T ÁJÖKOLÓGIAI L APOK
J O U R N A L
KÜLÖNSZÁM
O F
L A N D S C A P E
(2010)
E C O L O G Y
SPECIAL ISSUE (2010)
Főszerkesztők – Main editors
BARCZI ATTILA – PENKSZA KÁROLY
Szerkesztő – Editor
CENTERI CSABA
Vendégszerkesztő/Guest editor:
ALEXANDRA KRUSE
A szerkesztőség címe – Editorial office
SzIE KTI Természetvédelmi és Tájökológiai Tanszék, 2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1.
Tel.: +36 28 522-000, e-mail: barczi.attila@mkk.szie.hu, penksza@gmail.com
A különszám szerkesztőbizottsága – Editorial Boards
ADRIENN TÓTH (BUDAPEST, HUNGARY)
ÁKOS PETŐ (BUDAPEST, HUNGARY)
ALEXANDRA KRUSE (OVERATH, GERMANY)
ANU PRINTSMANN (TALLINN, ESTONIA)
ATTILA BARCZI (GÖDÖLLŐ, HUNGARY)
CSABA CENTERI (GÖDÖLLŐ, HUNGARY)
DELLA HOOKE (BIRMINGHAM, UK)
DIETWALD GRUEHN (DORTMUND, GERMANY)
GRAHAM FAIRCLOUGH (LONDON, UK)
HANS RENES (UTRECHT, THE NEDERLANDS)
MARIA DOLORES VELARDE (MADRID, SPAIN)
MARTA DOBROVODSKA (BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA)
MICHAEL ROTH (DORTMUND, GERMANY)
NIKI EVELPIDOU (ATHEN, GREECE)
ROBERT C. ZIMMERMANN (SENNEVILLE, CANADA)
ZSOLT BÍRÓ (GÖDÖLLŐ, HUNGARY)
Nyelvi lektorok – Language editing
ROBERT C. ZIMMERMANN (SENNEVILLE, CANADA),
MILENA KLIMEK (VIENNA, AUSTRIA)
ISSN: 1589-4673
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Tájökológiai Lapok Special Issue: 99–127. (2010)
99
GLOSSARY ON AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
Alexandra KRUSE1 (ed.)
Csaba CENTERI , Hans RENES , Michael ROTH4, Anu PRINTSMANN5, Hannes PALANG5,
Lucia BENITO JORDÁ6, Maria Dolores VELARDE6, Helmut KRUCKENBERG7
2
3
Büro für Landschaft & Service, Fuchskaule 10, D-51491 Overath, Germany, e-mail: landschaft@bfls.de
2
Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Szent István University, Páter K. u. 1,
2103 Gödöllő, Hungary, e-mail: Centeri.Csaba@kti.szie.hu
3
Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115,
3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands, e-mail: j.renes@geo.uu.nl
4
School of Spatial Planning, Dortmund University of Technology,
August-Schmidt-Straße 10, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, e-mail: michael.roth@udo.edu
5
Centre for Landscape and Culture, Estonian Institute of Humanities, Tallinn University,
Uus-Sadama 5, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia, e-mail: anu.printsmann@tlu.ee and hannes.palang@tlu.ee
6
School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid, Tulipan s/n.,
28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain, e-mail: lucia.benito@urjc.es and mariadolores.velarde@urjc.es
7
Tournatur, Am Steigbügel 13, 27283 Verden/Aller, Germany, e-mail: helmut.kruckenberg@blessgans.de
1
Keywords: glossary, agricultural landscapes, policy, planning, landscape
The following glossary of terms related to the European agricultural landscape shall serve as a common basis
for all parties, working in or on agricultural landscapes. Some of the terms are quite common and sometimes
used in our every day language, but they often have different meanings in particular countries. These differences
may be a result of varying linguistic developments, history and traditions. The glossary contains 40 terms in
seven languages; English, Dutch, Estonian, French, German, Hungarian, and Spanish. Each term begins with an
English definition, illustrated by a photograph. If there are differences in meanings and connotations of single
countries, they are mentioned in the designated country’s column. This work is to be continued.
Introduction
The term glossary evolved from the Latin word “glossarium” (Greek γλωσσάριο from
γλωσσα, glóssa – “tongue, language”) and describes a listing of terms with explanations.
In ancient times and during the Middle Ages, the development of glossaries arose
from the need to collect terms requiring specific explanations (archaisms, foreign words,
etc…), as well as for the study of grammar, and as tools for the translation of the Bible
and other historical texts (e.g. Homer and others).
Bilingual glossaries were also produced in the Late Classical Period (Greek-Latin,
Latin-Greek) to facilitate the learning and understanding of both languages. In this
manner, complete books with wordings were developed at a later stage.
Today, glossaries provide editors and scientists with specific explanations for technical
terms. These lists mostly provide definitions of terms in the technical, scientific or
philosophical fields and ensure the correct use of these terms for communication between
specialists. Glossaries allow people working on a topic to assume that they are using
universal terms and terminologies commonly understood and used by others.
PALANG et al. (2006), and ROTH et al. (2005, online at HTTP1), amongst others, have
highlighted that although some terms are quite common and sometimes used in our
every day language, they may also have different meanings in the other countries (and/
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A. KRUSE et al.
or regions?). Inter alia, these differences are a result of varying linguistic developments,
history and traditions.
The following glossary shall serve as a starting point to European agricultural landscape
and shall serve as a starting point. It is the result of a common effort between partners
from 13 countries, who have worked together within the Eucaland Project (HTTP2), funded
by the Culture Program of the European Commission and initiated by the EucaLandNetwork (HTTP3).
This glossary is the beginning and the basis for further discussions and further projects
and will ideally be of help for individuals from different countries and different disciplines.
In the glossary, each term is given in the different languages, and begins always with
the definition of the term in English, and is subsequently illustrated by a photograph. If
there are specific meanings and connotations in single countries, they are mentioned in
the respective country column. More information on the historical background and their
development throughout time can be found e.g. in the Eucaland Project book (PUNGETTI
et al, 2010).
The authors would like to draw attention especially to part II “European agricultural
landscape history” by Hans Renes which begins with a reflection on the word agriculture
and shows the need for an European glossary, and part III “Complexity and contingency:
classifying the influence of agriculture on European landscape” by Graham Fairclough.
When attempting a glossary for trans and interdisciplinary work on agricultural
landscapes, there are, of course, many related words that need to be defined. For example,
agricultural landscape, agrarian landscape, agri-landscape, and agro-landscape. All are
terms that are used in a certain context and more in some countries, and less in others.
