- Emeritus Professor of Hebrew and Ancient Semitic Languages, The University of Liverpooledit
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Research Interests: History and Encyclopedia
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Recent attacks on the historicity of the Exodus raise the question of whether or not a text prepared long after the event is likely to be historically accurate. For it is undoubtedly true that the text of Exodus was prepared centuries... more
Recent attacks on the historicity of the Exodus raise the question of whether or not a text prepared long after the event is likely to be historically accurate. For it is undoubtedly true that the text of Exodus was prepared centuries after the events it describes. The Exodus would have occured, in archaeological terms, in the Late Bronze Age (13th century B.C.). According to the Biblical chronology, the Exodus occured before the establishment of the Israelite monarchy in about 1000 B.C. The existing Exodus text, however, was hardly prepared before that time. In considering the accuracy of the Biblical account, we must treat the story in its context, as a product of the ancient Near East. The preservation of records over many generations is a standard feature of those societies. There are many examples of texts that claim to relate to times long past. here I will explore only one such case.
Research Interests: Religion, History, Palestine, Ethnology, Biblical Archaeology, and 6 moreBible, Bronze Age, Chronology, Text, Near East, and Method
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Quelques notes concernant les textes cuneiformes mesopotamiens qui forment la collection du monastere dominicain de Saint Etienne, a Jerusalem.
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... Semitic and ultimately Sumerian word. 2. Eden a West Semitic word Biblical Hebrew knows several words with Cdn as their base and the common idea of "pleasure, luxury". Traditionally, Eden is... more
... Semitic and ultimately Sumerian word. 2. Eden a West Semitic word Biblical Hebrew knows several words with Cdn as their base and the common idea of "pleasure, luxury". Traditionally, Eden is 104 Page 3. SHORT NOTES ...
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Aram Aram Humri Edom Palastu Aram With the discovery of Adad-nirari Ill's fine stele during the excavations of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq at Tell al-Rimah in the] ezirah, and its publication by S. Page, fresh debate has... more
Aram Aram Humri Edom Palastu Aram With the discovery of Adad-nirari Ill's fine stele during the excavations of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq at Tell al-Rimah in the] ezirah, and its publication by S. Page, fresh debate has arisen over the activities of this Assyrian king in the west, especially with regard to the tribute paid by Jehoash of Samaria mentioned in the text.1 Since none of Adad-nirari's inscriptions give straightforward dates for his campaigns, the year ofJehoash's tribute remains a matter for conjecture. Most scholars favour the period 805-2 B.C.2 The various schemes of Israelite chronology complicate the problem, for some place the accession ofJehoash later, in 801 B.C., or in 798 B.C.,3 and it can hardly be placed before 802 B.C. However, the Assyrian sources may not be so decisive in favour of 802 B.C. as has been thought, allowing a later date. The known Assyrian sources are the Eponym Chronicle and the royal inscriptions of Adadnirari. The Eponym Chronicle notes the presence of the Assyrian army in northern Syria for the years 805 B.C. and 804 B.C., at Arpad and nearby Hazaz respectively; for 803 B.C. it has 'to Ba'ali' and for 802 B.C. simply 'to the Sea'. Now it should be observed here that the meaning of these notations is not certainly established-they need not represent the whole action of each year, and may report the military situation at the time the eponym took office.4 This may help to explain the reference in Adad-nirari's Saba'a Stele to a westward campaign ordered in his fifth year, a year for which the Eponym Chronicle has 'to Mannai' (806 B.C.). The Icing's inscriptions speak of marching to Hatti and Amurru, each giving names of tributaries as follows:
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... Rothenberg, B. and Glass, J. (198I) "Midianite pottery", Eretz.-Israel 15, 85-114 (Hebrew), 80*-81 * (English Summary); now also Journal Jor the Study oj the Old Testament, SuppI. ... II: THE SMALL CUBOID INCENSE-BURNERS: A... more
... Rothenberg, B. and Glass, J. (198I) "Midianite pottery", Eretz.-Israel 15, 85-114 (Hebrew), 80*-81 * (English Summary); now also Journal Jor the Study oj the Old Testament, SuppI. ... II: THE SMALL CUBOID INCENSE-BURNERS: A NOTE ON THEIR AGE by AR Millard ...
