Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses of the scent gland secretions of Siro duricorius and S. exilis (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Sironidae) revealed a set of 24 components, comprising a series of saturated and unsaturated methyl... more
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses of the scent gland secretions of Siro duricorius and S. exilis (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Sironidae) revealed a set of 24 components, comprising a series of saturated and unsaturated methyl ketones (C11-C15) and four naphthoquinones. Whereas the scent gland secretions of S. duricorius, collected in Austria, and S. exilis from USA were qualitatively nearly indistinguishable (with the exception of acetophenone that was specific to S. duricorius), they distinctly differed in their relative quantitative compositions: major components of the secretion of S. duricorius were 7-tridecen-2-one, tridecan-2-one, undecan-2-one, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 6-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (tentatively identified only), and 4-chloro-1,2-naphthoquinone. In contrast, in S. exilis a compound tentatively identified as 6-methyl-4-chloro-1,2-naphthoquinone was present in large amounts (in S. duricorius a trace component), whereas undecan-2-one only occurred in minor quantities. Secretion profiles of juveniles and adults (both sexes) of each species showed high correspondence. This is the first report on the chemistry of scent gland secretions of the opilionid suborder Cyphophthalmi. 4-Chloro-1,2-naphthoquinone was identified as a new exocrine product of arthropods, whereas 1,4-naphthoquinone and the tentatively identified 6-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone are known constituents of exocrine secretions from one species of palpatorid opilionids, Phalangium opilio. In contrast, all ketones identified were new for opilionid scent glands, although similar ketones are characteristic of scent gland secretions of palpatorid genera Leiobunum and Hadrobunus. With regard to the near-basic position of Cyphophthalmi in currently proposed phylogenetic trees of Opiliones, naphthoquinones and ketones from Siro may represent the condition ancestral to the (derived) naphthoquinone- and ketone-rich secretions in phalangid Palpatores.
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ABSTRACT The monophyly of a clade consisting of Astigmata and some of the glandulate Oribatida is supported by a synapomorphic set of five oil gland-derived secretion compounds (neral, geranial, neryl formate,... more
ABSTRACT The monophyly of a clade consisting of Astigmata and some of the glandulate Oribatida is supported by a synapomorphic set of five oil gland-derived secretion compounds (neral, geranial, neryl formate, 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde (=2,6-HMBD) and 2-formyl-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (=γ-acaridial)), known as 'Astigmata com-pounds'. Another aromatic compound, 7-hydroxyphthalide, was reported for Astigmata and Oribatida, but is not known from any other source in nature. It was discussed whether this compound was a 'natural' part of oil gland secretions (and thus probably of phylogenetic significance) or an artifact. Here, we show that 7-hydroxyphthalide is the result of a post-extraction chemical transformation of γ-acaridial, and not a natural compound of oil gland secretions. We compared time series of raw extracts from Archegozetes longisetosus stored at -20°C with extracts stored at +23°C and show that storage at room temperature conditions promotes the transformation. However, since this reaction is quantitatively coherent, summing the amounts of both components seems to be a suitable approximation for the quantity of γ-acaridial in natural secretions, even if 7-hydroxyphthalide is found in the analyses.
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Research Interests: Zoology, Biology, Medicine, DNA Barcoding, Hymenoptera, and 5 moreInsects, Mimicry, Wolbachia, Parasitoid, and Cuckoo
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Research Interests: Zoology, Biology, Arachnology, Anatomy, Opiliones, and 3 moreBurrow, Chemical Defense, and Secretion
ABSTRACT Exocrine secretions from opisthosomal oil glands of seven species of Histiostomatidae (Acari, Astigmata) from three genera (Histiostoma Kramer, Sarraceniopus Fashing & OConnor and Bonomoia Wirth) were extracted and... more
ABSTRACT Exocrine secretions from opisthosomal oil glands of seven species of Histiostomatidae (Acari, Astigmata) from three genera (Histiostoma Kramer, Sarraceniopus Fashing & OConnor and Bonomoia Wirth) were extracted and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. All extracts showed large amounts of (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadecadienal (=geranial, citral A), comprising between one-quarter and two-thirds of the whole secretion, depending on the species. These data are consistent with the published information on oil glands of the Histiostomatidae and support the idea that geranial-rich oil gland secretions are characteristic of this family. As citral is mainly neral-based (=citral B) in Astigmata, geranial-based secretions might represent the ancestral state, reflecting oribatid ancestors with geranial-rich secretions as still occur in some mixonomatan and desmonomatan taxa.