After long discussions among the project members, it was decided that “agricultural
landscape” defines best, what this glossary is all about: the landscape that was shaped
during the centuries (and in some cases, even thousands of years), by the work of humans
in order to produce food. Because of this it was also important to include the word
“cultural” (this is not obvious, why cultural needs to be included because of the definition
of agricultural landscape). Other terms used may have an emphasis more in one direction
or in another. For example, “Agrolandscape” is more orientated towards economics, so is
the Estonian term “põllumajandus” when translated word-by-word, it means: “economy
of fields”, however other terms, such as “Agrilandscape” refer specifically to agriculture
as a very technical business (with huge machines, chemical fertiliser etc. – closer to
industrial production than to the overall land use). The term “Agricultural” includes both
large-scale, industrial farming as well as the low-input farms with marginal earnings. And
landscape itself as a word and concept has various backgrounds, which makes it rather
complicated on several levels to deal with as a term.
The understanding of the term landscape in everyday speech or scientific jargon
might differ, despite the fact that participatory democracy or ‘bottom-up’ approaches are
prevailing currently in academia. This is also underpinned in the recent most commonly
used definition in European Landscape Convention (ELC, Council of Europe 2000: 3):
“an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction
of natural and/or human factors”. It is worthwhile to keep in mind that alongside this
interpretation, allegedly 300 others exist depending on disciplinary, approach, language
and timely circumstances proven useful for diverse ends. Thus, landscape can only
be understood in its socio-historic context (JONES 1991). Disciplines pertaining to
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Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
landscape could include: earth sciences, life sciences, agricultural sciences, geography,
eco-technology, landscape architecture, landscape ecology, planning, anthropology,
archaeology, history, ethnography, arts, sociology etc. Disparities in approaches can be
exemplified with the case of geography, as physical and human geography (COSGROVE
2000, DUNCAN 2000, MITCHELL 2005, WYLIE 2009) deal with landscapes on fairly different
ontological, epistemological and methodological premises, meaning that the sub-fields
of human geography (social, anthropological, cultural, historical geography etc.) may be
closer to social studies and humanities than to physical geography. There are two main
predominant strands influenced by language: English ‘scenery’ (MERRIAM-WEBSTER) that
was developed through Dutch landscape paintings in 16th century and earlier the German
and Scandinavian concept which refers to the territory, the conditions of that territory, and
the customs and rules with which the land was governed (OLWIG 1996). Thus, landscape is
“a polysemic term referring to the appearance of an area, the assemblage of objects used
to produce that appearance, and the area itself” (DUNCAN 2000: 429, MITCHELL 2005).
Still, holistic approaches towards landscape (ANTROP 2000) are possible as also seen from
the ELC definition that ties nature and culture.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to express their thanks to all members of the Eucaland Project who have contributed during
this two-year project with fruitful discussions useful for this glossary. Special thanks goes to Yves Michelin in
France for his contributions and to Graham Fairclough, English Heritage, to Rafael Mata-Olmo and to ESTEPA
research group on Heritage, Landscape and Territory, Department of Geography, and the University of València,
the latter two both from Spain, for providing landscape photographs.
References
ANTROP, M. 2000: Background concepts for integrated landscape analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 77: 17–28.
CONTRERAS, C. 2009: Ríos urbanos ARQ, n. 72, Santiago, p. 78–81.
COSGROVE, D.E. 2000: Cultural landscape. In: JOHNSTON, R.J., D. GREGORY, G. PRATT AND M. WATTS (eds.) The
Dictionary of Human Geography, 4th edn. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 138–141.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE 2000: European Landscape Convention. European Treaty Series – No. 176.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE 2007: Spatial development glossary. European Conference of Ministers responsible for
Spatial/Regional Planning (CEMAT), Territory and landscape, No. 2.
DELAYEN, C. 2007: The Common Agricultural Policy: A Brief Introduction. Institute for Agriculture and Trade
Policy (HTTP4)
DUNCAN, J. 2000: Landscape. In: JOHNSTON, R. J., D. GREGORY, G. PRATT AND M. WATTS (eds.) The Dictionary of
Human Geography, 4th edn. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 429–431.
EVERT, K.-J. (ed.) 2004: Dictionary Landscape and Urban Planning. Multilingual Dictionary of Environmental
Planning, Design and Conservation. German-English-French-Spanish. 2nd edition. Berlin, Heidelberg:
Springer. 1068 pages.
FAIRCLOUGH, G. 2010: Complexity and contingency: classifying the influence of agriculture on European
landscape. In: PUNGETTI, G., KRUSE, A., RACKHAM, O. (eds.) 2010: “European Culture Expressed in
Agricultural Landscapes”. The Eucaland Project Book. Roma: Palombi Editori (in press)
FEL, A. 1962: Les hautes terres du Massif central. PUF, Paris
GÓMEZ-LIMÓN, X. 1999: Changes in use and landscape preferences on the agricultural-livestock landscapes of
the central Iberian Peninsula (Madrid, Spain). Landscape and Urban Planning 44: 165–175.
GROVE, A.T., RACKHAM, O. 2001: The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: an ecological history. New Haven: Yale
University Press.
JONES, M. 1991: The elusive reality of landscape. Concepts and approaches in landscape research. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift. Norwegian Journal of Geography 45: 153–169.
102
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LANGENSCHEIDT 1973: Raumordnung: Deutsch-Englisch. (Land-use planning: German-English) – Langenscheidt
KG, Berlin and Munich, Germany.
LEO Online-Service der LEO GmbH: German-English (HTTP6)
LUND, H. G. 2008: Forest Information Services: Definitions of Forest, Deforestation, Afforastation and Reforestation (HTTP7)
MEEUS, J. H. A., WIJERMANS, M. P., VROOM, M. J. 1990: “Agricultural Landscapes in Europe and their Transformation”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 18: 289–352.
MELS, T. 2002: “Nature, home and scenery: the official spatialities of Swedish national parks”, Environment and
Planning D: Society and Space 20: 135–154.
MERRIAM-WEBSTER: Dictionary HTTP5
MITCHELL, D. 2005: Landscape. In: Atkinson, D., P. Jackson, D. Sibley and N. Washbourne (eds.) Cultural Geography. A Critical Dictionary of Key Concepts. London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 49–56.
OLWIG, K. R. 1996: Recovering the substantive nature of landscape. Annals of the Association of American
Geographers 86: 630–653.
Online encyclopaedia “Wikipedia”
PALANG, H., PRINTSMANN, A., KONKOLY GYURÓ, É., URBANC, M., SKOWRONEK, E., WOLOSZYN, W. 2006: The forgotten rural landscape of Central and Eastern Europe. Landscape Ecology 21: 347–357.
PUNGETTI, G., KRUSE, A. (eds.) 2010: European Culture Expressed in Agricultural Landscapes. The Eucaland
Project Book. Roma: Palombi Editori (in press)
RENES, H. (ed.) 2010: European agricultural landscape history. In: PUNGETTI, G., KRUSE, A., RACKHAM, O. (eds.)
