions. This dilemma was the genesis of Studie Gdingen (Study Gdynia). Operational planning was quickly turned over to the navy for further study. Studie Gdingen eventually contained four distinct phases: shelling the port; clearing mines; landing troops; and destruction of the port. A light task force of cruisers and fast-attack vessels would deploy within hours of a ground invasion with three missions: locate harbor mines; prevent the Polish navy from exiting the port; and act as a covering force until the heavy task force arrived 24 hours later. The heavy task force, comprised of heavy-ships, would shell neighboring airfields and defensive batteries in preparation for an amphibious assault. Infantry landing vessels behind minesweepers would enter and destroy the port. In summary, the navy utilized blitzkrieg-associated concepts substituting cruisers for tanks and battle ships for artillery and utilizing infantry to destroy strong points.

Amongst many notable generals in World War II, G. K. Zhukov was placed at the top in the respect of number and scale of victories  and his talent in operational and strategic command was recognized by many people.  Many famous military leaders in the world such as Bernard Law Montgomery, Dwight David Eisenhower and Jean de Lattre de Tassigny had already recognized Zhukov's great contributions in many important victories in the Second World War. His combat achievements became valuable heritages in humanity's military knowledge, exerted great influence on both the Soviet and the whole world's military theory.

The Battle of Cannae was a major battle of the Second Punic War, which took place on August 2, 216 BC near the town of Cannae in Apulia in southeast Italy. The army of Carthage under Hannibal decisively defeated a numerically superior army of the Roman Republic under command of the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. It is regarded as one of the greatest tactical feats in military history and, in numbers killed, the second greatest defeat of Rome (second to the Battle of Arausio).
Having recovered from their previous losses at Trebia (218 BC) and Trasimene (217 BC), the Romans decided to engage Hannibal at Cannae, with roughly 86,000 Roman and Allied troops. The Romans massed their heavy infantry in a deeper formation than usual while Hannibal utilized the double-envelopment tactic. This was so successful that the Roman army was effectively destroyed as a fighting force. Following the Battle of Cannae, Capua and several other Italian city-states defected from the Roman Republic to Carthage.

El nombre de Tolima provendría del término panche tolima, tulima o dulima - río de nieve o nube). Las primeras menciones al territorio o personas relacionadas con la palabra Tolima la da Baltasar Maldonado que la mencionan como límite de Ibagué en el acta de los aposentos de Cayma del 26 de agosto de 1551.
«La cual dicha loma va a dar a un Morro Nevado y aguas vertientes a dicha loma, hacia las poblazones de Tolima, y las dichas poblazones de Tolima sea y nombró por terminó de la ciudad de Ibagué»
Baltasar Maldonado.

As early as 1925, Hitler suggested in Mein Kampf that he would invade the Soviet Union, asserting that the German people needed Lebensraum ("living space", i.e., land and raw materials) and that these should be sought in the East. Nazism viewed the Soviet Union (and all of Eastern Europe) as populated by "Untermensch" Slavs, ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" masters. Mein Kampf said Germany's destiny was to turn "to the East" as it did "six hundred years ago" and "the end of the Jewish domination in Russia will also be the end of Russia as a State." Thereafter, Hitler spoke of an inescapable battle against "pan-Slav ideals", in which victory would lead to "permanent mastery of the world", although he also said they would "walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us". Accordingly, it was stated Nazi policy to kill, deport, or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land with Germanic peoples.

By the spring of 1938 Hitler's ambitions for expanding 'Greater Germany' were well under way, starting with a covert plan to annexe Czechoslovakia, finalised as Fall Grim (Case Green) in May.This necessitated some hasty military planning and ne use of airborne troops was seen as a way of getting behind the strong Czech ::rder defences.To organise the airborne arm from the forces already available, the experienced Kurt Student was appointed with the rank of Generalmajor and inthe way the Luftwaffe had of designating their air combat commands, the Luftwaffe airborne forces became 7. Flieger-Division from 1 July 1938, and Student's command became effective from that date. However, he had to work fast because the division was required to be combat-ready by 15 September in time for Case Green to start. Student, enthusiastic and hard-working was up to the task, which was why he had been selected, but he also had the advantage of commanding Goring's respect and confidence which allowed him to plan, train, and organise in the way he thought best. This freedom of action was almost certainly helped by the fact that at the time nobody else of high rank knew anything about the subject!

