Alexandra Kruse

The COST RELY Glossary on Renewable Energy and Landscape Quality is the result of the European COST RELY project that focused on investigating the influence of renewable energy production on landscape quality. 31 people participated in developing and revising the definitions and descriptions for the 46 terms included in the glossary. Work was done in the period from 2015 to 2017 in multiple rounds of revision done by the RELY experts. Terms in the glossary are clustered into three groups: first group terms are directly connected to the landscape and its characteristics, the second one touches the planning process and methods, and the last one covers different renewable energy sources and production types. Each entry to the glossary consists of six elements: the term, definition, related terms, keywords, illustration(s) and sources. The terms are based on the expert knowledge of the contributors, scientific literature (monographs and articles), EU regulation, relevant web pages and o...

no figures, no tables, no citations, no sub-chapters. Abstract followed by the: Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, Discussion (or Results and discussion), Acknowledgement, References (subtitles aligned centered, bald letters, one line before and one line after the subtitle, please use template at: http://tajokologiailapok.szie.hu/pdf/template.docx). Use size 12 Times New Roman type letters, single line in the text (in general). Italic letters only should be used with scientific names and in table and figure titles (for the words “Table” and “Figure” and their numbers, the title is normal). Bald letters should be used only in title and subtitles. No footnotes! Web addresses should be only listed in full at the end of the reference list. In the text use http1, http2 . . . References should only include the cited references from the text, ordered by the ABC. Citations should be prepared based on the template. Scientific papers: Kis, A., Nagy, B. 1993: Title. Tájökológiai Lap...

Wind energy has been one of the most controversial renewable energy types considering its acceptance by the public and different stakeholders. This chapter first discusses the role of different acceptance concerns of wind energy. Then examples are provided about most relevant acceptance concerns across Europe based on the results of a recent expert web-survey. The chapter concludes with some recommendations for wind energy planning practice.

Summary: Methodological and standardized management requirements for protected areas have become a central issue in nature conservation over the last years. The article takes a closer look on the current international standards laid out by the World Heritage Convention for natural sites and by IUCN for protected areas. Both actors play a central role in the way we approach and deal with protected areas globally. Both are influenced by local developments, local management cultures and still have to have a global approach. The goal is to examine how the World Heritage community has tackled these problems and in which form it is today adapting to current developments. The first part lays out the management principles for the UNESCO Natural World Heritage properties according to the overarching goal of protecting the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of a site. Part two summarises the management principles of protected nature reserves following the IUCN categories. Their aim is to prote...

The FEAL project, developed and accepted within the frame of Erasmus+ Key Action 2 (cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices), took place from December 1st, 2016 to May 31st, 2019. The article gives an overview of the project, the project’s partners, aims and findings and last but not least the results and where to find them.1

Today, farmers are multioptional entrepreneurs, demanding far more skills than only those of agricultural production. The awareness of European agricultural landscape (EAL) values should enable farmers to create new business strategies. Open education repositories (OERs) based on online vocational education and training (VET) are still not widespread. The project FEAL (multifunctional farming for the sustainability of EALs) has brought interactive material online based on results of two questionnaire surveys performed in Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. A survey of 31 experts confirmed that VET activities are very much needed for farmers. A survey of 28 farmers had different aims and content. Data collected from farmers were used to evaluate basic farm attributes, farmers’ characteristics, and keywords indicating the farms’ activities, multifunctionality and sustainability, and EALs, specifying the presence of nature- and landscape-protected areas. A decision-making sc...

Hay-making structures are part of the agricultural landscape of meadows and pastures. Hay meadows are still used and found all over Europe, but their distribution patterns as well as their characteristics and regional features depend on geographical area, climate, culture, and intensity of agriculture. Intensively used hay meadows are the most dominant, using heavy machinery to store hay mostly as rounded or square bales. Traditional hay-making structures represent structures or constructions, used to quickly dry freshly cut fodder and to protect it from humidity. The ‘ancient’ forms of traditional hay-making structures are becoming a relic, due to mechanisation and the use of new technologies. Both the need for drying hay and the traditional methods for doing so were similar across Europe. Our study of hay-making structures focuses on their current state, their development and history, current use and cultural values in various European countries. Regarding the construction and use...

At the 2018 meeting of the Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape (PECSRL), that took place in Clermont-Ferrand and Mende in France, the Institute for Research on European Agricultural Landscapes e.V. (EUCALAND) Network organized a session on traditional landscapes. Presentations included in the session discussed the concept of traditional, mostly agricultural, landscapes, their ambiguous nature and connections to contemporary landscape research and practice. Particular attention was given to the connection between traditional landscapes and regional identity, landscape transformation, landscape management, and heritage. A prominent position in the discussions was occupied by the question about the future of traditional or historical landscapes and their potential to trigger regional development. Traditional landscapes are often believed to be rather stable and slowly developing, of premodern origin, and showing unique examples of historical continuity of...