2010: “European Culture Expressed in Agricultural Landscapes”. The Eucaland Project Book. Roma:
Palombi Editori (in press)
ROTH, M., PAAR, P. KNIERIM, A. (eds.) 2005: International symposium “Visual diversity - Landscape scenery as
a subject of socio-cultural appraisal and sustainable development in rural Eastern Europe”, October
17–19, 2005, Muencheberg, Germany (HTTP1)
SCHREINER, J. 2004: Practical Dictionary of Environment, Nature Conservation and Land Use. English-German.
Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesell-schaft. p. 556
VELARDE, M., ROTH, M., BUCHECKER, M. 2010: Methods for describing European agricultural landscapes: definitions, cultural character and values. In: PUNGETTI, G., KRUSE, A., RACKHAM, O. (eds.) 2010: “European
Culture Expressed in Agricultural Landscapes”. The Eucaland Project Book. Roma: Palombi Editori
(in press)
UHLIG, H., LIENAU, C. 1967: Flur und Flurformen. Schmitz, Giessen (Materialien zur Terminologie der Agrarlandschaft 1).
UHLIG, H., LIENAU, C.. 1972: Die Siedlungen des ländlichen Raumes. Lenz, Giessen (Materialien zur Terminologie der Agrarlandschaft 2).
UNESCO 2008: “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention”, WHC
08/01.
WYLIE, J. 2009: Landscape. In: Gregory, D., R. Johnson, G. Pratt, M.J. Watts and S. Whatmore (eds.) The
Dictionary of Human Geography, 5th edn. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 409–411.
ZIMMERMANN, R. 2006: Recording rural landscapes and their cultural associations: some initial results and impressions. Environmental Science & Policy 9: 360–369.
HTTP1:
http://www.visualdiversity.net (10/02/2010)
www.eucalandproject.eu (10/02/2010)
HTTP3: www.eucalandnetwork.eu (10/02/2010)
HTTP4: http://www.iatp.org/iatp/publications.cfm?refid=100145 (15/01/2010)
HTTP5: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/landscape (26/01/2010)
HTTP6: http://dict.leo.org (16/06/2008)
HTTP7: http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/index.html (16/06/2008)
HTTP2:
From Table 1:
HTTP8: http://dict.leo.org (10/02/2010)
HTTP9: http://dict.leo.org http://www.zalf.de/home_zalf/sites/visualdiversity/ (10/02/2010)
HTTP10: http://www.zalf.de/home_zalf/sites/visualdiversity/ (10/02/2010)
HTTP11: http://www.zalf.de/home_zalf/sites/visualdiversity/
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Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
Table 1. Glossary of Agricultural Terms with translation in different languages
1. táblázat Mezőgazdasági fogalmak gyűjteménye különböző nyelveken
1. Agricultural landscape
Definition: Landscapes which are strongly related to past and/or present agricultural activity.
They may contain some of these elements or more:
§ Farmland, cultivated land, grasslands, meadows
§ Horticulture, viticulture, olive trees, fruit trees
§ Small infrastructure elements, e.g. roads, agricultural buildings, farmhouses, agrarian settlements.
§ Vegetation structures, green corridors, hedges, ditches, stone fences, terraces…
§ Forest mosaic and forest elements within an agricultural context (both spatial and functional)
§ Remains and relics
of past agricultural
activity which can
still be perceived (directly or indirectly)
today.
Photography
Source
Definition elaborated
by the Eucaland-Project for project purposes (VELARDE et al.,
2010)
Dutch
Agrarisch
landschap
*
Figure 1. East-Devon, UK (Photo: Fairclough 03/2008)
1. ábra Kelet-Devon, UK (Fotó: Fairclough 2008/03)
French
Paysage
agricole
German
Agrarlandschaft
Hungarian
agrártáj
Estonian
Põllumajandusmaastik*
Spanish
Paisaje
agrícola
also: põllumajanduslik maastik
2. Boundary; land boundaries
Definition: A clearly
de-fined and boundedof unified topographical
area. Plot boundary
(UK)/ lot line (US):
line of record bounding
a lot, which divides one
lot from another lot, or
from a public or private
street or any other
public space.
Source:
HTTP8
EVERT (2004), p. 282.
Photograph
Figure 2. Wensleydale, Yorkshire, UK
(Photo: Fairclough 04/2005)
2. ábra Wensleydale, Yorkshire, UK (Fotó: Fairclough 2005/04)
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A. KRUSE et al.
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
grens,
perceelsgrens
bornes; d’une
propriété/
champ/parcelle,
limite parcellaire
Grenzen;
Grundstücksgrenze;
Flurgrenze
határ,
táblahatár,
tájhatár
Estonian
Spanish
piir;
piiritletud ala
limites
(de una
propiedad/de
un territorio),
frontera
3. Coltura Promiscua (= Alterna; Italian)
Definition: Mixed intensive
farming in the middle of
Italy,
“[…)
“classical”
vertical layers in vegetation
consisting of trees, bushes
and ground cover are very
much in evidence.”
Photograph
Source
MEEUS et al. (1990), p. 304.
ZIMMERMANN (2006), p. 362.
Figure 3. Old overgrown Coltura Promiscua fields close to new very
intensive orchards, Vinci, Italy (Photo: Kruse 1999)
3. ábra Idős, túlnőtt Coltura Promiscua mezők közel egy új, intenzív
gyümölcsöshöz. Vinci, Olaszország (Fotó: Kruse 1999)
French: Coltura Promiscua
Not used in English, Dutch, German, Hungarian, Estonian and Spanish.
4. Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
Definition
Common Agricultural Policy of the European Community (CAP).
“The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for the European Union was established in 1963 and
has provided the basis for Europe’s food and agricultural programs. [...] with four basic principles:
§ A unified market for the free movement of agricultural products in the European Union covered by community preference.
§ Financial solidarity: All costs of the CAP are financed out of a communal treasury, FEOGA
(European Fund for Orientation and Agriculture Guarantee), supported by import tariffs and
contributions from European countries.
§ Community preference: European products were to be given preference over imported products.
§ Parity and productivity: Farmers’ incomes were to be equal to incomes in the other sectors,
with reasonable prices in order to permit food access to the consumer.
Common Market Organizations (CMOs) were also introduced in the original CAP and still exist
today. Within CMOs, each group of food and agricultural products is organized by corresponding rules. CMOs set minimum prices for products at the EU-wide level. Currently, there are 21
Common Market Organizations.
Ű
105
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
Source
Photograph
DELAYEN
(2007), p 1.
Figure 4. Intensive (recent) agriculture with silo balls, Mecklenburg-Western
Pomerania, Germany (Photo: Roth 2008)
4. ábra Jelenleg is intenzív mezőgazdasági terület silóbálákkal, Mecklenburg,
Nyugat-Pomeránia, Németország (Fotó: Roth 2008)
Dutch
gemeenschappelijk landbouwbeleid
French
Politique
Agricole
Commune
(PAC)
German
Gemeinsame
Agrarpolitik
(GAP)
Hungarian
Közös
Agrár
Politika
(KAP)
Estonian
Spanish
ühine põllumajanduspoliitika
(ÜPP)
Política
Agrícola
Común
(PAC)
5. Common land
Definition
Photograph
(1) Land, that is used by
several / all people/farmers of
an area. Common land exist
still today, e.g. in mountain
regions (e.g. the Alps) or
on transhumance pathways.