En el Armisticio de Compiégne los vencedores estipularon que el Tratado de Paz debería firmarse dentro de un plazo de treinta y seis días, notoriamente insuficiente para resolver todos los problemas planteados. Cada prolongación del estado de Armisticio debía ser comprada por Alemania con nuevas concesiones: entregas de carbón, de material ferroviario, de productos alimenticios, de patentes de invención, de maquinaria... Entre tanto, los revolucionarios de Alemania alentados y subvencionados desde fuera desencadenan una serie de revueltas que obligan a la Wehrmacht a dedicarles toda su atención. Puede afirmarse que, sin la acción de los bolcheviques a finales de 1918, y en vista del engaño que se insinuaba, el Estado Mayor alemán habría continuado las hostilidades. En Compiégne, Alemania había firmado un Armisticio sobre la base de los puntos de Wilson, es decir, prácticamente, una pazempate. Pero entre Compiégne y Versalles, la Entente falta a sus compromisos, se aprovecha - alentándola óde la Revolución bolchevique en Alemania, y del tiempo ganado, que permite la llegada de nuevos contingentes norteamericanos a Francia, y modifica fundamentalmente la situación a su favor.

As a German historian recently remarked, for Germany Adolf Hitler was the “off-spring,” the outstanding legacy, of World War I, and no one doubts that.1 He himself started his political career in 1919 in the wake of a lost war and the crushing peace of Versailles. That treaty reduced Germany’s territory by 14 percent and its population by 6.5 million citizens. It created for Germany large minorities outside its new borders and for the time being an unlimited reparations liability.2 Hitler’s rise to dictatorship is unthinkable without the humiliation and misery that resulted for the German people out of their defeat. And still: was he bound to become the war’s nemesis in destroying the Weimar Republic? This article thus asks the question whether Hitler’s rise to power from Germany’s defeat to the proclamation of the Third Reich was inevitable. For that purpose the ways in which Germans tried to come to terms with their defeat and the war’s legacies will be discussed. As an illustration the article focuses on two highly popular political doctrines, both legacies of the war of its own—both in different ways denying the hopelessness of Germany’s military situation at the end of the war. These were: (1) the doctrine of the so-called “stab-in-the-back” (Dolchstoss); and (2) the doctrine of the so-called “war guilt lie” (Kriegsschuldlüge). At its conclusion, this analysis will raise the question as to whether Hitler’s exploitation of these two doctrines immediately led to his dictatorship.
(1) The stab-in-the-back doctrine first was foreshadowed, when, on October 3, 1918, the German government requested an armistice with the Allies and peace negotiations on the basis of the peace program that President Woodrow Wilson had propagated. To the German public this move was an absolutely shattering surprise. Until then the German High Command had failed to admit the increasing seriousness of Germany’s military position resulting from strategic overstretch and military exhaustion.3 Instead, all the public had perceived was that the German troops fighting in France had protected them against the direct experience of war and that in the East Germany's predominance extended as far as the Caucasus Mountains. How then could Germany’s bid be explained?4 Could it be that the million-fold sacrifice of lives had been in vain? The gap that throughout the war had yawned between far-flung popular hopes and the grim military reality thus deepened even further. Other, non military reasons, it was believed, must have been behind Germany’s sudden giving up. The German military command concealed what it had confessed to the political leadership in Berlin—that it feared German troops in France were on the verge of being routed. To avoid a public loss of face, it claimed that nonmilitary reasons lay behind Germany’s critical military situation. Ludendorff, the de facto highest commander of Germany’s troops, concocted an explanation by inventing the stab-in-the-back doctrine. Germany had sued for an armistice, he asserted in a confidential talk with his officers, because it had become impossible to continue the war. This was due to the “poison” of Marxist–Socialist propaganda that had undermined the soldiers’ resolution to go on fighting and made them “unreliable,” although the chances of a successful defense, if not victory, continued to be good.5 Ludendorff’s statement initiated a lengthy process of political onus shifting between military and civil authorities, between the Right and the Left, regarding the responsibility for the military disaster that was threatening their country.6
Actually, the antecedents of this doctrine went further back—well into the fall of 1916. At that point, under the impression of a precarious military situation during the battle of the Somme, the first doubts arose in Germany regarding the prospects of a victory. A heated controversy about the war’s purpose and Germany’s war aims broke out. The military leadership and the exponents of the nationalist right kept insisting that a total victory was indispensable that would ensure sizable annexations, improve Germany’s geopolitical position, and entail a reward for the sacrifices the German people had made. Significantly, it was also held that only the perspective of a total victory would maintain morale at home and at the front.7 The forces of the German Center and Left, not least Labor, on the other hand, pressed for a peace of accommodation based on a military tie as the only realistic way out of a war that Germany apparently could not win. The real reward of the war seemed to be liberal reforms in Prussia and the Empire.8 On July 19, 1917, a majority of the German Reichstag passed a resolution demanding just that.9 To the rightist die-hards this amounted to outright treason subverting the public morale. According to the Right, internal reforms could not be a substitute for military victory.10