Research Interests: Archaeology and Levant
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Introduction The Babylonian Chronicle Series Neo-Babylonian Chronicle Series Late Babylonian Chronicle Series Other Chronicles of Category A Esarhaddon Chronicle Shamash-shuma-ukin Chronicle Akitu Chronicle Religious Chronicle Chronicles... more
Introduction The Babylonian Chronicle Series Neo-Babylonian Chronicle Series Late Babylonian Chronicle Series Other Chronicles of Category A Esarhaddon Chronicle Shamash-shuma-ukin Chronicle Akitu Chronicle Religious Chronicle Chronicles and King Lists Dynastic Chronicle Two Chronicles Concerning Early Times Weidner Chronicle Chronicle of Early Kings Biased History Synchronistic History Chronicle P Two Eclectic Chronicles Chronicle of Market Prices An Eclectic Chronicle Chronicle Fragments Assyrian Chronicle Fragments Babylonian Chronicle Fragments Texts Of the above Chronicles Appendix A: An Analysis of the Literary Patterns in Chronographic Texts Appendix B: Personal Names with Historical Notes Appendix C: Names of People and Places Appendix D: Bibliography of Chronographic and Related Sources Appendix E: Note to the Transliterations Indexes Plates
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... ' Mtiller (1889: 20) who read only the first line (= Eut 689); van den Branden (1950: 242 ... Yet even by the time he did this the corpus of these inscriptions had been almost trebled by discoveries in the Wadi Ramm area of... more
... ' Mtiller (1889: 20) who read only the first line (= Eut 689); van den Branden (1950: 242 ... Yet even by the time he did this the corpus of these inscriptions had been almost trebled by discoveries in the Wadi Ramm area of southern Jordan (Harding and Littmann 1952), and since ...
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Fragments of four inscribed clay cylinders were found during the 1958 season of excavations at Fort Shalmaneser. Their provenance, the quarters of the rab-ekalli , has already been described by D. Oates in Iraq . The texts are in the main... more
Fragments of four inscribed clay cylinders were found during the 1958 season of excavations at Fort Shalmaneser. Their provenance, the quarters of the rab-ekalli , has already been described by D. Oates in Iraq . The texts are in the main identical with the complete cylinder of Esarhaddon published by D. J. Wiseman in 1952, recording the reconstruction of the ekal-masarti of Kalḫu in 672 B.C. The four cylinders bear similar texts except for a few minor points of orthography. One fragment (ND. 7100) is dated 21st. Ab 676 B.C. and two others to the 10th. Elul of the same year (ND. 7097, 7098) while the date is missing from the fourth fragment (ND. 7099). The text of ll. 36–44 is copied below (Fig. 1) from ND. 7100 which furnishes the most complete example of the short building inscription concluding all four cylinders; variants and restorations being given from ND. 7097, 7098.
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... M. Munn-Rankin apud MV Seton Williams, Iraq XXIII, Pt. I, p. 73. ... 69-78; RA Bowman, AJSL LVIII, pp. 359-67. The inscription of Mesha', king of Moab, would also fall into this series if J.... more
... M. Munn-Rankin apud MV Seton Williams, Iraq XXIII, Pt. I, p. 73. ... 69-78; RA Bowman, AJSL LVIII, pp. 359-67. The inscription of Mesha', king of Moab, would also fall into this series if J. Starckv's inference that it was written by scribes trained in Syria was accepted, op. cit. ...
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... 32) north of Shadi-kanni, nor has Shedulaya.16 The two important centres of Shadikanni and Qatni do not figure in texts of that period (notice the Assyrian name Kidin-Ninua, and his title bi/pd_Pfti of Qatni), yet it would be... more
... 32) north of Shadi-kanni, nor has Shedulaya.16 The two important centres of Shadikanni and Qatni do not figure in texts of that period (notice the Assyrian name Kidin-Ninua, and his title bi/pd_Pfti of Qatni), yet it would be reasonable to suppose ... z) la-da-mu] (Kh, SDAS tu-di-ia) ...