Pasture or woodland owned
and managed by a local
community for joint use(2)
Pasture or woodland owned
an managed by a local
community for joint use .”
Sources:
(1) Definition elaborated
by the Eucaland-Project for
project purposes
(2) Evert 2004: p. 24
Figure 5. Sheep herds grazing in the Pyrenees on common land,
Artouste, France (Photo: Kruse 2008)
5. ábra Legelő juhnyáj a Pireneusokban közösségi legelőn,
Artouste, Franciaország (Fotó: Kruse 2008)
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A. KRUSE et al.
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
gemene
grond
bien
communal,
communaux
Allmende,
Allmendweide,
Gemeinschaftsland
közösségi
földek
Kogukonnamaa (kogukondlik maa)
tierras
comunales
6. Cultural landscape
Definition
(1) “Cultural landscapes (…) represent the ‘combined works of nature and of man’ (…). They
are illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time, under the influence
of the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by their natural environment and of
successive social, economic and cultural forces, both external and internal.”.
(2) “Landscape which has
been largely or completely
transformed from its natural
state by actions of man (antonym: natural landscape).
(3) Landscape which represents both the results of natural and human works and
illustrates the evolution of human society and settle-ment
in time and space and which
has acquired socially and culturally recognised values.”
Source
(1) UNESCO (2008), p. 14.
(2) EVERT (2004) p. 358.
(3) HTTP10
Dutch
cultuurlandschap
French
paysage
culturel,
paysage
humanisé
Photograph
Figure 6. Dutch windmills used for drainage, to make them useable
for mankind (became synonym for human creative will), Kinderdijk,
The Netherlands (Photo: Kruse 2009)
6. ábra Holland szélmalmok lecsapoláshoz (a kreatív emberi akarat
szinonimája lett), Kinderjilk, Hollandia (Fotó: Kruse 2009)
German
Kulturlandschaft
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
kultúrtáj
Kultuurmaastik
paisaje cultural
7. Dehesas (Spanish), see also Montados (Portugese)
Definition
The Dehesa systems are genuine forms of exploitation of the Mediterranean forests in which the
native trees, holm oak, oak and cork oak, are spaced out or inserted in a continuum of grasslands.
The resulting landscape, which combines mature ecological elements (oak trees) with other
rejuvenated ones (grasslands) maintains a high biological diversity. A balance is thus obtained
between exploitation and conservation making up a diverse landscape produced by the combination of small units with different agricultural uses. This dehesa-type mosaic of crops, grasslands,
shrublands and scattered trees provides the necessary ecological conditions for a large number
of plant and animal species.
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Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
Source
GÓMEZ-LIMÓN (1999), p. 166.
ZIMMERMANN (2006), p. 364.
Photograph
Figure 7. Dehesa in Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain
(Photo: Olmo 2004)
7. ábra Dehesa Guadarramaban, Madrid, Spanyolország
(Fotó: Olmo 2004)
Estonian: in principle something similar is “wooden meadow” (puisniit) – can be both grazing
grounds/hay making underneath the sparse native trees left from forest.
No explanation for other languages was formed.
8. Delta
Definition
(1) “The Deltas of southern Europe are intensively cultivated areas, comparable in this respect with
the Polders of NW Europe. (…)
They are open landscapes with
concentrations of rural and urban
development. It is a young landscape. “The layout of the land is
therefore quite regular. Patterns of
rectangular fields alternate in form
and orientation.” Ex.: Les Landes
and Languedoc-Rous-sillon (FR),
Po valley (IT Emilia Romagna,
Lombardia), Ebro valley (ES), PT
(Tejo, Douro)
(2) Fan-shaped alluvial deposit of
sediment at the mouth of a river.
Photograph
Figure 8. Agricultural activity on an alluvial fan built
by a river near Thessaloniki, Greece (Photo: Centeri 2010)
8. ábra Mezőgazdasági tevékenység egy folyódelta által épített
síkságon Thessaloniki mellett (Görögország)
(Fotó: Centeri 2010)
Sources
(1) MEEUS et al. (1990), p. 313.
(2) EVERT (2004), p. 148.
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
Delta
delta
Delta,
Flußdelta
delta
delta, jõesuue*
Delta
*
but does not constitute as cultivated or built-up phenomena in Estonia
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A. KRUSE et al.
9. Despoliation of the landscape by development
Definition
(1) ... often combined with the loss
of their regional identity/character
by development = growth of settlements and infrastructure.
(2) Unplanned scattering of
housing developments in rural
areas, and, in some places, of
vacation homes in the countryside
Photograph
Source
(1) LANGENSCHEIDT (1973)
(2) EVERT (2004), p. 755.
Figure 9. Despoliation of the landscape near Tallinn, Estonia
(Photo: Printsmann 2007)
9. ábra Fejlesztés hatására átalakult táj Tallin mellett, Észtország
(Fotó: Printsmann 2007)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
verrommeling
mitage du
paysage
Zersiedelung der
Landschaft
fejlesztés hatására
tönkretett táj
-
deterioro
paisajístico
10. Enclosed land (= Bocage)
Definition
Photograph
“Enclosed landscape, small, rectangular strips of land, lumped piecemeal, some smaller than half a hectare, each enclosed by hedgerows
or low stone walls in a gently sloping landscape.” Ex.: Bretagne (F),
Normandie (F), N-W Denmark,
Wales, S-W Scotland, E-Ireland
Source
MEEUS et al. (1990), p. 307.
Figure 10. Isle of Man, enclosed fields
(Photo: Fairclough 07/2003)
10. ábra Man szigete, körbezárt földek
(Fotó: Fairclough 2003/07)
Dutch
French
German
Spanish
kampenlandschap; bocage
bocage, paysage d’enclos
Heckenlandschaft
boscaje*
Se llama bocage a un paisaje compuesto de pequeñas parcelas irregulares (tierras de cultivo
y prados), separadas entre sí por setos vivos, muretes y taludes, y por árboles que a menudo
bordean los caminos (Source: Online encyclopaedia “Wikipedia”).
No definition in Hungarian and Estonian.
*
109
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
11. Fallow land = idle land = waste land (see social fallow and transitional meadow)
Definition
Photograph
(1) Agricultural land, where
no agricul-tural production
takes place; or temporarily
between two crops.
(2) Previously worked land,
left uncultivated for longer
than one year
Source
(1) Developed by the Eucaland Project group
(2) EVERT (2004), p. 137.