En el Armisticio de Compiégne los vencedores estipularon que el Tratado de Paz debería firmarse dentro de un plazo de treinta y seis días, notoriamente insuficiente para resolver todos los problemas planteados. Cada prolongación del estado de Armisticio debía ser comprada por Alemania con nuevas concesiones: entregas de carbón, de material ferroviario, de productos alimenticios, de patentes de invención, de maquinaria... Entre tanto, los revolucionarios de Alemania alentados y subvencionados desde fuera desencadenan una serie de revueltas que obligan a la Wehrmacht a dedicarles toda su atención. Puede afirmarse que, sin la acción de los bolcheviques a finales de 1918, y en vista del engaño que se insinuaba, el Estado Mayor alemán habría continuado las hostilidades. En Compiégne, Alemania había firmado un Armisticio sobre la base de los puntos de Wilson, es decir, prácticamente, una pazempate. Pero entre Compiégne y Versalles, la Entente falta a sus compromisos, se aprovecha - alentándola óde la Revolución bolchevique en Alemania, y del tiempo ganado, que permite la llegada de nuevos contingentes norteamericanos a Francia, y modifica fundamentalmente la situación a su favor. En noviembre de 1918, cuando se firma el Armisticio de Compiégne, el Ejército alemán invicto, puede oponerse a una abusiva explotación de la victoria aliada. Pero en febrero de 1919, la Wehrmacht debe luchar en el frente interior contra los rojos y, por otra parte, la Entente ha ganado un tiempo precioso. Londres y París - y ciertas fuerzas internacionales que se mueven entre bastidores - explotarán el nuevo estado de cosas.
El chantaje aparece crudo y descarnado cuando Inglaterra y Francia deciden iniciar el bloqueo por hambre para apoyar sus exigencias, cada vez más desorbitadas. Winston Churchill, primer Lord del Almirantazgo, declara: «Continuemos practicando el bloqueo por hambre con todo su rigor. Alemania está a punto de perecer de hambre.
Dentro de muy pocos días estará en pleno colapso... entonces será el momento de tratar con ella» (). Unos días después, Alemania debe entregar toda su flota mercante a Inglaterra.


La flota de guerra seguiría unos días después. Francia, por su parte exige el desmantelamiento de centenares de fábricas, y destruye todo lo que no puede llevarse.
En vano el mariscal Haig, comandante supremo de las fuerzas británicas aconseja poner fin a los abusos y no herir sin necesidad la dignidad del pueblo alemán. Lloyd George, Churchill y su «clique» le recuerdan que sus deberes de militar terminaron con el «alto el fuego». Ahora la palabra es de los políticos, que incluso empiezan a pelearse entre ellos por el derecho a la mayor cantidad posible de despojos del vencido. Es imposible imaginar una más cínica violación de unos acuerdos rubricados solemnemente. La Cruzada del Derecho y la Democracia se ha transformado en un Patio de Monopolio. Los acuerdos de Compiégne ya no cuentan para nada. Clemenceau proclamará, sin ambages: «Los acuerdos pasan, pero las naciones quedan». Pero hay que adoptar una apariencia de legalidad. Hay que convencer al hombre de la calle de que, siendo Alemania culpable de la guerra, justo es que sobre sus hombros caigan todas las cargas de la misma. Por eso en el «tratado» se incluye una cláusula que dice: «Las potencias aliadas declaran, y el Gobierno alemán solemnemente admite, que la culpabilidad total en el desencadenamiento de la guerra incumbe a Alemania».
El conde Brockdorff-Rantzau, jefe de la Delegación alemana en Versalles, abandona su puesto, alegando que su concepto del honor le impide apoyar, con su firma, una tal enormidad. Pero nuevamente Inglaterra y Francia amenazan con una reanudación del bloqueo y la ocupación «sine die» de territorios que, incumpliendo los acuerdos del Armisticio de Compiégne, han invadido, sobre todo en Renania y Baviera.

Stealth technology takes a lot of forms. The word can refer to all kinds of things, from spray-coatings on bombers to the active camouflage of various science fiction properties. For the purposes of this article, we’ll treat the word stealth with the following definition: the passive avoidance of detection. That is to say, the Predator wouldn’t count — that would be cloaking. We’ll get to that in a later piece. But stealth, particularly, has been making real-world impacts for hundreds of years. It has served as a major play in several concurrent arms races, often turning the tide of wars before countermeasures are developed.
The most basic form of stealth? Hiding, the time-honored tradition of holding a bush in front of you as you advance on the castle, or painting splotches on your fatigues so you can blend in with the ground. This may seem silly, but in the lead-up to the World War I, a U-Boat’s stealth capabilities came almost entirely from the fact that it was simply not visible. In the time before advanced sonar and meticulous new methods of triangulation, that really was all it took. Similarly, the altitude of a spy plane counts as stealth, especially given modern research outfitting planes with non-standard cameras to spy the ground through the protection of cloud cover.