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Oribatid mites of the family Liacaridae comprise a large number of species with smooth and shiny body surfaces that display extraordinary anti-wetting properties. The principle of liacarid unwettability is not related to micro-structured... more
Oribatid mites of the family Liacaridae comprise a large number of species with smooth and shiny body surfaces that display extraordinary anti-wetting properties. The principle of liacarid unwettability is not related to micro-structured surfaces as present in many Oribatida ("Lotus effect") but the formation of raincoat-like lipid layers covering the epicuticle. We here conducted a comparative study on the chemistry of cuticular lipid layers in a selection of Liacaridae, including representatives of all major Central European genera, Liacarus, Dorycranosus, Adoristes, and Xenillus. Cuticular lipids of unwettable individuals were removed from mite bodies by hexane extraction, and were analyzed by GC-MS. Basically, two chemically distinguishable systems were found. Type I: cuticular lipids of Liacarus subterraneus, L. coracinus, L. nitens, Dorycranosus curtipilis, and Xenillus tegeocranus contained different carboxylic acids (C8-, C10-, C10:1-, C10:2-acids) and their corresponding di-glycerides in species-specific combinations. Type II: Adoristes ovatus exhibited a system of cuticular lipids composed of esters of pentanoic- and heptanoic acids with C14-, C15-, C16- and C17-alcohols. Interestingly, the chemistry of surface lipids did not reflect the morphology of the cuticle in the species investigated. Smooth and shiny cuticles, though exhibiting a specific pattern of round or slit-like pores, were found in representatives of Liacarus, Dorycranosus (all of which exhibiting cuticular chemistry of type I) and Adoristes (exhibiting cuticular chemistry of type II). Xenillus, possessing a rough, cerotegumental cement layer-covered surface, showed type I-chemistry. The acid-esters systems herein investigated are considered characteristic for the cuticular chemistry of Liacaridae or a lineage of these, and provide first insights into the comparative chemistry of the inner (=lipid) layer of the oribatid cerotegument.
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A simple, highly accurate and precise method for the quantitative measurement of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril in human plasma is presented. The assay is based on gas chromatography/negative ion chemical... more
A simple, highly accurate and precise method for the quantitative measurement of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril in human plasma is presented. The assay is based on gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The preparation of stable isotope labelled lisinopril for use as an internal standard is described. The method involves solid phase extraction on C18 sorbent and derivatization to the methyl diester-trifluoroacetamide derivatives. The detection limit was found to be 50 pg and a lower limit of quantification was reached down to 0.5 ng/mL plasma.
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The chemical ecology of Oribatida is tightly integrated with a distinct exocrine system in the opisthosoma, known as ‘oil glands‘ (syn. opisthonotal glands). Representing homologous structures, oil glands characterize the four morederived... more
The chemical ecology of Oribatida is tightly integrated with a distinct exocrine system in the opisthosoma, known as ‘oil glands‘ (syn. opisthonotal glands). Representing homologous structures, oil glands characterize the four morederived cohorts of Oribatida (Parhyposomata, Mixonomata, Desmonomata, and Brachypylida), but also theAstigmata, as the monophyletic unit of ‘glandulate Oribatida’. Generally, oil glands constitute large intima-lined sacsthat are located in the dorso-lateral regions of the idiosoma and that open to the body outside via a single (frequentlyflapped) pore on either side of the notogaster. Secretions of more than 20 oribatids have so far been analyzed. Theyconsist of hydrocarbons, terpenes, aromatics, and alkaloids. Many components occur in specific combinations; secretionprofiles characterize groups (on any taxonomic level) and have emerged as tools for phylogenetic analyses:Parhyposomata, e.g., produce phenolic- and naphthol-rich secretions, whereas a distinct set of terpenes and aromatics(the so-called ‘astigmatic compounds’) is considered synapomorphic for middle-derived Mixonomata and allgroups above (‘astigmatic compounds-bearing Oribatida’). In some subgroups of the ‘astigmatic compounds-bearingOribatida’, these components are not easily traced as they tend to be reduced and replaced by others. Functionally,oil glands produce various allomones against predators and fungi, and alarm pheromones for intraspecific communication. Pheromonal properties of oil gland compounds probably evolved early in ancient oil gland-bearing oribatids from purely defensive functions, culminating in a radiation of semiochemical roles (alarm, aggregation, sex) in oil glands of the Astigmata.