Figure 11. Fields not in use for different reasons: short time fallow
between two crops, South-Estonia
(Photo: Printsmann 2006)
11. ábra Különböző okokból használaton kívüli területek: rövid idejű
parlag két termény között. Dél-Észtország
(Fotó: Printsmann 2006)
Dutch
French
braak, braakliggend land
jachère,
terre en
friche,
terre en
jachère
German
die Brache,
das Brachland
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
ugar
sööt (söötis maa)
(for one year), kesa
(kesamaa); tühermaa,
kõnnumaa (for an
undefined longer
period)
barbecho;
tierra
baldía;
erial
12. Farmland = arable (farm) land, cropland, infield
Definition: Land which can
be used/ is used for growing
crops with no or nearly no
trees. Different kind of borders
are characteristic of farmland,
such as: hedges, ditches,
boundary
ridge,
boulder
walls etc. and aid in dividing
farmland into uses.
Photograph
Source: Definition elaborated
by the Eucaland-Project for
project purposes
Figure 12. Farmland with buildings, pasture and arable land,
Karcag, Hungary (Photo: Centeri 2004)
12. ábra Jellegzetes tanya, épületekkel, legelővel és szántóval,
Karcag, Magyarország (Fotó: Centeri 2004)
110
A. KRUSE et al.
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
landbouwgrond
surface
agri-cole
utile (pays
agri-cole,
champs)
Landwirtschaftliche
Nutzfläche
(Ackerland)
mezőgazdasági
terület
haritav maa (põllumajanduslik maa if outfields are included,
i.e. grazing and hay
making)
Tierras de
cultivo,
suelo
agrícola
13. Field
Definition
Field is an area of land that is
enclosed or otherwise defined
for example by use, wheat field,
corn field, grass field, used for
agricultural purposes such as:
cultivating crops, usage as a
paddock or a general livestock
enclosure. A field could be land
left fallow or arable.
Photograph
Source
Definition elaborated by the
Eucaland-Project for project
purposes
33
Figure 13. Different large scale fields in springtime,
Champagne, France (Photo: Kruse 2007)
13. ábra Különböző nagy táblák tavasszal, Champagne,
France (Fotó: Kruse 2007)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
veld, perceel
champs
Feld
mező
põld
campos de cultivo
14. Forest
Definition
(1) A forest is an area with a high density of trees. There are many definitions of a forest, based
on various criteria. Historically, “forest” meant an uncultivated area legally set aside for hunting
by feudal nobility, and these hunting forests were not necessarily wooded if at all (see Royal
Forest). However, as hunting forests did often include considerable areas of woodland, the word
forest eventually came to more generally mean wooded land. Woodland is ecologically distinct
from a forest.
111
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
The “Forest Information System-Project”
found over 890 definitions for forest.
(2) An area within an administrative
boundary of a forest agency, private, royal,
church or public property, whether having
trees or not.
(3) Plant community, composed principally
of trees, and covering a large area
Photograph
Source
(1) LANGENSCHEIDT (1973)
(2) Definition used by the Eucaland
Project
(3) EVERT (2004), p. 709.
Figure 14. Forestry in the Romanian Carpathian
mountains (Photo: Kruse 2009)
14. ábra Erdő a román Kárpátokban
(Fotó: Kruse 2009)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
bos
forêt
Wald, Forst
erdő
mets
monte, bosque
15. Heathland
Definition
(1) Heaths are shrub land habitats characterised by open, low growing woody
vegetation, found on mainly infertile
acidic soils, or on respectively poor
soils. They are similar to moorland, but
they differ in terms of climate and vegetation. Heathland is generally warmer
and drier than moorland. Heathlands can
be found at the coast line (e.g. Mediterranean coasts) as well as in the plain land
itself (e.g. Germany).
(2) Extensive pastureland of uncultivated, podsol soils with a vegetation
dominated by dwarf ericceous shrubs,
dwarf oak, and juniper.
Photograph
Figure 15. Lüneburger Heide, one of the best known
examples of heathland, created by sheep grazing
(dominant species: Calendula vulgaris), N-Germany
(Photo: Kruse 2005)
15. ábra Lüneburger Heide, az egyik legjellegzetesebb
“heathland”, juhlegelés hatására alakult ki (domináns a
Calendula vulgaris), É-Németország (Fotó: Kruse 2005)
Source
(1) Definition elaborated by the Eucaland Project for project purposes
(2) EVERT (2004), p. 301
A. KRUSE et al.
112
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
heide
bruyère, lande
Heide
fenyér
nõmm
Brezal, matorral,
Landa
16. Highlands
Definition: (1) “(…) rough, empty and abandoned. (…) mountains and hills influenced by extremely wet conditions (up to 2000 mm of rain per year). Land use is limited to forestry below
the tree line on maintain slopes and extensive sheep grazing with a scattered farm here and there.
(…) Heathland, moors, scattered lakes and the presence of sheep determine the pastoral character of the landscape. Apart from forested areas trees are quite scarce, with occasional willows
and beeches. Farming opportunities are limited.” Ex.: Highlands of Ireland, Scotland, Norway.
(2) Low mountainous region of a country.
Source
(1) MEEUS et al. (1990),
p. 311
(2) EVERT (2004),
p. 415
Photograph
Figure 16. Dorset, UK (Photo: Fairclough 08/2002)
16. ábra Dorset, UK (Fotó: Fairclough 2002/08)
Dutch
-
French
German
région
Montagnarde,
moyen-ne
montagne,
haute terre
(FEL, 1962)
Mittelgebirge (500–
1000 m) is
applied to
the wooded
mountain
system of
Middle
Germany
or portions
of it.
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
felföldek
(mägismaa)
–
but does
not occur
in Estonia
cumbres, sierras,
tierras de montaña,
113
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
17. Huertas (Spanish)
Definition
Photograph
“On the seaside boundaries of
the vast, dry Mediterra-nean
open land, regions of intensive
cultivation are found. They are
intersected by irrigation ditches
and are often terraced. Vegetables and fruits of all kinds are
grown. These are the oases of
the Mediterranean.” Ex.: Small
regions in SW-Italy and S-, SESpain
Source
MEEUS et al. (1990), p. 304
Figure 17. Huertas in Spain, intensive fruit tree cultivation
and irrigation ditches*
17. ábra Huertas (intenzív gyümölcsös és öntözőárkok)
Spanyolországban*
*ESTEPA research group on Heritage, Landscape and Territory. Department de Geografia University de
València. Spain, 2008
English: Mediterranean Orchard (no other translations)
18. Kampen (Dutch)
Definition
Photograph
“The fields are somewhat
larger and more uniform than
those of the Bocages but still
have a patchwork quality to
them.” Kampens have generally cool, marine climate conditions, Ex. Vlaanderen (BE),
S-NL, NRW (DE)
Source
MEEUS et al. (1990), p. 309.