Algunas unidades militares se hacen famosas por una larga tradición en el transcurso de la historia militar, otras, como la 21° División Panzer, se  perpetúan en la historia por los hechos de una sola campaña, esta, como integrante del Deutsches Afrika Korps participo y fue la punta de lanza de la campaña de Erwin Rommel en el desierto del Norte de Africa entre 1941 y 1943.
La división que seria conocida como 21° Division Panzer inicio su carrera como una pequeño fuerza enviada por Adolf Hitler en soporte a su aliado italiano Benito Mussolini, quien llevado por sus ambiciones de restablecer el Imperio Romano, lanzo una campaña en Africa con el fin de tomarse Egipto, siendo sus ejercitos destruidos por el General O’Connor de la Western Desert Force británica.
En Enero 11 de 1941, Hitler firmo la directiva No 22 para la constitucion de una pequeña fuerza de bloqueo (Sperrverband) que seria despachada a Trípoli, mientras la Luftwaffe por su parte destacaba el X Fliegerkorps a Sicilia con el fin de atacar los bases y los buques británicos en el Mediterráneo.

The German army had a number of special forces, most of which are best described by the French term hors de ligne, that is "outside of the regular army." Foreign troops have always fallen into this category in every army and the Germans certainly ended up with a tremendous force of foreign soldiers fighting in their uniforms. However, the Germans had three other non-traditional forces in their army.
The first, the Waffen SS, sprang from Hitler's personal bodyguard and much like many other Guard forces in the world's long military history, developed into a completely independent army all unto itself. Though not intentionally, it most assuredly falls into a category quite similar to that held by Napoleon's Imperial Guard, whose roots also are found in a dictator's personal bodyguard. Unlike the Imperial Guard, which was Napoleon's favored children, the SS belonged not to Adolf Hitler, but to Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfuhrer der SS. It was not only a field force, but a tool in the internal political struggle between Hitler's cronies.

The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (A.G.N.A) of June 18, 1935 was a bilateral agreement between the United Kingdom and German Reich regulating the size of the Kriegsmarine in relation to the Royal Navy. The A.G.N.A fixed a ratio whereby the total tonnage of the Kriegsmarine was to be 35% of the total tonnage of the Royal Navy on a permanent basis. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 12, 1935. The agreement was renounced by Adolf Hitler on April 28, 1939.
The A.G.N.A was an ambitious attempt on the part of both London and Berlin to reach better relations, but it ultimately foundered because of conflicting expectations between the two states. For the Germans, the A.G.N.A. was intended to mark the beginning of an Anglo-German alliance against France and the Soviet Union, whereas for the British, the A.G.N.A. was to be the beginning of a series of arms limitation agreements that were made to limit German expansionism. The A.G.N.A was highly controversial, both at the time and since, because the 35:100 tonnage ratio allowed Germany the right to build a Navy beyond the limits set by the Treaty of Versailles, and the British had made the agreement without consulting France or Italy first.

The Bachem Ba 349 Natter was a World War II German point-defence rocket powered interceptor, which was to be used in a very similar way to a manned surface-to-air missile. After a vertical take-off, which eliminated the need for airfields, the majority of the flight to the Allied bombers was to be controlled by an autopilot. The primary mission of the relatively untrained pilot, was to aim the aircraft at its target bomber and fire its armament of rockets. The pilot and the fuselage containing the rocket motor would then land under separate parachutes, while the nose section was disposable. The only manned vertical take-off flight on 1 March 1945 ended in the death of the test pilot, Lothar Sieber.

Although Hitler may have had much cause for concern after Germany's horrific defeat at Stalingrad, he was by no means ready to give up his struggle against the Soviet Union. After all, the defeat of communism and the supposedly subhuman Slavic peoples of the Soviet Union had always been a central goal of Nazi ideology. Hitler had, moreover, faced considerable adversity in the past, but in the end he had always triumphed over any difficulties. As a young man, he had been wounded during Germany's ill-fated attempt to defeat the Allies in World War I; in the political sphere, his first major offensive -the so-called Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 in Munich - had ended with a jail sentence. Now, two decades later, Hitler faced bleak prospects once again. Furthermore, the magnitude of the disaster at Stalingrad, where what was left of the encircled German 6th Army surrendered to the Soviet Red Army on 2 February 1943, was, of course, far greater than the setback he had suffered years earlier in his attempt to seize power in Munich.