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In a recent publication in the Journal of Chemical Ecology, McGugan et al. (McGugan et al. 2016) analyzed skin alkaloid profiles in the Little Devil poison frog (Oophaga sylvatica, Dendrobatidae) and investigated whether geographic... more
In a recent publication in the Journal of Chemical Ecology, McGugan et al. (McGugan et al. 2016) analyzed skin alkaloid profiles in the Little Devil poison frog (Oophaga sylvatica, Dendrobatidae) and investigated whether geographic variation in alkaloid profiles correlated with the availability of their arthropod prey (ants andmites). Skin alkaloids of poison frogs are not synthesized de novo by frogs, but are obtained from dietary sources and sequestered to the skin (Saporito et al. 2007, 2011a). These so-called Bcleptotoxins^ are synthesized by several arthropod groups, of which oribatid mites seem to be a major alkaloid source for poison frogs (Saporito et al. 2007, 2009, 2011b; Takada et al. 2005). Species from most of the major oribatid taxa—including Enarthronota, Mixonomata, Nothrina (Desmonomata s. stricto), and Brachypylina—have been represented in stomach contents of poison frogs (Rodríguez et al. 2010; Saporito et al. 2011b). As we have commented earlier on the paper of Rodríguez et al. (2010), members of these groups commonly produce hydrocarbons, terpenes, and aromatics as defensive chemicals, but relatively few produce alkaloids (Raspotnig et al. 2011; Saporito et al. 2015). Alkaloids are known to occur only in certain restricted taxonomic groups of the Brachypylina; these include certain families in Oripodoidea (Scheloribatidae, Parakalummidae, Drymobatidae, Mochlozetidae), and Galumnoidea (Galumnidae) (Raspotnig et al. 2011; Saporito et al. 2015). The recent paper (McGugan et al. 2016) contains some substantial errors and misleading interpretations that we think are important to correct or clarify. We focus on those parts dealing with oribatidmites, a groupwithwhichwe havemuch collective experience. Most important, alkaloid production in oribatids has been amajor topic of several publications (Raspotnig et al. 2011; Saporito et al. 2007, 2011b, 2015; Takada et al. 2005), and the taxonomic distribution of alkaloids in thesemites is an important issue of oribatid chemotaxonomy. Oribatid mite secretions – i.e., the secretions of large opisthonotal oil glands – have been shown to be highly specific and a great bulk of work on oribatid secretion chemistry is available (summarized in Raspotnig et al. 2011). Dissappointingly, McGugan et al. (2016) completely ignored these data and hence come to wrong conclusions: none of the oribatid mite species they show in their Bphylogenetic tree^ (see below) of assumed alkaloid-producers indeed produces alkaloids. They exclusively list well-known non-alkaloid mites as a potential source for alkaloids in poison frogs. One of the assumed alkaloid-producers of McGugan et al. is Archegozetes longisetosus – a desmonomatan oribatid whose – non-alkaloid! -opisthonotal gland secretion served as a model for answering various ecological questions (Heethoff et al. 2013; Heethoff and Rall 2015); the secretions of this mite species have been chemically studied in many papers (e.g., Heethoff and Raspotnig 2011; Heethoff 2012; Sakata and Norton 2003) – and it constantly produces a specific set of aromatics, terpenes, and hydrocarbons. This comment refers to the article available at doi:10.1007/s10886-0160715-x.
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Most oribatid mites are well known for their exocrine oil gland secretions, from which more than a hundred different chemical components (hydrocarbons, terpenes, aromatics and alkaloids) have been described. The biological functions of... more
Most oribatid mites are well known for their exocrine oil gland secretions, from which more than a hundred different chemical components (hydrocarbons, terpenes, aromatics and alkaloids) have been described. The biological functions of these secretions have remained enigmatic for most species, but alarm-pheromonal and allomonal functions have been hypothesized, and demonstrated in some cases. Here, we tested different experimental stimuli to induce the release of defensive secretions in the model oribatid mite Archegozetes longisetosus Aoki. Whereas various mechanical stimuli did not result in a reproducible and complete expulsion of oil gland secretions, repeated treatments with hexane led to complete discharge. Life history parameters such as survival, development and reproduction were not influenced by the hexane treatment. Repeated hexane treatments also resulted in a complete depletion of oil glands in Euphthiracarus cribrarius Berlese.