Figure 18. Kamp: Enclosure, particularly in the sandy regions
of Flanders, the Netherlands and NW Germany. Near Ede
(The Netherlands) (Photo: Renes 1983)
18. ábra Kamp: körbezárt terület, különösen Flandria homokos
részén, Hollandia és ÉNy Németország területén. Ede közelében
(Hollandia) (Fotó: Renes 1983)
114
A. KRUSE et al.
19. Land consolidation
Definition
Photograph
(1) Re-allocation and consolidation of agricultural land holdings.
Among others: Land consolidation
takes the form of fields/meadows
and the general location of agricultural property.
(2) Grouped ownership of scattered
agricultural or forest plots in order
to create more compact holdings,
thereby promoting a greater
productive efficiency.
Source
(1) LANGENSCHEIDT (1973)
(2) EVERT (2004), p. 220.
Figure 19. In Hungary land consolidation has led
to nearly the biggest fields in the EU
(Photo: Centeri 2009)
19. ábra Magyarországon a földrendezés az EU
legnagyobb mezőgazdasági tábláit eredményezte
(Fotó: Centeri 2009)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
ruilverkaveling,
landinrichting
remembrement,
rural,
méthode de
remembrement
parcellaire
Flurbereinigung
Flurneuordnung
földrendezés
kruntimine
concentración
parcelaria
115
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
20. Landscape
Definition
(1) “...an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction
of natural and/or human factors”.
(2) “An area (spatial component) as perceived by people (subjective component), whose sensually perceivable features (link to aesthetics in the original meaning of the Greek ‘aisthesis’)
and character (Alexander von Humboldt’s definition of landscape) are the result (evolutionary/
temporal aspect of landscape) of the action of natural and/or cultural factors (holistic view of
landscape).”
(3) “The Swedish primary definition of the word landscape (landskap) denotes the conditions in
a country, a country’s character, and/or a country’s traditions. Originally, landskap was strongly
related to customs, ideas of homeland, justice, nature, and nation (Olwig, 1996b). Landskap was
a social space that denoted a territory and its people, and connoted aspects of custom, value, and
everyday life.”
(4) “Landscape – a polysemic term referring to the appearance of an area, the assemblage of
objects used to produce that appearance, and the area itself.”
(5) “In one of its everyday usages, the term ‘landscape’ signifies the specific arrangement or
pattern of ‘things on the land’: trees, meadows, buildings, streets, factories, open spaces, and
so forth. A bit more technically, ‘landscape’ refers to the look or the style of the land: that is,
it refers not just to house types, tree and meadow arrangements, or the order or make-up of a
place (some of the traditional objects of cultural geographic research), but the social or cultural
significance of this order or make-up (MEINIG 1979). Even more technically, geographers have
long understood the landscape to be a built morphology, the shape and structure of a place. Finally, ‘landscape’ refers to a form of representation, both as an art and as a complex system of
meanings (MITCHELL 1994).
Source
(1) Council of Europe 2000: p. 3
(2) HTTP11
(3) MELS (2002), 137–138.
(4) DUNCAN (2000), p. 429.
(5) MITCHELL (2005)
Photograph
Figure 20. Landscape – composed by villages, single
houses, forest, bushes, single trees and meadows,
Ukrainian Carpathians, Rakhiv (Photo: Kruse 2009)
20. ábra Táj, amelyet falvak, épületek, erdő, bokrok, fák
és rétek építenek fel. Ukrajnai Kárpátok, Rakhiv
(Fotó: Kruse 2009)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
landschap
paysage
Landschaft
táj
maastik
Paisaje
116
A. KRUSE et al.
21. Meadow, also grassland
Definition
Photograph
A meadow is a field vegetated
primarily by grass and other nonwoody plants. It may be cut for
hay. Normally it is not used for
livestock grazing.
See also: transitional meadow.
Source
Definition elaborated by the
Eucaland-Project for project purposes.
Figure 21. Meadow where grass is cut for hay,
Galgahévíz, Hungary (Photo: Centeri 2008)
21. ábra Kaszálórét, Galgahévíz, Magyarország
(Fotó: Centeri 2008)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
hooiland,
grasland
pré,
prairie
Wiese
gyep
niit, aas, rohumaa
(grassland), heina (hay),
maa, karja (grazing), maa
pradera,
pastizal
22. Mediterranean open land
Definition: “(…) the Mediterranean open fields varies quite distinctly from region to region
although it still remains open land (…) Nowadays the open Mediterranean land is almost completely treeless; the flattened relief, the enlarged fields and the concentrated urban development
are becoming more conspicuous. In Spain cereals are cultivated on the plains, and olive trees are
grown on the hillsides. Extensive livestock farming is also practised; traces of “transhumance”
are still to be found in the field (…).”
Ex.: large parts
of ES,
S-Italy, Sardinia
(IT), GR
Photograph
Source
MEEUS et al. (1990),
p. 303.
ZIMMERMANN (2006),
364.
Figure 22. Mediterranean open land with some single trees and bushes,
Spain (Photo: Centeri 2002)
22. ábra Nyitott mediterrán táj néhány egyedülálló fával és bokorral,
Spanyolország (Fotó: Centeri 2002)
117
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
-
-
-
nyílt mediterrán táj
-
Campiña
23. Montados (Portugese) – see also Dehesas (Spanish)
Definition
Photograph
Orchard pastures, “sought
in the felling and overgrazing of old forests on
hilly terrain. (…) A shortage of water prevents permanent agricultural use.”
Originally: animal grazing
in open forests. In Spain:
“dehesas”. Huge erosion
problems. Ex.: Alentejo
Source
MEEUS (1990),
p. 289–352.
Figure 23. Montados, the most typical agricultural land use form in Portugal,
composed by light oak forests, combined with grazing (cattle/sheep) and/
or crop production, often used for hunting, Montemor o novo, province
d’Alentejo (Photo: Michelin 2008)
23. ábra Montados, a legjellemzőbb agrártájhasználati forma
Portugáliában, tölgyerdő alkotja, melyet legeltetéssel (marha/juh) és/vagy
növénytermesztéssel is hasznosítanak, gyakran vadászterület is,
Montemor o novo (Fotó: Michelin 2008)
German: Waldweise, Streuobstwiese (depending on the density of trees)
Spanish: dehesa, No Dutch, French, Hungarian, English or Estonian definition exists.
Dehesas
118
A. KRUSE et al.
24. Montagne (French)
Definition
“Agricultural activities are concentrated in the valleys of the Alps and the Pyrenees and forestry
is found on the mountain slopes. The lower alpine landscape is mainly a cultivated one.”
Source
Photograph
MEEUS et al. (1990),
p. 311.