Today, farmers are multioptional entrepreneurs, demanding far more skills than only those of agricultural production. The awareness of European agricultural landscape (EAL) values should enable farmers to create new business strategies. Open education repositories (OERs) based on online vocational education and training (VET) are still not widespread. The project FEAL (multifunctional farming for the sustainability of EALs) has brought interactive material online based on results of two questionnaire surveys performed in Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. A survey of 31 experts confirmed that VET activities are very much needed for farmers. A survey of 28 farmers had different aims and content. Data collected from farmers were used to evaluate basic farm attributes, farmers’ characteristics, and keywords indicating the farms’ activities, multifunctionality and sustainability, and EALs, specifying the presence of nature- and landscape-protected areas. A decision-making schema, applying a collection of terms from literature analysis and the questionnaire’s results, is a support tool to develop a model of a farm that contributes to the preservation of the landscape’s character, strengthening the landscape’s quality, and sustainable business. The model presents the interactions of the farm (its territory and ancestral heritage, control of natural resources, tourism services and cultural events, public goods provision, and quality guarantees); socioeconomic strategies regarding quality, marketing, communication, business operation, and monitoring are proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Agricultural Heritage in European and Mediterranean Countries)

The FEAL project, developed and accepted within the frame of Erasmus+ Key Action 2 (cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices), took place from December 1 st , 2016 to May 31 st , 2019. The article gives an overview of the project, the project's partners, aims and findings and last but not least the results and where to find them. 1

Transhumance creates unique landscapes, especially in mountain regions. These landscape types, but also the herewith connected economy, are often threatened by abandonment. On the other hand, the so created landscapes and products are highly appreciated by the people – not only the tourists. Being listed as UNESCO World
Heritage might be a trigger to raise awareness (also among politicians and deciders) and, more important, to motivate farmers to go ahead with their very special living conditions and to foster sense of place/proudness of the place. The process, which leads to the nomination itself, is demanding on one side, but also often a starting point to consider the region, the site differently and to develop new processes, initiate structural changes and is in the end often highly appreciated by the population.

Europäische Agrarlandschaften (EAL) haben einen hohen kulturellen Wert und spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Erhaltung der Biodiversität sowie als Basis einer nachhaltigen, gesunden
und profitablen Lebensmittelproduktion. Junge Landwirt*innen und Landeigentümer*innen, genauso wie junge Unternehmer*innen im ländlichen Raum brauchen jedoch Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten,
um die Landschaft im Einklang mit gesellschaftlichen Ansprüchen zu bewirtschaften und um sich auf wandelnde klimatische, ökonomische und EU-politische Bedingungen einzustellen. Aufgrund der individuellen Situation von Landwirt*innen und Jungunternehmer*innen sollten diese Weiterbildungsangebote individuell anpassbar und vor allem auch in abgelegenen Gebieten wahrnehmbar sein. Zu diesem Zweck wurde 2016 ein internationales Erasmusprojekt mit zwei deutschen Partnern
aufgesetzt.

Das Alte Land repräsentiert eine einzigartige im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert planmäßig durch holländische Siedler gestaltete, lineare Kulturlandschaft, welche bis heute noch wahrnehmbar und landschaftsprägend ist. Man bezeichnet die so entstandenen Landschaften als Hollerkolonien und wir finden weitere nicht nur in den Niederlanden sondern z.B. auch in Polen. Diese Hollerkolonien sind Zeugnis eines europäischen Vorgangs: Sie finden sich in vielen Gebieten in Deutschland, z.B. an der Weser, im Oderbruch oder eben in den Elbeniederungen, aber auch in Frankreich, Südostengland, Polen, Dänemark und natürlich in den niederländischen Ursprungsgebieten, dort jedoch bereits vielfach überformt.

Special Issue, containing two articles:
TOWARDS COMMON TERMINOLOGY ON ENERGY LANDSCAPES - PREFACE (4 pages) with 2 authors
GLOSSARY ON RENEWABLE ENERGY AND LANDSCAPE QUALITY – THE
GLOSSARY (96 pages) with 24 authors

The COST RELY Glossary on Renewable Energy and Landscape Quality is the result of the European COST RELY project that focused on investigating the influence of renewable energy production on landscape quality. 31 people participated in developing and revising the definitions and descriptions for the 46 terms included in the glossary. Work was done in the period from 2015 to 2017 in multiple rounds of revision done by the RELY experts. Terms in the glossary are clustered into three groups: first group terms are directly connected to the landscape and its characteristics, the second one touches the planning process and methods, and the last one covers different renewable energy sources and production types. Each entry to the glossary consists of six elements: the term, definition, related terms, keywords, illustration(s) and sources. The terms are based on the expert knowledge of the contributors, scientific literature (monographs and articles), EU regulation, relevant web pages and other useful sources, stated in the Reference section. At the end of the glossary, terms are translated into 28 European languages including Esperanto. The glossary targets the researchers from the field, policy makers, local communities, investors in the sector of renewable energy and NGOs concerned with the matter in order to assure that people from different educational background and profession understand and use the term in the same manner. Beside from internal Action use, the terms shall contribute to existing glossaries on the relevant topics.