Admiral Graf Spee was a Deutschland-class heavy cruiser (originally termed Panzerschiff or armoured ship, sometimes referred to as "pocket battleship") which served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II. The vessel was named after Admiral Maximilian von Spee, commander of the East Asia Squadron that fought the battles of Coronel and Falkland Islands in World War I. She was laid down at the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven in October 1932 and completed by January 1936. The ship was nominally under the 10,000 long tons (10,000 t) limitation on warship size imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, though with a full load displacement of 16,020 long tons (16,280 t), she significantly exceeded it. Armed with six 28 cm (11 in) guns in two triple gun turrets, Admiral Graf Spee and her sisters were designed to outgun any cruiser fast enough to catch them. Their top speed of 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph) left only a handful of ships in the Anglo-French navies able to catch them and powerful enough to sink them.

The defeat of italy’s forces in North Africa over the winter of 1940/41 threatened Germany's 'Fortress Europe'. For his own security, Hitler felt that he had no option but to intervene on behalf of his ally. By the middle of February 1941, the first contingent of German support had reached Tripoli. It was not very large - in fact, it consisted of one general and two staff officers; but the general was a man called Rommel. As the commanding officer of the 'Ghost' Division in France, Major-General Erwin Rommel had won a reputation as a brilliant commander. His orders were to stabilize the situation. Rommel's force initially included only the Fifth Light Division. For the moment, he was simply expected to stiffen Italian resistance.

TO EVALUATE the military strength of a country one examines its military system in time of peace and takes account of the potential power which it can command in time of war. In looking at Germany today, however, I shall confine myself to the purely military factors, while admitting the importance of two elements which really cannot be overlooked -- the demographic factor and industrial power.
Military Provisions of the Versailles Treaty
The military statute of the Versailles Treaty (which contained no time limit) was intended to reduce the possibility of German aggression, to facilitate the eventual application of the sanctions which were provided for in order to compel Germany to observe the Treaty, and to render possible the preparation of a general limitation of armaments by all nations. Its aims were not punitive, but merely to stabilize Europe as it was in 1919. And it marked the first step of a desired evolution in the direction of disarmament.

Introduction
15th April 1945
The Leader's Order.
Order Of The Day.  15th April, 1945.
Last Proclamation: Soldiers Of The German Eastern Front!
For the last time our deadly enemies the Jewish Bolsheviks have launched their massive forces to the attack. Their aim is to reduce Germany to ruins and to exterminate our Folk. Many of you soldiers in the east already know the fate which threatens, above all, German women, girls, and children. While the old men and children will be murdered, the women and girls will be reduced to barrackroom whores. The remainder will be marched off to Siberia.
We have foreseen this thrust, and since last January have done everything possible to construct a strong Front. The enemy will be greeted by massive artillery fire. Gaps in our infantry have been made good by countless new units. Our Front is being strengthened by emergency units, newly raised units, and by the Germanic Folk Militia. This time the Bolshevik will meet the ancient fate of Asia -- he must and shall bleed to death before the capital of the German Reich. Whoever fails in his duty at this moment behaves as a traitor to our Folk. The Regiment or Division which abandons its position acts so disgracefully that it must be ashamed before the women and children who are withstanding the terror of bombing in our cities. Above all, be on your guard against the few treacherous Officers and soldiers who, in order to preserve their pitiful lives, fight against us in Russian pay, perhaps even wearing German uniform. Anyone ordering you to retreat will, unless you know him well personally, be immediately arrested and, if necessary, killed on the spot, no matter what rank he may hold. If every soldier on the Eastern Front does his duty in the days and weeks which lie ahead, the last assault of Asia will crumple, just as the invasion by our enemies in the west will finally fail, in spite of everything.
Berlin remains German, Vienna will be German again, and Europe will never be Russian.
Form yourselves into a sworn brotherhood, to defend, not the empty conception of a Fatherland, but your homes, your wives, your children, and, with them, our future. In these hours, the whole German Folk looks to you, my fighters in the east, and only hopes that, thanks to your resolution and fanaticism, thanks to your weapons, and under your leadership, the Bolshevik assault will be choked in a bath of blood. At this moment, when Fate has removed from the Earth the greatest war criminal of all time, the turning point of this war will be decided.
Adolf Hitler.