Figure 24. Fields concentrate along rivers/small plateaus, rare vegetation
on the mountains, Haute Provence, France (Photo: Kruse 2008)
24. ábra Folyók és kisebb platók körül koncentrálódó táblák,
kevés növényzet a hegyen, Haute Provence, Franciaország
(Fotó: Kruse 2008)
Dutch
English
German
Hungarian
Spanish
Bergen
(high)
mountains
Berge, Bergland (Hochgebirge)
hegyvidék
montañas; valles y macizos mon-tañosos;
sistemas agrosilvopastorales en zonas de
montaña
25. Moorland
Definition (1) Moorland or moor is a type of habitat characterised by low growing vegetation
on acidic soils. Moorland nowadays generally means uncultivated hill land. There exist two
main types of moorlands: a) the “wet” one, called “atlantic type”, characteristic plant: Calluna
vulgaris (UK, IR, DE), b) “dry” one, called “continental type”, characteristic plant: Erica tetralix (e.g. Scandinavia).
(2) Extensive area of ground overlaid with
peat or acid peaty soil usually more or less
wet. In popular usage the word ‘moor’ is restricted to European moors, in which heather
is often the prevailing plant; but similar phytogeographical areas occur elsewhere.
Source
(1) Definition elaborated by the EucalandProject for project purposes
(2) Evert 2004: p. 417
For German: EVERT (2004)
Photograph
Figure 26. North Yorkshire Moors UK
(Photo: Fairclough 2006)
26. ábra Észak Yorkshire Moors, UK.
(Fotó: Fairclough 2006)
119
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
heide
marécage,
zones
humides (wetland)
Moorland,
Moore*
-
(kanarbiku)
nõmm
páramos
*The English word moor cannot be used as an ecological term in the German sense of an area covered with deep peat.
26. Natural Landscape
Definition
Photograph
(1) Landscape completely
or virtually unaffected by
human activity.
(2) Landscape of virtually undisturbed natural
vegetation, which is the
same as potential natural
vegetation.
Source
(1) LANGENSCHEIDT (1973)
(2) EVERT 2004: p. 435
Figure 27. A natural landscape formed mainly by snow,
ice and water, Hohe Tauern National Park, Austria
(Photo: Centeri 2006)
27. ábra Egy természetes, elsősorban hó, jég és víz által formált táj,
Hohe Tauern Nemzeti Park, Ausztria (Fotó: Centeri 2006)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
natuur
(landschap)
paysage
vierge,
paysage
naturel
Natur
land
schaft
természeti
táj
loodusmaastik (looduslik
maastik, also just maastik
as it is often perceived as
natural)
paisaje
natural
27. Open Field
Definition
“… wide undulating
plains with a regular
pattern of large rectangular parcels of land.
Farms are concentrated
in villages. (…) The
remainder of the landscape is empty (…).”
Ex.: large parts of
France, Hungary and
Germany
Source
MEEUS et al. (1990),
p. 297.
Photograph
Figure 28. Large, open fields on the Great Hungarian Plain,
Hungary (Photo: Centeri 2003)
28. ábra Nagy, nyílt táblák a magyar Alföldön
(Fotó: Centeri 2003)
120
A. KRUSE et al.
Dutch
es, eng, geest,
akker, veld, kouter
(regional names)
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
champs
ouverts
Offenland,
Börde,
Bördelandschaften
nyílt terület
põld
campiña
28. Orchard
Definition
Plantation fields with planted fruit cultivation/fruit trees (apples, apricots etc.); special version:
extensive fruit cultivation on meadows with a higher number of fruit trees.
Source
Photograph
Definition elaborated by the
Eucaland-Project for project
purposes
Figure 29. Planted fruit tree plantation, Kiskunlacháza, Hungary
(Photo: Centeri 2005)
29. ábra Telepített gyümölcsös Kiskunlacházán
(Fotó: Centeri 2005)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
boomgaard
verger
Obstplantage
gyümölcsös
puuviljaaed
huerta
121
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
29. Pasture
Definition
Photograph
(1) Pasture (also grassland or paddock) is
used in contrast to meadow for primarily
grazing, which may include grassland
(“grass pasture”), but also includes nongrassland habitats such as heathland,
moorland and wood pasture. Pasture
growth can consist of grasses, legumes,
other forbs, shrubs or a mixture.
(2) Usually fenced, man-made grassland
used for grazing. The opposite is a
natural pasture without seeding, mowing
or fertilizing.
Source
(1) Online encyclopaedia “Wikipedia”
(2) EVERT 2004: p. 726.
Figure 30. Extensive pasture with ancient Hungarian
Grey Cattle, Balaton Upland National Park, Hungary
(Photo: Centeri 2007)
30. ábra Extenzív legelő az ősi magyar szürkemarhával,
Balaton-felvidéki Nemzeti Park (Fotó: Centeri 2007)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
weiland, weide
paturage
Weide
legelő
karjamaa
pastos; pastizal
30. Polder
Definition
Photograph
(1) Land that needs artificial
drainage systems to remove excess water. Ex. NL
(2) Tract of land near, at or below sea-level re-claimed from
the sea by dyking and draining.
Source
(1) Definition elaborated by the
Eucaland-Project group.
(2) EVERT 2004: p. 493
For Spanish: CONTRERAS (2009)
Dutch
polder
French
polder
German
Polder,
Marsch
Figure 30. Drained meadows (polder) used for different animals
as grazing ground in Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
(Photo: Kruse 2009)
30. ábra Különböző állatok legeltetésére használt lecsapolt rétek,
Hollandia (Fotó: Kruse 2009)
Hungarian
Spanish
polder
Pólder; palabra de origen holandés que hace
re-ferencia a un terreno rodeado de un dique
con un sistema de drenaje propio que logra
mante-ner secas las parcelas ubicadas en su
interior
122
A. KRUSE et al.
31. Realteilung (German)
Definition
Photograph
Realteilung” translates to a family’s
possessions, especially land and real
estate, which are divided equally
among the beneficiaries in real term:
the number of smaller and smallest
lots increases over generations.
The opposite is the “Anerbenrecht”
where a possession (e.g. farm) goes
cohesively to one beneficiary to keep
its productive efficiency.
Source
Definition elaborated by the Eucaland
project group
Figure 31. Fields created by “Realteilung” are often very
small and long like here in Roztocze, Poland
(Photo: Printsmann 2006)
31. ábra A területek feldarabolódása gyakran keskeny és
hosszú táblák kialakulásával járt, Roztozce, Lengyelország
(Fotó: Printsmann 2006)
Dutch
French
Hungarian
realteilung
partage égalitaire, paysages en lames de parquet
területek feldarabolódása
There is no English, Estonian and Spanish explanation.
32. Rural area
Definition
Photograph
(1) = Countryside: “Rural areas
are sparsely settled areas without significant large cities or
towns. The countryside refers
to certain forms of landscapes
and land uses where agriculture and natural areas play an
important part.”
(2) Countryside outside of
cities, including villages.