Research Interests: Zoology, Animal Behavior, Biology, Animal Ecology, Medicine, and 7 moreAnimals, Acari, N Hexane, Mites, Oribatida, Mite, and Exocrine glands
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ABSTRACT
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The oil gland secretion of the oribatid mite Nothrus palustris is known to show the phenomenon of juvenile–adult polymorphism, i.e., juvenile instars produce secretions predominated by geranial, whereas adults secrete dehydrocineole along... more
The oil gland secretion of the oribatid mite Nothrus palustris is known to show the phenomenon of juvenile–adult polymorphism, i.e., juvenile instars produce secretions predominated by geranial, whereas adults secrete dehydrocineole along with a number of chemically unidentified compounds. We here re-analyzed the secretions of adult N. palustris by GC–MS and NMR spectroscopy, eventually identifying the unknown compounds as p-menthane monoterpenoids. The major components were two isomeric 6-isopropenyl-3-methyl-cyclohex-3-en-1-yl formates (= p-1,8-menthadien-5-yl formates), which accounted for about 75% of the secretion. These were accompanied by five additional, only partly identified p-menthanes (or p-methane-derivatives), all of which represented minor or trace components. In addition, adult secretions contained two C21-hydrocarbons, 1,12-heneicosadiene (major) and a heneicosatriene (minor). Menthane monoterpenoids represent a novel sub-class of terpene compounds in the oil gland ...
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Research Interests: Chemical Ecology, Biology, Chemical, Medicine, Biological Sciences, and 15 moreEnvironmental Sciences, Animals, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Gas Chromatography/mass Spectrometry, Relative Abundance, Monoterpenes, Mites, Oribatid Mite, Whole Body, Oribatida, Mite, Aldehydes, Exocrine glands, and sense organs
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Species delimitation is fundamental for biological studies, yet precise delimitation is not an easy task, and every involved approach has an inherent failure rate. Integrative taxonomy, a method that merges multiple lines of evidence, can... more
Species delimitation is fundamental for biological studies, yet precise delimitation is not an easy task, and every involved approach has an inherent failure rate. Integrative taxonomy, a method that merges multiple lines of evidence, can profoundly contribute to reliable alpha-taxonomy and shed light on the processes behind speciation. In this study, we explored and validated species limits in a group of closely related Megabunus harvestmen (Eupnoi, Phalangiidae) endemic to the European Alps. Without a priori species hypotheses, we used multiple sources of inference, including mitochondrial and multilocus nuclear DNA, morphometrics and chemistry. The results of these discovery approaches revealed morphological crypsis and multiple new species within two of the five hitherto known species. Based on our analyses, we discussed the most plausible evolutionary scenarios, invoked the most reasonable species hypotheses and validated the new species limits. Building upon the achieved rigou...
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Research Interests: Zoology, Biology, Image Analysis, Flight, Honey Bees, and 3 moreSpatial Orientation, Apidologie, and Honeybee
ABSTRACT
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Two new opilionid species from suborder Cyphophthalmi, family Sironidae, Siro franzi Karaman & Raspotnig sp. nov. and Siro ozimeci Karaman sp. nov., from Austria and Croatia respectively, are described and illustrated. Both species show a... more
Two new opilionid species from suborder Cyphophthalmi, family Sironidae, Siro franzi Karaman & Raspotnig sp. nov. and Siro ozimeci Karaman sp. nov., from Austria and Croatia respectively, are described and illustrated. Both species show a close relation to two other relict sironid species from the southern and eastern parts of the Alps, Siro valleorum and Siro crassus. All four species are treated here as a monophyletic, alpine group of genus Siro, opposed to the remaining two European sironids, S. rubens and S. carpaticus (palaeoeuropean Siro group). The history of the alpine Siro group parallels the history of a part of the dynamic European archipelago in the Mediterranean Tethys area, which became a part of the Alpine orogeny. Diversification of the alpine Siro group is the result of the orogenic evolution of the Alps, linked to the Austroalpine and South Alpine tectonic units.