In the Austrians high mountains, we find a paradigm: A tourism toll road with more than 800.000 visitors a year embedded in a National Park, IUCN category II. Both, park and tourism attraction attract visitors one for the other and both have advantages through their proximity and close cooperation. One can even say, one was and still maybe is the reason for the other.

The recent decades have seen a structural change in agricultural land use that lead to fundamental changes in the rural areas. The farm’s average size regarding farmed surface and live stock is constantly tending upwards. Simultaneously there is the paradigm of effective economy due to economies of scales on the one hand and very important arguments for nature and landscape protection (e.g. biodiversity, monument conservation) and last but not least public interests on the other hand.
In most of the cases, cultural landscapes can only be maintained and protected by an active agricultural use. This use (= production) includes the preservation and the promotion of landscape elements and landforms. The continuous work on and with the land is highly important, for the farmers as well as for all people living and profiting from the countryside.
The people in the rural areas should have a better awareness of the farmers’ activity: Although the people, living in the rural countryside, are surrounded by cultural landscapes, their knowledge about the importance for the sustainable environment and the cultural function  is very limited. The same is true for politicians and scientists: Agricultural landscapes are every day landscape and reality, but have rarely been subject of systematic European observation and research.
ICOMOS (as stakeholder for preservation and conservation of cultural heritage), politicians and agricultural scientists play an essential role here and should (better) cooperate  in future, before the traditional knowledge on sustainable use, background and design of these cultural landscapes is vanishing or will be lost forever.

The recent decades have seen a structural change in agricultural land use that lead to fundamental changes in the rural areas. The farm's average size regarding farmed surface and live stock is constantly tending upwards. Simultaneously there is the paradigm of effective economy due to economies of scales on the one hand and very important arguments for nature and landscape protection (e.g. biodiversity, monument conservation) and last but not least public interests on the other hand. In most of the cases, cultural landscapes can only be maintained and protected by an active agricultural use. This use (= production) includes the preservation and the promotion of landscape elements and landforms. The continuous work on and with the land is highly important, for the farmers as well as for all people living and profiting from the countryside. The people in the rural areas should have a better awareness of the farmers' activity: Although the people, living in the rural countryside, are surrounded by cultural landscapes, their knowledge about the importance for the sustainable environment and the cultural function is very limited. The same is true for politicians and scientists: Agricultural landscapes are every day landscape and reality, but have rarely been subject of systematic European observation and research. ICOMOS (as stakeholder for preservation and conservation of cultural heritage), politicians and agricultural scientists play an essential role here and should (better) cooperate in future, before the traditional knowledge on sustainable use, background and design of these cultural landscapes is vanishing or will be lost forever.

In August 2012, within the framework of the 25th session of PECRSL (Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape) “Reflection on landscape change: the European perspective” in Utrecht1, EUCALAND organised its third special session, after Obídos and Riga. The aim of the special session, entitled “Landscape Inventories as
Means to Understand Landscape Change” was to show the variety of European landscape inventories, including different approaches and products used in the respective countries.
The overall aim was to analyse parallels and to learn from each other in the European context. All the presentations were supposed to illustrate the theoretical approach with a number of case studies and/or examples for cultural landscape inventories. The contributions should also link to the debate on a European classification and database of European
agricultural landscapes from a cultural heritage perspective. The topic was chosen as a first follow-up of the EUCALAND workshop held in 2007 in Cambridge, where participants from Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain and Switzerland had presented their national landscape descriptions, material, inventories etc.
The topics relevant for this special session included the perception of agricultural landscapes and their heritage using different methodologies and experiences; what people do to create, maintain and/or destroy heritage in agricultural landscapes, how approaches towards heritage in agricultural landscapes have changed over the past decades;
interactions between local stakeholders and local/global policies; investigating whether different support mechanism create new heritage; heritage in agricultural landscapes and nature conservation; what happens to agricultural heritage in urban sprawl settings etc.
Thus theoretically informed papers based on empirical research, preferably on comparative or European-wide context were welcome.