German Polish Relations before 1933
On November 5, 1916, in the midst of the First World War, Poland was made an autonomous state by Germany and Austria-Hungary. After the collapse of the German Empire in November 1918, Poland became independent and at Versailles received new boundaries which included a considerable amount of formerly German territory. By cutting off East Prussia from the rest of the Reich and by setting up the Free City of Danzig as an independent political organism, a source of conflict was created which, together with the minorities question, eventually made German-Polish relations intolerable and helped cause this war.
The Versailles Treaty also sought to assure just treatment for the German minorities in Poland; but the Poles did not live up to these obligations. Complaints by the German Government, which began in November 1921 and were continually repeated, led to no improvement in the conditions under which the German communities lived. Arbitrary arrests were frequent; Germans were assassinated and the culprits often left unpunished; and German-owned lands were expropriated. As a result of all this there was a large German emigration. But the Weimar Republic, deprived of military force by the Versailles Treaty, was unable to defend German rights against Polish arrogance.

In war the main problem to solve is—"How to give blows without receiving them" ; it has always been so and is likely always to remain so, for battles are two-act tragedies : the first act consisting in hitting and the second in securing oneself against being hit.
If we look back on the 4,000 years of the known history of war, we shall find that its problems are always the same : thus in battle the soldier has to think of four main acts:
(i) How to strike his opponent when at a distance from him;
(ii) How to move forward towards him;
(iii) How to strike him at close quarters ;
(iv) How to prevent himself being struck throughout the whole of this engagement.
In these four acts must be sought the origins of the tank, the idea of which is, therefore, much older than the Trojan horse; indeed, it dates back to some unknown period when aboriginal man raised his arm to ward off the blow of an infuriated beast or neighbor. To ward off a blow with the bare skin is sometimes a painful operation ; why not then cover the arm with leather or iron, why not carry a shield, why not encase the whole body in steel so that both arms instead of one may be used to hit with, for then man's offensive power will be doubled?
If we look back on the Middle Ages, we find that such a condition of fighting was actually possible and that knights clad in armor cap-a-pie were practically invulnerable. As regards these times there is an authentic record concerning twenty-five knights in armor who rode out one day and met a great mob of insurgent peasants which they charged and routed, killing and wounding no fewer than 1,200 of them, without sustaining a single casualty themselves. To all intents and purposes, these knights were living tanks —a combination of muscular energy, protective armor, and offensive weapons.

"La mayoría de los ingleses no se dan cuenta de que, habiendo hecho su trabajo para el círculo gobernante judío, deben ahora desaparecer como poder mundial".
General Luddendorff: The Coming War.
El Pacto de Munich era, en cierto modo, la prolongación del Tratado de Locarno, y tenía por principio fundamental el revisionismo y por método la colaboración organizada y permanente de las cuatro grandes potencias europeas: Gran Bretaña, Francia, Italia y Alemania. Deliberadamente, se dejaba al margen de los asuntos europeos a la U.R.S.S. y se sustraían las decisiones y los movimientos de las grandes potencias responsables a las peligrosas presiones de los pequeños intereses irresponsables. Munich consagraba, de hecho, la división del mundo en zonas de influencia, con su centro geopolítico en Europa.
Reconocía, también, la legitimidad de la expansión alemana hacia el Este y el Sudeste de Europa; expansión marcada por la Naturaleza: el Danubio corre en dirección Oeste-Este. El III Reich emprendía el camino tomado cinco siglos atrás por los caballeros teutónicos de la Orden Hanseática; dos siglos atrás por los Habsburgos austríacos y treinta años antes por el kaiser Guillermo U. Ya en Locarno, el canciller Stressemann, que había aceptado como definitivas las fronteras Occidentales del Reich, rehusaba hacer lo mismo con las Orientales. En "Mein Kampf, Hitler hablaba de detener, definitivamente, la marcha de los germanos hacia Occidente, para dirigirse hacia el Oriente, hacia la Rusia soviética y los pueblos colocados bajo su dependencia. Alemania buscaría su espacio vital en el Este, engrandeciendo a Europa, y liquidando la amenaza bolchevique. Este era el espíritu de Munich, que sólo beneficios podía reportar a los pueblos europeos, incluyendo a Inglaterra y a la propia Rusia, que sería liberada de la tiranía soviética y volvería a formar parte del concierto de los países libres.