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The scent gland secretion of an undetermined species of Prionostemma from Costa Rica was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and shown to consist of medium-chain carboxylic acids (mainly octanoic acid) and a... more
The scent gland secretion of an undetermined species of Prionostemma from Costa Rica was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and shown to consist of medium-chain carboxylic acids (mainly octanoic acid) and a ß-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, eventually identified as myrmicacin (= (R)-3-hydroxydecanoic acid). While scent gland secretions in harvestmen have traditionally been considered to be products of de novo synthesis, we here provide evidence for the unusual case of sequestration-derived scent gland constituents: at least myrmicacin appears to be sequestered from leaf-cutter ants that constitute a part of the prey of the Prionostemma-species herein investigated. This is the first report on the scent gland chemistry of the sclerosomatid subfamily Gagrellinae as well as on a possible sequestration mechanism in harvestmen.
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<i>Nemastoma bidentatum gruberi</i> ssp. nov. × <i>N. bidentatum martensi</i> ssp. nov. Figs 3, 9K, 10K Diagnosis Typical male hybrids are characterized by Ch basal article with large hump in front of dorsal... more
<i>Nemastoma bidentatum gruberi</i> ssp. nov. × <i>N. bidentatum martensi</i> ssp. nov. Figs 3, 9K, 10K Diagnosis Typical male hybrids are characterized by Ch basal article with large hump in front of dorsal indentation, and broad, low quarter moon-like Ch-Apo, ~1.6 times as high as wide, and slightly club-shaped, relatively thin Pa-Fe, and five, subequidistant, simple ventral Pa-Fe denticles in the frontal half of the Pa-Fe. Material examined CROATIA – <b>WL 00</b> • 8 &amp;male;&amp;male;, 11 &amp;female;&amp;female;; Debeli Lug, Jasenak; 8 Sep. 2009; (2/2012); PMSL. – <b>WL20</b> • 7 &amp;male;&amp;male;, 13 &amp;female;&amp;female;; Ambarac sinkhole, Ogulin; 7 Sep. 2009; R. Ozimec and A. Schönhofer leg. (Coll. ASc 324, 1/2012); PMSL. SLOVENIA – <b>VL26</b> • 3 &amp;male;&amp;male;, 1 &amp;female;; Seno&amp;zcaron;e&amp;ccaron;e – La&amp;zcaron;e; 20 May 2012; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg. (50/2012, rev. 2019); PMSL. – <b>VL33</b> • 2 &amp;male;&amp;male;, 3 &amp;female;&amp;female;; Plazine, Starod; 25 Oct. 2012; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg. (194/2012, rev. 2018); PMSL. – <b>VL54</b> • 1 &amp;male;; Travni Dolci, Mt. Sne&amp;zcaron;nik; 12 Aug. 2001; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg. (195b/2001, rev. 2020); PMSL • 1 &amp;male;; Mt. Sne&amp;zcaron;nik; 12 Sep. 2018; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg. (116a/2018); PMSL • 1 &amp;male;; ibid.; 25 Oct. 2019; T. Novak. leg. (138/2019); PMSL. – <b>VL95</b> • 1 &amp;male;, 2 &amp;female;&amp;female;; Mt. Ko&amp;ccaron;evska Mala gora; 17 Aug. 1985; T. Novak, M. Slana Novak and L. Slana Novak leg. (LSN 98 /1986, TN rev. 2019); PMSL. – <b>VL96</b> • 1 &amp;male;; Pe&amp;ccaron;ke − Mali vrh, Ko&amp;ccaron;evski Rog; 20 Sep. 2001; B. Drovenik and A. Pirnat leg. (10/2005, rev. 2015); PMSL • 1 &amp;female;; ibid.; (16/2005, rev. 2015); PMSL. – <b>WL37</b> • 3 &amp;male;&amp;male;, 2 &amp;female;&amp;female;; Mir&amp;ccaron;ev gri&amp;ccaron;, Mt. Gorjanci; 29 Apr. 1995; S. Brelih leg. (780/1998, rev. 2019); PMSL. <i>Nemastoma bidentatum gruberi</i> ssp. nov. × <i>N. b [...]
Fig. 12. Nemastoma bidentatum Roewer, 1914 complex, ♂♂. From left to right: Ch basal article (medial, lateral views), Pa (medial view) and Pe tip (dorsal, lateral views). Arrows indicate the most identifying characters. Note: Pe of N.... more
Fig. 12. Nemastoma bidentatum Roewer, 1914 complex, ♂♂. From left to right: Ch basal article (medial, lateral views), Pa (medial view) and Pe tip (dorsal, lateral views). Arrows indicate the most identifying characters. Note: Pe of N. pluridentatum (Hadži, 1973) stat. nov. is unknown.