Source
(1) Council of Europe 2007:
p. 23
(2) Evert 2004: p. 511
Figure 32. Rural area characterised by mixed agricultural land use
with small village near Glowe in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania,
Germany (Photo: Roth 2008)
32. ábra Vidéki terület változatos agrár-tájhasználattal és kis faluval
Glowe mellett, Mecklenburg-Nyugat Pomerániában, Németország
(Fotó: Roth 2008)
123
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
landelijk
gebied
zone rurale, espace
rural, (la campagne)
ländlicher
Raum
vidéki
terület
maa,
maapiirkond
área rural;
zona rural
33. Semi Bocage (French)
Definition
Photograph
A variation of the bocage
can be found in FR
(Massif Central) and ES
(Galicia). More or less
enclosed, not all of the
fields are demarcated,
but sometimes there are
hedgerows, or trees. There
is no uniformity in the size
of fields. The topography
is more pronounced, it
is hillier than the true
Bocage.” Large forests
(e.g. chestnut)
Source
Meeus et al. 1990: p. 308
Figure 33. Close to the rivers we still find irregular more or less enclosed
fields, passing over in forests, Accous, Pyrenees, France
(Photo: Kruse 2008)
33. ábra A folyókhoz közel még mindig találunk szabálytalan, többékevésbé zárt, az erdők között elterülő táblákat. Accous, Pireneusok,
Franciaország (Fotó: Kruse 2008)
Dutch
Spanish
coulissenlandschap
boscaje
There is no English, German,
Hungarian and Estonian use.
124
A. KRUSE et al.
34. Social Fallow
Definition
Photograph
(1) Agricultural land lying
idle because the farmer
has better employment
opportunities elsewhere.
(2) Agricultural land
which has been allowed
to go out of cultivation
for social or economic
reasons.
Source
(1) Langenscheidt (1973)
(2) Evert 2004: p. 583
Figure 34. Between Galgahévíz and Hévízgyörk meadows are
often left unused for a few years because the number of people
working in agriculture is decreasing, Hungary
(Photo: Centeri 2006)
34. ábra Galgahévíz és Hévízgyörk határában a réteket gyakran hagyják
kihasználatlanul néhány évig, mert az agráriumban dolgozók száma
csökken (Fotó: Centeri 2006)
Dutch
French
German
sozialbrache
paysage
de déprise
agricole
Sozialbrache
Hungarian
szociális ugar
Estonian
Spanish
-
tierra baldía or erial;
tierra de cultivo
abandonada
35. Structural Change
Definition
Photograph
(1) Change in economy and
lifestyle (…), a kind of modernisation or adoption to other
conditions, e.g. GAP, e.g. EUenlargement.
(2) Long-term and fundamental
change, e.g. in the economy of
a country and the associated
economic process.
Source
(1) Langenscheidt (1973)
(2) Evert 2004: p. 619
Figure 35. Fast development causes a decrease in natural vegetation,
Budaörs, north of Budapest, Hungary
(Source: Google Earth)
35. ábra A gyors növekedés csökkenti a természetes vegetáció
kiterjedését, Budaörs (Forrás: Google Earth)
125
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
structurele
verandering
changement
des structures;
changement
structurel
Strukturwandel
szerkezeti
változás
struktuurne
muutus
cambio
estructural
36. Terraced landscape
Definition
(1) This form of land use is plasticized on terraces in order to maximize insolation. Terraces are
typical for the whole Mediterranean. Typical plants: wine grapes, olive- and fruit trees
(2) Cultivation terraces are notoriously difficult to date. A very few are known from the Bronze
Age, and there is rather more archaeological evidence for them in
Classical Greece.
How widespread they
became is still very
uncertain.
Source
(1) Definition
elaborated by the
Eucaland-Project
group
(2) Grove and
Rackham 2001
Photograph
Figure 36. Steep terraced coast of Cinque Terre National Park, Italy
(Photo: Centeri 1997)
36. ábra Az olasz Cinque Terre Nemzeti Park teraszolt meredek
tengerparti része (Fotó: Centeri 1997)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
terrassenlandschap
paysage en
terrasse
Terrassenlandschaft, terrassierte Landschaft
teraszolt táj
terrassid
Paisaje aterrazado/cultivo en
terrazas
126
A. KRUSE et al.
37. Transhumance
Definition
Vertical seasonal livestock (cattle, sheep, goats/caprine, horses, donkeys) movement, typically
to higher pastures in summer and to lower valleys in winter. Herders have a permanent home,
typically in valleys. Only herds and a subset of people necessary to tend them travel. This form of
land use is often combined with local production of milk products. In some regions, transhumance,
although not a nomadic form, means also horizontal movements within the different zones of altitude.
Source
Definition elaborated by the Euca-land
Project for project purposes based on
wikipedia and other online sources
Photograph
Figure 37. Transhumance with cows in the French
Pyrenees (Photo: Kruse 2008)
37. ábra Legelőváltás szarvasmarhával a francia
Pireneusokban (Fotó: Kruse 2008)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
transhumance
pastoralism
(transhumance)
Transhumanz, Pastoralismus Weidewechselwirtschaft, Almwirtschaft
legelőváltás
-
transhumancia
38. Transitional Meadow
Definition
Photograph
A transitional meadow occurs when a
field, pasture, farm-land, or other cleared
land is no longer farmed or heavily
grazed and starts to become overgrown.
Once meadow conditions are achieved,
however, the condition is only temporary
because the early plant colonizers will
be shaded out through succession when
woody plants become well established.
Source
Online encyclopaedia “Wikipedia”
Figure 38. An abandoned pasture becoming overgrown
in Bér, Northern Hungary (Photo: Centeri 2008)
38. ábra Egy felhagyott legelőt elkezdték benőni cserjék
és kisebb fák Béren (Fotó: Centeri 2008)
127
Glossary on Agricultural Landscapes
Dutch
French
-
formations
herbacées
de transition
(vers les stades ligneux)
German
Aufgelassene
Flächen
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
átmeneti
gyep
võsastumine – it is
a process of open
land to get overgrown, not necessarily a meadow
pradera en transición; pastos
a-bandonados
en transición
hacia praderas y
matorral
39. Vineyard
Definition
Photograph
A vineyard is a plantation
of grape bearing vines,
grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins,
table grapes and nonalcoholic grape juice. The
science, practice and study
of vineyard production is
known as viticulture
Source
Online encyclopaedia
“Wikipedia”
Figure 39. Vine cultivation is an intensive monoculture in agricultural
land use – in flat and hilly regions, Beaujolais, France
(Photo: Kruse 2003)
39. ábra Szőlőültetvény, mint intenzív monokultúrás agrár-tájhasználat
sík és dombos területen, Beaujolais, Franciaország (Fotó: Kruse 2003)
Dutch
French
German
Hungarian
Estonian
Spanish
wijnbouw
vigne,
vignoble
Weinberg
szőlő
viinamarjaistandus
viña,
viñedo