La batalla de Kursk, también denominada Operación Ciudadela, da nombre a una serie de choques armados que tuvieron lugar entre julio y agosto de 1943 en la región de ese mismo nombre en Rusia en el contexto de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En ella, las tropas del ejército alemán harían el último esfuerzo ofensivo en el frente del este, agrupando el grueso de sus fuerzas acorazadas y sus más modernas armas, pasando por las unidades más potentes y sus generales más prestigiosos, enfrentándose con tropas del Ejército Rojo de la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas. La operación recibió el nombre en clave de Operación Zitadelle (Ciudadela). La fase de ofensiva soviética entre el 12 julio al 23 agosto de 1943 fue la primera vez que el Ejército Rojo derrotó a los alemanes en pleno verano. La Batalla de Kursk tiene tanta importancia porque significó el primer combate en que la ofensiva Blitzkrieg alemana fue derrotada antes de que pudiera romper las defensas enemigas y además fue un triunfo soviético en estrategia avanzada. El modelo de operación estratégica utilizado por los soviéticos en esta batalla ha obtenido un puesto en los planes de estudio de las escuelas militares.
Tras la victoria soviética en Stalingrado, el Ejército Rojo desencadenó una serie de ofensivas obligando a los alemanes a evacuar el grupo de Ejércitos A ubicado en el Cáucaso por temor a que fueran aislados (cosa que hubiera sido un desastre aún mayor que el de Stalingrado), quedando aislada la cabeza de puente de Kuban. Los soviéticos sobreexplotaron su victoria, llegando hasta más allá de Járkov, cerca del Cuartel General de Erich von Manstein en Zaporozhye, donde fueron rechazados por una bien dirigida contraofensiva de este mismo general. De esta manera los alemanes capturaron de nuevo la ciudad de Járkov, formándose un saliente soviético centrado en Kursk.
Hitler decidió destruir el saliente, seguro de contar con las fuerzas necesarias para que Alemania retomara la iniciativa. Los soviéticos descubrieron el plan alemán y mediante medidas defensivas en el saliente planearon desgastar el ataque alemán para después contraatacar a las fuerzas desgastadas. El desembarco aliado en Sicilia acabaría con las esperanzas alemanas y la operación Ciudadela sería suspendida. En Kursk, los alemanes quemaron casi todas sus reservas en cuanto a carros de combate se refiere. También se notó en las bajas humanas, dando lugar a la pérdida de muchos hombres en ambos bandos, que con dificultad Alemania podría reemplazar. Kursk marcó el inicio de un avance soviético que no mermaría hasta la toma de Berlín.

Gruppenführer Theodor Eicke
Dates: * 17. October 1892, Hampont (Elsaß-Lothringen) - † 26. Februar 1943, Michailowka (gefallen)
Theodor Eicke visited until 1909 a secondary school, but broke off his education and joined the 23rd Infantry Regiment. During the First World War he served as a paymaster at the 3rd and the 22nd Bavarian Infantry Regiment and was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class. After the armistice, he retired in 1919 as a sub-paymaster of the army. In the maelstrom of beaten Deutschlandes Eicke built a deep hatred against the new republic. He found a new job, he worked as a paid informant for the police in Ilmenau, however, was dismissed in July 1920 because he had acted against the Republic. During the next 18 months, he tried to find a position as a police officer, but was rejected. By 1923, he moved to Germany, to find work, but was released everywhere again, after he had made his hatred of the Republic air. In January 1923 he finally found a permanent job as a safety inspector at the IG Farben plants in Ludwigshafen. On 1 December 1928 he finally found a group that shared his hatred of the Republic and joined the NSDAP and the SA. On August 20, 1930 be transferred from the SA followed the SS. On November 27, 1930 he was appointed commander of the SS and storm 148 in Ludwigshafen for SS Storm leader. Within only 3 months he was promoted to SS-Sturmbannführer. He was commissioned to draw up an own SS Major, which he managed until the summer of 1941. Then he was promoted on 15 November 1931 standartenführer and commander of the SS regiment 10. At this time lost Eicke because of his SS activities Appointing both IG Farben AG. On March 6, 1932 Eicke was arrested for illegal possession of explosives and for conspiracy to commit a series of bombings and political assassinations in Bavaria. On July 7, he was sentenced to two years in prison, but the Bavarian Minister of Justice Gurtner (a sympathizer of the Nazis) he received parole and traveled to Italy, where there was a home for fugitive members of the SS.

Las primeras divisiones Panzer (blindadas) son establecidas en Alemania en 1935, despues de que Hitler repudia el Tratado de Versalles e inicia una masiva expansion de la Wehrmacht. La 1º Division Panzer es conformada en Weimar a partir de elementos de la 3º Kavallerie-Division (3º Division de Caballeria) y es puesta bajo el mando del General der Kavallerie Maximilian von Weichs, la 1º Division Panzer, conocida inicialmente como la 1º Brigada Panzer, incluye el 1º Regimiento Panzer con base en Erfurt y el 2º Regimiento Panzer con base en Eisenach. Se asignan a la division otras unidades como la 1º Brigada Schutzen (una unidad de infanteria motorizada con dos batallones de infanteria y uno de motociclistas), la 4º Compañia de Reconocimiento, 37º Regimiento de Artilleria y 37º Compañia de Comunicaciones.