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Page 1. 57 ADAD-NIRARI III IN SYRIA ANOTHER STELE FRAGMENT AND THE DATES OF HIS CAMPAIGNS By AR MILLARD and H. TADMOR I. The stele BM I31124. In May I879 Hormuzd Rassam left Mosul to explore the country around the Khabur river, rich in... more
Page 1. 57 ADAD-NIRARI III IN SYRIA ANOTHER STELE FRAGMENT AND THE DATES OF HIS CAMPAIGNS By AR MILLARD and H. TADMOR I. The stele BM I31124. In May I879 Hormuzd Rassam left Mosul to explore the country around the Khabur river, rich in ancient sites. ...
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ANY important texts from the last series of British Museum excavations at LVI Nineveh were made available in R. Campbell Thompson's paper 'A Selection from the Cuneiform Historical Texts from Nineveh (I927-3z)Y', published... more
ANY important texts from the last series of British Museum excavations at LVI Nineveh were made available in R. Campbell Thompson's paper 'A Selection from the Cuneiform Historical Texts from Nineveh (I927-3z)Y', published in Iraq 7 (1940). Mention is made therein of other ...
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... The Uruk period is one of the most fascinating in the archaeology of the Near East. ... in quality between these and all other vessels of the Uruk period is an objection to the "table-ware" idea. The porosity of the ware... more
... The Uruk period is one of the most fascinating in the archaeology of the Near East. ... in quality between these and all other vessels of the Uruk period is an objection to the "table-ware" idea. The porosity of the ware might render the bowls unsatisfactory for the making of yoghourt. ...
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He raised "the cultural question of what is meant by anointing a shield" and presumed "the reference is to a custom of anointing weapons before battle or after victory, although further details about such a practice are not... more
He raised "the cultural question of what is meant by anointing a shield" and presumed "the reference is to a custom of anointing weapons before battle or after victory, although further details about such a practice are not available." What is to be understood by the anointing is not made clear, but Shea's words "cultural question" seem to imply the act was in some sense a special one, a sense inherent in the English word "anoint" with its religious overtones.
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... Slater, Elizabeth. ... Ambiguity and Delusion in Israelite Prophecy 189 Christopher Tuplin Darius' Accession in (the) Media 217 K. Lawson Younger 'Hazael, Son of a Nobody': Some Reflections in... more
... Slater, Elizabeth. ... Ambiguity and Delusion in Israelite Prophecy 189 Christopher Tuplin Darius' Accession in (the) Media 217 K. Lawson Younger 'Hazael, Son of a Nobody': Some Reflections in Light of Recent Study 245 George J. Brooke 4Q341: An Exercise for Spelling and for ...
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The resurgence of Assyrian power in the last quarter of the 10th c. BCE, after 150 years of weakness in the face of Aramaean tribal movements, resulted in a gradual extension of Assyrian campaigns westwards. Many of the Assyrian royal... more
The resurgence of Assyrian power in the last quarter of the 10th c. BCE, after 150 years of weakness in the face of Aramaean tribal movements, resulted in a gradual extension of Assyrian campaigns westwards. Many of the Assyrian royal inscriptions provide dates for the events they report by eponyms and some of them, like legal and administrative documents, are dated by eponyms. Babylonian rulers continued the ancient practice of mentioning their deeds within records of their pious building works. The neighboring kingdoms of Assyria and Babylonia frequently contested their common border and a tablet from Ashurbanipal's library in Nineveh lists the shifting of the line as one power or the other was dominant. Rulers of the small kingdoms of the Levant had stone monuments engraved with their names and their actions, usually their pious deeds, in alphabetic script and, mostly, West Semitic languages. Keywords: Assyrian royal inscriptions; Babylonia royal inscriptions; West Semitic languages
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The Bible presents writing as a normal activity of daily life, but no Hebrew books survive from Iron Age Palestine to attest that. The written documents found there are few and brief in comparison with those from Egypt and Mesopotamia,... more
The Bible presents writing as a normal activity of daily life, but no Hebrew books survive from Iron Age Palestine to attest that. The written documents found there are few and brief in comparison with those from Egypt and Mesopotamia, yet they attest a varied use of writing which, this ...