<i>Nemastoma bidentatum martensi</i> Novak, Slana Novak &amp; Raspotnig ssp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CCDC54EF-D41A-4547-A4D4-50370212C243 Figs 2–3, 4G, 5G, 6G, 7G, 8G, 9G, 10G, 11G, 12G, 13F; Table 10 Diagnosis... more
<i>Nemastoma bidentatum martensi</i> Novak, Slana Novak &amp; Raspotnig ssp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CCDC54EF-D41A-4547-A4D4-50370212C243 Figs 2–3, 4G, 5G, 6G, 7G, 8G, 9G, 10G, 11G, 12G, 13F; Table 10 Diagnosis Subspecies of <i>Nemastoma bidentatum</i> with Ch basal article with a saw-like series of 1–3 μm high denticles on anterior margin of ventral hump, and a row of 5–11 denticles and tubercles in the distal half of Pa-Fe. Rec sem of 12–14 slightly elongated balloon-like vesicles. Etymology The subspecies name ʻ <i>martensi</i> ' is dedicated to Jochen Martens (Mainz), our teacher, colleague and friend, who provided the first modern revision of harvestmen in Slovenia. Material examined <b>Holotype</b> SLOVENIA – <b>VL23</b> • 1 &amp;male;; Poljane pri Podgradu; 45.50° N, 14.10° E; 597 m a.s.l.; 25 Sep. 2011; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg.; thermophile scrub and mixed forest litter sift; PMSL-Opiliones-TN 287/2011. <b>Paratypes</b> SLOVENIA – <b>VL23</b> • 8 &amp;male;&amp;male;, 5 &amp;female;&amp;female;; same collection data as for holotype; PMSL-Opiliones-TN 287/2011. <b>Other material</b> SLOVENIA – <b>VL15</b> • 3 &amp;male;&amp;male;, 8 &amp;female;&amp;female;; Buje; 27 Sep. 2011; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg. (316/2011, rev. 2015); PMSL • 2 &amp;male;&amp;male;; ibid.; (316a/2011); PMSL • 1 &amp;female;; Mt. Ostri&amp;ccaron;; 29 Aug. 2014; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg. (32/2014); PMSL. – <b>VL23</b> • 4 &amp;male;&amp;male;, 1 &amp;female;; Poljane pri Podgradu; 15 May 2011; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg. (40/2012); PMSL • 1 &amp;male;; ibid.; 18 Aug. 2011; (165/2012); PMSL • 3 &amp;male;&amp;male;, 2 &amp;female;&amp;female;; ibid.; 20 May 2012; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg. (GR 3597−3601, TN det.); PMSL • 1 &amp;male;, 2 &amp;female;&amp;female;; ibid.; 24 Oct. 2013; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg. (GR 6017, 6018, 6020, TN det.); PMSL • 2 &amp;male;&amp;male;, 4 &amp;female;&amp;female;; ibid.; 28 Oct. 2013; L. Slana Novak and T. Novak leg. (GR 4651, 4653, 4654, 4656, 4657, 4659 [...]
Fig. 8. Nemastoma bidentatum Roewer, 1914 complex. Glans (dorsal and lateral views). Note: The penis of N. pluridentatum (Hadži, 1973) stat. nov. is unknown.
Fig. 5. Nemastoma bidentatum Roewer, 1914 complex, ♂♂. Pa (medial view).
Genus <i>Nemastoma</i> C.L. Koch, 1836 <b>Diagnosis</b> (according to Gruber & Martens 1968, slightly modified) Genus of Nemastomatidae Simon, 1872, with body length 1.5–2.5 mm, with scutum compositum; uniformly... more
Genus <i>Nemastoma</i> C.L. Koch, 1836 <b>Diagnosis</b> (according to Gruber & Martens 1968, slightly modified) Genus of Nemastomatidae Simon, 1872, with body length 1.5–2.5 mm, with scutum compositum; uniformly black or with silver or golden lateral spots. Pe with base perpendicular to dorso-ventrally flattened truncus, glans bilaterally symmetric or subsymmetric, without or with 1–8 pairs of lateral spines or denticles.