Cada batallon Panzer incluye cuatro compañias ligeras, cada compañia cuenta con un peloton de mando (equipado con cinco tanques - un PzKpfw II y cuatro PxKpfw I) y tres compañias mas con estructura similar. A principios de 1938 asume el mando de la division el General Rudolf Schmidt.

Testamento político de Adolf Hitler, del 29 de abril de 1945 Adolf Hitler

Mi TESTAMENTO POLÍTICO
Desde que, en 1914, puse mis modestas tuerzas como voluntario al servicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial impuesta al Reich, han transcurrido más de treinta años.

Durante estos tres decenios, en todos mis pensamientos, actos y en toda mi vida sólo me han movido el amor y la lealtad hacia mi pueblo. Ellos me han dado la fuerza necesaria para tomar las más difíciles decisiones que haya tenido que tomar cualquier mortal. Durante estos tres decenios, he gastado mi tiempo, mi energía y mi salud.

Es falso que yo o cualquier otra persona en Alemania quisiera la guerra en 1939. La querían y la instigaban exclusivamente los estadistas internacionales que, o bien eran de ascendencia judía o trabajaban a favor de los judíos. Son demasiados los ofrecimientos de limitación de armamento que hice y que el mundo no podrá seguir desmintiendo durante toda la eternidad, para que deba recaer sobre mí la responsabilidad por el desencadenamiento de esta guerra. Nunca deseé que, después de la primera y funesta Guerra Mundial, hubiera otra contra Inglaterra o contra Norteamérica. Pasarán siglos, pero de las ruinas de nuestras ciudades y monumentos seguirá brotando, renovado, el odio contra el pueblo que, en última instancia, es el responsable de todo esto: |el judaismo internacional y sus secuaces!

Tres días antes de que estallara la guerra germano-polaca, propuse al embajador británico en Berlín una solución de los problemas germano-polacos: similar a la del Sarre, bajo control internacional. Tampoco este ofrecimiento puede ser desmentido. Fue rechazado, porque las altas esferas de la política inglesa querían la guerra, debido, en parte, a los grandes negocios que esperaban realizar y, en parte, a la propaganda montada por el judaismo internacional.

No he dejado lugar a dudas de que si los pueblos de Europa vuelven a ser considerados sólo como paquetes de acciones de estos conjurados de las finanzas internacionales, la responsabilidad será también de ese pueblo que en realidad es el culpable de esta criminal refriega: los judíos. Tampoco he dejado a nadie en la duda de que esta vez no sólo morirán de hambre millones de niños europeos de los pueblos arios, no sólo sufrirán la muerte millones de hombres adultos y no sólo arderían y morirían destrozados por las bombas cientos de miles de mujeres y niños en nuestras ciudades sin que el verdadero culpable pague su culpa, aunque por medios más humanos.

Después de una lucha de seis años que, a pesar de todos los contratiempos, pasará a la Historia como el más glorioso y valeroso exponente de la voluntad de supervivencia de un pueblo, no puedo abandonar la ciudad que es la capital de este Imperio. Dado que las fuerzas son ya muy escasas para seguir resistiendo el asalto enemigo en este punto y la resistencia propia está siendo progresivamente deteriorada por el elementos tan obcecados como inconsistentes, quisiera unir mi suerte a la que han seguido millones de seres, quedándome en esta ciudad. Por otra parte, no quiero caer en manos de los enemigos que, para divertir a sus masas soliviantadas, necesitan un nuevo espectáculo montado por los judíos.

THIRTY-FIVE years ago the English Channel had not yet been crossed by air. Now the crossing of the Atlantic by airplanes is a commonplace. One of this war's sensations was the cross-Channel bombardment of England by flying bombs and rockets. If there is another world war, will the transatlantic flight of bomb and rockets become a commonplace also? There is every reason to believe so. The technical problems involved are not so great as those which had to be overcome by the men who invented and perfected the airplane. A few years from now it probably will have become technically possible to bombard the United States from European bases, and vice versa. And the nature of the bombs so carried may be, as we now have had confirmed to us, terrible beyond any previous imagining.

During the First World War, air power came of age. Although it was not yet a weapon that was capable of achieving decision on the battlefield, between 1914 and 1918 it became, at the very least, an important weapon used in a variety of ways by all the major combatants. During the First World War, the German Imperial Air Service, the Luftstreitkrafte, fashioned an extensive air theory and air doctrine. Even before the start of World War I, however, Germany had become a serious air power, and had already laid the foundations for an air doctrine. The important weapon that the air service had become by 1918 had already been fashioned prior to 1914. Before 1914, the German army had established a methodology, and laid down some basic principles that would govern the development of German air power in a unique way. In this chapter, I will examine the foundations of German air theory and doctrine from the early years through World War I.